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CHAPTER-10

GREEN BUILDING PERSPECTIVE

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GREEN BUILDING PERSPECTIVE

The Green building movement has gained tremendous momentum during the past 3-4 years. The concept of green buildings is not as nascent as we think it is. For example, our own ancestors worshipped the five elements of nature - Earth as Prithvi, Water as Jal, Agni as Energy, Air as Vayu, and Sky as Akash. Green buildings basically seek to harness all these natural elements in its design & construction to an optimum level so as to have an eco-friendly, low energy & low water consumption building and at the same time providing fresh & healthy environment to its occupants. Threats of global warming & shrinking natural resources along with rise in power consumption has led to acceptance of need to construct all buildings as green buildings. A green building is one which encompasses the following important features (i) Site selection with full respect to ecology of the area & existing environment & use of local materials etc. (ii) Minimum consumption of energy by the building (iii) Minimum use of fresh water from external sources (iv) Maximum use of non toxic, recycled & renewable material (v) Highest indoor air quality without affecting the energy consumption (vi) Integrated Building Management System for control & monitoring, measurement & verification (vii) Innovation in design & construction technique. Green buildings are given ratings by rating agencies based on their performance on laid down standard criteria. Some of the popular rating systems are LEED, GRIHA etc. Incorporating green design requires an integrated effort on the part of all the team members the architect, builder, civil & horticulture engineers, consultants and the vendors. Achieving the targeted final rating becomes easier when every member is committed to the green design principles. As regards the cost impact in the design of a green building, the cost could be slightly higher than a conventional building. However green buildings, on account of their design features, consume less energy and less water vis--vis a conventional building. Thus this extra cost gets paid back in 3-5 years time. India, being a fast developing country, is witnessing tremendous growth in construction thus putting pressure on both energy & water resources. Therefore it is imperative to adopt green construction to minimize impact on the environment and natural resources. Today a variety of green building projects are coming up in the country residential complexes, hospitals, educational institutions, IT parks, airports, government buildings and offices etc.

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The benefits On a broader scale, design & construction of green buildings will benefit the community at large with the improvement in environment by reducing GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions, improving energy security, and reducing the stress on natural resources. Green concepts and techniques in the residential sector can help address national issues like handling of consumer waste, water efficiency, reduction in fossil fuel use in commuting, energy efficiency and conserving natural resources. Most importantly, these concepts can enhance occupant health, happiness and wellbeing. Some of the benefits of a green design to a building owner, user, and the society as a whole are as follows : Reduced energy consumption without sacrificing the comfort levels Reduced destruction of natural areas, habitats, and biodiversity, and reduced soil loss from erosion, etc. Reduced air and water pollution (with direct health benefits) Reduced water consumption Limited waste generation due to recycling and reuse Reduced pollution loads Increased user productivity Enhanced image and marketability Works Manual Provisions CPWD has also decided that henceforth all CPWD constructions shall be Green. A Chapter titled Green Building Norms has been introduced giving the approved guidelines regarding Green Buildings in CPWD Works Manual. Obtaining certificate from rating agencies for the building being certified as Green involves third party inspections / reviews / registration etc. and will involve both cost and time. The preliminary estimate should include extra provisions, if any to cover the probable cost on certification both internal and by third party if it is decided to obtain the green rating certificate. For internal certification, CPWD has adopted GRIHA rating system of TERI. The responsibility of internal certification indicating whether the specific criterion that falls under their respective domain has been achieved or not lie with Senior Architect for Architecture related criterion; Superintending Engineer (C) for Civil Engineering

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related criterion; Superintending Engineer (E) for Electrical Engineering related criterion and Director (Horticulture) / Superintending Engineer (C) for Horticulture related criterion. The overall internal green certification for the project shall be done by the authority who finalizes and submits the preliminary estimate of the project. The authority who finalised the preliminary estimate of the project shall develop appropriate methodology of construction as well as planning of the project and shall be responsible to include them in contract documents under a new chapter which may be named as "Particular Specifications/Methodologies for Green Building". The internal green building certification shall be expressed in following manner on following documents for the purpose of maintaining the same on permanent basis S.No. Satisfied by certified 1 Senior Architect Standard Document where satisfaction is to be Preliminary Drawings / Working Drawings issued for the project. A Green Parameter Table shall be provided over the Title Block where all criteria pertaining to Architecture should be listed and satisfaction should be indicated. Reasons for dissatisfaction should be explicitly mentioned wherever the criteria are not satisfied. Completion Certificate if the same falls under his own competency. If the Completion Certificate falls under the competency of the authority other than Director (H)/ SE (C/E), the said authority should obtain it from Director (H) / SE (C/E) before recording the Completion Certificate and mention the same in the Completion Certificate. A Green Parameter Table shall be provided in the Completion Certificate where all criteria pertaining to Civil / Electrical / Horticulture should be listed and satisfaction should be indicated. Reasons for dissatisfaction should be explicitly mentioned wherever a criterion is not satisfied.

Director (H) / SE (C/E) as the case may be

A copy of the Green Parameter Table of the respective components of the project shall be sent to the preliminary estimate framing authority within fifteen days of its incorporation in standard works document i.e. preliminary / working drawings in respect of Architectural criterion and Completion Certificate in respect of Civil / Electrical / Horticultural criterion for compilation of all components and to issue a

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final certification to the client for his record. Whenever a project is executed in packages, the internal rating shall be for (1) each package separately, and (2) project as a whole. EE (C/E) shall facilitate the rating agencies both internal and external (where it is decided to have Green Rating and certification from third party agencies) by providing documentary evidences as may be required in support thereof. No document shall be shared with the external rating agencies directly. Communication from the external rating agencies in respect of satisfaction / dissatisfaction of the criterion assessed by them should be indicated in Green Parameter Table in the Column Remarks indicating reasons for dissatisfaction if points earned are lesser than maximum points of the Table as per form attached. GRIHA Rating System GRIHA (an acronym for Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) Rating System, a tool developed by TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) evaluates the environmental performance of a building holistically over its entire life cycle, thereby providing a definitive standard for what constitutes a green building. The rating system is based on accepted energy and environmental principles, and seek to strike a balance between the established practices and emerging concepts, both national and international The basic features GRIHA rating system has been developed to help design and evaluate new buildings (buildings that are still at the inception stages). A building is assessed based on its predicted performance over its entire life cycle inception through operation. The stages of the life cycle that have been identified for evaluation are the preconstruction, building design and construction, and building operation and maintenance stages. The issues that get addressed in these stages are as follows Pre-construction stage (intra- and inter-site issues) Building planning and construction stages (issues of resource conservation and reduction in resource demand, resource utilization efficiency, resource recovery and reuse, and provisions for occupant health and well being). The prime resources that are considered in this section are land, water, energy, air, and green cover. Building operation and maintenance stage (issues of operation and maintenance of building systems and processes, monitoring and recording of consumption, and occupant health and well being, and also issues that affect the global and local environment).

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Scoring points for GRIHA GRIHA is a guiding and performance-oriented system where points are earned for meeting the design and performance intent of the criteria. Each criterion has a number of points assigned to it. It means that a project intending to meet the criterion would qualify for the points. Compliances, as specified in the relevant criterion, have to be submitted in the prescribed format. The points related to these criteria (specified under the relevant sections) are awarded provisionally while certifying and are converted to firm points through monitoring, validation, and documents/photographs to support the award of point. GRIHA has a 100 point system consisting of some core points, which are mandatory to be met while the rest are optional points, which can be earned by complying with the commitment of the criterion for which the point is allocated. The innovation points are available over and above the 100 point system. This means that a project can hypothetically apply for a maximum of 104 points. But the final scoring shall be done out of 100 points. Different levels of certification (one star to five star) are awarded based on the number of points earned. The minimum points required for certification is 50. Buildings scoring 50 to 60 points, 61 to 70 points, 71 to 80 points, and 81 to 90 points shall get one star, two stars, three stars and four stars respectively. A building scoring 91 to 100 points will get the maximum rating viz. five stars.
Points scored 5060 6170 7180 8190 91100 Rating One star Two stars Three stars Four stars Five stars

The details of the points as given in TERI GRIHA Rating system and Proforma Green Parameter Table is given in Annexure-I. A typical road map to achieve GRIHA 3-Star or 4 Star rating for new buildings is given in Annexure-II. Also typical energy saving approaches that can be adopted in buildings is given in Annexure-III. Some of the green features that have been incorporated in a Platinum rated (LEED rating) residential & commercial project in India are listed in Annexure-IV.

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ANNEXURE -I TERI GRIHA Green Building Rating System Synopsis of the criteria for rating The criteria have been categorized as follows. 1 Site Selection and Site planning 1.1 Conservation and efficient utilization of resource Objective To maximize the conservation and utilization of resources (land, water, natural habitat, avi fauna, and energy) conservation and enhance efficiency of the systems and operations. Criterion 1 Site Selection Criterion 2 Preserve and protect the landscape during construction/compensatory depository forestation. Commitment- Proper timing of construction, preserve top soil and existing vegetation, staging and spill prevention and erosion and sedimentation control. Replant, on-site, trees in the ratio 1:3 to those removed during construction. Criterion 3 Soil conservation (till post-construction). Commitment- Proper top soil laying and stabilization of the soil and maintenance of adequate fertility of the soil to support vegetative growth. Criterion 4 Design to include existing site features. Commitment- Minimize the disruption of natural ecosystem and design to harness maximum benefits of the prevailing micro-climate. Criterion 5 Reduce hard paving on-site and /or provide shaded hard - paved surfaces. Commitment- Minimize storm water run-off from site by reducing hard paving onsite. Criterion 6 Enhance outdoor lighting system efficiency. Commitment- Meet minimum allowable luminous efficacy (as per lamp type) and make progressive use of a renewable energy- based lighting system. Criterion 7 Plan utilities efficiently and optimize on-site circulation efficiency Commitment- Minimize road and pedestrian walkway length by appropriate planning and provide aggregate corridors for utility lines.

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1.2 Health and well being Objective To protect the health of construction workers and prevent pollution. Criterion 8 Provide at least, the minimum level of sanitation/safety facilities for construction workers. Commitment- Ensure cleanliness of workplace with regard to the disposal of waste and effluent, provide clean drinking water and latrines and urinals as per applicable standard. Criterion 9 Reduce air pollution during construction. Commitment- Ensure proper screening, covering stockpiles, covering bricks and loads of dusty materials, wheel-washing facility, and water spraying. 2 Building planning and construction stage Conservation and efficient utilization of resources Objective To maximize resource (water, energy, and materials) conservation and enhance efficiency of the system and operations. 2.1 Water Criterion 10 Reduce landscape water requirement. Commitment- Landscape using native species and reduce lawn areas while enhancing the irrigation efficiency, reduction in water requirement for landscaping purposes. Criterion 11 Reduce building water use. Commitment- Reduce building water use by applying low-flow fixtures, etc. Criterion 12 Efficient water use during construction. Commitment- Use materials such as pre-mixed concrete for preventing loss during mixing. Use recycled treated water and control the waste of curing water.

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2.2 Energy: end use Criterion 13 Optimize building design to reduce the conventional energy demand. Commitment- Plan appropriately to reflect climate responsiveness, adopt an adequate comfort range, less air-conditioned areas, daylighting, avoid over-design of the lighting and air-conditioning systems. Criterion 14 Optimize the energy performance of the building within specified comfort limits. Commitment- Ensure that energy consumption in building under a specified category is 10%40% less than that benchmarked through a simulation exercise. 2.3 Energy: embodied and construction Criterion 15 Utilization of fly ash in the building structure. Commitment- Use of fly ash for RCC (reinforced cement concrete) structures with infill walls and load bearing structures, mortar, and binders. Criterion 16 Reduce volume, weight, and time of construction by adopting an efficient technology (e.g. pre-cast systems, ready-mix concrete, etc.). Commitment- Replace a part of the energy-intensive materials with less energy intensive materials and/or utilize regionally available materials, which use low energy/ energy-efficient technologies. Criterion 17 Use low-energy material in the interiors. Commitment- Minimum 70% in each of the three categories of interiors (internal partitions, panelling/false ceiling/interior wood finishes/ in-built furniture door/window frames, flooring) from low-energy materials/finishes to minimize the usage of wood.

2.4 Energy: renewable Criterion 18 Renewable energy utilization. Commitment- Meet energy requirements for a minimum of 10% of the internal lighting load (for general lighting) or its equivalent from renewable energy sources

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(solar, wind, biomass, fuel cells, etc). Energy requirements will be calculated based on realistic assumptions which will be subject to verification during appraisal. Criterion 19 Renewable energy - based hot- water system. Commitment- Meet 70% or more of the annual energy required for heating water through renewable energy based water-heating systems. 2.5 Recycle, recharge, and reuse of water Objective To promote the recycle and reuse of water. Criterion 20 Wastewater treatment Commitment- Provide necessary treatment of water for achieving the desired concentration of effluents. Criterion 21 Water recycle and reuse (including rainwater). Commitment- Provide wastewater treatment on-site for achieving prescribed concentration, rainwater harvesting, reuse of treated waste water and rainwater for meeting the buildings water and irrigation demand.

2.6 Waste management Objective To minimize waste generation, streamline waste segregation, storage, and disposal, and promote resource recovery from waste. Criterion 22 Reduction in waste during construction. Commitment- Ensure maximum resource recovery and safe disposal of wastes generated during construction and reduce the burden on landfill.

Criterion 23 Efficient waste segregation. Commitment- Use different coloured bins for collecting different categories of waste from the building. Criterion 24 Storage and disposal of waste. Commitment- Allocate separate space for the collected waste before transferring it to the recycling/disposal stations.

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Criterion 25 Resource recovery from waste. Commitment- Employ resource recovery systems for biodegradable waste as per the Solid Waste Management and handling Rules, 2000 of the MoEF. Make arrangements for recycling of waste through local dealers. 2.7 Health and well-being Objective To ensure healthy indoor air quality, water quality, and noise levels, and reduce the global warming potential. Criterion 26 Use of low-VOC (volatile organic compounds) paints/ adhesives / sealants. Commitment- Use only low VOC paints in the interior of the building. Use water based rather than solvent based sealants and adhesives. Criterion 27 Minimize ozone depleting substances Commitment- Employ 100% zero ODP (ozone depletion potential) insulation; HCFC (hydro-chlorofluorocarbon)/ and CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) free HVAC and refrigeration equipments and/Halon-free fire suppression and fire extinguishing systems. Criterion 28 Ensure water quality. Commitment- Ensure groundwater and municipal water meet the water quality norms as prescribed in the Indian Standards for various applications (Indian Standards for drinking [IS 10500-1991], irrigation applications [IS 11624-1986]. In case the water quality cannot be ensured, provide necessary treatment of raw water for achieving the desired concentration for various applications. Criterion 29 Acceptable outdoor and indoor noise levels. Commitment- Ensure outdoor noise level conforms to the Central Pollution Control BoardEnvironmental StandardsNoise (ambient standards) and indoor noise level conforms to the National Building Code of India, 2005, Bureau of Indian Standards, Part 8Building Services; Section 4Acoustics, sound insulation, and noise control. Criterion 30 Tobacco and smoke control. Commitment- Zero exposure to tobacco smoke for non-smokers and exclusive ventilation for smoking rooms.

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Criterion 31 Provide the minimum level of accessibility for persons with disabilities. Commitment- To ensure accessibility and usability of the building and its facilities by employees, visitors, and clients with disabilities. 3 Building operation and maintenance Objective Validate and maintain green performance levels/adopt and propagate green practices and concepts. Criterion 32 Energy audit and validation. Commitment- Energy audit report to be prepared by approved auditors of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Government of India. Criterion33 Building operation and maintenance. Commitment- Validate and maintain 'green' performance levels/adopt and propogate green practices and concepts. Ensure the inclusion of a specific clause in the contract document for the commissioning of all electrical and mechanical systems to be maintained by the owner, supplier, or operator. Provide a core facility/service management group, if applicable, which will be responsible for the operation and maintenance of the building and the electrical and mechanical systems after the commissioning. Owner/builder/occupants/service or facility management group to prepare a fully documented operations and maintenance manual, CD, multimedia or an information brochure listing the best practices/dos and donts/maintenance requirements for the building and the electrical and mechanical systems along with the names and addresses of the manufacturers/suppliers of the respective system. Criterion 34 Innovation points. Commitment- Four innovation points are available under the rating system for adopting criteria which enhance the green intent of a project, and the applicant can apply for the bonus points. Some of the probable points, not restricted to the ones enumerated below, could be 1. Alternative transportation 2. Environmental education 3. Company policy on green supply chain 4. Lifecycle cost analysis 5. Enhanced accessibility for physically/mentally challenged. 6. Any other criteria proposed by the client.

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Evaluation procedure
List of criteria Points Remarks Unit of responsible for the criterion Architecture 3 by Architecture, 2 by Horticulture

Criteria 1: Site Selection Criteria 2: Preserve and protect landscape during construction/compensatory depository forestation Criteria 3: Soil conservation (post construction) Criteria 4: Design to include existing site features Criteria 5: Reduce hard paving on site Criteria 6: Enhance outdoor lighting system efficiency Criteria 7: Plan utilities efficiently and optimize on site circulation efficiency Criteria 8: Provide, at least, minimum level of sanitation/safety facilities for construction workers Criteria 9: Reduce air pollution during construction Criteria 10: Reduce landscape water requirement Criteria 11: Reduce building water use Criteria 12: Efficient water use during construction Criteria 13: Optimize building design to reduce conventional energy demand Criteria 14: Optimize energy performance of building within specified comfort

1 5

Partly mandatory Partly mandatory

4 2 2 3 3 Mandatory Partly mandatory

Civil Architecture Architecture Electrical Architecture

Mandatory

Civil

2 3 2 1 6

Mandatory

Civil Horticulture Civil Civil

Mandatory

Architecture

12

Electrical

Criteria 15: Utilization of flyash in 6 building structure Criteria 16: Reduce volume, weight and 4 time of construction by adopting efficient technology (e.g. pre-cast systems, ready-mix concrete, etc.) Criteria 17: Use low-energy material in 4 interiors Criteria 18: utilization Renewable energy 5

Civil Civil

Architecture

Electrical

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E5- E6 Civil Part-II Criteria 19: Renewable energy based 3 hot-water system Criteria 20: Waste water treatment 2 Criteria 21: Water recycle and reuse 5 (including rainwater) Criteria 22: Reduction in waste during 2 construction Criteria 23: Efficient waste segregation 2

Rev Date: 15-03-11 Electrical

Civil Civil

Civil

Civil Civil

Criteria 24: Storage and disposal of 2 waste Criteria 25: Resource recovery from 2 waste Criteria 26: Use of low - VOC paints/ adhesives/ sealants. Criteria 27: Minimize ozone depleting substances Criteria 28: Ensure water quality Criteria 29: Acceptable outdoor and indoor noise levels Criteria 30: Tobacco and smoke control Criteria 31: Universal Accessibility Criteria 32: Energy audit and validation Criteria 33: Operations and maintenance protocol for electrical and mechanical equipment Total Score 4 3 2 2 1 1 Mandatory 2 Mandatory Mandatory Mandatory

Civil

Civil Electrical Civil Architecture Architecture Architecture Electrical Electrical

100

Architecture, Civil, Electrical, Horticulture Architecture, Civil, Electrical, Horticulture

Criteria 34: Innovation (Beyond 100)

Total score 104

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GREEN PARAMETER TABLE

PACKAGE PROJECT
Nomenclature of criteria Maximum Points Points earned Remarks indicating reasons for dissatisfaction if points earned are lesser than maximum points

Criteria 1 Criteria 2 . Criteria 34 Total score

104

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ANNEXURE-II Road Map to achieve GRIHA 3-Star or 4 Star rating for new buildings A list of various actions is suggested below as a possible strategy to achieve a minimum of 3 star rating. Suggestions in brackets followed by a * shall enhance the score further and enable a 4 star rating. The set of actions suggested are however only a pointer in the direction of achieving a high star rating but not as a comprehensive and exhaustive checklist for achieving a high rating. Site Planning Select appropriate site as per GRIHA guidelines Ensure sedimentation /erosion control/save trees (If they exist) / plant more trees by appropriate planning of the construction work. Design the building as per site conditions Control Air pollution at all stages of construction Ensure safety and health of construction workers Control hard paving/run off/manage utilities efficiently Use energy efficient outdoor lighting (use Renewable Energy e.g. Solar based lighting)* Use native trees and shrubs for landscaping to reduce landscape water demand over GRIHA benchmark by 40% (reduce by 50%)* Energy/ Water/ Waste Reduce 25% water demand over GRIHA benchmarks (developed based on National Building Code) (by 50%)* Save water in construction Comply with the mandatory requirements within the ECBC (Energy Conservation Building Code) Meet prescriptive shading norms of ECBC, provide daylight, avoid over design of artificial lighting Reduce energy performance index over GRIHA benchmark by 10% (by 30%)* Provide 1% equivalent connected load of lighting and HVAC through Renewable Energy power (meet 10% lighting consumption through Renewable Energy e.g. Solar based power)* Use fly ash based products in minimum two of the following three areas: (structure/ walling / finishing) Recycle wastewater and reuse 25% of treated wastewater (IF wastewater quantity is higher than 10kLday) Segregate and store waste appropriately

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Indoor environmental quality Minimize the usage of Ozone depleting products in the building structure and systems. Use low VOC (Volatile Organic Compound) paints Ensure compliance of water quality with relevant BIS standards Restrict Smoking in the building Provide Universal accessibility

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ANNEXURE-III Typical Energy Saving Approach in Buildings: Orientation: This is the first step to achieve energy efficiency, following measures can be adopted: Minimize exposure on the south and west Use simulation tools and techniques which can help in designing the orientation to minimize heat ingress and enhance energy efficiency Building Envelope Select high performance glazing with low U-value, low Shading Coefficient and high VLT (Visual Light Transmittance). Insulate the wall. The options for insulation materials can be Extruded polystyrene, Expanded polystyrene (thermocol), Glass wool etc., Brick wall with air cavity can also significantly reduce the heat ingress. Hollow blocks, Fly ash bricks and Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Blocks are also good insulators. The heat ingress through the roof can be as high as 12-15%. Insulating the roof can substantially reduce the heat ingress. Consider shading devices for window openings. Equipment & systems Select chillers with high Coefficient of Performance (CoP). Install Variable Frequency Drives (VFD) for supply & return air fans and pumps. Select high efficiency cooling towers. Use high efficiency motors, transformers and pumps. Install Heat recovery wheels and economizers Consider night purging with ambient air to flush out the heat trapped within the building during the day Adopt Controls & Building Management Systems for effective control Engage a Commissioning Authority to ensure that savings are realized once the building becomes operational Lighting: Design in such a way that the building gets maximum day lighting. Overall lighting power density can be designed as less as 1.0 W/sq.ft. Use daylight-cum-dimmer controls Install occupancy sensors Select energy efficient luminaires like CFL, T-5, LED, etc.,

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ANNEXURE-IV Some of the Green features incorporated in a Platinum rated (LEED rating) residential project are Energy Saving Features: The building envelope is insulated with the use of fly ash blocks for walls, under deck roof insulation and double glazed low-E glass with low U and SHGC values for all air conditioned areas High efficiency HVAC equipment with heat recovery wheel has been provided Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Star rated lamps and motion sensors for lighting have also been provided 3.84 kWp Hybrid Solar PV system which generates 10 kWh / day and Solar Water Heater of 300 LPD (Litres Per Day) capacity has been installed Day Lighting: Sufficient windows and skylight areas have been provided to achieve the daylight factor of 2% for 80% of the regularly occupied spaces Light pipes have been used to achieve daylight in the basement areas Water Saving Features: A sewage treatment plant of 5,000 liters/day capacity to treat all grey water generated within the site has been provided. The treated grey water is reused for flushing and landscaping Low flow water fixtures (showers, faucets and flush systems) have been provided Materials: Bamboo, which is a rapidly renewable material has been extensively used in the flooring Wood salvaged from old buildings has been used for doors and windows

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Salient Green features incorporated in one Platinum rated (LEED rating) commercial building project in India Office space with a built-up area of 37,362 sq.ft (3,470 sq.mtrs) are The whole building is 100% solar air-conditioned through the Vapour Absorption System In-situ wind turbine of 5 kW capacity Rs 40 lakhs worth of old furniture was re-processed & re-used in the building 70% of energy savings over ASHRAE 90.1-2004 standard Zero water discharge site More than 75% of the spaces with good daylight

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