FAULT STUDY

EE 4230
Name : M.H.M.Fernando
Index No : 090134U
Group : 04
Date of performance : 12/01/2012
Date of submission : 26/01/2012

Instructed by : Ms.

PRACTICAL CALCULATIONS

1. Single Line to Earth Fault (L-G Fault)

Supply
Side
a
b
c
Va = 0
Ia
Ib
Ic
Vb
Vc

When the fault impedance is zero,
0 V
a
= , 0 I
b
= , 0 I
c
=

Equivalent Circuit

(a) Calculating the fault currents


(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

a2
a1
a0
2
2
c
b
a
I
I
I
1
1
1 1 1

I
I
I
o o
o o


(
(
(

=
=
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

0 I
0 I
I
1
1
1 1 1

3
1
I
I
I
c
b
a
2
2
a2
a1
a0
o o
o o


3
I
I I I
a
a2 a1 a0
= = =
Therefore Fault current,
f
I =
a
I
a0 f
I 3 I =
A
A
40 . 11 I
8 . 3 3 I
f
f
=
=


Actual current in the circuit,

MA
A
384 . 120 I
2640 4000 40 . 11 I
f
f
=
=


Calculating fault voltages


(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

a2
a1
a0
2
2
c
b
a
V
V
V
1
1
1 1 1

V
V
V
o o
o o

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
a2
a1
a0
2
2
c
b
a
V
V
V
1
1
1 1 1

V
V
0 V
o o
o o


V
0
b
0 0
b
a2 a1
2
a0 b
073 . 45 08 . 60 V
120 32 . 10 240 8 . 38 28.19 V
V V V V
Z =
Z + Z =
+ + = o o


Actual voltage ,

kV 45.073 158.62 V
45.073 2640 08 . 0 6 V
b
b
Z =
Z =


45.073V - 08 . 60 V
240 32 . 10 120 8 . 38 28.19 V
V V V V
c
0 0
c
a2
2
a1 a0 c
Z =
Z + Z =
+ + = o o


Actual voltage ,

45.073kV - 158.62 V
073 . 165 2640 08 . 0 6 V
c
c
Z =
Z =




2. Double Line to Earth Fault (LL-G Fault)

Supply
Side
a
b
c
Va
Ia
Ib
Ic
Vb=0
Vc=0

When the fault impedance is zero,
0 V
0 V
0 I
c
b
a
=
=
=


Equivalent Circuit

(a) Calculating the fault currents

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

a2
a1
a0
2
c
b
a
I
I
I
1
1
1 1 1

I
I
I
o o
o o

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
a2
a1
a0
2
c
b
a
I
I
I
1
1
1 1 1

I
I
0 I
o o
o o


A 64 . 17 85 . 12 I
120 2 240 5 . 6 8 I
I I I I
b
0 0
b
a2 a1
2
a0 b
Z =
Z Z + =
+ + = o o


Actual current in the circuit
MA 65 . 17 75 . 135 I
608 . 105 2640 4000 85 . 132 I
b
0
b
Z =
Z =

A 65 . 17 85 . 12 I
240 2 120 5 . 6 8 I
I I I I
c
0 0
c
a2
2
a1 a0 c
Z =
Z Z =
+ + = o o


Actual current in the circuit
MA
A
65 . 17 75 . 135 I
65 . 17 2640 4000 85 . 12 I
c
c
Z =
Z =



Calculating fault voltages

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

a2
a1
a0
2
c
b
a
V
V
V
1
1
1 1 1

V
V
V
o o
o o

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
=
a2
a1
a0
2
c
b
a
V
V
V
1
1
1 1 1

0 V
0 V
V
o o
o o


V 4 . 60 V
15 . 20 10 . 20 15 . 20 V
V V V V
a
a
a2 a1 a0 a
=
+ + =
+ + =

Actual voltage in the circuit

kV 456 . 159 V
2640 4 . 60 V
a
a
=
=


3. Line to Line Fault (L-L Fault)

Ia
Supply
Side
Ic
Ib
Va
Vc
Vb
b
c
a


When the fault impedance are zero,

c b
c b
a
I I
V V
0 I
=
=
=








Equivalent Circuit


Calculating fault currents

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

a2
a1
a0
2
c
b
a
I
I
I
1
1
1 1 1

I
I
I
o o
o o

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
=
a2
a1
a0
2
b c
b
a
I
I
I
1
1
1 1 1

I I
I
0 I
o o
o o



A 90 24 . 15 I
120 8 . 8 240 8 . 8 0 I
I I I I
0
b
0 0
b
a2 a1
2
a0 b
Z =
Z Z + =
+ + = o o

Actual current in the circuit
A
A
M 90 93 . 160 I
90 2640 4000 24 . 15 I
0
b
0
b
Z =
Z =

A 90 24 . 15 I
240 8 . 8 120 8 . 8 0 I
I I I I
0
c
0 0
c
a2
2
a1 a0 c
Z =
Z Z + =
+ + = o o


Actual current in the circuit
MA
A
90 93 . 160 I
90 2640 4000 24 . 15 I
0
c
0
c
Z =
Z =


Calculating fault voltages


(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

a2
a1
a0
2
c
b
a
V
V
V
1
1
1 1 1

V
V
V
o o
o o
(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
=
a2
a1
a0
2
b c
b
a
V
V
V
1
1
1 1 1

V V
V
0 V
o o
o o

V 90 57 . 41 V
120 24 240 24 0 V
V V V V
0
b
0 0
b
a2 a1
2
a0 b
Z =
Z Z + =
+ + = o o

Actual voltage in the circuit
kV 90 742 . 109 V
90 2640 57 . 41 V
b
0
b
Z =
Z =

kV 90 742 . 109 V
c
Z =

THEORETICAL CALCULATION

1. Single Line to Earth Fault (L-G Fault)

0 V
a
= , 0 I
b
= , 0 I
c
=

Since Z
1
=0.238, Z
2
= 0.2225, Z
3
= 0.6083

Fault Current

Z0 Z2 Z1
E 3
I
f
f
+ +
=


6083 . 0 2225 . 0 0.238
132 3
I
f
+ +

=

kA 509 . 370 I
f
=
kA 509 . 370 I I
a f
= =
Fault Voltages from the diagram

27.479kV - kA 503 . 123 0.2225 - I Z V
kV 102.606 kA 3.503 2 1 0.238 - kV 132 I Z E V
-75.127kV kA 503 . 23 1 0.6083 - I Z V
a2 2 a2
a1 1 f a1
a0 0 a0
= = =
= = =
= = =


kV 139.0 - 9.344 5 1 V
120 479 . 27 240 606 . 102 -79.127 V
V V V V
0
b
b
b2 b1 b0 b
Z =
Z Z + =
+ + =


kV 35 1 345 . 159 V
240 479 . 27 120 606 . 102 -79.127 V
V V V V
0
c
c
c2 c1 c0 c
Z =
Z Z + =
+ + =



2. Double Line to Earth Fault (LL-G Fault)


0 V , 0 V , 0 I
c b a
= = =
Since Z
1
=0.238, Z
2
= 0.2225, Z
3
= 0.6038
Z
1
=832, Z
2
= 766, Z
3
= 1796


kA I
I
kA I
I
kA I
I
a
a
a
a
a
a
18 . 88
6083 . 0 / ) 238 . 0 25 . 329 132 (
072 . 241
2225 . 0 / ) 238 . 0 25 . 329 132 (
25 . 329
) 6083 .. 0 // 2225 . 0 238 . 0 /( 132
0
0
2
2
1
1
=
=
=
=
=
+ =


( )
kV 160.92 V
25 . 329 238 . 0 132 3 V
V 3 V
a
a
a1 a
=
=
=



a2 a1
2
a0 b
b2 b1 b0 b
I I I I
I I I I
o o + + =
+ + =


120 072 . 241 240 25 . 329 18 . 88 I
b
Z Z + =

kA
0
b
105 32 . 511 I Z =



a2
2
a1 a0 c
c2 c1 c0 c
I I I I
I I I I
o o + + =
+ + =


120 072 . 241 240 25 . 329 18 . 88 I
b
Z Z + =

kA
0
b
105 32 . 511 I Z =





3. Line to Line Fault (L-L Fault)


c b c b a
I I , V V , 0 I = = =
Since Z
1
=0.238, Z
2
= 0.2225, Z
3
= 0.6083

2 1
f
a1
Z Z
E
I
+
=

2225 . 0 238 . 0
kV 132
I
a1
+
=

461 . 0
kV 132
I
a1
=

kA 286.33 I
a1
=

kA 286.33 I
a2
=

V
a1
= 78 . 63 V
a2
kV =


kV
0
b
b
a2 a1
2
a0 b
b2 b1 b0 b
180 78 . 3 6 V
120 78 . 63 240 78 . 63 0 V
V V V V
V V V V
Z =
Z + Z + =
+ + =
+ + =
o o


kV
0
c
180 78 . 3 6 V Z =


kA
0
b
b
a2 a1
2
a0 b
b2 b1 b0 b
90 475 . 496 I
120 33 . 286 240 33 . 286 0 I
I I I I
I I I I
Z =
Z Z + =
+ + =
+ + =
o o


b
I =
c
I

0
c
90 475 . 496 I Z =


DISCUSSION
1. Importance of Fault Study:
National Electricity requires that all fault occurring or short circuit interrupting devices
have suitable ratings. A severe fault can have catastrophic consequences on the system. An
electrical fault study analysis will provide the information required to determine if the
interrupting capacities of the power system components are adequate enough to protect the
power system. When a fault occurs, the fault should be identified immediately and the fault
section should be isolated as soon as possible to maintain the stability of the system. We use
fault study to get information for selection of equipment such as switchgears, fuses, setting of
relays and bus bars.


2. Analogue methods of studying the fault flow in a system?
- Symmetrical component method
Can be used to study asymmetrical faults by decomposing the phase components in to
positive, negative and zero components.
- Bus component method
Can be used for analyzing both symmetrical and asymmetrical faults with the use of
bus-bar impedance of the system.

3. DC Network Analyzer:
DC network analyzer is a model which is used to simulate a network in its three
sequence components. This enables us to analyze the sequence components of a network.
The sequential networks, bus bars can be connected independently and the sequential
components can be read with means of metering equipments. Values of impedances can be
adjusted. The values of the phase voltage and phase current can then be calculated by
applying to the matrix equation. When taking measurements the per-unit values are taken.
These values are multiplied by a common multiplication factor for the situation.







4. Importance of using sequence components:
In power systems balance systems are not exist every time. Therefore to simplify those
unbalance systems in network analysis network demonstrate by three components called sequence
components. They are, Positive sequence networks, Negative sequence networks and Zero sequence
networks. This decomposition of the network removes the complex parts of the system properties.
The removal of the complexity of the values makes it easier to perform the matrix calculation so an
analyzers life would be easier.

5. The relationships between the sequence impedances for generators, transformers and
transmission lines:
Generator: The generator has a specific direction of rotation and the sequence considered
may either have the same direction or the opposite direction. Thus the rotational emf
generated for the positive sequence and the negative sequence would also be different. So
that the generator has different values for positive sequence, negative sequence and zero
sequence.
Transformer: Transformer is a passive and stationary. Therefore it does not have specific
direction. So they have the same positive sequence and negative sequence impedance and
even zero sequence impedances. But the zero sequence paths across the windings of a
transformer depend on the winding connection and even grounding impedance.
Transmision Lines: As a transformer, the conductors of the transmission lines are passive
and stationary. So they do not have specific direction. Thus, they have the same positive
sequence and negative sequence impedances. But the zero sequence paths involve the
earth wire and or the earth return path. Therefore zero sequence impedance is higher.
6. Assumptions made in fault study

- All sources are balanced and equal in magnitude and phase.
- Sources represented by the Thevenins voltage prior to fault at the fault point.
- Large systems may be represented by infinite bus-bars.
- Transformers are on nominal tap position.
- Resistances are negligible compared to reactance.
- Transmission lines are assumed fully transposed and all three phase have same Z.
- Loads currents are negligible compared to the fault currents.
- Line charging currents can be completely neglected.