An-Najah National University Faculty of Engineering

Industrial Engineering Department

Materials Science and Corrosion Laboratory (65328)

Experiment6: Tensile Test

Prepared by: Mojahed essam ashqer Mahdy Jamal Ahmad Taha Mohammad Bishtawi Mohammad ghassan Tanbour Submitted to: Eng. Adel M.S Juaidi Eng. Doha Abu-Esheh 12-3-2009

Abstract:
The purpose of this experiment to study the behavior of material under unaxial tensile force . To construct engineering stress strain curve . To obtain some mechanical properties . using unaxial material testing machine, hand operated pump, torque weter, and test specimen . also the tensile strength is most important property that the material has; it can be used to study several mechanical properiets such as ( toughness, brittlness, ductility, fauilur, fracture etc. ) . And when doing the experiment the elongation in the specimen occur at constant rate because every material move through several steps ( plastic, elastic, proportional etc. ) .

Abaratus:
1. unaxial material testing machine 2. hand operated pump 3. torque weter 4. test specimen

Introduction:
2

One of the most common testing methods, tensile testing, is used to determine the behaviour of a sample while an axial stretching load is applied. These types of tests may be performed under ambient or controlled (heating or cooling) conditions to determine the tensile properties of a material. Tensile testing is performed on a variety of materials including metals, plastics, elastomers, paper, composites, rubbers, fabrics, adhesives, films, etc. Tensile testing is commonly used to determine the maximum load (tensile strength) that a material or a product can withstand. Tensile testing may be based on a load value or elongation value. Common tensile testing results include:

Maximum Load Deflection of Maximum Load Work at Maximum Load Stiffness Load at Break Deflection at Break Work at Break Chord Slope Stress Strain Young's Modulus

Figure No. (1) : The tested specimen before the test

Figure No. (2) : The tested specimen after the test

Theory:

In tension a specimen was deformed with a gradually increasing tensile load that was applied uniaxially along axis of the specimen. This uniaxial produces internal governed by the equation:

= F Ao
engineering strain:

: Engineering stress. F: Instantaneous applied force. A0: Original crosses sectional area.

Then an elongation of the specimen occurs. This elongation was expressed by the e: Engineering strain . L0: Initial original length of specimen. Li: Instantaneous length specimen.

L L L 0 = i L0 = L0

Stress and strain are proportional to each other up to a limit, and E is the hieghest stress point up to which the material was loaded and returns to its original dimension after load was removed. So Hook's law valid in elastic region:

E= e

Ductility may be expressed quantitatively as a percent of elongating;

where the ductility is the ability or material to with stand plastic deformation without fracture. Following the equation: Lf L o %EL: Elongation rate. % EL L 100% = o Or as a percent area reduction according to the equation: Ao A f 100 % % AR A = o 5 %EL: Elongation area.

Procedure:
0 0 1. The diameter (D ), and the gage length (L ) of the unbroken specimen was

measured. 2. The specimen was fixed well in the chucks of the testing machine, the chucks must be closed well, and digital load meter reads zero KN load. 3. Tensile load must be applied slowly and uniformly as possible on specimen, this can be controlled by the hand operating pump. 4. Load (KN) and elongation was recorded until the specimen reached to fracture. 5. The broken specimen was removed from the chucks.
f f 6. The final gage length (L ), and the diameter at the 'neck' (D ) was measured using a

vernier was measured.

Results:
Load (KN) 0 5 7 10 12 14 15 16 17 17.5 18 18.5 19 19.5 19.7 20 20.2 20.5 21 21.2 21.7 22 22.5 22.6 22.9
21.8

Elongation (mm) 0 0.345 0.435 0.58 0.64 0.73 0.77 0.825 0.88 0.91 0.95 0.98 1.015 1.06 1.08 1.11 1.135 1.15 1.21 1.25 1.34 1.44 1.7 2.2 2.4
7.3

Stress 0.000 59.053 82.674 118.106 141.727 165.348 177.158 188.969 200.779 206.685 212.590 218.495 224.401 230.306 232.668 236.211 238.573 242.116 248.022 250.384 256.289 259.832 265.738 266.919 270.462 257.470

Strain 0.00000 0.00320 0.00403 0.00538 0.00593 0.00677 0.00714 0.00765 0.00816 0.00843 0.00880 0.00908 0.00941 0.00982 0.01001 0.01029 0.01052 0.01066 0.01121 0.01158 0.01242 0.01335 0.01576 0.02039 0.02224 0.02224

Table No. (1) { the raw and induced data taken from the experiment} :

Figure No. (2) : The relation between load and elongation

Figure No. (3) : The relation between stress and strain

Figure No. (4) : The relation between stress and strain in the elastic region

Sample calculations:
L f L 100.3 93 o 100 % = % EL = 100% = 7.84 % L 93 o Ao A 10 6.25 f % AR = 37 .5 % A 100 % =10 = o

Discussion and questions:

Q1 : Compare your results ( yield & tensile strength, modulus ) with the published data a comment on your results ? From the figures drawn the shape of it tells that there is some uncorrected data measured from the experiment with compare these figures shows that it is nearly the same but there is some deflection on its shape which made the data measured has some wrong in it may be because the digital load meter had not been measured the correctly numbers. Q2 : Comment on the behavior of the tested material when it is subjected to tensile load up to fracture ? Before the yield stress the material is still in the elastic region and any changes happened on it is not permanent just as the load is hanged but after releasing the load the material return to its original shape and dimensions. After yield the material could not return to its original dimensions until ultimate stress the material had not any necking but after ultimate necking start to appear and cracks start to show until the fracture happened. Q4 : Decide whether the material is ductile or brittle depending on the shape of fracture ? The material had been used is ductile because the fracture made an angle of 45 degrees with the horizontal. Q5 : What is the difference between toughness and resilience ? Toughness is the ability of material to absorbed the energy up to fracture point , while the Resilience is area under the curve stress - strain

References
1. Material lab . 2. http://www.llo yd-instruments.co.uk/testtypes/tensile.cfm