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Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
Loss of Prestress
Immediate Losses
Elastic Shortening
Time-Dependent Losses
Creep of Concrete
Anchorage Losses
Shrinkage of Concrete
Friction Losses
Steel Relaxation
Page 1 of 20
Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
Loss of Prestress
Concrete
Elastic Shortening
Steel
Relaxation
Creep
Friction loss
Shrinkage
Anchorage set
2 GENERAL
Initial prestressing force applied to the concrete undergoes a progressive process of reduction over a period of approximately five years. Early failures of prestressed concrete structures were due to the inability to accurately predict the losses over time. In general, losses of prestressing force may be grouped into two categories: o Immediate during construction process o Time-dependent losses occurring over an extended period The prestressing jacking force Pj (the largest force applied to a tendon) is immediately reduced by losses due to friction, anchorage slip and elastic shortening of the compressed concrete to what is known initial Pi.
Page 2 of 20
Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
As time passes, the force is further gradually reduced, rapidly at first but then more slowly, because of length changes due to shrinkage and creep of concrete, and due to the relaxation of the highly stressed steel. After many years, the prestressing force stabilizes to what is known as effective force Pe. For pre-tensioned members, Pj never acts on the concrete, but only on the anchorage of the casting bed. The tension is reduced by the time it is applied to the concrete. For post-tensioned members, the jacking force is fully applied to the concrete only at the jacking end. Elsewhere, it is diminished by other losses. The initial prestress Pi is of primary importance in design, together with the effective prestress Pe. An exact determination of prestress losses (especially the time dependent ones) is not feasible because of numerous inter-related factors. In most practical design cases, detailed calculation of losses is unnecessary. It is possible to use reasonably accurate lump sum loss estimates. For cases where greater accuracy is needed, it is necessary to estimate separate losses, taking care of member geometry, material properties and construction methods. Accuracy of loss calculations may be improved by considering the inter-dependence of time-dependent losses, using discrete time intervals. Actual losses affect service load behavior such as deflection, cracking and crack width.
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Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
Overestimation of prestress loss may lead to too much prestressing force, resulting in excessive camber and tensile stresses. Underestimation, on the other hand, will lead to too little prestressing. accurate calculation of the prestress losses. Both cases require
satisfactorily built using the approach. The current ACI Code does not have suggestions for lump sum estimates of losses. The current AASHTO Specs contain a table for suggested lump sum losses. Post-Tensioning Institute has also published such tables.
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Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
Approximate Prestress Loss Values For Post-Tensioning (Nawy, 2003) Table 3.2 Post-tensioning tendon material Stress-relieved 270K strand and 30,000 stress-relieved 240K wire Bar Low-relaxation 270K strand 20,000 15,000 25,000 20,000 35,000 Slabs Prestress loss, psi Beams and joists
Note: This table of approximate prestress losses was developed to provide a common post-tensioning industry basis for determining tendon requirements on projects in which the designer does not specify the magnitude of prestress losses. These loss values are based on use of normal-weight concrete and on average values of concrete strength, prestress level, and exposure conditions. Actual values of losses may vary significantly above or below the table values where the concrete is stressed at low strengths, where the concrete is highly prestressed, or in very dry or very wet exposure conditions. The table values do not include losses due to friction.
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Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
f AS =
Where
L EP L
L is the magnitude of the slip L is the length of the tendon EP is the modulus of elasticity of the prestressing steel
Page 6 of 20
Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
This type of losses could be significant for short beams since the losses are inversely proportional to the length of the cable.
Tendon
(a)
Pi L
Pi
(b)
ES
Page 7 of 20
Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
ES =
ES L
Since the concrete and prestressing steel are bonded, the strain in the concrete and the steel are equal (compatibility), therefore,
f ES = E p ES = Ep = Ep Ec Pi Ac Ec . fc
f ES = n f c
Where n is the modular ratio (Ep / Ec) fc is the inducted stresses due to prestressing, for strands with eccentricity e
fc =
Pi Pi..e.e M ow .e + A I I
* For pre-tensioned members, the elastic shortening losses (fES) is taken as shown above. * For post-tensioned with single tendon or all tendons tensioned at once (simultaneously), the elastic shortening losses (fES) is equal zero. * For post-tensioned with tendons tensioned sequentially, the elastic shortening losses (fES) is equal half the value shown above. Pre-tensioned f ES = n f c Post-tensioned (sequentially)
1 f ES = .n f c 2
Page 8 of 20
Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
Tendon
F1
(a) d F dF (b F d F2 = F1
Pf = F1
F F1 F1
(c)
Curvature friction losses (a) Tendon alignment.
F1
(b) Forces on infinitesimal length where F1 is at the jacking end. (c) Polygon of forces assuming F1 = F2 over the infinitesimal length in (b).
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Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
Px = Po .e kx
Where Po is the prestressing force at the tensioning end of the cable X is the distance measured from the tensioning en of the cable, and it should be in meters K is the coefficient of friction between the tendon and the surrounding due to wobble effect. K equal to 0.0033 for ordinary cables K equal to 0.0017 for fixed ducts Hence, the loss due to wobble friction is equal to:
fW =
Po Px Aps
Page 10 of 20
Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
The ECP 203 gives the following formula to estimate the force at any distance x produced by jacking force, Po as follows:
.x r ps .e
Px = Po
Where
rps is the radius of the ducts as given below is the coefficient of friction and be taken as follows = 0.55 for friction between steel and concrete = 0.30 for friction between steel and steel = 0.25 for friction between steel and lead
For
.x 0.20 , ECP 203 allows the use of a simplified expression which is rps
given by:
.x Px = Po 1 rps
Hence, the loss due to curvature friction is equal to:
f F =
Po Px Aps
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Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
Given that
k .x + x 0.20 rps
kx + x ; Px = Po 1 rps x Po Px = Po kx + rps
fWF =
Po Px Aps
e=4
emax L
2
.x.(L x )
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Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
/2
/2 m
x 2
Since the ratio of the depth of the beam to its span is small, /2 is a small angle and therefore tan(/2) = /2 and the length of the arc is equal to the span of the beam (L).
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Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
f SH = sh .E P
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Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
Where B = 2Ac / Pc Ac is the area of the concrete section, mm2 Pc is the perimeter of the concrete section, mm
For stage construction, ECP 203 allows the assumption that 50% of the shrinkage occurs in the first month and 75% occurs during the first six months.
V S
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Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
KSH = factor related to time from the end of moist curing to application of prestress, days Post-tensioned: Day KSH 1 0.92 7 0.77 30 0.58 60 0.45
Pretension:
KSH = 1.0
f CR = cr .E P
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Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
cr = o (1 + )
= fo (1 + ) Ect
fo = stress in concrete at loading Ect = modulus of elasticity at loading = creep coefficient, to be determined from Table 2.8.B of ECP 203 (shown below) using relative humidity and size/shape factor (B).
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Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
If the working concrete stress at service loads is greater than 33% of the concrete strength, fcu, the creep strain given in the table above (Table 10-4 of ECP 203) should be increased by the factor determined from Figure 10-7 of ECP 203.
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Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
f CR =
Where
EP f cs Ec
* * f cs = f cs f csd
f*cs = the stress in concrete at the level of centroid of the prestressing steel immediately after transfer f*csd = the stress in concrete at the level of centroid of the prestressing steel due to sustained loads at transfer = 2.0 for pre-tensioned and 1.6 for post-tensioned
f R =
f pi (log t ) f pi 0.55 f py k1
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Civil Engineering Department Theory & Design of Prestressed Concrete Hatem M. Seliem, Ph.D.
Where fpi = initial stress after immediate losses and before time dependent losses t = time elapsed after jacking, in hours (max 1000 hours) k1 = coefficient depends on the steel type and is taken as follows: = 10 for normal relaxation stress relived strands = 45 for low relaxation stress relived strands.
f PT = f ES + f SH + f CR + f R
For post-tensioned members:
f PT = f AS + f ES + fWF + f SH + f CR + f R
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