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Amplitude Modulation Angle Modulation Digital Modulation-an Overview Pulse Shaping Techniques Linear Modulation Techniques Constant Envelope Modulation Combined Linear/Constant Envelope Modulation Techniques Spread Spectrum Modulation Techniques
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NCCU Wireless Comm. Lab.
Amplitude Modulation
AM signal can be represented as (see Fig. 1)
s AM (t ) = Ac [1 + m(t )] cos(2f c t )
For a sinusoidal modulating signal m(t ) = ( Am / Ac ) cos(2fmt ) the modulation index is given by
k= Am Ac
Amplitude Modulation
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Amplitude Modulation
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Angle Modulation
The two most important classes of angle modulation being frequency modulation and phase modulation Frequency modulation (FM) can be represented as
t S FM (t ) = Ac cos[2f c t + (t )] = Ac cos 2f ct + 2k f m( )d Ac : amplitude of the carrier fc : carrier frequency kf : frequency deviation constant
S PM (t ) = Ac cos[2f c t + k m(t )]
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FM modulation Methods
Direct method (see Fig. 3) The carrier frequency is directly varied in accordance with the input modulating signal Indirect method (see Fig. 4) A narrowband FM signal is generated using a balanced modulator and frequency multiplication is used to increase both the frequency deviation and the carrier frequency to the required lever, can be expressed as
S FM (t ) Ac cos 2f c t Ac (t ) sin 2f ct
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NCCU Wireless Comm. Lab.
FM Modulation Methods
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FM Modulation Methods
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FM Detection Technique
Slope Detector (see Fig. 5) Zero-crossing Detector (see Fig.6) PLL for FM Detection (see Fig. 7) Quadrature Detection (see Fig. 8)
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FM Detection Technique
Slop Detector
t vin (t ) = Ac cos[2f c t + (t )] = Ac cos2f c t + 2k f m( `)d t v1 (t ) = V1 cos[2f c t + (t )] = V1 cos 2f c t + 2k f m( `)d d v2 (t ) = V1 2fct + sin( 2fct + (t )) dt d vout (t ) = V1 2f c + (t ) = V1 2f c + V1 2k f m(t ) dt
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FM Detection Technique
Zero-crossing Detector
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FM Detection Technique
PLL for FM Detection
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FM Detection Technique
Quadrature detection
v (t ) = Ac cos[2f c t + 2k f m( )d + ( f i (t ))]
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v0 (t ) = 2 Ac 2K f m(t ) = Cm(t )
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Digital Modulation-an Overview Factors that influence the choice of digital modulation power efficiency p bandwidth efficiency B
R B = B bps / Hz
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Digital Modulation-an Overview Bandwidth and power spectral density of digital signals the power spectral density of a random signal w(t) is define as [1]
W ( f )2 pw ( f ) = lim T T T
Where Pg(f) is the PSD of g(t), and g(t) is the complex baseband envelop
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NCCU Wireless Comm. Lab.
Pulse Shaping Techniques Nyquist criterion for ISI cancellation Raised cosine rolloff filter (see Fig. 9-10)
1 0 | f | (1 ) / 2Ts 1 (2Ts | f | 1 + H RC ( f ) = 1 + cos (1 ) / 2Ts <| f | (1 + ) / 2Ts 2 2 | f |> (1 + ) / 2Ts 0
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10
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S BPSK (t ) = =
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d k = mk d k 1
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Offset QPSK
OQPSK signaling is similar to QPSK, expect for the time alignment of the even and odd bit streams. Thus, OQPSK can eliminate 180 phase transition, and prevent the signal envelope to go to zero.
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/4 QPSK
/4 QPSK is a quadrature phase shift keying technique. It offers a compromises between OQPSK and QPSK. The maximum phase change of /4 QPSK is limited to 135 An extremely attractive feature of /4 QPSK is that it can be noncoherently detected. Further, it has been found that in the presence of multipath spread and fading, /4 QPSK performs better than OQPSK [2].
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Constellation diagram of /4 QPSK signal and Carrier Phase Shifts corresponding to input bit pairs
Information bits 11 01 00 10
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Baseband differential detector (see Fig. 22) IF differential detection (see Fig. 23) FM discriminator (see Fig. 24)
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/4 QPSK FM discriminator
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The information of the transmitted signal is modulated into the frequency of the carrier signal. In general, an FSK signal may be represented as
S FSK (t ) = vH (t ) = 2 Eb cos( 2f c + 2 f )t Tb 2 Eb cos( 2f c 2 f )t Tb
S FSK (t ) = vL (t ) =
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Coherent
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Noncoherent
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t
2Tb
)cos(2f ct )+ mQ (t )sin (
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t
2Tb
)sin (2f ct )
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S MSK (t ) = mI (t )cos(
t
2Tb
)cos(2f ct )+ mQ (t )sin (
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t
2Tb
)sin (2f ct )
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GMSK is a simple binary modulation scheme which may be viewed as a derivative of MSK. In GMSK, the sidelobe levels of the spectrum are further reduced by passing the modulating NRZ data waveform through a premodulation Gaussian pulse-shaping filter [7]. In practice, GMSK is most attractive for its excellent power efficiency (due to the constant envelope).
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2 2 2ln 2 hG (t ) = exp 2 t , = B
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Si (t ) =
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The orthogonality characteristic of MFSK has led researches to explore Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
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Sss (t ) =
m(t ) is the data sequence, p(t ) is the PN spreading sequence, f c is the carrier frequency,
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References
[1] Couch, L. W., Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 4th edition, Macmillan, New York, 1993. [2] Liu, C. L., Feher, K., Noncoherent detection of /4-shifted systems in a CCI-AWGN combined interference environment, IEEE VTC89, San Francisco, 1989. [3] Feher, K., Modems for emerging digital cellular mobile radio systems, IEEE Trans. on Veh. Techno., vol 40, no 2, pp. 355-365, May 1991. [4] Young, W. R., Advanced mobile phone service : introduction, background, and objectives, Bell Systems Technical Journal, vol. 58, pp. 1-14, January 1979. [5] Xiong, F., Modem techniques in satellite communications, IEEE Communication Magazine, pp. 84-97, August 1994. [6] Pasupathy, S., Minimum shift keying: a spectrally efficient modulation, Communication Magazine, pp. 14-22, July, 1979. [7] Murota, K., and Hirade, K., GMSK modulation for digital mobile radio telephony, IEEE Trans. on Commun. vol. COM-29, no. 7, pp. 1044-1050, July 1981.
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