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Oracle8 Bible
Carol McCullough-Dieter
with contributions by Jatinder Prem,
Ramesh Chandak, and Purshottam Chandak
Oracle8 Bible
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Credits
Acquisitions Editor
John Osborn
Development Editor
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Technical Editors
Ramesh Chandak
Purshottam Chandak
Sue Jang
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Copy Editor
Eric Hahn
Project Coordinator
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Cover Design
Murder By Design
To my husband, Pat, who helps me remember to watch the sunset often enough to
enjoy living in paradise.
Preface
am proud to present the finest collection of Oracle8 information you can find
under one cover. Whether you are a brand new Oracle developer or a seasoned
database administrator, youll find plenty to sink your teeth into here.
Oracle8 Bible
Icons Explained
Icons are used throughout the book to help you zoom in quickly on important
information.
Tip
This icon describes inside information on designing good database systems and
about using Oracle8 wisely.
Note
Watch for extra hints or caveats listed with the Note Icon. The information is not
critical, but it is useful.
On the
CD-ROM
The code found near this icon can be found on the CD-ROM included in the book.
Caution
Beware of pitfalls and code that can be destructive if it isnt used carefully. This
icon signals you to take extra precautions and to read carefully.
The following icons refer to the tools found in the Enterprise Manager toolset.
They appear in the main chapters when an example or a set of how-to steps use
the tool. Within the Reference section, the icon tells you you can use the tool
shown instead of writing the command in SQL.
Preface
Use the Security Manager tool to create new Users, Profiles, and Roles.
The SQL Worksheet is a window-based tool for writing and executing SQL and
PL/SQL commands.
SQL*Plus is a command environment for writing and executing SQL and PL/SQL.
SQL*Plus can also be used to format reports and it is part of both the client and
the server Packages of Oracle8.
The Storage Manager tool helps create new datafiles and Tablespaces for the
database.
The Instance Manager tool shows you who is logged in to the database.
These icons appear only in the Reference section to help you determine how to
use the commands.
Beginner
Each command in the Command Reference section has been rated as beginner-,
intermediate-, or advanced-level commands. Beginner commands have this icon
and can be used relatively easily by a beginning programmer.
commands. Beginners may need to study the examples carefully before using
these kinds of commands.
Advanced
Advanced-level commands usually require experience with SQL and possibly with
PL/SQL. These commands have more difficult syntax or are useful in limited,
expert-oriented SQL commands.
This icon indicates the command is a part of PL/SQL or is used primarily in PL/SQL
programs.
This icon tells you the command can be used in a C++ program and is primarily
used in this way.
xi
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Oracle8 Bible
Summary
Oracle8 Bible has step-by-step tutorials for a full range of tasks that the Oracle8
database administrator and database designer can use. In addition, it has a
complete Command Reference section showing syntax and examples of hundreds
of SQL, PL/SQL, and SQL*Plus commands.
This book is a desktop reference for Oracle8 users of all skill levels. Dozens of
examples throughout the book illustrate concepts and clarify details. With this
book in hand, readers have a wealth of knowledge at their fingertips.
As an added bonus, the CD-ROM contains a complete electronic copy of the full
text of the book, plus sample programs and scripts.
Acknowledgments
First and foremost, I would like to thank Carol McCullough-Dieter for giving me this
opportunity. My lifeline to Oracle information was Mike Welsh. I would like to
thank Amy Chandi for her excellent technical input. I also want to thank Graham
Welland for his invaluable technical contributions and direction. I thank my friends
at Cornerstone Integrated Services and SMART Technologies, Inc., in Austin, for
understanding my venture into writing. And finally, I wish to thank my family for
believing in my dreams and aspirations.
Jatinder Prem
I would like to thank Carol McCullough-Dieter for giving me the opportunity to be
part of this book. I would also like to thank my wife Kavita for her endless patience
and understanding in keeping me focused and supporting my writing efforts.
Finally, I want to thank my parents, Manoharlal and Padmavati Chandak, my
brothers and sisters-in-law, Purshottam and Padmini Chandak, Pravin, and Neeta
Chandak, my Masi-Masaji Shriniwas and Leelavati Chandak, and my Jiji-Jijaji
(Shriniwas and Pramodini Soni, Satyanarayan, and Prafulla Bihani for their neverending love, support, and patience.
Ramesh Chandak
I want to thank Carol McCullough-Dieter for giving me the opportunity to be part of
this book. I would also like to thank my brother Ramesh for his assistance with the
book. I would also like to express my appreciation to my parents, Manoharlal and
Padmavati Chandak.
Purshottam Chandak
Contents at a Glance
Part 1: Getting Started........................................................................................1
Chapter 1 Introducing Oracle8 ........................................................................................3
Chapter 2 Oracle8 Overview ..........................................................................................25
Chapter 3 Concepts..........................................................................................................43
Chapter 4 Primary Tools ................................................................................................51
Chapter 5 Other Utilities and Tools ............................................................................101
Table of Contents
Part 1: Getting Started
Chapter 1: Introducing Oracle8........................................................................3
New Features of Oracle8 ..........................................................................................3
Very large database support .........................................................................3
Object-oriented support.................................................................................4
Enhanced Toolset............................................................................................5
A Quick Tour of Oracle8...........................................................................................6
First stop: Instance Manager .........................................................................6
Second stop: Schema Manager .....................................................................8
Third stop: Storage Manager .......................................................................10
Final stop: SQL Worksheet ...........................................................................12
Before You Install ....................................................................................................14
Client or server or both ...............................................................................16
Fresh installation or migration from Version 7 .........................................18
Upgrade from earlier Oracle8 versions......................................................18
Initial Basic Database Contents ............................................................................19
Users ...............................................................................................................19
Roles ...............................................................................................................20
Tables..............................................................................................................21
Oracle8 Bibles sample Tables.....................................................................21
Summary ..................................................................................................................22
xviii
Oracle8 Bible
Chapter 3: Concepts..........................................................................................43
Security ....................................................................................................................43
Users ...............................................................................................................43
Roles ...............................................................................................................44
Privileges ........................................................................................................44
Profiles ............................................................................................................44
Oracle8 default security ...............................................................................45
Space.........................................................................................................................46
Performance ............................................................................................................47
Backup and Recovery ............................................................................................48
Object-Relational Concepts ...................................................................................49
Summary ..................................................................................................................50
Contents
Image Cartridge.....................................................................................................119
Time Series Cartridge...........................................................................................119
Summary ................................................................................................................120
xix
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Oracle8 Bible
Changing an Index.......................................................................................184
Removing an Index......................................................................................185
Summary ................................................................................................................186
Contents
xxi
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Oracle8 Bible
Contents
SHARED_POOL_SIZE ...................................................................................298
OPTIMIZER_MODE ......................................................................................300
Cost-Based Optimizer...........................................................................................300
ANALYZE.......................................................................................................301
EXPLAIN PLAN.............................................................................................303
Hints..............................................................................................................305
Indexes..........................................................................................................307
NOT ...............................................................................................................309
Summary ................................................................................................................311
xxiii
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Oracle8 Bible
Contents
xxv
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Oracle8 Bible
Contents
xxvii
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Oracle8 Bible
Part V: Appendixes
Appendix A: Command Reference..............................................................665
%FOUND .................................................................................................................665
%ISOPEN.................................................................................................................667
%NOTFOUND .........................................................................................................669
%ROWCOUNT ........................................................................................................671
%ROWTYPE ...........................................................................................................673
%TYPE ....................................................................................................................675
(+) ...........................................................................................................................677
@ (at sign) ...........................................................................................................678
@@ ...........................................................................................................................679
ABS..........................................................................................................................680
ACCEPT ..................................................................................................................681
ACOS .......................................................................................................................682
ADD_MONTHS .......................................................................................................683
ALTER CLUSTER ...................................................................................................684
ALTER DATABASE..................................................................................................686
ALTER FUNCTION..................................................................................................688
ALTER INDEX .........................................................................................................689
ALTER PACKAGE....................................................................................................690
ALTER PROCEDURE ..............................................................................................691
ALTER PROFILE .....................................................................................................692
ALTER RESOURCE COST ......................................................................................694
ALTER ROLE...........................................................................................................696
ALTER ROLLBACK SEGMENT ..............................................................................697
ALTER SEQUENCE .................................................................................................698
ALTER SESSION......................................................................................................700
ALTER SNAPSHOT.................................................................................................702
ALTER SNAPSHOT LOG ........................................................................................704
ALTER SNAPSHOT LOG ........................................................................................705
ALTER SYSTEM......................................................................................................706
ALTER TABLE .........................................................................................................708
ALTER TABLESPACE..............................................................................................710
ALTER TRIGGER ....................................................................................................711
ALTER TYPE...........................................................................................................712
ALTER USER ...........................................................................................................714
ALTER VIEW ...........................................................................................................716
ANALYZE ................................................................................................................717
Contents
APPEND ..................................................................................................................719
ASCII .....................................................................................................................720
ASIN.........................................................................................................................721
ATAN .......................................................................................................................722
ATAN2 .....................................................................................................................723
AUDIT......................................................................................................................724
AVG..........................................................................................................................725
BFILENAME ............................................................................................................726
BLOCK ....................................................................................................................727
BTITLE ....................................................................................................................729
CEIL .........................................................................................................................731
CHANGE..................................................................................................................732
CHARTOROWID .....................................................................................................733
CHR .........................................................................................................................734
CLEAR .....................................................................................................................735
CLOSE .....................................................................................................................736
COLUMN.................................................................................................................737
COMMENT..............................................................................................................739
COMMIT .................................................................................................................740
COMPUTE...............................................................................................................741
CONCATENATE ......................................................................................................745
CONNECT BY.........................................................................................................747
CONVERT ...............................................................................................................749
COPY.......................................................................................................................751
COS..........................................................................................................................753
COSH.......................................................................................................................754
COUNT....................................................................................................................755
CREATE CLUSTER .................................................................................................756
CREATE CONTROLFILE ........................................................................................758
CREATE DATABASE ...............................................................................................760
CREATE DATABASE LINK......................................................................................762
CREATE PROFILE...................................................................................................764
CREATE DIRECTORY.............................................................................................766
CREATE FUNCTION...............................................................................................767
CREATE INDEX.......................................................................................................769
CREATE LIBRARY ..................................................................................................771
CREATE PACKAGE.................................................................................................772
CREATE PACKAGE BODY .....................................................................................774
CREATE PROCEDURE ...........................................................................................776
CREATE ROLE ........................................................................................................778
CREATE ROLLBACK SEGMENT ...........................................................................779
CREATE SCHEMA...................................................................................................780
CREATE SEQUENCE ..............................................................................................781
CREATE SNAPSHOT ..............................................................................................783
CREATE SNAPSHOT LOG .....................................................................................785
CREATE SYNONYM ...............................................................................................787
xxix
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Oracle8 Bible
Contents
xxxi
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Oracle8 Bible
LEAST_LB ...............................................................................................................904
LENGTH ..................................................................................................................905
LENGTHB................................................................................................................906
LIKE.........................................................................................................................907
LIST .........................................................................................................................909
LN ............................................................................................................................911
LOCK TABLE ..........................................................................................................912
LOG .........................................................................................................................914
LOGIN_DENIED ......................................................................................................915
LOOP.......................................................................................................................916
LOWER....................................................................................................................917
LPAD........................................................................................................................918
LTRIM ......................................................................................................................919
LUB..........................................................................................................................920
MAKE_REF..............................................................................................................921
MAX.........................................................................................................................922
MIN..........................................................................................................................923
MINUS .....................................................................................................................924
MOD ........................................................................................................................925
MONTHS_BETWEEN .............................................................................................926
NEW_TIME .............................................................................................................927
NEXT_DAY..............................................................................................................929
NEXTVAL ...............................................................................................................930
NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN...................................................................................931
NLS_CHARSET_ID..................................................................................................932
NLS_CHARSET_NAME...........................................................................................933
NLS_INITCAP .........................................................................................................934
NLS_LOWER...........................................................................................................935
NLS_UPPER ............................................................................................................936
NO_DATA_FOUND .................................................................................................937
NOAUDIT ................................................................................................................938
NOT_LOGGED_ON ................................................................................................940
NULL .......................................................................................................................941
NVL .........................................................................................................................942
OPEN.......................................................................................................................943
OPEN-FOR ..............................................................................................................944
OPERATOR .............................................................................................................945
OPERATOR <>...................................................................................................946
OPERATOR > ......................................................................................................947
OPERATOR >= ....................................................................................................948
OPERATOR ! = ....................................................................................................949
OPERATOR * ......................................................................................................950
OPERATOR + ......................................................................................................951
OPERATOR - .......................................................................................................952
OPERATOR /.......................................................................................................953
OPERATOR < = ...................................................................................................954
Contents
OPERATOR = ......................................................................................................955
OPERATOR AND ................................................................................................956
OPERATOR BETWEEN ......................................................................................957
OPERATOR IN ....................................................................................................958
OPERATOR IS NOT NULL .................................................................................959
OPERATOR IS NULL ..........................................................................................960
OPERATOR NOT ................................................................................................961
OPERATOR NOT BETWEEN .............................................................................962
OPERATOR NOT IN ...........................................................................................963
OPERATOR OR...................................................................................................964
PRIOR......................................................................................................................965
PROGRAM_ERROR ................................................................................................967
PROMPT .................................................................................................................968
PSEUDOCOLUMN ..................................................................................................969
RAISE.......................................................................................................................970
RAWTOHEX ............................................................................................................971
RECORD..................................................................................................................972
REFTOHEX .............................................................................................................974
REMARK .................................................................................................................975
RENAME .................................................................................................................976
REPFOOTER ...........................................................................................................977
REPHEADER ...........................................................................................................979
REPLACE ................................................................................................................981
REPLACE ................................................................................................................982
RETURN ..................................................................................................................983
REVOKE ..................................................................................................................984
ROLLBACK .............................................................................................................986
ROUND....................................................................................................................987
ROUND....................................................................................................................988
ROWIDTOCHAR.....................................................................................................991
ROWTYPE_MISMATCH .........................................................................................992
RPAD .......................................................................................................................993
RTRIM .....................................................................................................................994
SAVE ........................................................................................................................995
SAVEPOINT ...........................................................................................................996
SELECT ..................................................................................................................997
SELECT INTO .........................................................................................................999
SET ........................................................................................................................1001
SET ROLE .............................................................................................................1004
SET TRANSACTION.............................................................................................1005
SHOW....................................................................................................................1006
SIGN ......................................................................................................................1008
SIN .........................................................................................................................1010
SINH ......................................................................................................................1011
SPOOL...................................................................................................................1014
SQLERRM .............................................................................................................1015
SQLPLUS...............................................................................................................1016
SQRT .....................................................................................................................1017
START ...................................................................................................................1018
xxxiii
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Oracle8 Bible
STDDEV ................................................................................................................1019
STORAGE..............................................................................................................1020
STORAGE_ERROR ...............................................................................................1022
STORE...................................................................................................................1023
SUBSTR.................................................................................................................1024
SUBSTRB ..............................................................................................................1025
SUM .......................................................................................................................1027
SYSDATE...............................................................................................................1028
TABLE ...................................................................................................................1029
TAN........................................................................................................................1030
TANH.....................................................................................................................1031
TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE .................................................................................1032
TIMING..................................................................................................................1033
TO_CHAR (date)..................................................................................................1034
TO_CHAR (label).................................................................................................1036
TO_CHAR (number)............................................................................................1037
TO_DATE (char) ..................................................................................................1039
TO_LABEL (char) ................................................................................................1041
TO_MULTI_BYTE (char).....................................................................................1042
TO_NUMBER (char)............................................................................................1043
TO_SINGLE_BYTE (char) ...................................................................................1045
TOO_MANY_ROWS .............................................................................................1046
TRANSLATE..........................................................................................................1047
TRUNC (date) ......................................................................................................1049
TRUNC (number) ................................................................................................1050
TRUNCATE ...........................................................................................................1052
TTITLE ..................................................................................................................1053
UID.........................................................................................................................1055
UNDEFINE.............................................................................................................1056
UNION ...................................................................................................................1057
UNION ALL ...........................................................................................................1058
UPDATE ................................................................................................................1059
UPPER ...................................................................................................................1061
USER......................................................................................................................1062
USERENV ..............................................................................................................1063
VALUE_ERROR.....................................................................................................1065
VARIABLE .............................................................................................................1066
VARIABLE ASSIGNMENT.....................................................................................1067
VARIANCE.............................................................................................................1068
VSIZE.....................................................................................................................1069
RESERVED WORDS..............................................................................................1070
WHENEVER OSERROR........................................................................................1072
WHENEVER SQLERROR......................................................................................1074
WHILE-LOOP ........................................................................................................1076
ZERO_DIVIDE .......................................................................................................1077
Contents
Glossary ..........................................................................................................1089
Index .............................................................................................................................
xxxv