Chordate,Vertebrate,andHomininDiversification Chordate Vertebrate and Hominin Di ersification Todaysquestions: T d ti I. Whatsynapomorphies d fi I Wh hi definethechordates? h h d ? II. Whatsynapomorphies definemajorvertebrate lineages? li ? III.

. Whattrendsoccurredinhominin evolution?

I.Whatsynapomorphies definethechordates?
Echinoderms Lancelets Tunicates Hagfish Lampreys Sharks, rays, skates Ray-finned fishes Coelacanths Lungfish Frogs & toads Salamanders Mammals Lizards and snakes Turtles Crocodiles (Dinosaurs &) Birds

Notochord, Musculartail Dorsalhollownerve cord

Whatistheadaptivesignificanceof h h d f f thenotochord? the notochord?

-Stiff rod of tissue that runs the length of the body. Anterior to posterior. -Develops into vertebrae. -Function as endoskeleton, allows movement.

amusculartailthatextendspasttheanus?
-Helps with maintaining balance during vigorous movement by extending body to posterior. -Muscular tail allows for fast swimming in aquatic animals.

aCNSwithadorsalhollownervecord?
-Rapid transmission of information down the length of the body, important for rapid movement.

Firstcraniate/vertebrate?Haikouichthys First craniate/vertebrate? Haikouichthys

II.Whatsynapomorphies definemajorvertebratelineages?
Echinoderms Lancelets Tunicates Hagfish Lampreys Sharks, rays, skates Ray-finned fishes Coelacanths Lungfish Frogs & toads Salamanders Mammals Lizards and snakes Turtles Crocodiles (Dinosaurs &) Birds

Vertebrae, cranium Jaws Lungs,bony endoskeleton Lobedfins Limbs Li b Amnioticegg

III.Whattrendsoccurred duringhominin evolution? during hominin evolution?

 Westerngorillas,easterngorillas,chimps,andbonobos knucklewalk,liveinAfricanforests,andliveinsocial groups. Chimpsandbonobos makeandusetools;chimps(and bonobos?)hunt.Theyalsoteachtheiroffspringhowtodo b b ?) h Th l h h i ff i h d thingsmeaningthattheytransmitculture. Basedonthesedata, describethetraitsof thecommonancestor ofchimpsandhumans.
-Use tools. -Transmission of culture. -forest, Africa. -Part knuckle-waking, tree-dwelling.

Ardipithecus ramidus

4.4mya 4 4 mya Braincase:300350ccEthiopia Females~1.2m;males~?m Partlybipedal;partlyknucklewalking;treedwelling?

Australopithecusafarensis Australopithecus afarensis

3.93.0mya 3 93 0 mya Braincase:400500ccAfrica Females~1.1m;males~1.41.5m Squarejaw(apelike)

Australopithecusafricanus Australopithecus africanus

2.82.4mya 2 82 4 mya Braincase:400500ccSouthAfrica Females~1.1m;males~1.41.5m Roundjaw(Hsapienslike);largeteethandjaws

Paranthropus boisei

2.31.4mya 2 31 4 mya Braincase:530ccKenya Females~1.3m;males~1.6m Molars4xHsapiens;sagittal crest

Paranthropus robustus

2.01.0mya 2 01 0 mya Braincase:530ccSouthAfrica Females~1.1m;males~1.5m Largezygomatic arch

Homo(Australopithecus?)habilis Homo (Australopithecus?) habilis

1.91.6mya 1 91 6 mya Braincase:650ccKenya Females~1.2m;males~1.3m Stonetools;animalboneswithmarksindicatingbutchery

Homoerectus1 70 3 mya Homo erectus 1.70.3mya

Braincase:900cc*Africa,Caucasus,Asia(PekingMan;JavaMan) Females?m;males~1.7m Extensivestonetools;fire?*earlyspecimens;1100cclate

Homofloresiensis Homo floresiensis

0.10.018mya 0 10 018 mya Braincase:417ccFlores(Indonesia) Females1.06m;males?m Stonetools,fire;hunteddwarfelephants?NicknamedHobbits

Homoneanderthalensis Homo neanderthalensis

0.30.03mya 0 30 03 mya Braincase:1450ccEurope,MiddleEast,Caucasus Females1.56m;males~1.68m Preparedgraves;speech?H.heidelbergensis (Africa)avariant?

Homosapiens0 1myapresent Homo sapiens 0.1myapresent

Braincase:CroMagnon1350cc(now1200cc)Europe,Asia,Africa Currently:Malesabout10%tallerthanfemales,onaverage Gravewith2otheradultmen,adultwoman,infant,animalbones, jewelry,stonetools

Why did sexual dimorphism of body size decrease? - Role of dad change, they are also more likely to be care takers now.

Whattrendsoccurredduringhumanevolution? What trends occurred during human evolution? y ( g ) 1. Bodysize(height)

Massive increase.

2. Male:female size
Much more equal.

3. Posture
More upright.

4. Toothsize
Increase.

5. Facialfeatures
More flat.

6. Braincasevolume
Increase and then decrease.

**Adaptive Radiation:** Lots of speciations event. Done in a short amount of time. Lots of diversity in habitats or how they exploit resources. Create artificial adaptive radiation: - To create speciation, you need to restrict gene flow give different environments. - You need to increase divergence (food), there has to be a diversity in resources or habitat so as to have different adaptions. -