MATHEMATICS 2

FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

CHAPTER 5
POLYNOMIAL
Algebraic forms , such as a linear equation and a quadratic equation are kinds of polynomial
Equation of degree 1 and 2. Consider the following algebraic forms:

a.
b.
c.
10 7 4
2 3
+ + x x x
5 3 2 5
2 3 4
+ x x x x
3 10 2 3 6
2 3 4 5
+ + + x x x x x
Several polynominal equations can be used in a statistical calculation to estimate
The relationship between two variables.
A
Definition

The general form of polynomial in variabel x of degree n is :



The polynomials are arranged based on descending order of the exponent of x ,where :
0 1
2
2
1
1
.... ) ( a x a x a x a x a x P
n
n
n
n
n
n
+ + + + + =

=
1 1
,...., , a a a
n n
Real coefficient of the polynominal and
Real constant
Degree of the polynominal, n s whole number
0 =
n
a
=
0
a
= n
General Aspects of Polynomial
Polynominal Equation

Definition
Suppose given polynominal of f(x) and g(x), where

0 1
2
2
2
1
... ) ( a x a x a x a x a x f
n
n
n
n
+ + + + + =

0 1
2
2
2
1
... ) ( b x b x b x b x b x g
n
n
n
n
+ + + + + =

) (x f is equal to ) (x g written
) ( ) ( x g x f
if satisfies :
0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1
, , ,..., , , b a b a b a b a b a b a
n n n n n n
= = = = = =

is determined by subtitusing the value of into the variable of on the polynominal.
Example
Determine the value of polynomial for and

Answer :

For

For
Value of a polynominal
Determining the Value of a polynominal by subtitution method
Using this method, the value of the polynominal of for , written ) (x p
k x =
) (k p
k
x
3 10 4 3 2 ) (
2 3 4 5
+ + + = x x x x x x P
1 = x 2 = x
3 10 4 3 2 ) (
2 3 4 5
+ + + = x x x x x x P
3 ) 1 ( 10 ) 1 ( 4 ) 1 ( 3 ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( 1
2 3 4 5
+ + + = = P x
1 3 10 4 3 2 1 = + + + =
3 ) 2 ( 10 ) 2 ( 4 ) 2 ( 3 ) 2 ( 2 ) 2 ( ) 2 ( 2
2 3 4 5
+ + + = = P x
49 3 20 16 24 32 32 = + + + =
B
2. Determining the value of a polynomial by schene (chart)


1 -2 3 4 -10 3
1 -1 2 6 -4 +

1 -1 2 6 -4 -1

Thus, the value of P(1)=-1.
Description
Symbol mean multiply by the input number (in this case input number =
1 since we will find the value of the polynominal, P(x), with ).


3 10 4 3 2 ) (
2 3 4 5
+ + + = x x x x x x P
1 = x
1 = x
Polynomial Dividing
Definition
Consider the following expression.

The expression above is a division of polynomial, where
the dividend, the divisor, the quotient, and
the remainder.

) ( ) ( ). ( ) ( x S x H x Q x P + =
= ) (x P
= ) (x Q = ) (x H
= ) (x S
C
1. Long division
Example:
Determine the quotient and the remainder of the division of by
Answer :
has degree of 3, has degree of 1, and the quotient of has degree of 3-1=2, the
remainder of the division has degree of 1-1=0.
the quotient
The divisor x+3 the dividend







the remainder

Using this method, we get the quontient of , and the remainder


20 4 5 ) (
2 3
+ = x x x x P 3 + x
) (x p ) (x Q ) (x H
) (x S
2 3
2 3
2
3
20 4 5
10 2
x x
x x x
x x
+
+
+
x x
x x
6 2
4 2
2
2
+

30 10
20 10


x
x
10
10 2 ) (
2
+ = x x x H
10 ) ( = x S
2. Synthetic Division( horner Method )
This method can solve several form of division of polynomial.

a. Dividing polynomial by
To understaind it, consedier the division of polynomial of by
below.


) ( k x
c bx ax x P + + =
2
) (
) ( k x
akx ax
c bx ax
ak b ax

+ +
+ +
2
2
) (
) ( k x
2
) (
) (
ak bk x ak b
c x ak b
+
+ +
c bk ak + +
2
Next, inspect the determining of the value of polynomial for

a b c
+
a = the remainder

the coefficient quotient
c bx ax x P + + =
2
) ( k x =
c bx ax + +
2
ak
2
ak bk +
) ( ak b +
c bk ak + +
2
k x =
The general from of diving a polynomial by with the quontient and the
remainder is:

The general from of diving a polynomial by with the quontient of and the
remainder of is
Suppose then get



Based on the fact above we have the following things.
1) The polynomial of divided by is resulting , with is the
quotient of dividing of by

2) The remainder of dividing of by is the same as the remainder of
dividing it by


b. Dividing a Polynomial by (ax-b)
) (x H
) (x S
) ( ) ( ). ( ) ( x S x H b ax x P + =
) ( k x
) ( k x
) ( ) ( ). ( ) ( x s x H k x x P + =
a
b
k =
) (
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) (
) ( ) ( . ) ( x S
a
x H
b ax x s x H
a
b ax
x S x H
a
b
x x P + = +

= +
|
.
|

\
|
=
) (x P
a
x H ) (
) (x H
|
.
|

\
|

a
b
x
) ( b ax
|
.
|

\
|

a
b
x
) (x H
) (x S
) (x P
) (x P
) ( b ax
The general form :


With and are consecutively the quotient and the remainder of the division.
Suppose can be factorized to be therefore
,then:

The steps to determine the quotient and the remainder of the division of a polynomial
are:
1) Divided the polynomial of by to get and as the quotient and the
remainder.
2) Divide by to get and as the quotient and remainder.
3) The quotient of dividing by is , and the remainder is
.
c. Dividing Polynomial by with ) (
2
c bx ax + +
0 = a
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
x S x H c bx ax x P + + + =
) (x H ) (x S
) (
2
c bx ax + +
2 1
P P
2 1
2
P P c bx ax = + +
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). ( ) (
2 1
2
x S x H P P x S x H c bx ax x P + = + + + =
) (x P
1
P ) (
0
x H
1
S
2
P ) (x H
2
S
) ) ( (
2 1
P P x Q =
1 2 1
) ( S S P x S + =
) (
0
x H
) (x P ) (x H
Theorem
If polynominal of with degree of n divided by , then the remainder is


Proof:

For



Then, the remainder of . It is proved.

Remainder Theorem
1. Division by
) ( k x
) (x f
) ( k x
) (k f S =
S x H k x x f + = ) ( ) ( ) (
0 = k x
S k H k k k f k x + = = ) ( ) ( ) (
S k f
S k f
=
+ =
) (
0 ) (
) (k f S =
D
Theorem
If polinomial of with degree of n divided by , then the remainder is

Example:
Determine the remainder if divided by
Answers :
The remainder is the value of which causes the divisor value is zero, 3x + 2 = 0


a. By subtituting
the remainder =
b. By Horner method
6 -2 -1 7
-4 4 -2 +
6 -6 3 5
So, the remainder = 5
2. Division by ) ( b ax
) (x f ) ( b ax
|
.
|

\
|
=
a
b
f S
7 2 6 ) (
2 3
+ = x x x x f ) 2 3 ( + x
) (x f
3
2
= x
5 7
3
2
9
8
9
16
7
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
6
3
2
2 3
= + + = +
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
f
3
2
= x
3. Division by
Dividing polynomial of by with the quotient of and the
remainder of is:


Since the degree of the divisor is 2, the degree of S is at most 1. let S = ,
then the division can written as follows.
) (x f ) )( ( b x a x ) (x H
) (x S
) ( ) ( ) )( ( ) ( x S x H b x a x x f + =
) ( q px +
) ( ) ( ) )( ( ) ( q px x H b x a x x f + + =
) )( ( b x a x
Theorem
is a factor from polynomial of If and only if

Proof:
According to the remainder theorem, polynomial of is divided by then
the remainded is such that base form of the equation is :

, where is the quotient.
(i) Based on the equation above if then . In other
words is a factor of
(ii) If is a factor of then :
for any such that

From (i) and (ii) we have if and only if is a factory of
Therefore, the division of a polynomial by one of its factory resulted a remainder
which is equal to zero.
Factorization theorem
) ( k x
) (x f . 0 ) ( = k f
) (x f
) ( k x
) (k f
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( k f x H k x x f + =
) ( ) ( ) ( x H k x x f =
) ( k x ) (x f
) ( ) ( ) ( x H k x x f =
) (x H
0 ) ( ) ( ) ( = = x H k k k f
0 ) ( = k f
) ( k x
) (x f
) (x H
0 ) ( = k f
) ( k x
) (x f
E
Show that is a factor of
Answer :
Using method of subtitution, it will be :





Since , then is a factor of

There are several aspects that must be considered when factorizing a polynomial.
1. If the sum of all coefficients is equal to zero, then is a factor of the polynomial.
2. If the sum of all coefficients of variable with an even exponent is equal to the sum of
all coefficients of variable with an odd exponent, then is a factor of
polynomial.
Example
) 4 ( x 4 3 5 9 2 ) (
2 3 4
+ = x x x x x f
4 0 4 = = x x
4 ) 4 ( 3 ) 4 ( 5 ) 4 ( 9 ) 4 ( 2 ) 4 (
2 3 4
+ = f
4 3 5 9 2 ) (
2 3 4
+ = x x x x x f
0
4 12 80 576 512
=
+ =
0 ) 4 ( = f
) 4 ( x 4 3 5 9 2 ) (
2 3 4
+ = x x x x x f
) 1 ( x
) 1 ( + x
Roots of a Polynomial equation
1. Definition of roots of a polynomial equation
Based the teorem of factorization we have proved that is a factor of
if and only if . Similarly, we can define the root of a polynomial equation.

Theorem
is the root of a polynomial equation of if and only if

) ( k x ) (x f
0 ) ( = k f
) ( k x = 0 ) ( = x f
0 ) ( = k f
E

Example
If 2 is the root of the equation of , determine the other roots!
Answer :
Let
X=2 1 -7 4 12
2 -10 -12 +
1 -5 -6 0

The quotient of the division of by is , then

Thus, the roots of is , and
0 12 4 7
2 3
= + + x x x
12 4 7 ) (
2 3
+ + = x x x x f
) (x f
2 x
6 5
2
x x
) 1 )( 6 )( 2 ( ) 6 5 )( 2 ( ) (
2
+ = = x x x x x x x f
0 ) ( = x f 6 , 2 = = x x 1 = x
a. If and are the roots of , then

1)

2)

3)

b. If and are the roots of four degree

1)

2)

3)

4)
2. Rational Roots of a Polynomial
2 1
, x x
3
x
0
2 3
= + + + d cx bx ax
a
b
x x x = + +
3 2 1
a
c
x x x x x x = + +
3 2 3 1 2 1
. . .
a
d
x x x =
3 2 1
. .
3 2 1
. . x x x
4
x
0
2 3 4
= + + + + dx cx bx ax
a
b
x x x x = + + +
2 3 2 1
a
c
x x x x x x x x x x x x = + + + + +
4 3 4 2 3 2 4 1 3 1 2 1
. . . . . .
a
d
x x x x x x x x x x x x = + + +
2 1 4 1 4 3 4 3 2 3 2 1
. . . . . . . .
. . . .
4 3 2 1
a
x x x x

=