1

History of economics in Pakistan First five decades

This is a chart of trend of gross domestic product of Pakistan at market prices estimated by the International Monetary Fund with figures in millions of Pakistani Rupees.

Gross Inflation US Dollar Year Domestic Index Exchange Product (2000=100)

1960 100 1980 283,460 1985 569,114 1990 1,029,093 1995 2,268,461 2000 3,826,111 2005 6,581,103 4.76 .Rs 9.97 .Rs 16.28 .Rs 21.41 .Rs 30.62 .Rs 51.64 .Rs 60.40 .Rs 21 30 41 68 100 126

Pakistan's average economic growth rate since independence has been higher than the average growth rate of the world economy during the period. Average annual real GDP growth rates were 6.8% in the 1960s, 4.8% in the 1970s, and 6.5% in the 1980s. Average annual growth fell to 4.6% in the 1990s with significantly lower growth in the second half of that decade. Industrial-sector growth, including manufacturing, was also above average. In the late 1960s Two wars with India in 1965 and 1971 adversely affected economic growth. In particular, the latter war brought the economy close to recession, although economic output rebounded sharply until the nationalizations of the mid-1970s.

Economic resilience
Historically, Pakistan's overall economic output (GDP) has grown every year since a 1951 recession. Despite this record of sustained growth, Pakistan's economy had, until a few years ago, been characterized as unstable and highly vulnerable to external and internal shocks. However, the economy proved to be unexpectedly resilient in the face of multiple adverse events concentrated into an eight-year period The Asian financial crisis; Economic sanctions according to Colin Powell, Pakistan was "sanctioned to the eyeballs" Lop recession Severe rioting in the port city of Karachi

2 A severe drought the worst in Pakistan's history, lasting about four years heightened perceptions of risk as a result of military tensions with India with as many as 1 million troops on the border, and predictions of impending war The post-9/11 military action in neighboring Afghanistan, with a massive influx of refugees from that country The 2005 Pakistan earthquake Despite these adverse events, Pakistan's economy kept growing, and economic growth accelerated towards the end of this period. This resilience has led to a change in perceptions of the economy, with leading international institutions such as the IMF, World Bank, and the ADB praising Pakistan's performance in the face of adversity.

Macroeconomic reform and prospects

According to many sources, the Pakistani government has made substantial economic reforms since 2000, and medium-term prospects for job creation and poverty reduction are the best in nearly a decade. Pakistan is aggressively cutting tariffs and assisting exports by improving ports, roads, electricity supplies and irrigation projects. Islamabad has doubled development spending from about 2% of GDP in the 1990s to 4% in 2003, a necessary step towards reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social sector. Growing stability in the nation's monetary policies has contributed to a reduction in money-market interest rates, and a great expansion in the quantity of credit, changing consumption and investment patterns in the nation. Pakistan's domestic natural gas production, and its significant use of CNG in automobiles, has cushioned the effect of the oil-price shock of 2004-2005. Pakistan is also moving away from the doctrine of import substitution which some developing countries (such as Iran) dogmatically pursued in the twentieth century. The Pakistani government is now pursuing an export-driven model of economic growth successfully implemented by South East Asia and now highly successful in China.

The economy today

Stock market
Main Article: Karachi Stock Exchange In the first four years of the twenty-first century, Pakistan's KSE 100 Index was the bestperforming stock market index in the world as declared by the international magazine Business Week. The stock market capitalization of listed companies in Pakistan was valued at $5,937 million in 2005 by the World Bank. But in 2008, after the General Elections, uncertain political environment, rising militancy along western borders of the country, and mounting inflation and current account deficits resulted in the steep decline of the Karachi Stock Exchange. As a result, the corporate sector of Pakistan has declined dramatically in significance in recent times.

Manufacturing and finance

Pakistan's manufacturing sector has experienced double-digit growth in recent years, from 2000 to 2007, with Large-scale manufacturing growing from a minimal 1.5% in 1999 to a RECORD 19.9% in 2004-05 and averaged 8.8% by end of 2007. The Federal Bureau of Statistics valued FINANCE & INSURANCE sector at Rs.311,741 million in 2005 thus registering over 166% growth since 2000. A reduction in the fiscal deficit has resulted in less government borrowing in the domestic money market, lower interest rates, and an expansion in private sector lending to businesses and consumers.

Growing middle class

Measured by purchasing power, Pakistan has a 30 million strong middle class, according to Dr. Ishrat Husain, Ex-Governor (2 December 1999 - 1 December 2005) of the State Bank of Pakistan. It is a figure that correlates with research by Standard Chartered Bank which estimates that Pakistan possesses a "a middle class of 30 million people that Standard Chartered estimates now earn an average of about $10,000 a year." In addition, Pakistan has a growing upper class with relatively high per capita incomes. On measures of income inequality, the country ranks slightly better than the median. In late 2006, the Central Board of Revenue estimated that there were almost 2.8 million income-tax payers in the country.

Poverty alleviation expenditures

Main article: Poverty in Pakistan Pakistan government spent over 1 trillion Rupees (about $16.7 billion) on poverty alleviation programs during the past four years, cutting poverty from 35 percent in 200001 to 24 percent in 2006. Rural poverty remains a pressing issue, as development there has been far slower then in the major urban areas.

Employment
The high population growth in the past few decades has ensured that a very large number of young people are now entering the labor market. Even though it is among the seven most populous Asian nations, Pakistan has a lower population density than Bangladesh, Japan, India, and the Philippines. In the past, excessive red tape made firing from jobs, and consequently hiring, difficult. Significant progress in taxation and business reforms has ensured that many firms now are not compelled to operate in the underground economy. In late 2006, the government launched an ambitious nationwide service employment scheme aimed at disbursing almost $2 billion over five years.

Tourism
In Pakistan's economy, tourism has the potential to play a vital role, due to the majestic landscape of Pakistan and the variation of cultures within the nation. However, due to a lack of proper infrastructure in certain areas, and a worsening security situation in others, Pakistan still faces major set backs. Otherwise, according to some international

4 companies, Pakistan's tourism industry has the potential to reach some $10 billion annually. Tourism in Pakistan is a growing industry. Major attractions include ruins of Indus valley civilization and mountain resorts in the Himalayas. Himalayan and Karakoram range (which includes K2, the second highest mountain peak in the world, attracts adventurers and mountaineers from around the world.

Revenue
The Board of Revenue has collected nearly one trillions Rs ($14.1 billion) in taxes in the 2007-2008 financial year.

Structure of economy
The economy of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is suffering with high inflation rates well above 26%. Over 1,081 patent applications were filed by non-resident Pakistanis in 2004 revealing a new-found confidence. Agriculture accounted for about 53% of GDP in 1947. While per-capita agricultural output has grown since then, it has been outpaced by the growth of the non-agricultural sectors, and the share of agriculture has dropped to roughly one-fifth of Pakistan's economy. Pakistan ranks fifth in the Muslim world and twentieth worldwide in farm output. It is the world's fifth largest milk producer. Pakistan's principal natural resources are arable land and water. About 25% of Pakistan's total land area is under cultivation and is watered by one of the largest irrigation systems in the world. Pakistan irrigates three times more acres than Russia. Agriculture accounts for about 23% of GDP and employs about 44% of the labor force.

Economic aid
Pakistan receives economic aid from several sources as loans and grants. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), etc provides long term loans to Pakistan. Pakistan also receives bilateral aid from developed and oil-rich countries. The Asian Development Bank will provide close to $6 billion development assistance to Pakistan during 2006-9.[23] The World Bank unveiled a lending program of up to $6.5 billion for Pakistan under a new four-year, 2006-2009, aid strategy showing a significant increase in funding aimed largely at beefing up the country's infrastructure. Japan will provide $500 million annual economic aid to Pakistan. In November 2008, The International Monetary Fund(IMF) has approved a loan of 7.6 Billion to

Remittance
The remittance of Pakistanis living abroad has played important role in Pakistan's economy and foreign exchange reserves. The Pakistanis settled in Western Europe and North America are important sources of remittance to Pakistan. Since 1973 the Pakistani workers in the oil rich Arab states have been sources of billions dollars of remittance. Pakistan received $5.493 billion as workers remittances during the last fiscal year 200607 up by 19.42 Percent against over $4.6 billion in 2005-06. An IMF research paper has revealed that workers remittances contribute 4% to the GDP of Pakistan and are equivalent to about 22 percent of annual exports of goods and services.

Investment
Foreign direct investment (FDI) in Pakistan soared by 180.6 per cent year-on-year to US$2.22 billion and portfolio investment by 276 per cent to $407.4 million during the first nine months of fiscal year 2006, the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) reported on April 24. During July-March 2005-06, FDI year-on-year increased to $2.224 billion from only $792.6 million and portfolio investment to $407.4 million, whereas it was $108.1 million in the corresponding period last year, according to the latest statistics released by the State Bank. Pakistan has achieved FDI of almost $7 billion in the financial year 06/07, surpassing the government target of $4 billion. Pakistan is now the most investment-friendly nation in South Asia. Business regulations have been profoundly overhauled along liberal lines, especially since 1999. Most barriers to the flow of capital and international direct investment have been removed. Foreign investors do not face any restrictions on the inflow of capital, and investment of up to 100% of equity participation is allowed in most sectors (local partners must be brought in within 5 years and contribute up to 40% of the equity in the services and agriculture sectors). Unlimited remittance of profits, dividends, service fees or capital is now the rule. Pakistan has been able to attract a large portion of the global private equity investments because of economic reforms initiated in 2003 that have provided foreign investors with greater assurances for the stability of the nation and their ability to repatriate invested funds in the future. Tariffs have been reduced to an average rate of 16%, with a maximum of 25% (except for the car industry). The privatization process, which started in the early 1990s, has gained momentum, with most of the banking system privately owned, and the oil sector targeted to be the next big privatization operation. The recent improvements in the economy and the business environment have been recognized by international rating agencies such as Moodys and standard and poors (country risk upgrade at the end of 2003).

Exports
Pakistan's exports stood at $17.011 billion in the financial year 2006-2007, up by 3.4 percent from last year's exports of $16.451 billion. Pakistan exports rice, furniture, cotton fiber, cement, tiles, marble, textiles, clothing, leather goods, sports goods (renowned for footballs/soccer balls), surgical instruments, electrical appliances, software, carpets, and rugs, ice cream, livestock meat, chicken, powdered milk, wheat, seafood (especially shrimp/prawns), vegetables, processed food items, Pakistani assembled Suzukis (to Afghanistan and other countries), defense equipment (submarines, tanks, radars), salt, marble, onyx, engineering goods, and many other items. Pakistan now is being very well recognized for producing and exporting cements in Asia and Mid-East.

Imports
Pakistan's imports stood at $30.54 billion in the financial year 2006-2007, up by 8.22 percent from last year's imports of $28.58 billion. Pakistan's single largest import category is petroleum and petroleum products. Other imports include: industrial machinery, construction machinery, trucks, automobiles, computers, computer parts, medicines, pharmaceutical products, food items, civilian aircraft, defense equipment, iron, steel, toys, electronics, and other consumer items. Sales tax is levied at 15 percent

6 both on imports and domestically produced products. The income withholding tax is levied at 6 percent on imports and at 3.5 percent on the sales of domestic taxpayers.

A Portion from National Environmental Policy 2005

Policy Instruments

Economic and Market Based Instruments

a) Environmental fiscal reforms would be promoted. b) Trade barriers for the import of clean technologies, fuels, and pollution control equipment would be removed. c) Incentives including reduced tariffs, tax concessions and other incentives (such as environment and energy award) would be offered to private and public sector for compliance with environmental laws and standards. d) Sustainable development funds would be operationalized at the federal and provincial levels. e) Industries would be encouraged to introduce environmental accounting systems in their financial management systems.
f) Special credits/low interest loans/subsidies would be offered for the

establishment of waste management system, introduction of clean technology and relocation of polluting industries. g) Opportunities for green business such as environmental engineering manufacturing and installations, environmentally-certified products and
businesses, energy service and conservation companies, and ecotourism would be

promoted.

Research areas of Environmental economics in Pakistan

Willingness to pay and demand elasticities for two national parks: Empirical evidence from two surveys in Pakistan Himayatullah Khan
Using survey-based data approach for modeling the demand for environmental Goods/resources, this study estimates income and price elasticities of demand for improved environmental quality of two National Parks in Northern Pakistan. The study uses data from two studies. The estimates indicate that improved environmental quality effects can be described as a luxury and an ordinary and price elastic service. Condence intervals show however that the classication as a luxury is not statistically signicant. Income elasticities of willingness to pay are estimated for a broad range of environmental services. The study nds that income and willingness to pay vary directly and signicantly. The elasticity estimates, in general, are greater than zero, but less than unity. The study concludes that environmental improvements are more benecial to lowincome groups than for high-income groups. The aim of this paper is to estimate demand elasticities and willingness to pay for environmental resources in two national parks in northern Pakistan. The income elasticity of willingness to pay is estimated for a broad range of environmental services, but a focus on the demand for one particular environmental service was needed for being able to

7 estimate income and price elasticities of demand. More precisely, this service was the improved environmental quality effects of two national parks. The contingent valuation and travel cost methods (TCM) are some of the most widely used methods for valuing environmental services. In this study we combine both CVM and TCM. The paper is organized as follows. Sections 2 and 3 give description of the study area and a theoretical background and denes elasticity measures, respectively. Estimates of income elasticities of willingness to pay for environmental services found by various studies are presented in Sect. 4. The demand for improved environmental quality effects of the national parks is modeled and estimated in Sect. 5, which also includes estimates of income and price elasticities of demand for this particular environmental service. Finally, conclusions are found in Sect. 6.

Ayubia National Park, Abbottabad, Pakistan.

Ayubia National Park is a small national park in the Murree hills. It is located North of Murree in the Himalayan Range Mountains. Ayubia consisting of four hill stations, namely, Khaira Gali, Changla Gali, Khanspur and Gora Dhaka is spread over an area of 26 km. These hill stations have been developed into a hill resort known as Ayubia. The chairlifts provided at this place are a matter of great attraction. It is an important place from the viewpoint of wild life, nature, ecotourism, and education. This park provides refuge to the elusive leopard and the black bear. Bird watching is excellent here. There are steep precipices and cliffs on one side and on the other are tall pine trees. The scenery is superb with huge pine forests covering the hills and providing shelter to the larger and smaller mammals. Wild animals are also found in the thick forests around. Mammals in the park include Asiatic leopard, Black bear, Yellow throated marten, Kashmir hill fox, Red Flying squirrel, Himalayan palm civet, Masked civet and Rhesus Macaque. Birds in the park are Golden eagle, Grifn vulture, Honey buzzard, Peregrine falcon, Kestrel, Indian sparrow hawk, Hill pigeon, Spotted dove and Collared dove.

(MHNP), Islamabad, Pakistan.

The MHN Park is spread over an area of about 15,800 hectares. It is situated on the northern, eastern and western sides of Islamabad. It includes the Margalla Hills, Rawal Lake and Shakar Parian and was given the status of a national park in 1980 after the government recognized the growing threat to its ora and fauna. Of the three distinct units, the largest area, the Margalla Hills, of approximately 12,600 hectares has been affected by villagers living in direct contact and depending on the fertility of the land. The proper conservation of the area will gradually re-establish the environment to its natural state providing prospects for outdoor recreation in unspoiled nature with a focus on wildlife viewing, hiking and camping. The Margalla Hills consists of mountain wilderness, an urban recreation and cultural centre, and a large reservoir. The Rawal Lake of approximately 1,900 hectares represents a man-made park environment, which has the appearance of a natural ecosystem. To provide a continuous supply of drinking water, city planners reestablished part of a pre-historic lake, which created a rare opportunity for the population in the Capital Territory to experience a lake environment and waterfowl, enjoy sports in addition to common outdoor recreation activities such as picnics, strolls and jogging. It has a 2-km perimeter around the lakeshore buffer, which is a domestic water supply, waterfowl habitat, and recreational area. Shakar Parian, covering

8 approximately 1,300 hectares represents an urban recreational and cultural park and provides the urban population with an excellent recreational facility for activities such as sports, jogging, strolls and picnics. The Park is a habitat for various species of animals and birds. The Gray Goral, Barking Deer, Monkey, Kalij, Grey and Black Partridges and Chir Pheasants particularly arouse the interest of wild life enthusiasts. The Margalla Hills Park provides an excellent opportunity for bird watching. A Chir Pheasant hatchery has been established at Chak Jabri to raise captive Chir Pheasants that have become extinct in the hills. These are then released in the wild. Other mammals in the park include the Asiatic Leopard, Wild Boar, Jackal, Rhesus Macaque, Leopard Cat, Gray Goral Sheep, Chinkara Gazelle (rare), Red Fox, Pangolin, Porcupine, Yellow Throated Marten and Fruit Bats. Reptiles in the park are Russelles Viper, Indian Cobra and Saw Scaled Viper. Other birds in the park are the Grifn Vulture, Laggar Falcon, Peregrine Falcon, Kestrel, Indian Sparrow Hawk, Egyptian Vulture, White Cheeked Bulbul, Yellow Vented Bulbul, Paradise Flycatcher, Golden Oriole, Spotted Dove, Collared Dove, Larks, Shrikes, and Buntings. Introduction Like many other developing countries, Pakistan is seeking to revitalize its tourism sector, including nature tourism to an expanding system of national parks and reserves. In South Asia, Pakistan is one of the poorest in bio-diversity. It has experienced high rates of deforestation in recent years (World Resource Institute, 1996). Forests cover as little as 5 % of the countrys area. Due to an ever-increasing population, it is losing more and more forest cover primarily because of conversion of forest to agricultural as well as residential uses. The Government of Pakistan has, in recent years, expressed a serious concern over deforestation and has shown significant interest in the growth of a renowned national park system. Pakistan has a number of national parks, reserves, and wildlife refuges in different parts of the country. Despite the limited number of national parks and reserves, their management is far from satisfactory. This is partly because of insufficient government funds and open access of visitors to these places. Currently, entry to national parks in Pakistan is free. However, revenue can be generated by introducing entry fees that could be spent on the improvement of the quality of the parks. There is a need for a thorough investigation of how these parks can be well managed and how these environmental resources can be valued. No study on the valuation of national parks in Pakistan has ever been conducted. Natural resource systems such as lakes, rivers, streams, estuaries, forests and parks are used extensively by people for various kinds of recreational activities. Natural resource systems provide valuable services to people. From an economic perspective, these services have two important features. The first is that the economic value of these services depends upon the characteristics of the natural resource system. Knowledge of the values of these services may be important for a variety of resource management decisions. The second important feature is that access to the resource for recreation is

9 typically not allocated through the markets. Rather, access is typically open to all visitors at a zero price or a nominal entrance fee that bears no relationship to the cost of providing access. And there is no or little variation in these access prices over time or across sites to provide data for the econometric estimation of demand functions (Freeman, 1993). Like other environmental resources and public goods, national parks benefit society in many different ways. According to Isangkura (1998), they not only perform ecological functions but also provide Willingness to Pay for Margalla Hills National Park Recreational facilities to those who visit these parks, National parks also help enhance precious foreign exchange earnings to national exchequers. Pakistan is very deficient in forest resources because, as mentioned earlier, forests cover only 5 percent of its area and there are only a few parks in the country. National parks, however, tend to be threatened by forest fire, soil erosion, and human settlement inside the parks, pollution created by villagers or visitors to the parks as well as encroachment by local villagers. The overall negative impacts caused by one or other human activities are often associated with the insufficient levels of funding for the management of these parks. There are two major sources of funds required for park management. There is the federal and/or provincial government budgetary allocation and revenues generated from park entry fees. The government budget allocated for management of national parks tends to be very limited since it must compete with other developmental programs including education, health care, infrastructure, defense spending, among other programs in the country (Isangkura, 1998). Therefore, the other alternative, fees, can be used to generate additional revenues for park management. At present only a nominal or no entry fee is charged. Charging entry fees for these parks can generate sufficient funds. Furthermore park revenue from entry fees may be increased provided parks are priced suitably. This suggests, given that the federal government budget for National Park management will likely remain small, adjusting park entrance fees may provide the needed park revenue. There is a dire need for their management on a sustainable basis, which in turn requires their correct valuation. The present study probes into the possibility of enhancing park entry fees to account for the recreational benefits that national parks provide tourists. This study focuses on the Margalla Hills National (MHNP) Park, Islamabad. The present study deals with valuation of the Margalla Hills National Park (MHNP) in northern Pakistan. The data were collected with the help of an on-site sample survey in 2002-03. The study used systematic random sampling method to collect data from a sample of 1,000 visitors. It considered an individual travel cost model for environmental resources in a theoretical framework consistent with the fundamental principles of consumer behaviour. This model was applied

10 to individual household data to estimate the willingness to pay (WTP) for park visitation. It also estimated the price and income elasticities of visitors demand for park

Table-2: Reasons for Visiting MHN Park by Sample Respondents

Reasons to Visit Park Sightseeing Walking Bird watching Relaxation Exercising Eating Seafood Swimming Boating Combination All No. Respondents 50 40 30 40 60 100 40 20 620 1000 of Percent 5 4 3 4 6 10 4 2 62 100

Demand curves
Two linear demand curves for MHN Park visitation were estimated from the survey data that are shown in Figure 2. The actual user demand for the MHN Park is represented by equation 9 and as the lower curve in Figure 2. Similarly a hypothetical demand for the MHN Park in case of improvement in the quality of park services is given by equation 10 and the upper curve in Figure 2. Figure-2: Park Visitation Demand Curves

11

Recreational Value of the MHN Park

Table-6 shows consumer surplus and total recreational value of the MHN Park for the year 2002-03. The total recreational value equals the consumer surplus plus total cost of the visit. The annual monetary recreational value of the MHN Park is about Rs. 200 million (approximately US $3.47 million). This is the value that the park yields every year for the economy. However, this is not the revenue of the park. This value is distinguished into consumer surplus of the visitors and total travel cost of the visitors. The total travel costs paid by the visitors go to transportation companies and agents for service providers such as hotels, restaurants, tourist agencies, etc. In addition, the total recreational value was also projected in the case of park improvements which amounted to Rs. 209 million. Ideally, we would have liked to compare revenues generated from the entry fee with the costs of improvements in park quality. But, in the absence of reliable cost estimates for park improvements, the present study could not make such a comparison. The recommendation that the entry fee be set at Rs. 20 is based on revenue and consumer surplus as well as the researchers own observations. Conclusions and policy implications In the wake of growing eco-tourism and the increasing interest on the part of NGOs and governments in natural resource conservation, nonmarket valuation techniques are needed to estimate the economic benefits of environmental resources such as national parks in these areas. The present study used the individual travel cost model (ITCM) for analyzing and measuring the total recreational value of the MHN Park.

12 Using the ITCM, the consumer surplus per visit was estimated at Rs. 231 and the recreational benefit per visit was about Rs.1,994. The total annual consumer surplus was estimated at Rs.23.2 million and total recreational value at Rs.200.1 million. Using the ITCM, linear and semilog demand curves were estimated. Own-price, cross-price and income elasticities of demand for the MHN Park were also estimated. The MHN Park is highly own-price and income elastic. The demand curves show that if the quality of the MHN Park is improved, it will attract more visitors and generate more revenues. This calls for the government to reallocate the budget for park management so that total recreational benefits of the park may be increased. The MHN Park constitutes a valuable environmental resource. Although, at present the visitors do not pay any entrance fee, there is a large consumer surplus of welfare to be gained from the existence of the Park. In the future, if the number of visitors to the MHN Park increases, it would, it is expected, become more valuable. Although the estimated recreational value is only one aspect of the total value of the Park, it indicates that with proper conservation and management, tourism can be a significant source of benefits. This study constitutes the first published estimate of the economic value of National Parks and other environmental resources in Pakistan. This type of valuation has implications for management at the MHN Park as well as other parks at risk. The MHN Park has high values from both the use (i.e., recreational and tourism, educational and scientific research) and non-use values (i.e., genetic resources, and known and unknown future uses of ecological functions). Governments at various levels are now the common planning units for natural resource management and are seriously considering the plight of their natural resources and are developing management plans accordingly. Such plans require budgeting and support from different departments and agencies, but often lack economic justification to help decision-makers appreciate what they are supporting. In this regard, there is an effort to raise awareness among local and national government decision-makers of the value of park resources and what would be lost if they were destroyed or not properly managed for longterm sustainability. This information helps justify investments in management and protection at a level of government that is directly concerned with its natural resource base. The focus of this study is the valuation of environmental resources and how this information can be used to improve planning to national parks management in Pakistan. Government planners envision the MHN Park

13 as an eco-tourism destination. It is representative of a number of national parks in Pakistan. It is in need of improved management so that economic and other benefits can be restored and enhanced. The MHN Park can generate enormous economic value through recreation. Keeping in view the large amount of consumer surplus and recreational value of the MHN Park, the Federal and provincial level governments can justify larger annual budget allocations for the management of natural resources. Alternatively, the government may also consider using an entry fee to the MHN Park. The generated user value of the park provides a guideline for the possible introduction of entrance fees and makes a strong argument for sustaining the area, as it has been demonstrated that benefits derived are large. In addition, the estimated value may also help in promoting the protection of other natural areas, and are thus presumably even more dependent on fair decision-making within the policy arena. Since the consumers (visitors) are willing to pay much higher than they actually pay for Park visitation, an entry fee of about Rs.20 per person may be used. This would generate a great deal of money that could be used for improving park management. The study showed that the visitors were willing to pay more than what they actually pay and that an entrance fee of Rs.20 per person per visit would generate sufficient amount of money to be used for park improvement. This, however, would reduce the overall consumer surplus. Thus, the drawback of this would be that the poor will be negatively affected as they would be less able to visit the park if an entrance fee were charged. Critical issues remain to be explored further before the recommended policy for the benefit value capture can be fully realized. These include policy procedures and the process for implementation, including information sharing and consultation. The administrative organization for implementation and enforcement will also require investigation.

Economic Evaluation of Pesticide Use Externalities in the Cotton Zones of Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics 2002 Khan, M. Azeem, Iqbal, Muhammad, Ahmad, Iftikhar and Soomro, Manzoor
I. INTRODUCTION At the inception of Pakistan in 1947, there was practically no plant protection service in the country and economic soundness of plant protection measures was not even realized for a long time. The use of chemicals as preventive measures to reduce losses by insects and diseases was almost non-existent during 1960s. However, the grow more pressure rendered the traditional methods insufficient, to control the ever increasing pest problem from 1970s onwards. Consumption of pesticides in Pakistan has increased from 665

14 metric tones in 1980 to 69897 MT in 2002. This colossal increase in pesticide consumption has not led necessarily to an increase in the yield of crops, as demonstrated by Poswal and Williamson (1998) and Ahmad and Poswal (2000). This indiscriminate use of pesticides has destroyed the bio-control agents in the agro-ecosystems and the populations of natural enemies of the insects and pests have declined up to 90 percent during the last decade (of the past century) especially, in cotton growing areas of the country The farmers are mainly concerned about the private cost of pesticide they have to incur to achieve desirable outputs and are least concerned about the undesirable by-products of their production processes. The pressure to maximize output is enormous especially, on low-income resource-poor small farms and the tenants.

Analytical Framework
The external costs are categorized as actual and potential costs in terms of damage costs or damage abatement costs respectively Table 1. The potential costs include costs of establishment of laboratories for pesticide residue analyses, residue monitoring programmes, and training programmes on the safe use of pesticides. The loss of biodiversity, pest resistance, fatalities are the instances of actual cost born by the society. The assessment of the actual and potential external costs was required to specifically design the corrective measures in accordance to the pesticide use level and its relative impact on health, pest resistance and environment.

Externalities of Pesticide Use

The environmental and social cost of pesticide use to the nation amounted to 11941 million rupees per year (Table 2). The bulk of the cost is caused through production losses due to resistance development in cotton pests and damages to domestic animals, followed by damage to human health, loss of biodiversity and monitoring costs of residues in food chain. The costs of monitoring through residue analysis and implementation of pesticide use regulations belong to the damage prevention costs.

The Cost Benefit Analysis of Pesticide Use

The benefit cost ratios were estimated separately using private costs as well as social costs associated with pesticide use and are reported in Table 4. Potential yield gains of pest control were estimated by calculating 27 percent yield loss of cotton due to insect pests and assuming 50 percent effectiveness of insecticide control under farmer conditions. The production loss estimates are based on the results presented in the annual reports (1992-1999) of Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan. About 272 kg per hectare increase in the yield of seed-cotton was estimated with pesticide use. The actual gross benefit of pest control was calculated as 8069 million rupees by multiplying incremental yield with price of seed-cotton (Rs 17.5/kg) and the total cotton area of 9 districts (1.7 million hectare). In order to calculate benefit cost ratio, the private costs of pesticides were added to the producer rent yielding the gross value added from this input The social cost (private plus the external cost) resulted into a benefit-cost ratio of about 0.43. This shows that benefit cost ratio of 1.14 reduced significantly when external cost was added in the total cost. However, the ratio of external costs to the private cost of

15 pesticide use is quite high (1.64), which shows other tradeoffs involving environmental quality, irreversible damages to agro-ecosystem and human health problems.

Conclusion
The studies conducted at the international arena have shown massive external costs, associated with the use of pesticides in agriculture, to the respective societies. Pimental, et al. (1992) estimated that the external cost of pesticide use for the USA amounted to $8 billion per annum. A second attempt was made by Steiner, et al. (1995) who estimated a cost of externalities of the order of $1.3 billion to $3.6 billion for the USA economy. This was two to three time less than the externality cost estimated by Pimental and his colleagues. Waibel, et al. (1999) estimated an external cost of pesticide use amounting to at least 252 million DM per year for Ex Federal State of Germany. This cost accounted for 23 percent of the respective private cost actually paid by the producers. These external costs are not paid for the impairment of health among pesticide users, reduction in biodiversity, ground water contamination, residues in food items, and so on. These costs need to be internalized by making all the stakeholders to consider it into their accounts. This study attempts at highlighting the external costs associated with pesticide use in Pakistan and to suggest appropriate guidelines for regulating the safe use of pesticides in the country. The externalities assessed in this study arise from the routine and legal use of pesticides on cotton crop in Multan and Bahawalpur, the two main cotton-producing divisions of Punjab. The estimates include the quantitative extent of adverse impacts of pesticide on human health, natural resources, food chain, production losses, and domestic animal poisoning.

Role of Youth in Environmental Preservation and Sustainable Development in Pakistan

The subject of the environment has to be transformed into a movement. With the launching of this movement the following objectives should be achieved: Awareness When the subject environment would develop into a movement, there will be an increase in awareness in public, at all levels. People would come to know of the importance of this issue. Participation of the People No scheme or plan launched by the government can be successful until and unless there is involvement on behalf of the people. When people will get involved then they will take personal interest in this matter and make the movement a success. It is true that unless the issue of environment is not so widely understood in the country, it will be very difficult for the agencies to get the involvement and the participation of the people. Planning the Movement To introduce and form environmental clubs in schools and colleges in various cities. Exhibition, debates and essay competitions in schools and colleges, emphasizing the necessity and importance of a clean environment. Learned people in the field of environment and well-known personalities should be asked to address the students on this issue. Celebrities, sportsmen and television personalities can be involved at this stage. The young people cannot be expected to do everything and

16 anything on their own. For them the easiest and most effective method is to set out certain scales in front of them. For example: Classroom/Home School/College/Locality District City Country Youth should first try to work towards one scale and then proceed to the next.

Estimating entry charges for the Margalla Hills National Park in Pakistan
The study reveals that the benefits from the park to consumers or consumer surplus, amounts to a significant Rs. 23 million per year. Based on simulated demand for park services, the study recommends an entrance fee of Rs. 20 per visitor. Implementing such a fee would generate annual revenues to the extent of approximately Rs. 11 million to the Government of Pakistan. This is a sizable sum, since it equals 4 percent of Pakistans budget allocated to the environment sector. For natural systems and Government managers perpetually strapped for funds, this valuation exercise provides important lessons that go beyond the MHNP itself. Himayatullah Khan values the recreational benefits from Margalla Hills National Park in Northern Pakistan in what is the first valuation study of its kind in the country. The study is based on a survey of 1000 visitors to the Park in 2002-03.

WHO VISITS THE MHN AND WHAT DO THEY LIKE?

The authors survey of a 1000 visitors to the MHNP provides an opportunity to assess the market for recreation in Pakistan. The data shows that the average visitor who enjoys natural areas around Islamabad is approximately 39 years old, has at least a primary school education and is married with seven children. Sixty % of the visitors are from urban areas. Some 65% of the sample respondents earned between Rs.5000 to Rs.20,000 in monthly income. The response from the sample respondents establishes that the majority of visitors are happy with the recreational quality of the park. However, 62 percent of visitors wanted improvements in the quality of the services available at the park. A significant 38 percent of visitors felt that Park entry fees should be raised to finance improvements. Thus, this market survey suggests that the MHNP is visited often by middle-class households who live in nearby Rawalpindi and Islamabad, and also by people from out of town. Visitors appear to truly appreciate the amenities of the MHNP and may even be willing to pay for improvements.

THE RECREATIONAL VALUE OF THE MHNP

Himayatullah Khan estimates the total recreational value from MHNP to be 3.5 million USD. This sum equals economic benefits plus the total cost of the site visit. Total economic benefits alone are estimated to be a whopping Rs. 23 million or 8 percent of the total budget allocation for Pakistans environment sector. Further, the improved park services would increase economic benefits by Rs. 9 million. This jump in surplus indicates that visitors are willing to pay for park improvements.

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USING AN ENTRY FEE TO RAISE PARK REVENUES

Another relevant outcome from the study is the estimation of an entry fee. As shown in the next figure, a fee increase from the present charge of 0 to Rs. 50 would result in revenues for MHNP first increasing and then decreasing as visitors

POLICY OUTCOMES
At a basic level the study underlines the importance of using non- market valuation techniques to estimate hitherto un-captured and under-captured economic benefits from environmental resources such as national parks. In the context of Pakistan, the study places the spot light on three important issues. Increased budget outlays for MHNP maintenance are viable and justified, as an improved park would attract more visits and could in turn generate revenues. Clearly, the government should look at such allocation as an investment in itself. An entrance fee of Rs.20 for MHNP could be introduced, as consumers are willing to pay for benefits from the park. This charge would generate close to 11 million rupees for the exchequer. The implications of the valuation exercise for MHNP go beyond this park, and need valuation more national parks

Eco News
Pakistan has formulated Policy for Development of Renewable Energy for Power Generation - 2006, for using all alternative energy sources to generate electricity to

meet the growing demand by 10 to 12 percent annually. The policy is to encourage employing of small hydra, wind, and solar technologies by offering attractive incentives to attract investment. For example, small projects for selfuse will not require any permission from government.

Eighth Sustainable Development Conference

The Eighth Sustainable Development Conference (SDC) was held from December 7th to 9th 2005 at the Best Western Hotel in Islamabad, Pakistan. The Sustainable Development Conference is a significant engagement on the research and academic calendar in Asia, attracting intellectuals and policy-makers to assemble in Islamabad. The Eighth SDC probed multiple facets of sustainable development in the contexts of South Asia through six major themes. Overall, 30 panels were organized, and 94 speakers from 11 countries presented their work at the conference. Sustainable Natural Resource Management: The Way Forward Session 1 Chair: Mohammad Boota Discussant: Syed Qasim Shah Ms. Mita Dutta from CUTS, India, in her presentation Natural Resource and Benefit Sharing: The Indian Scenario argued that in the era of globalization, poor communities in this region are facing various threats in earning their livelihoods. Particularly the mountain farmers are disadvantaged compared to the farmers of the lowland areas. The local people used to live in harmony with the nature and had their own system of protecting natural resources and local knowledge but with the increase of commercial logging, the livelihood of marginalized communities has been

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seriously threatened. Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) agreement under WTO recognizes monopoly rights over property, be it natural or intellectual. But that results in loss of rights of the community nurturing these resources and preserving it for generations. India has established the National Biodiversity Authority and legal tools to protect its natural resources. These Acts keep provisions for benefit sharing and prior informed consent, which are key to the effective natural resource management by distributing the rights equally. These Acts, if implemented carefully, can take care of basic issues of supporting poor communities. Certain rights over the natural resources have also been recognized by the Government of India and there is a mechanism for benefit sharing. She concluded with the recommendation that the capacity building of the communities is essential regarding decision making on NRM and ABS. Roshani Sidgel from SAWTEE, Nepal in her presentation Implications for Farmer's Rights to Livelihoods discussed Nepal's position during the TRIPS review negotiations. Nepal is tremendously rich in biodiversity, which, in turn, is intrinsically associated with the way of life of peoples. It is one of the major sources of food and income for a large section of the society as around 78 percent of the people depend on agriculture. The country is, however, weak in technological capability, which could be applied for turning the traditional knowledge and biodiversity wealth into economic strength and removal of rampant poverty and hunger. The convention on biological diversity (CDB) recognizes the right of state over their biological resource and provides ABS mechanism for the commercial use of the resources. Nepal ratified CBD in 1992 and a law on ABS was promulgated in 2002. The major concern of Nepal is about the patent and plant variety protection provision under article 27.3 b of TRIPS. In Doha declaration it was recognized that the TRIPS should not conflict with the provisions of the CBD. Article 27.3 (b) of the Agreement is being reviewed and the Nepal's position for review is that the TRIPS review should be based on the principles of CBD, and the sovereign right of the state over its biological resources must be respected. The farmers should have the right over seed, traditional knowledge and benefit sharing. Mehnaz Ajmal from SDPI in her presentation Historic Practices and Customs for ABS and PIC for Plant Genetic Resources in the Mountainous Rural Communities presented in context with ABS, the case study of a medicinal plant kuth which is found in the mountains of Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK) and Hazara. Local people use the roots of kuth for various purposes for example when countering asthma, fever, skin diseases pests, livestock diseases etc. Contractors extract kuth excessively even though legally the extraction of the medicinal plants is prohibited. Kuth is a public property and endangered specie but the Government of AJK has violated the laws and allowed the commercial extraction. The unscientific and unsustainable extraction of this plant had serious implications on the livelihoods of the local communities. The contractors paid little to local people and sold kuth at high prices. Mehnaz elaborated that Pakistan is signatory to various international agreements that recognize the right of local people over access and benefit sharing on natural resources and emphasized awareness raising and empowerment of the farmers about ABS. The chair Muhammad Boota from SCD, Islamabad underlined the need to remove the conflicts between the CBD and TRIPS, and to simplify and institutionalize the ABS mechanism. He argued that every developing country needs genetic resources for its development and imposing a complicated system of ABS will affect their development. He concluded with the remarks that the stakeholders should direct their efforts in evolving proper legislation on proper protection of intellectual property rights and traditional knowledge. The discussant Syed Qasim Ali Shah from ActionAid, Pakistan was of the view that the local communities should be rewarded in

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the ABS and that the laws and mechanism regarding ABS should be implemented in true spirit. Reported by Babar Shahbaz Sustainable Natural Resource Management: The Way Forward Session II Chair: Anwar Naseem Discussant: Najam Jami Ms. Arjumand Nizami in her presentation Forest Management in NWFP: Issue of Access and Benefit Sharing made a case for ensuring the meaningful participation of the marginalized communities by involving their experiences and knowledge at a strategic level. This will make certain that we have sustainable livelihood approach at policy making levels. The livelihood approach not only gives better understanding of poverty but it also helps in building strategies which are pro poor and de-mystifies misconception about the participation of the stakeholders. On the basis of the DFID livelihood framework, ten different projects are running in Nepal, India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. These follow strategies like identification of correct clients, setting of priorities, and working around those priorities in interest groups. Shreekant Gupta from DSE, India in his presentation The Effect of Natural Resource availability on Women's time Allocation decisions in Rural India expressed his view that the greatest challenge facing India is improving the economic well being of 30% of its rural people who live in abject poverty, particularly women. Resource degradation forces rural households, especially women to spend more time in collection of natural resources. Spending time collecting resources such as water and firewoodwhich are essential commodities for these households means that they will have less time for income generating activities. Nizamuddin Nizamani, in his presentation Share of Native Balochs in Balochistan's Natural Resources and Prosperity elaborated on how Balochistan though conflict ridden, being rich in natural resources remains an important territory of Pakistan. Balochistan remains an impoverished province with the lowest per capita income as compared to other provinces in Pakistan. Disparity in income and distribution of resources have brought about upheavals and insurgencies in the province during the last few decades. He recommended that the federal government and other stakeholders should ensure that people get their rightful and legal share of natural resources. Ismail Khan in his presentation entitled Case Studies of Access Benefit Sharing in Northern Areas, highlighted concerns at the international and national levels about the fair and equitable benefit sharing of genetic resources and the need to acknowledge the traditional knowledge of indigenous communities. The process of globalization and mutual economic dependencies demands frameworks and mechanisms to regulate access and procurement of genetic resources in a way that would ensure prior informed consent and sharing of benefit to the country or community, from where resource is extracted. The process of globalization' and change' witnessed in the South Asian region has carried both positive and negative impacts. The Karakoram Highway opened a number of avenues in trade. Nonetheless, there have been negative effects of unanticipated and unplanned developments. The cultural and indigenous knowledge base has seen a decline, with local languages and traditional dietary and health practices being effected. Social, physical and economic development witness diminishing local tradition, customs and livelihood practices. Now that entrepreneurs

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and middle men are buying certain indigenous resources from mountain farmers, these farmers are finding themselves hard pressed between their food and livelihood security. There are also companies competing to seek more control over the supply and extraction rights. The session was chaired by Anwar Naseem from COMSTECH. Gul Najam Jami as the discussant pointed out that sustainable natural resource management in Pakistan lacks planning. It is also essential to draw policy relevant conclusions. Natural resources such as natural gas in Balochiastan or medicinal plants in the northern areas should be used in a sustainable manner and keeping in mind the concerns of local communities. Reported by Mehnaz Ajmal Paracha

TROUBLED TIMES Sustainable Development and Governance in the Age of Extremes

Pages 665 The book titled, Troubled Times: Sustainable Development and Governance in the Age of Extremes was launched at the inaugural of the Eighth Sustainable Development Conference on 7 December 2005. The book has been jointly published by the Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI) and Sama Editorial and Publishing Services (SAMA). Based on 41 chapters and 5 sub-sections (economics; politics and sociology; health; history and culture; and, literature), the book highlights the crosscutting linkages between diverse themes and the increasingly complex demands upon the policy arena to respond to issues of sustainable development quickly and effectively. Defining moments in history are frequently symbolized by events that indicate a turn of tide. The defining moment for the 21st century appears to be what has become known as 9/11. While 9/11 has not taken place in isolation sans history and sans politics, it appears to have heralded a new era of viewing the world differently. In the present times, the troubling aspect (not that we in the Third World were not troubled before) is that our troubles appear to have undergone a change. This raises, for us in the global South, important questions of agency and choice. Do we have choices? And if we do, how can we best exercise them in the age of extremes ushered in by globalization, by globalized wars, and symbolized by the events of 9/11. The book results from the strong view that while various issues of concern for South Asia remain, they have taken on urgency in view of the deteriorating indices and post 9/11 realities. It critically reassesses strategies for good governance and sustainable development and arrives at ways of making them more meaningful. It examines how much progress has been achieved in South Asia vis--vis governance. It questions whether government is more transparent today than it was a decade ago, and whether the governments have kept their promises to the marginalized, the poor, women or minorities. The book shares strategic lessons by researchers, theorists, activists, and creative thinkers from South Asia and other regions of the world. The authors also recommend policy interventions based on prior experiences.
STATE OF PAKISTAN ECONOMY Real Sector Developments Pakistan has remained an agrarian economy for most part of its economic history. Since its independence in 1947 agriculture remained the most important sector in the economy. However with the changes in the global demand, the shift towards industry and services sectors became

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inevitable. Although agriculture now contributes less than 25 per cent in the national output, however it employs more that 50 per cent of the active labour force in the country. The growth rates of manufacturing and services sectors show relatively less instances of fluctuations whereas the agriculture sector has faced much more volatility. This can be endorsed through economic history and theory. Historically Pakistan has been very slow to modernise its agriculture sector. Almost all federal budgets to-date have: a)exempted agriculture from taxation thus bringing about economic inefficiencies, and b) protected agriculture sector through high tariffs. Retrospectively the climatic conditions in Pakistan have been getting worse for the traditionally harvested crops. The decline in water tables is a major concern. Between the years 2001 and 2002 the growth rate of agriculture was in negative due to the on-going drought in almost half of the entire farming land. The growth in services sectors particularly after 2001 is remarkable and in fact exhibits the fact that the economy is getting diversified in products and services which have a stable domestic and global demand as compared to purely commodity-based production. Sectors such as banking, insurance, communications and transport have grown at an unprecedented rate. However there is a limit to the domestic demand of these services and Pakistan is still lagging behind as regards the export of services. Pakistans share in the worlds services sector is only 0.06 per cent. The total services exports stood at $1.5 billion in 2003-04 while the total services imports stood at $2.5 billion for the same year. According to the initial findings from a study conducted in collaboration with International Trade Centre (ITC), Pakistans services exports in various countries mainly face the problems of quality, acceptance of professional credentials, visa approval difficulties (particularly for exporters), re-certification process, multiple taxation regime, and countrys image problem after 9/11 (Khan 2005). In 2003 the industrial sector in Pakistan surpassed the agriculture sector in terms of their respective sectoral shares. The services sector shows more or less a constant pattern which is slightly above 50 per cent. However we do not know if the actual product value addition in Pakistan has increased or decreased. The Quantum Index of Manufacturing observes that the move towards the production of more value added products is slow. There is a dire need to cut costs and increase productivity to cater the international import demand. Quality control may be another issue to consider for the industrial sectors in the developing economies. Keeping in view the importance of ISO-standards and accreditation processes in a quota-free environment, the government established Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority (PSQCA) and the previously operational organisations namely, Pakistan Standards Institution (now SDC), Central Testing Laboratories (now QCC) and Metal Industries Research and Development centre (now TSC) have already been merged in PSQCA to provide one window standardisation, quality control and other technical services. Sectoral growth rates may also be attributed to the changes in the fixed investment being done in these sectors. The activity-wise fixed capital formation in agriculture and manufacturing sectors exhibits a decline in agriculture from around Rs. 78 billion in the year 2000 to about Rs. 43 billion in the year 2006. However this decrease in the agriculture sector has not been matched by an increase in the manufacturing sector. This can have longer term impact on the structure of the economy. If the resources diverted from agricultural investment are now forming a part of the consumption expenditure, then GDP growth in Pakistan may not be sustainable in the medium term. If however the resources diverted from agriculture are moving into services sectors, then this implies a pre-mature shift towards the tertiary sectors. Given Pakistans export base have relatively less services based exports therefore the later concern can also prove to be dangerous in the medium to longer term.

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Willingness to pay and demand elasticities for two national parks: empirical evidence from two surveys in Pakistan Himayatullah Khan
That income tends to inuence willingness to pay positively and signicantly is a basic nding from the analysis in Sect. 3of the income elasticites of WTP for the case of environmental services in Pakistan. Consistent with the ndings of Kristrom and Riera (1996) and Hobky and Soderqvist (2003), the analysis also showed the estimates of the income elasticity of WTP that tend to be positive and less than unity. Hence, improvements in the quality of environmental resources are generally more benecial to poor than the rich. It is also worth mentioning that the income elasticity of demand and the income elasticity of willingness to pay are two different concepts and should not be confused with each other. For estimating the income elasticity of demand we need an estimated demand function. CVM studies are far from always enough advanced to allow such estimation. This obstacle was overcome in our study by merging data from two different surveys that contained data on CVM and TCM. Taken together, they involved a variety of suggested prices and supplied quantities of one particular environmental service, viz. improvement in park quality. The point estimates of the income elasticity of demand for this environmental service tended to be greater than unity. This implies that improved quality of parks is a luxury good. The condence interval for the base case suggests that a 1% increase (decrease) in income would result in about a 0.71.5% increase (decrease) in the demand for reduced eutrophication effects. This indicates that income changes would indeed cause changes in the demand for this particular environmental service, but not any dramatic ones. With reference to the discussion on the shape of the environmental Kuznets curve, this result does not give any room for concluding we are dealing with a general nding for environmental services. Environmental services are different in character, and people might very well conceive some of them as necessities and others as luxuries. This seems also to be true for other public goods than environmental services; the studies of the demand for public goods referred to resulted in elasticities ranging from 0.2 to 1.3. It deserves to be emphasized that preferences govern whether a service happens to be a necessity or luxury. Preferences are changeable and so are thus classications in necessities and luxuries; they might, for example, be inuenced from a more widespread public knowledge of how environmental services provide support to society (Daily 1997). Turning to the price elasticity of demand, the results clearly suggest that improved quality effects and park services are an ordinary and price elastic good. According to the condence interval for the base case, a 1% increase (decrease) in price would result in about a 1.82.4% decrease (increase) in the demand for reduced eutrophication effects. This suggests that technological innovations that would make it possible to supply the improved environmental services at a lower cost would have a relatively large impact on the demanded quantity.

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References:
World Bank Country Classification Groups, (July 2006 data) http://www.unep-wcmc.org/forest/projects/fra.htm Date: 23/12/2008 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/9267/ http://geo.tv/11-27-2008/29648.htm http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/fbs/statistics/national_accounts/table13.p df 7. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2688/ 8. http://www.economist.com/countries/Pakistan/profile. 9. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/10477/ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.