International Journal Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 INTERNATIONALofJOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 6340(Print), ISSN 0976

6 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, Sep- Dec (2012) IAEME AND TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)

ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359 (Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, September - December (2012), pp.583-598 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.8071 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

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DEVELOPMENT AND STUDY ON MICROSTRUCTURE, HARDNESS AND WEAR PROPERTIES OF AS CAST, HEAT TREATED AND EXTRUDED CNT- REINFORCED WITH 6061AL METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES
MANJUNATHA L.H.1 P.DINESH 2
1DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, REVA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,BANGALORE, 2.DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ,MSRIT,BANGALORE.

ABSTRACT Mechanical properties of Al6061 alloys has necessitated the need for the development of newer alloys and metal matrix composites of Al6061 alloy. MMCs are quiet popular in engineering applications because of low density and high stiffness. Carbon Nano tube to be an excellent reinforcement material for Al6061alloy based metal matrix composites. The present work attempts at fabricating Al6061alloy based MMCs using MWCNTs for reinforcement using stir casting technique. The SEM images, microstructure and Tribological characteristics like wear are presented for the various compositions of the MMCs that have been fabricated. From the SEM images and microstructure of the composites it is observed that there is uniform distribution of CNT and good bonding exists between the carbon nano tubes and the matrix, establishing the stir casting technique for production of Al6061alloy -CNT metal matrix composites. Hardness study revals that as CNT content increases the hardnes value also increases significantly. Wear study results for Ascast, Heat treatment and Extruded specimens have been discussed. KEYWORDS: Microstructure, metal matrix composite, Carbon Nano Tube, Al6061 alloy, wear.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, Sep- Dec (2012) IAEME

1. INTRODUCTION Aerospace engineering, automobiles, electronic equipment etc., require very light material with good mechanical properties. Al6061alloy metal matrix composites with carbon nanotube reinforcement can be a solution for such applications. It can satisfy the requirement of light weight with very good strength. This study focuses on preparing Al6061alloy metal matrix composites with MWCNT reinforcements for various composition for its mechanical properties. The study involves preparation of MWCNT reinforced Al6061 alloy metal matrix Composites by stir casting method. The samples with various compositions produced will be evaluated for their mechanical properties so that the best composition can be recommended for obtaining composites to suit various engineering applications. Important features of MMCs are high strength, light weight, high stiffness, corrosion resistance, thermal stability, etc., which find applications in aerospace, automobiles, construction industry, electronics, sports and recreations etc. In the following paragraphs the state of research in the area of present study is presented. According to[1,2,3] there are two main types of carbon nanotubes that can have high structural perfection. Single walled nanotubes consist single graphite sheets seamless rapped in the cylindrical tubes.CNT have electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and mechanical strength that conventional materials cannot match. Nanotubes can be used in wide ranges in the field including chemical, electrical, mechanical and other applications. r youngs modulus is 800Gpa and yield strength is 20Gpa . According to [4] the electrical properties of carbon naotubes are influenced by small structural variations. [5] have investigated the electronic properties of carbon nanotubes. Zhezhang et.al.,[6] have conducted scanning tunneling microscopy to investigate the structure and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes produced from a discharge between graphite electrodes. Toru Kuzumakis et.al.,[7] has conducted research on mechanical behavior of carbon nanotubes/C60 composites . According to Eric W.Wong.,[8] the Youngs modulus, strength and toughness of nanostructures are very important for various engineering applications, their investigations are based on atomic force microscopy to determine the mechanical properties of individual structural isolated silicon carbide nanorods and multi walled nano carbon tubes. The MWCNT are two times stiffer compare to silicon carbon nanorods. R.Byron Pipes et.al.,[9] has investigated mechanical properties of helical carbon nanotubes arrays they have proposed two models for the prediction of effective elastic properties of helical array of CNT .Jean-paul salvetat Delmotte et.al.,[10] has come to conclusion based on his research that the CNTs have great potential has reinforcing elements for composites ,but they have identified two serious steps has the challenges in this directions.M.M.J.Treacy et.al., [11] has found that CNTs have investigating mechanical properties in particular high stiffness and axial strength as a result of their seamless cylindrical graphitic structure.Their experiments are revealed that the average youngs modulus is 1.8Tpa.According K.T.Kashyap et.al.,[12] CNTs are the ultimate carbon fibers because of their high youngs modulus in the range of 1Tpa which is very useful for load transfer in nanocomposities. L.Sridhar et.al.,[13] have investigated the characteristics of MWCNTs reinforced with aluminium matrix composites. The tensile yield and ultimate strength of aluminium MWCNTs increases to 90% with 2 wt% addition of MWCNTs. T.Laha et.al.,[14] has propsed that CNTs have remarkable mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. Deepak Srivatsava and Chenyu Wei et.al., [15] have investigated on nanomechanics of carbon nanotubes and composites. SWCNTs have youngs modulus slightly larger than 1TPa and tubes can 584

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, Sep- Dec (2012) IAEME withstand about 5 to 10% axial strength before yielding which corresponding to stress of about 50Gpa before nanotube yield.Chunfeng Deng et.al.,[16]has found that carbon nanotube offers a kind of nanosize reinforcement that is light weight, a hollow core, has immense aspect ratio and has remarkable mechanical electrical and thermal properties. The investigators have used 2024Al matrix composites reinforced with 1 wt%CNTs which was fabricated by cold isotactic pressing followed by hot extrusion techniques. C.Srinivasan et. al., [17] have investigated several methods available for production of CNT. Each method has its strength and weakneses. Yanchen et.al.,[18] have used plasma assisted chemical vapour deposition method for producing well aligned graphitic nano fibers.According to C.F.Deng et.al.,[19] the demand for high performance damping materials is rapidly and continuously growing in a variety of aerospace, mechanical and civil systems. A.M.K.Esawi et.al.,[20] has used powder metallurgy for fabrication of CNTs reinforced MMCs. R.George et.al.,[21]has investigated strengthening in CNT/Al composites. Powder metallurgy technique was used for composite fabrication, Commercial purity Aluminum Powder was used as the matrix material. A mixture of CNT and aluminum powder(200 mesh) were ball milled at 200 rpm for 5 min. The short duration and slower milling speed ensures that the CNT are intact and can be validated from the transmission electron microscopy(TEM) images of the composite shown. The milled powder was compacted in a circular die with a load of 120KN,the billets thus obtained were sintered in an inert gas environment(nitrogen) for 45min at 5800C and finally hot extruded at 5600C.some samples were tested and the results have indicated that the mechanical properties of CNT-Al composites including Youngs modulus have significantly improved.

2.MATERIALS AND EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 2.1 Matrix material Aluminium alloy 6061 is one of the most extensively used of the 6000 series aluminium alloys. Table.1 Typical Chemical composition of Aluminum alloy 6061 Component Amount (Wt. %) Al Bala nce Mg Si Fe Cu Zn Ti Mn Cr Others 0.8-1.2 0.4 Max. 0.15- Max. Max. Max. 0.040.8 0.7 0.40 0.25 0.15 0.15 0.35 0.05 Table 2 Properties Al6061 alloy Shear modulus Bulk modulus 26 GPa 76 GPa

Young's modulus 70 GPa

Poisson ratio 0.35

2.2 Reinforcement material Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials Multi-walled Carbon nano tubes were procured from nano shell(USA) . Table.3 Properties : Comparison of mechanical properties Young's modulus (TPa) Tensilestrength Elongation at break Material (GPa) MWCNT 0.20.80.95 1163150 15.4 Stainless steel 0.1860.214 0.381.55 1550 585

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, Sep- Dec (2012) IAEME

2.3 Fabrication of MMC by stir casting method In the present inveatigation Al6061alloy-Carbon nanotube composite is prepared by stir casting technique. The various proportions of Carbon Nanotubes like 0, 0.1wt%, 0.2wt%, 0.3%,0.4% & 0.5wt% volumes are tried and castings are prepared. Al6061alloy is melted in the furnace to a temperature of 7200C & then Carbon Nanotubes(MWCNT) which is in the powdered form(1nm) is poured slowly, simultaneously stirrer is made to rotate at an optimum speed of 450 rpm for a period of 5-10 minutes, then the melt is degassed by passing Nitrogen gas. Finally, the molten metal is poured into the finger metal mould. The mould is coated with chalk powder to prevent sticking of the molten metal into the surface of the mould. The cast samples are then subjected to heat treatment and hot extrusion. The solidified metal is removed from the die & is subjected to heat treatment where solutionizing is done at 5900C for a period of 10 hours and then it is immersed in hot water maintained at 1000C and allowed it to cool for 12 hours. And finally ageing is done at 1750C for a period of 5 hours, then the samples for wear test is prepared according to ASTM standards. Ascast metal is removed from die and is subjected to hot extrusion where the specimen is heated for 5900 C for about 1 hour and then it is subjected to hot extrusion. The extruded samples are prepared for wear test according to ASTM standards. The results were tabulated and the conclusions will be made based on the results. In the present work for the Ascast, Heat treated and Extruded Al6061alloy-CNT MMcs specimen tests were conducted to evaluate the properties. 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 3.1 Wear Test A typical pin is cylindrical in shape with diameter equal to 8mm and length equal to 25mm. A typical disc has diameter of 180 mm and thickness of 12mm. The disc is ground to get a surface roughness of 0.8 micrometer. The disc is made of highly polished EN-25 steel with surface hardened to about 60 RHN.During wear testing height loss experienced by the pin specimen is measured in microns. Measurement of wear height loss of the pin was used to evaluate the wear loss during the wear test. 3.1.1 Effect of Sliding Time on Wear Loss on Al6061alloy- With weight% MWCT MMCs for AsCast Materials Table.4 Effect of Sliding Time on Wear Loss Wt% of CNT Wear loss in (Microns) for Various Loads 10 N 20 N 30 N Al6061 204.6 241.32 261.82 Al6061-0.1 Wt%CNT 174.83 212.13 234.02 Al6061-0.2 Wt%CNT 166.79 206.88 201.91 Al6061-0.3 Wt%CNT 132.10 205.61 180.42 Al6061-0.4 Wt%CNT 107.67 166.3 162.50 Al6061-0.5 Wt%CNT 103.35 132.42 153.023

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Weight loss (gms)

Sliding time (min.) Fig.1(a). Wear loss of MMCs with Sliding Time at 10 N load for AsCast MMCs

Weight loss (gms)

Sliding time (min.) Fig.1(b). Wear loss of MMCs with Sliding time at 20 N for Ascast MMCs

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, Sep- Dec (2012) IAEME

Sliding time (min.) Fig.1(c). Wear loss of MMCs with Sliding time at 30 N for Ascast MMCs The above results that are conducted for the as cast materials are shown in the figures for various loads according to the various weight% CNT. 3.1.2 Effect of Sliding Time on Wear Loss on for Heat Treated Materials: Al6061 alloy- With weight% CNT MMCs

Weight loss (gms)

Table.5

Effect of Sliding Time on Wear Loss Wt% CNT Wear loss in (microns) for various loads 10 N 20 N 30 N Al6061 165.2 223.62 237.89 1 Al6061-0.1Wt% 121.2 192.88 181.39 CNT 7 Al6061-0.2 Wt% 109.0 180.34 178.62 CNT 8 Al6061-0.3 Wt% 96.6 172.88 168.13 CNT Al6061-0.4 Wt% 95.05 144.97 160.27 CNT Al6061-0.5 Wt% 77.58 138.87 148.06 CNT
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, Sep- Dec (2012) IAEME

Sliding time (min.) Fig.2(a). Wear loss of MMCs with Sliding Time at 10 N load for Heat Treated MMCs

Sliding time (min.) Fig.2(b). Wear loss of MMCs with Sliding Time at 20 N load for Heat Treated MMCs

Sliding time (min.) Fig.2(c). Wear loss of MMCs with Sliding Time at 30 N load for Heat Treated MMCs 589

Weight loss (gms)

Weight loss (gms)

Weight loss (gms)

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, Sep- Dec (2012) IAEME

3.1.3 Effect of Sliding Time on Wear Loss on Al6061alloy- With weight% CNT MMCs for Extruded Materials Table.6

Effect of Sliding Time on Wear Loss Wt % of CNT Wear loss in (microns) for various loads 10 N 20 N 30 N Al6061 243.67 338.16 519.95 Al6061-0.1 Wt% 192.04 312.10 430.61 CNT Al6061-0.2 Wt% 177.71 311.59 369.13 CNT Al6061-0.3 Wt% 156.19 270.01 354.82 CNT Al6061-0.4 Wt% 130.79 257.67 350.15 CNT Al6061-0.5 Wt% 127.15 212.72 320.14 CNT

Weight loss (gms) Sliding time (min.) Fig.3(a). Wear loss of MMCs with Sliding Time at 10 N load for Extruded MMCs

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, Sep- Dec (2012) IAEME

Weight loss (gms) Sliding time (min.) Fig.3(b). Wear loss of MMCs with Sliding Time at 20 N load for Extruded MMCs Weight loss (gms) Sliding time (min.) Fig.3(c). Wear loss of MMCs with Sliding Time at 30 N load for Extruded MMCs The variation of wear loss with sliding time is as shown in fig.3(a) to (c). With increase in sliding distance, there is higher wear loss for the matrix and the composites. At larger sliding distance, higher rise of temperature of sliding surfaces are unavoidable. These results in softening of matrix and composite pin surface leading to heavy deformation at higher sliding distances. This results to higher volumetric wear loss of matrix and the composite. As shown in the fig.3(a) to (c). at all the sliding distance considered . the volumetric wear loss of the composites was much lower when compared with the matrix alloy and reduces with increased content of CNT in the composites. Increase in hardness results in improvement of wear. 591

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Effect of Material loss on Wt% of MMC due to Wear for Ascast Heat Treated and Extruded Materials Table.7

Effect of Material lost on Wt% of MMC due to Wear for As Cast Materials. Wt % of CNT 0 wt% 0.1 wt% 0.2 wt% 0.3 wt% 0.4 wt% 0.5 wt%

0N 5.836 5.562 5.427 5.232 5.716 5.966

10 N 5.812 5.538 5.406 5.215 5.682 5.954

20 N 5.784 5.509 5.378 5.186 5.647 5.92

30N 5.71 5.464 5.304 5.112 5.589 5.886

Weight loss (gms)

Wt.% of CNT Fig.4(a). Weight loss of MMCs with various Wt% CNT at different load for As cast MMCs 592

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, Sep- Dec (2012) IAEME

Table.8

Effect of Material lost on Wt% of MMC due to Wear for Heat Treated Materials. Wt % of CNT 0 wt% 0.1 wt% 0.2 wt% 0.3 wt% 0.4 wt% 0.5 wt%

0N 5.353 5.215 6.138 5.815 5.166 5.676

10N 5.344 5.198 6.121 5.802 5.144 5.664

20N 5.306 5.17 6.09 5.773 5.113 5.627

30N 5.276 5.141 5.989 5.457 5.084 5.607

Weight loss (gms) Wt.% of CNT Fig.4(b). Weight loss of MMCs with various Wt% CNT at different load for Heat treated MMCs 593

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, Sep- Dec (2012) IAEME

Table.9

Effect of Material lost on Wt% of MMC due to Wear for Extruded Materials. Wt % CNT 0N 10 N 20 N 30 N 0 wt% 4.25 4.228 4.203 4.189 0.1 wt% 3.865 3.847 3.828 3.778 0.2 wt% 4.327 4.299 4.287 4.227 0.3 wt% 4.412 4.4 4.379 4.349 0.4 wt% 4.174 4.155 4.123 4.069 0.5 wt% 2.858 2.834 2.803 2.779

Weight loss (gms) Wt.% of CNT Fig.4(c). Weight loss of MMCs with various Wt% CNT at different load for Extruded MMCs It is reported that, by the addition of the CNT its wear property will be decreased by the reinforcement of CNT with Al6061. 594

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, Sep- Dec (2012) IAEME

3.2 Hardness Test: The Brinell hardness test method consists of indenting the test material with a 4 mm diameter hardened steel or carbide ball subjected to a load of 500 kg. The full load is normally applied for 10 to 15 seconds for at least 30 seconds. The diameter of the indentation left in the test material is measured with a low powered microscope. The Brinell harness number is calculated by dividing the load applied by the surface area of the indentation. The Ascast , Heat treated and Extruded specimens were subjected to Brinell Hardness Test and the BHN are tabulated in below Table .4 Table.10

Effect hardness on Ascast , Heat treated and Extruded specimens Wt % of CNT Hardness (BHN) Reinforcement Ascast Heat Treated Extruded Al6061 30.12 32.08 32.08 Al6061-0.1 Wt%CNT 32.08 39.95 35.26 Al6061-0.2 Wt%CNT 35.26 41.21 38.56 Al6061-0.3 Wt%CNT 39.42 52.81 42.95 Al6061-0.4 Wt%CNT 41.57 58.79 39.02 Al6061-0.5 Wt%CNT 43.37 69.54 45.75

Fig.5.BHN v/s wt.% of MWCNT Fig.5 shows the graphical representation of the hardness(BHN) v/s Wt % of CNT in Ascast, Heat Treated and Extruded samples. In this observation of graph it is noticed that, there is an increase in the hardness in heat treated when compared to Ascast and Extruded . 595

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3.3. SEM of worn wear surface : Fig.6. show the SEM photographs of worn surfaces of ascast, heat treated and extruded Al6061 alloy and its composites at an applied load of 30 N and sliding distance of 3 km.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig.6(a).As cast

Fig.6.(b).Heat treated Heat

Fig.6.(c).Extruded

(a) The above fig.6.(a) to(c) shown micrograph is of ascast, heat treated and extruded SEM microstructure. we can analyze that the presence of CNT in the material wh where the black indicates the CNT. The SEM microstructure also indicates the wear surface happens due to wear ,which indicates the surface after wear and also the particles direction after wear caused by the heat. There is evidence of adhesion and ploughing on the Al worn surface, which shows a distinct characteristic of abrasive and adhesive wear. The counterpart pin is seized twice in the wear tests, which may be the result of the weld contact surface metal at some protruding points. 6061Al wear particles on the worn surfaces are laminated by the pin on the contact area, forming plough. SEM images of worn surfaces of the composite and the delamination theory of wear, it can be deduced that the delamination wear could be the main wear mechanism. 3.4 Microstructure test : The optical microphotography of Al6061alloy and Carbon Nano Tubes composites are as shown in the Fig. 1. (a) to (d)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig.7.(a)Al 6061 Alloy

Fig.7.(b)Al6061 Alloy

Fig.7.(c)Al6061 -0.1wt% CNT

Fig.7.(d)Al6061 -0.1 wt% CNT 0.1

Fig.7.(a) to (d) shows the Scanning Electron Micrographs and it is clearly indicates the (a) homogeneity in the distribution of Carbon Nano Tubes particulates through the matrix alloy. The microstructure of the carbon nano tubes reinforced composite showed a reason reasonably uniform distribution of particles and good interracial bonding of dispersed particles with al6061 matrix alloy.

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4. CONCLUSIONS Al6061 metal matrix composites reinforced with carbon nano tubes was successfully fabricated by stir casting Technique . Wear behaviour of 6061Al alloy and its composites was carried out successfully by friction and wear monitor.The carbon nano tubes content in Al6061 alloy plays a significant role in increasing the wear resistance of the material.Al6061 with 0.5%CNT have high resistance as indicated by lowest wear. The wear loss tends to decrease with increasing particles volume, which confirms that addition of CNT is beneficial in reducing the wear loss of the composite.In adhesive wear,the material loss for Al6061-CNT composites is lower when compared to the Al6061 matrix alloy. Wear loss increases with increasing sliding distance due to the work hardening of the surface leading to abrasion wear.Heat treatment has a important role in adhesive wear mechanism. The results indicate that quenching of heat treated specimen worm water gives better wear resistance. Hot extruded specimen gives better wear resistance compared heat treated and without heat treated specimen. Co-efficient of friction of Al6061-CNT composites is higher than the Al6061 Matrix alloy. This is due to the hard reinforcement particles in the soft Al6061 matrix leads to the higher coefficient of friction. There is an increase in the hardness in heat treated when compared to Ascast and Extruded. The microstructure of the carbon nano tubes reinforced composite showed a reasonably uniform distribution of particles and good interracial bonding of dispersed particles with al6061 matrix alloy.There is a good interfacial bonding between Al6061alloy and carbon nanotube metal matrix which improves the hardness of the composites and also the wear behavior of the composites. REFERENCES [1].Ray H.Baughman,Anwar A.Zakhidov,walt A de Heer carbon nanotubes-the Route toward ApplicationsScience Vol297, (2002)pp.787-792 [2].Motto Yumura carbon nanotube Industrial Applications AIST Today International Edition No10,(8-9). [3].Rodney S.Ruoff and Donald C.Lorents Mechanical and thermal properties of carbon nano tubesCarbon vol33,No7, (1995)pp.925-930 [4].T.W.Ebbesen,H.J.Lezec,H.Hiura,J.W.Bennett,H.F.Gharmi &T.Thio Electrical conductivity of individual carbon nano tubesNature Vol 382, (1996)54-56. [5].Kazuyoshi Tanaka, Tohru Sato, Tokio Yamabe, Kenji Okahara, Kunio Uchida,MottoYamura,Hiroyuki Niino,Satoshi Ohshima,Yasunori kuriki,kiyoshi Yase,Fumikazu, Ikazaki Electronic properties of carbon nano tubeChemical physics letters 223,(1994) pp.65-68. [6].Zhe zhang and Charles M.Lieber nanotube structure and electronic properties probed by scanning tunneling microscopyAppl.phys.letter 62(22)pp.2792-2794. [7]Toru kusumaki,Takuya Hayashi,Kunichi Miyazawa,Hideki Ichinose,Kunio Ito and Yoichi Ishida Discussion on the mechanical behaviopr of carbon nanotube/C60 composite based on observation of interfacial structure Materials Transactions, JIM,Vol39,No 5(1998) pp.578581. 597

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[8].EricW.Wong,PaulESheehan,CharlesM.LieberNanobeammechanicsElasticity,strengthandN anotubes.Science Vol.277,(1997)pp.1971- 1977 [9].R.Byron Pipes, Pascal Hubert Helical carbon, nanotube arrays:Mechanical propertiescomposite science and technology 62(2002)pp.419-428. [10]Jean-Paul Salvetat-Delmotte,Angel Rubio Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes:a fiber digest for begineersCarbon40 (2002)pp.1729-1734. [11]M.M.J Treacy,T.W.Ebbesen & J.M.Gibson exceptionally high youngs modulus observed for Individual carbon nanotubesNature,Vol381(1996)pp.678- 680. [12].K.T.Kashyap and R.G.Patilon youngs modulus of multi walled carbon nanotubesBullMaterial Science Vol.31.No.2(2008)185-187. [13]. I. Sridhar Karthic R. Narayanan Processing and characterization of MWCNT reinforced aluminum matrix composites J Mater Sci Vol.44(2009) pp.17501756 [14].T. Laha , A. Agarwal,Tim McKechnie,S. Seal Synthesis and characterization of plasma spray formed carbon nanotube reinforced aluminumcompositeMaterial science and EngineeringA38(2004)pp.249-258 [15]Deepak Srivatsva and Chenyu wei Nanomechanics of carbon nanotubes and compositesApp mech Rev Vol.56(2003)pp. 215-229. [16].Chunfeng Deng , XueXi Zhang, Dezun Wang, Qiang Lin, Aibin Li Preparation and characterization of carbon nanotubes/aluminum matrix compositesMaterials Letters 61(2007)pp.1725-1728. [17]C.SrinivasanAn elegant synthesis of multiwalled carbon nanotubescurrent Science vol 86,No2,pp.256-257. [18].Yanchen,Zhong Lin Wang,Jin Song yin,David J.Johnson,R.H.Prince well aligned graphitic nano-fibers,synthesized by plasma assited chemical vapour depositionChemical Physics letter 272(1997)pp.178-182 [19]C.F. Deng , D.Z. Wang, X.X. Zhang, Y.X. Ma Damping characterization of carbon nanotubes/aluminium matrix composites.Materials Letters 61(2007)pp.3229-3231. [20] A.M.K. Esawi, K. Morsi, A. Sayed, A. Abdel Gawad, P. Borah Fabrication and properties of dispersed carbon nanotubealuminum composites Materials Science and Engineering A 508 (2009)pp. 167173. [21].R.George,K.T.Kashyap,R.Rahul,S.Yamdagni Strenthening in carbon nanotube/aluminium(CNT/Al)composites Sripta materialia 53(2005)pp.1159-1163.

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