Rekabentuk Kejuruteraan 1 KKKH4154 Reka bentuk konsep kesilapan tipikal dan kekangan (dalam kerja tanah dan kerja

a luar yang berkaitan) by Ir Ishak bin Arshad 30hb Nov 2012

Building Projects - Works to be designed by C& S Engineer

Earthwork- building plate form levels Roads & car parks plans & longitudinal design for roads, road & car parks paving Drainage - drains, pipes/box culverts Sewerage - treatment plant (not required if centralized treatment plant), pipes & manholes Water supply - pipes (from nearby water mains), elevated water tanks. Building structures & foundations

Buildings Projects
Planning & Designing 1. User requirements need statement 2. Floor Plan - Architect 3. Building Elevations and section Architect 4. Structural Design Foundations (pilings & pile caps or pad footings), beams, columns & slabs 5. Civil Engineering external work road & car parks, drainage work, sewage works & STP 6. Electrical works wiring for lighting, power pts, fans & for mechanical requirements

Buildings Projects
Planning & Designing - continue.. 7. Mechanical works air conditioning, fire fighting, lifts, LPG, boiler, pumps etc 8. Built-in furniture & fittings 9. Landscape soft & hard landscape

Buildings Projects
- Building plate form level & Earthwork design
Before you start designing you must get: 1) Site Survey Plans - by Land Surveyors: shows levels and contours, invert levels of existing roads, drains, streams/rivers, buildings etc trees to be preserved. for projects on low lying areas eg area near riversmust know 100 yr flood level,

Buildings Projects
- Building plate form level & earthwork design
2) Building Plans by Architects - Site Plans, Floor Plans, Elevations & Sectional Views 3) Soil Investigation (SI) Report) water table

3) Site visit and site analysis look for access (temporary and permanent), services available (water, sewerage pipes, electricity, telephone)

Building plate form levels & earthwork design Building plate form levels : Ground floor level of buildings and car parks Design an access road to the building Indicate set back from the boundary & from the existing roads/drain reserves Design the building plate form levels in reference to: - existing ground levels - existing roads and the proposed access road - discussion with Architect on the proposed lobby/main entrance to the building

Building plate form levels & earthwork design

Other aspects to be considered: sustainable development - minimize cut & fill, less disturbance to the site - preferably building on stilt ! minimize/avoid tree cuttings try not to import earth (borrow pit) and no excess earth (no dumping site) try to balance volume of cut and fill drainage pattern - make sure water can flow to discharge area & no deep drains ( all invert level less than 1m from the building plate form or road finished levels) sewerage pipe invert level - make sure water can flow to manholes and to STP/or existing manholes and no deep trenches for pipes

Building plate form levels & earthwork design

Decide plate form levels- 1 or more levels for every block (depend on block size) - factors to be considered: - building entrances are easily accessible by vehicles and handy capped persons from the designed road to the building entrance - Reduce cut - Do cross sections along X-X and Y-Y or for bigger plateform along X1-X1, X2-X2 , Y1Yi and Y2-Y2

Building plate form levels & earthwork design . continue

- Decide a plateform level and draw above the sections, try few levels until you get a balance between cut and fill Earthwork.pdf

Road & Building plate form level design

Steps: 1) Road design: Design horizontal road alignment on the contour plan introduce circular curves between 2 intersection points plot all ground levels along the proposed road centre and design vertical road alignment. Adjust road gradients until you get a balance between cut and fill. Introduce vertical curves to connect between 2 gradients. Plot existing ground levels & road levels at every 50m intervals along the road centre line Plot cross sectional areas along the road centerline at every 50m showing existing ground levels and road designed levels.

Roads & Building plate form levels design

Steps: 1) Road design:continue Calculate volume of cut & fill Adjust the plate form level until you get less earthwork & balance between cut & fill 2) Building Plate Form and Car Park Plate Form design: Check the building proposed plate form levels with the road level for easy access to the building Confirm the building plate form levels Confirm parking plate form levels Bgn Tamb FST

Calculate Earthwork Volume of Cut and Fill

Calculate volume of cut and fill for roads and building plate forms Calculate earthwork for other external work eg drainage, sewerage, water mains etc Volume of the earthwork will be transferred to Bill of Quantities for tender document

Scope of Works 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Site Clearing Earthwork Road Work Drainage System Water Supply Sewerage System Buildings- substructure Buildings - superstructure

Some Mistakes in designing Building plateform levels & earthwork design

Do not consider sustainable development a lot of cut excess earth send to dumping sites. Volume of cut and fill does not balance All the project areas are disturbed involve a lot of tree cuttings problems with erosion and sedimentation Do not consider drainage pattern of surrounding areas deep drains Do not consider sewerage pipe system deep pipes and manholes Forget to consider 100 yr /50 yr flood level - project area prone to flood Do not have enough survey data & levels

Mistakes & Constraints 1. Site Clearing not mentioned! 2. Earthwork a) Introduction b) Codes & Guidelines c) Scope of Works d) Earthwork Design e) Cut & Fill f) Slope g) Erosion & Sediment Control Plan (ESCP) h) Earthwork Calculations Not enough Sectional Plans

Mistakes & Constraints 2) Road Work a) b) c) d) Introduction Codes & Guidelines Design - Criteria Proposed Design - Plans - Longitudinal Sections - Cross Sections e) Calculations

Mistakes & Constraints Infrastructure design: Drainage design do not apply MASMA Guidelines eg requirement of retention pond

Mistakes & Constraints Overall design: Little or no application of sustainable design & materials - eco-drainage - Car parks interlocking paver or turf slabs - Sustainable retaining walls gabion walls/ crip walls /reinforced earth wall