CSE 362 Design of Steel Structures

Bolted connections, welded connections

Professor K.F. Chung

Department of Civil and Structural Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong SAR, China

Bolted connections
Basic geometry

Bolted connections
Load path

Bolted connections
Material specification
Gr 4.6 bolts 400 0.6 Ub 240 160 Gr 8.8 bolts 800 0.8 Ub 560 375

Tensile strength, Ub (N/mm2) Yield strength, py (N/mm2) 0.7Ub Shear strength, ps

Tensile strength, Ub Yield strength, py (N/mm2)

(N/mm2)

S275 steel 430 275

S355 steel 510 355

Bolted connections
Tensile area of bolts
Nominal diameter (mm) 12 16 20 22 24 27 30 Ae (mm2) 84.3 157 245 303 353 459 561 Clearance (mm) 2 2 2 2 2 3 3
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Bolted connections
Shear capacity

Ps = ps As = 2 ps As

single shear double shear

Bolted connections
Possible modes of failure Bearing failure

Net-section failure

Shear-out failure

Bolted connections
Deformation

Bolted connections
Bearing capacity Bearing failure at B (bolt shank) Pbb = d tp pbb pbb = 460 N/mm2 = 1000 N/mm2

for gr 4.6 bolt for gr 8.8 bolt

Bolted connections
Bearing capacity
Bearing failure at C (connected part)
The bearing capacity Pbs of the connected parts should be the least of: Pbs = kbs d tp pbs Pbs = 0.5 kbs e tp pbs, and Pbs = 1.5 Ic tp Us 2.0 d tp Ub where e is the end distance, measured in the same direction of load transfer pbs is bearing strength of connected parts = 460 N/mm2 for grade S275 steel = 550 N/mm2 for grade S355 steel kbs is the hole coefficient taken as = 1.0 for standard holes = 0.7 for over size holes = 0.7 for short slotted holes = 0.5 for long slotted holes Ic is the net distance between the bearing edge of the holes and the near edge of adjacent hole in the same direction of load transfer.

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Bolted connections
Minimum end and edge distances of holes (for standard holes)
Bolt Size M12 M16 M18 M20 M22 M24 M27 and over es er
Pitch

es at shear edge (mm) 22 28 32 34 38 42 1.75 d

Pitch

er at rolled edge (mm) 18 22 24 26 28 30 1.25 d

2.5d < 12 t or 150 mm where t is the thickness of the thinner connected plate

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Bolted connections
Worked Example 1 Design of a simple tension connection 30 80 30

S355 steel strips Gr 8.8 bolts 16mm Evaluate

t = 10mm

Ps Pbb for each bolt Pbs

What is the maximum value of P? Specify the end distance, the edge distance and the pitch of the connection.

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Bolted connections
Worked Example 1 Design of a simple tension connection Edge distance and end distance es = 28 mm er = 22 mm Pitch p = 2.5 d = 12 t = 2.5 x 16 = 40 mm (min) = 12 x 10 = 120 mm (max)

Maximum value of P Ps = As.ps ps = 375 N/mm2 = 157 x 375 As = 157 mm2 for 16 = 58.9 kN Pbb = t d pbb pbb = 1000 N/mm2 = 10 x 16 x 1000 = 160 kN
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Bolted connections
Worked Example 1 Design of a simple tension connection Pbs = kbs d tp pbs = 1.0 x 16 x 10 x 550 = 88.0 kN Pbs = 0.5 kbs e tp pbs = 0.5 x 1.0 x 30 x 10 x 550 = 82.5 kN Pbs = 1.5 Ic tp Us < 2.0 d tp Ub = 1.5 x (30 16/2) x 10 x 510 < 2.0 x 16 x 10 x 800 = 168 kN < 256 kN Pbs = min(88.0, 82.5, 168) = 82.5 kN

= 2 x min(Ps, Pbb, Pbs) = 117.8 kN

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Bolted connections
Combined actions F

Ft Ps

Fs F + t 1.4 Ps Pt

Combined tension and shear in bolt shank

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Bolted connections
Combined actions

FORCES IN BOLT GROUP

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Bolted connections
Combined actions EQUILIBRIUM Fv = 0 M = 0 P = 8 Rv P e = M = 4 (Rm1 r1 + Rm2 r2)

R m2 = R m1 x

r2 M = 4 R m1x r1 + R m1x 2 r1 4R m1 2 2 = r1 + r2 r1

r2 r1

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Bolted connections
Combined actions As
2 2 r12 = x1 + y1
2 r2 = x 2 + y 2 2 2

M=
=
where

4R m1 2 2 x1 + y1 + x 2 + y 2 2 2 r1
R m1 x i2 + y i2 r1 144 44 2 3 for all bolts

Rm1 is the maximum force in a bolt due to moment, and r1 is the largest distance from bolt group centre Alternatively,

M = R m1

Ip r1

where

Ip =

x + y
2 i

2 i

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Welded connections

Fillet weld

Butt weld

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Welded connections
Fillet welds

Design strength of fillet welds pw (N/mm2) Throat size a 0.7s Weld strength depends on electrode type Steel Grade S275 S355 Electrode classification 42 N/mm2 220 250 50 N/mm2 220 250

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Welded connections
Fillet welds

Effective length of weld,

Le = L s - s 4s or 40mm, where s 20 mm

End returns should be provided to avoid cracking of welds at corners under tension forces.

P = (L 2s) x 0.7s x p w { 123 4 4 or Le x a x pw

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Welded connections
Fillet welds

M = pw Zw
Zw = Iw yw

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Welded connections
Butt welds
Edge preparation More demanding in fabrication Full strength connection with a is the thickness of steel plate, t
a

U notch

pw is the design strength of parent steel plates, py

V notch

V notch

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Welded connections
Butt welds

P L

P a

Effective length of weld, Le =L as all butt welds are quality welds P = L a pw or P = L t py

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Welded connections
Worked Example 2 Moment connection with lateral loads acting in plane of the welds
220 93

Factored load P = 150 kN per side

300

Steel grade S355 180 Factored load P = 150 kN

Factored load P = 150 kN

.
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Welded connections
Worked Example 2 Moment connection with lateral loads acting in plane of the welds The theory and the design methods described for bolt groups subjected to an eccentric lateral force can be readily applied to welded connections. The welds are considered as a continuous zone of connection. The connected elements are assumed to be rigid, and the welds are assumed to act in the linear elastic deformation range. The following shear stresses should be evaluated: - v the shear stress due to the applied vertical load, P - m the shear stress due to the twisting moment, P x e. The two stresses should be combined vectorially to provide a resultant shear stress,r , to ensure structural adequacy of the welds against their shear strength.

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Welded connections
Worked Example 2 Moment connection with lateral loads acting in plane of the welds A twisting moment acting in the plane of the weld group will make the weld group to rotate about the centroid, O. Assuming linear elastic behaviour in the welds, the shear stresses in the welds are related to the distances from the centroid, O.
B

m dAi

dAi t weld

D/2

ri

bi
The centroid of the weld group, O

Ifm is the maximum weld stress in an unit area at a distance of rmax , then the weld stress, , of any area at a radius r, is given by = m ri / rmax
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Welded connections
Worked Example 2 Moment connection with lateral loads acting in plane of the welds Then, the moment resistance of the weld group is given by:

M =

weld group

dA r

m
r max

weld group

ri dA =
2

m
r max

Ip

where IP is the polar moment of the throat area of the weld group about its centroid, = Ixx + Iyy

Hence, the maximum shear stress due to twisting moment, m , is given by:

m =

M r max Ip

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Welded connections
Worked Example 2 Moment connection with lateral loads acting in plane of the welds
180
19 9. 1

Factored load P = 150 kN

300

cos = 130.9 / 199.1 = 0.657

r=

x
Total weld length, Lw Distance to centroid, x The load eccentricity, e Ixx Iyy Ip

= 180 + 300 + 180 = 660 mm = 2 x 180 x 90 / 660 = 49.1 mm = 223.9 mm = (2 x 180 x 1502) + 3003/12 = 10.35 x 106 mm3 2) + (2 x 1803 / 12) + (2 x 180 x 40.92) = (300 x 49.1 = 2.30 x 106 mm3 6 = (10.35 + 2.30) x 10 = 12.65 x 106 mm3
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Welded connections
Worked Example 2 Moment connection with lateral loads acting in plane of the welds The shear stress, v , due to the applied vertical load is given by: v x t = 150 / 660 = 0.227 kN/mm The shear stress, m , due to the applied vertical load is given by: m x t = 150 / 660
= M rmax P e rmax 150 223.9 199.1 = = Ip Ip 12.65 10 6

= 0.528 kN/mm

Thus, the resultant stress is given by

r t = v 2 + m 2 + 2 v m cos
=

(0.227 )2 + (0.528 )2 + 2 0.227 0.528 0.657

= 0.698 kN/mm

Use 4 mm fillet weld with an electrode classification of 42 N/mm2 Pw = 250 N/mm2 x 4 mm x 0.7 = 0.7 kN/mm > FR O.K.
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