CurrentstatusinCFD Resistance&Propulsion

ApplicationofCFDinthemaritimeand offshoreindustry ProgressinViscousFlowCalculation Methods Trends:fromG2KtoCFDWT05 Analysisanddesign

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0.Validationofprediction Thisisnotatypo techniques

Needandimportanceofestablishingcredibility ofCFDsimulationsandcodes throughverificationandvalidation(V&V) ResistanceCommitteereportreviewsrecent activitiesinthefieldofVerificationand Validation(V&V)consideredtobeofsignificance forthemembersofITTC

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ApplicationofCFDinthemaritimeand offshoreindustry
Inviscid methodsstillheavilyused
Free surfacePanelMethods(linear nonlinear)

RANSmodelscalecalculations
Largeamountofhullforms Increasinglysophisticatedwithactualgeometry: appendages,bilgekeels,shafts,struts,propulsors

RANSfullscalecalculations
Wallfunctionw,w/oroughness Becomingnearlyasroutineforrealisticconfigurationsas modelscalepredictions Limitedexperimentaldataforcomparison

Sinkage andtrimcapabilityincreased
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RANSPracticalApplications
Milleretal.(2006)Athenamodelscale prediction

Visonneauetal.(2006)Limitingwall streamlinesofpropelledhopper dredgeratfullscale

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Trends:fromG2KtoCFDWT05

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Testcase#1.1 (11participants) ResistanceCoefficient CoefficientofvariationVforthegenericforcecoefficientsC() :V=( /C()) 100 being thestandarddeviation

CT Exp. Mean Std. Dev. V 3.56 3.600 0.1501 4.17 % ---

CP 0.744 0.0858 11.53 %

CF 2.832* 2.856 0.1895 6.64 %

*ITTC 57

G2K CFDWT05 VforCTandCF wasfoundtobeabout Visdecreasedforallforcecoefficients (5%8%). LargervalueswerebeenobtainedforCP CP stilldoubleCTandCF CP isparticularly griddependent (20%). Averagedsimulationnumericaluncertainty USNisabout2.1%(atG2Kwas3.2%) Averagedcomparisonerror E(i.e.thedifferencebetweentheexperimentaldataand thevaluefromthesimulation) forCT is4.7%(atG2Kwas4.8%)
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ProgressinViscousMethods
Varietyofgridsandgriddingtechniques
Structuredgridsmostheavilyused
Goodforbarehullsandsomecomplicatedgeometries Oversetsbeingusedmoreoftenforcomplicatedgeometries

Unstructuredgrids
Hexahedral,tetrahedral,andpolyhedral Tetrahedralandpolyhedralneedprismlayersforboundary layeraccuracy

Cartesianwithimmersedboundarymethods
Griddingistrivial[O(Panelcodes)] Boundarylayerpredictionstillproblematic

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GroupDiscussion1:ImpactofCFDinShipHydrodynamics

Gridding Makietal.(2007)Trimaran Visonneauetal.(2006)Sternregionof

hopperdredger polyhedralgrid

Noack(2007)Oversetgridsforcombatant

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ProgressinViscousMethods
Freesurfacetreatment
Capturingmethodshavebecomeroutine(Volumeof FluidandLevelSet)andusedbythemajorityofgroups Cannumericallyhandleverycomplexfreesurface

Turbulencemodeling
Largelyone andtwoequationsmodelsinpractice Reynoldsstressmodelsbysomegroupsforflowdetails LargeEddySimulations(LES)andDetachedEddy Simulation(DES)seeingmoreuse,butstilllimited

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GroupDiscussion1:ImpactofCFDinShipHydrodynamics

NewApplications
Propulsor/HullInteraction
Actuatordiskmodels Liftingsurface/panelmethods Fullrotatingpropeller

DragReduction
Microbubbleandpolymereffectsmodeled Mostlyrestrictedtosimpleflowsandmodelingissues

HighSpeedVessels
HighFroudenumber Catamarans,trimarans,slendermonohulls

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HighSpeedVessels
Makietal.(2007)Trimaranfree surface

Sternetal.(2006)Trimaranfree surfacewithwaterjets
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PropulsionCommittee presentation

Jessupetal.,2008

Sternetal.2008
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2005ONRShipWaveBreakingWorkshop&Review WilsonW.etal,26th SNH,Rome2006. FocusedefforttoassessCFDcapabilityasappliedtoshipgeneratedwavesand wavebreaking. CFDsolutionsweregeneratedfortwofullscalespeeds(10.5and18kn)and madebyfourseparategroups,utilizingfiveCFDcodes: DasBoot/NFA/CFDSHIPIOWA/Comet/Fluent Physics:Potentialflow,NSnoviscousfluxsolver,RANSEsolvers FreeSurface:InterfaceTracking,LevelSet,VoF Turbulenceclosure:Blendedk,Blendedk/k,Realizablek,kSST Sevenseparatesolutionsetsweresubmittedforeachofthetestconditions Althoughfocuswasonfreesurface,totalresistancewasalsopredictedbyeach codefortwodifferentshipspeedsandcomparedwithmodeltestdata. AlloftheCFDpredictionswereperformedinablindmanner,withtheresults providedpriortotheexperimentalmeasurementsbeingreleased
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COMPUTATIONALDOMAINS

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Potentialflow

RANSsolution

GoodpredictionoftheKelvinwake
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GoodpredictionoftheKelvinwake
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Potentialflow

RANSsolution

Goodpredictionofthewavetroughaftofthe Goodpredictionofthewaveheightsand transom.Waveheightsaftofthesternslightly topologyinthesternregion. overpredictedandbroaderwavepeak. 16 15/09/2008 GroupDiscussion1:ImpactofCFDinShipHydrodynamics

RANSsolution/User

RANSsolution/Developer

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FreeSurfacegridrefinement

RANSsolution/User

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16.7millioncells Excellentpredictionofthesternregion 90hourson Smallscaledetailsinthesternwavetopology. 128processorsT3E

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6millioncells 6488processorson SGIOrigin3800 RANSsolution/Developer

89.1millioncells 55+75hourson 256processorsT3E Eulersolution/Developer

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Eachofthedifferentsolutionmethodshas differentadvantagesanddisadvantages. Eachhascertainspecificrequirementsfor obtainingaccuratesolutionsofasurfaceship wavefield.

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Manygoodcodeswithmanygroupsabletousethecodes RANShavingalargerroleforviscousflowstudy Realisticgeometriesatmodelandfullscale Expectedtohavelargerroleinthefuturewithincreasing experienceandcomputerpower

Inroadstothedesignprocess (e.g.CFDontrial solutions)andtoSimulationBasedDesign(SBD) beingmade

Optimizer

GeometryandGrid Manipulation
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SBD scheme

CFD
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Minimize (i)Drag/Lift and(ii)cavitation volume fortwoanglesofattack

Original

Optimized #1

Optimized #2 Global Optimization of an Anti Torpedo-Torpedo tail rudder

CurrentstatusinCFD Propulsion
PropulsionbyCFD:challenges Propulsor flow:cavitation Cavitation:radiatedpressuresmodelling FromO.W.topropellerinbehindconditions (hybridRANS/BEM,local&globalflowanalysis) Validationdata Analysisanddesignofpropulsors
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PropulsionbyCFD:challenges
ModellingbyCFDmarinepropulsorsismadecomplexby:
Geometryandkinematicsofthrustgenerationdevices Operatingconditionsinhighlyturbulent,vortical,unsteadyflows Cavitatingflowfeaturesandrelateddetrimentaleffects Necessitytoconsidervesselandpropellerasaunit Demandforhighaccuracypredictionstomeetdesignrequirements Unconventionalpropulsorsandlayouts

Propeller behind wake generator Italian Navy Cavitation Tunnel(CEIMM)

Simulation by RANS code FINFLO, Sipila et al., VTT, Finland

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PropulsionbyCFD:abitofhistory
Currenttargets:
ComputepropellerKT,KQwithin25%accuracy Predictcavitationinceptionandanalysecavitatingflowdynamics Describeoffdesignconditions Simulatepropelledvesseloperations(propulsiontest,manouvers, )

Reviewofmethodologies:
Fromearly1990firstapplicationsofRANStomodelnoncavitating propellersinuniformflow Milestone:22ndITTCWorkshop,1998 Byendof1990extensionstohullpropellerflowsandtocavitation

Stateoftheart:
RANSmodelsbeingwidelyusedforanalysis(anddesign?) Commercialaswellasinhousedevelopedcodes(mostofthelatter derivedfromexistinghullviscousflowcodes) PromisingresultsbyLESmodels
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Propulsor flow:cavitation
Interplay between
1. Multiphase flow 2. Turbulence & Vorticity 3. Mesh adaptation Current modeling efforts toward the prediction of: Induced noise Pressure pulses Vibrations Erosion Efficiency reduction

LESsimulation by OpenFOAM,Bensow et al., Chalmers Univ.

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Propulsor flow:cavitation
Interplay between
1. Multiphase flow 2. Turbulence & Vorticity 3. Mesh adaptation
Barotropic models: Arbitrarystateeq.:p=f(rho) Samecontinuity+momentum eqs.as noncavitating flow Limit:novariabledensityinduced vorticity production Multiphasehomogeneousmixturemodels: Phases:water,vapor(insomemodelsalso noncondensablegas) Interfacecapturing scheme:VoF Transportequationforphases concentration(e.g.,vaporvolume fraction) Keyissue:vaporsourceanddestruction terms(i.e.,fromRPeq.) Pressuredensitycoupling:pressure correctionorartificialcompressibility

LESsimulation by OpenFOAM,Bensow et al., Chalmers Univ.

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Propulsor flow:cavitation
Interplay between
1. Multiphase flow 2. Turbulence & Vorticity 3. Mesh adaptation Turbulencemodelssameas forhullflowstudies Peculiarformultiphaseflow Correctdescriptionofsmall time/spacescalesiscrucial Recentstudiessuggest the opportunitytogofortheLES
LESsimulation by OpenFOAM,Bensow et al., Chalmers Univ.

Computationalcostsforce to goforhybridRANS/LES model(DES,)

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Propulsor flow:cavitation
Interplay between
1. Multiphase flow 2. Turbulence & Vorticity 3. Mesh adaptation
RANScodeISIS,Visonneau et.al., CNRS

LESsimulation by OpenFOAM,Bensow et al., Chalmers Univ.

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Cavitation:radiated pressures modelling

Referenceproblem:
Computepressurefluctuationsinducedbypropelleronplatehull Propellerexcitationsatmultiplesofbladepassingfrequency

Viscousflowmethods:direct computationofpressurefield
Scaleresolvingiscritical:LESbetterthanRANS Compressibilityeffects shouldbetakenintoaccount

Hydroacoustic models:
Excitationgenerationandpropagationproblemsdecoupled(see ITTCCavitation Committee reportforreferences) Pressurepulsesfromwavepropagationequations(compressible flow) Effectofsolidboundariesthroughsuitablescatteringmodels

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From O.W. to propeller inbehind conditions

Severeimpactongrid generationandnumerical scheme
Flowvariables exchanged between rotating andfixed blocks Slidingmesh techniques Correct transferoffluxes across fixed/rotating interfaces Parallel coding

Flowunsteadiness:URANSsolutions Simplified models to limit thecomputational effort:

Quasisteady RANS SteadyRANSwith actuatordisk models Hybrid RANS/BEM
RANScodeChiNavis,DiMascioet.al., INSEAN 32 GroupDiscussion1:ImpactofCFDinShipHydrodynamics

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Zoomin:hybrid RANS/BEM
Theconceptofactuatordiskrevisited Smartcouplingofviscousandinviscidsolvers:
RANStodescribeviscousflowaroundhullw/opropeller InviscidflowBEMtodescribepropellerflow

RANSBEMcouplingviageneralizedbodyforceapproach
PropelleractionrecastassourcetermsintheRHSofNS equations IntensityofsourcetermsfrompropellerloadingbyBEM

HullpropellerrudderinteractionsbysteadyRANS

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Validation data:theINSEANE779Adataset
Acomprehensive setofexperimental data onpropeller flow
Propeller O.W. characteristics Wake field by LDVandPIV(velocity, vorticity,turbulence,) Pressure/velocity correlations Cavity pattern(uniform &nonuniform inflow) Pressure pulses incavitating flow

Data presentation suitable for validation of

CFD codes Several computational studies in the literature for comparisons Experimental activity in progress to expand dataset contents
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Analysisanddesignofpropulsors
Impressiveenhancementshavebeenachievedinanalyzing propulsors flowbyCFD Incontrast,theimpactofCFDondesignisstilllimited Standardapproachstillrelyondesignersexpertiseandon inviscidflowmodels:liftingline,vortexlatticemethods CFDlimitedtolatestageverifications(similartomodel tests) TrueCFDbaseddesign stillmissing Existingapplicationsdemonstratethatmodern optimizationtechniques(multiobjective,multidisciplinary, variablefidelitymodels)canprovideasensible improvementofdesigntechniques

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Conclusions propulsion l l
RANS RANSmodelswidelyusedforisolatedpropellerflowstudies d l id l df i l t d ll fl t di
Openwatercharacteristicsreasonablyaccurate

LESmodelsbeingpromising
AttemptstolimitLEScomputationaleffort:hybridLES/RANS

HullpropellerflowbyfullyRANSstillverydemanding
Hybrid RANS/Inviscid models appealing for hullpropeller studies HybridRANS/Inviscid modelsappealingforhull propellerstudies

Cavitation modelling underdevelopment

Reliablepredictionsofbladesheetcavitation Current efforts to improve prediction of pressure pulses erosion risk Currenteffortstoimprovepredictionofpressurepulses,erosionrisk

ExamplesofvalidityofCFDforextrapolationtofullscale ImpactofCFDintodesigntobeincreased

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