I.

SUMMARY

The object of the experiment is to investigate the heat transfer rate and to calculate the
overall heat transfer coefficient in a plate heat exchanger.
Plate heat exchangers are suitable for heat transfer between fluids which have low
viscosity. Plate heat exchangers are commonly used in heating and cooling applications in the
dairy and food beverage industry. The plates can easily be removed for cleaning or changing
the surface area, thus the desired heat flux can easily be obtained. Food product flows in a thin
film over the heat transfer area so the retention time is small. This reduces the thermal damage
to the product. They can be used for pasteurization and sterilization.
The plate heat exchanger used in the experiment consists of a stack of closely spaced
thin metal plates clamped in a metal frame. Plates are fitted with gaskets to form a liquid tight
seal and to prevent mixing of the hot and cold liquid. The plates form parallel channels, cold
and hot water flow through alternate channels. There are also thermometers in the system.


II. EXPERIMENTAL

1. Turn on slowly the cold water valve.
2. Turn on slowly the hot water valve.
3. Wait for the system to reach steady state, controlling the inlet and outlet temperature
of hot and cold water streams.
4. At steady state, record the following data.
a. The flow rate, inlet and outlet temperature of cold water stream
b. The flow rate, inlet and outlet temperature of hot water stream
5. Increase the flow rate of hot water by operating the valve more and wait for to reach
steady state again. Record the same data with(4).
6. Turn off the hot water and cold water valve, respectively.







III. DATA


Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3
V
hot
(m
3
/s) 1,25*
10-4
m
3
/s 1*10
-4
m
3
/s 1,25*10
-4
m
3
/s
T
hot,in
(C) 63C 61C 61
T
hot, out
(C) 50C 48C 48C
V
cold
(m
3
/s) 4,54*10
-5
m
3
/s 8,33*10
-5
m
3
/s 5*10
-5
m
3
/s
T
cold,in
(C) 24C 24C 24C
T
cold,out
(C) 57C 43C 54,833
C


N
p
= 10
Thickness of plate = 1.10
-3
m
Width of plate =12.10
-2
m
Length =63.10
-2
m
c=1,4
a=4.10
-3
m

IV. CALCULATIONS

1. Determine the heat gained by cold water, the heat lost by hot water and heat loss
to the surrounding.

Experiment 1:

Heat gained by cold water


T
C,in
= 24 C T
C,out
= 57 C T
C,ave
= 40,5 C
Physical properties of water at T
C,ave
= 40,5 C

c,ave
= 993,457kg/m
3
(Geankoplis, table A-2.11)
Cp
c,ave
= 4,183 kj/kg K = 4183j/kgK (Geankoplis, table A-2.11)

m
c
= V
cold
*
c,ave

m
c
= (4,54*10
-5
m
3
/s) *993,457 = 0,0451kg/s
Q
c
= m
c
* c
pc
* AT
c

Q
c
= 0.0451* 4183 * (57-24)
Q
c
= 6225,96 W

Heat lost by hot water

T
H,in
= 63C T
H,out
= 50C T
H,ave
= 56,5C

H,ave
= 986,089 kg/m
3
(Geankoplis, table A-2.11)
Cp
H,ave
= 4,186 kj/kg K = 4186 j/kgK (Geankoplis, table A-2.11)

m
h
= V
hot
*
h,ave
m
h
= (1,25*10
-4
m
3
/s) * 986,089
m
h
= 0.123 kg/s

Q
h
= m
h
* c
ph
* AT
h

Q
h
= 0,123* 4186 * (63-50)
Q
h
= 6693,414 W

Rate of heat loss for experiment 1
Q
loss
= 6693,414 -6225,96 W
Q
loss
= Qh-Qc=467,454








Experiment 2:


Heat gained by cold water


T
C,in
= 24 C T
C,out
= 43C T
C,ave
= 33.5 C
Physical properties of water at T
C,ave
= 33.5 C

c,ave
= 995.358 kg/m
3
(Geankoplis, table A-2.11)
Cp
c,ave
= 4,183 kj/kg K = 4183j/kgK (Geankoplis, table A-2.11)

m
c
= V
cold
*
c,ave

m
c
= (8,33*10
-5
m
3
/s) * 995.358 = 0.0829 kg/s
Q
c
= m
c
* c
pc
* AT
c

Q
c
= 0.0829* 4183 * (43-24)
Q
c
= 6589,705W

Heat lost by hot water

T
H,in
= 61C T
H,out
= 48C T
H,ave
= 54,5 C

H,ave
= 987,01kg/m
3
(Geankoplis, table A-2.11)
Cp
H,ave
= 4,185kj/kg K = 4185 j/kgK (Geankoplis, table A-2.11)

m
h
= V
hot
*
h,ave
m
h
= (1 * 10
-4
)* 987,01
m
h
= 0.0987 kg/s

Q
h
= m
h
* c
ph
* AT
h

Q
h
= 0,0987* 4188 * (61-48)
Q
h
=5373,677 W
Rate of heat loss for experiment 2
Q
loss
=6589,705W 5373,677 W
Q
loss
= 1216,028 W
Experiment 3:


Heat gained by cold water


T
C,in
= 24 C T
C,out
= 54,833C T
C,ave
= 39.4 C
Physical properties of water at T
C,ave
= 39.42 C

c,ave
= 993.954kg/m
3
(Geankoplis, table A-2.11)
Cp
c,ave
= 4,183 kj/kg K = 4183j/kgK (Geankoplis, table A-2.11)

m
c
= V
cold
*
c,ave

m
c
= (5*10
-5
m
3
/s) * 993,954 = 0.0497kg/s
Q
c
= m
c
* c
pc
* AT
c

Q
c
= 0.0497* 4183 * (54,833-24)
Q
c
= 6409,733W

Heat lost by hot water

T
H,in
= 61C T
H,out
= 48C T
H,ave
= 54,5 C

H,ave
= 987,01kg/m
3
(Geankoplis, table A-2.11)
Cp
H,ave
= 4,185kj/kg K = 4185 j/kgK (Geankoplis, table A-2.11)

m
h
= V
hot
*
h,ave
m
h
= (1,25 * 10
-4
)* 987,01
m
h
= 0.1234kg/s

Q
h
= m
h
* c
ph
* AT
h

Q
h
= 0,1234* 4188 * (61-48)
Q
h
=6718,389 W
Rate of heat loss for experiment 3
Q
loss
= 6718,389 W-6409
Q
loss
= 308,656 W


1. Calculate the experimental and theoretical overall heat transfer coefficient


Experiment 1

Calculation of T
lm


T
lm
= =

) 24 50 (
) 57 63 (
ln
) 24 50 ( ) 57 63 (
) (
) (
ln
) ( ) (
Tci Tho
Tco Thi
Tci Tho Tco Thi
13,394 C


Experimental Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient:

q=U
i
x A
i
x T
lm

A
pro
=(w x Lp) x (Np-2)
A
pro
=(12 x 10
-2
x 63x 10
-2
) x (10-2)=0,6048 m
2

A
eff
=A
pro
x c=0,8467 m
2

q
c
== 6225,96 W = U
i
x A
eff
x T
lm
=U
i
x 0,8467 x 13,394

U
i
=548,993W/m
2
K




Theoretical Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient:

Calculation of h
i


w
Np
m
N
h
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
*
* 2
.
Re

=
2 4
10 12 *
2
1 10
* 10 138 , 5
123 , 0 * 2

|
.
|

\
|
x x
=886,6398


N
Re
400

= =
65 , 0
Re
28 , 0
*
N
k
D hi
N
eq
Nu
Pr
n
D
eq
= 2 x a=2 x 4 x 10
-3
=8 x 10
-3
m
(n=0,4 for heating)

h
i
=3032,49923 W/m
2
K

Calculation of h
o


w
Np
m
N
c
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
*
* 2
.
Re

=
2 4
10 12 *
2
1 10
* 10 5772 , 6
0451 , 0 * 2

|
.
|

\
|
x x
=254,041


N
Re
< 400

4 , 0 65 , 0
3
3059 , 3 * 6398 , 886 * 28 , 0
6516 , 0
10 8
=

=

hi
N
Nu
4 , 0 3 / 1
) / ( ) Pr (Re
w
eq o
Nu
L
Deq
k
D h
N | =

=
1,85<<4,5
Assumption 1: =3
Assumption 2:
w



h
o
=570,77024W/m
2
K



hdi=hdo=5680 W/m
2
K (Table:4.9-1, Geankoplis)
k=45 W/mK (Table4.1-1, Geankoplis)

77024 , 570
1
5680
1
45
10 * 1
5680
1
49923 , 3032
1 1
3
+ + + + =

Ui


U
i
= 407,147 W/m
2
K

Experiment 2

Calculation of T
lm


T
lm
= =

) 24 48 (
) 43 61 (
ln
) 24 48 ( ) 43 61 (
) (
) (
ln
) ( ) (
Tci Tho
Tco Thi
Tci Tho Tco Thi
20,856 C

Experimental Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient:

q=U
i
x A
i
x T
lm

A
pro
=(w x Lp) x (Np-2)
A
pro
=(12 x 10
-2
x 63x 10
-2
) x (10-2)=0,6048 m
2

A
eff
=A
pro
* c=0,6048*1,4=0,8467 m
2

4 , 0 3 / 1
2
3
3
) 1 ( )
10 63
10 8
33615 , 4 041 , 254 ( 3
6317 , 0
10 8

=

=

o
Nu
h
N
ho hdo k
x
hdi hi Ui
w
1 1 1 1 1
+ +
A
+ + =
q
c
=6589,705W = U
i
x A
eff
x T
lm
=U
i
x 0,8467 x (20,856)

U
i
=373,168 W/m
2
K





Theoretical Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient:

Calculation of h
i

w
Np
m
N
h
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
*
* 2
.
Re

=
2 4
10 12 *
2
1 10
* 10 3182 , 5
0987 , 0 * 2

|
.
|

\
|
x x
=687,367

N
Re
400

= =
65 , 0
Re
28 , 0
*
N
k
D hi
N
eq
Nu
Pr
n
D
eq
= 2 x a=2 x 4 x 10
-3
=8 x 10
-3
m
4 , 0 65 , 0
3
4347 , 3 * 367 , 687 * 28 , 0
64908 , 0
10 8
=

=

hi
N
Nu

h
i
=2599,5276 W/m
2
K

Calculation of h
o


w
Np
m
N
c
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
*
* 2
.
Re

=
2 4
10 12 *
2
1 10
* 10 5095 , 7
0829 , 0 * 2

|
.
|

\
|
x x
=408,864

N
Re
<400

= =
65 , 0
Re
28 , 0
*
N
k
D h
N
eq o
Nu
Pr
0,4
D
eq
= 2 x a=2 x 4 x 10
-3
=8 x 10
-3
m
4 , 0 65 , 0
3
04459 , 5 * 864 , 408 * 28 , 0
6215 , 0
10 8
=

=

o
Nu
h
N
h
o
=2070,931 W/m
2
K




hdi=hdo=5680 W/m
2
K (Table:4.9-1, Geankoplis)
k=45 W/mK (Table4.1-1, Geankoplis)

931 , 2070
1
5680
1
45
10 * 1
5680
1
5276 , 2599
1 1
3
+ + + + =

Ui



U
i
=805,221 W/m
2
K
Experiment 3

Calculation of T
lm


T
lm
= =

) 24 48 (
) 833 , 54 61 (
ln
) 24 48 ( ) 833 , 54 61 (
) (
) (
ln
) ( ) (
Tci Tho
Tco Thi
Tci Tho Tco Thi
13,124 C

Experimental Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient:

q=U
i
x A
i
x T
lm

A
pro
=(w x Lp) x (Np-2)
A
pro
=(12 x 10
-2
x 63x 10
-2
) x (10-2)=0,6048 m
2

A
eff
=A
pro
* c=0,6048*1,4=0,8467 m
2

q
c
=6409,733W = U
i
x A
eff
x T
lm
=U
i
x 0,8467 x (13,124)

U
i
=564,8176 W/m
2
K




ho hdo k
x
hdi hi Ui
w
1 1 1 1 1
+ +
A
+ + =

Theoretical Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient:

Calculation of h
i

w
Np
m
N
h
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
*
* 2
.
Re

=
2 4
10 12 *
2
1 10
* 10 3182 , 5
1234 , 0 * 2

|
.
|

\
|
x x
=859,382

N
Re
400

= =
65 , 0
Re
28 , 0
*
N
k
D hi
N
eq
Nu
Pr
n
D
eq
= 2 x a=2 x 4 x 10
-3
=8 x 10
-3
m
4 , 0 65 , 0
3
4347 , 3 * 382 , 859 * 28 , 0
64908 , 0
10 8
=

=

hi
N
Nu

h
i
=3005,680822 W/m
2
K

Calculation of h
o


w
Np
m
N
c
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
*
* 2
.
Re

=
2 4
10 12 *
2
1 10
* 10 6743 , 6
0497 , 0 * 2

|
.
|

\
|
x x
=275,7946

N
Re
<400

= =
65 , 0
Re
28 , 0
*
N
k
D h
N
eq o
Nu
Pr
0,4
D
eq
= 2 x a=2 x 4 x 10
-3
=8 x 10
-3
m
4 , 0 65 , 0
3
4069 , 4 * 7946 , 275 * 28 , 0
6303 , 0
10 8
=

=

o
Nu
h
N
h
o
=1540.456W/m
2
K




ho hdo k
x
hdi hi Ui
w
1 1 1 1 1
+ +
A
+ + =
hdi=hdo=5680 W/m
2
K (Table:4.9-1, Geankoplis)
k=45 W/mK (Table4.1-1, Geankoplis)

45620 , 1540
1
5680
1
45
10 * 1
5680
1
680822 , 3005
1 1
3
+ + + + =

Ui



U
i
=737,356 W/m
2
K

Calculation of pressure drop:
Pressure Drop of Hot Stream:
At plate heat exchanger , for turbulent flow:
f= 2.5* Re
-0.3

f=2,5*886,6398
-0.3


f=0,326
A=aW((N
p
-1)/2)
A= 12*10
-2
0,4*10
-2
(9/2)
A=21,610
-4
m
2

u= h m
.
/ A
u=0,123/( 986,08921,610
-4
)
u=0,058m
2
P=170,32 Pa=1*10
-3
atm< 20
atm suitable system

An assumption;
(/
w
)
-0,14
=1


P=40,326(0,63/0,810
-2
)986,089(0,058
2
/2)1


Pressure Drop of Cold Stream:
At plate heat exchanger , for turbulent flow:
f= 2,5* Re
-0.3

f= 2,5*254,041
-0.3
f=0,474

A=aW(N
p
-1/2)
A= 12*10
-2
0,4*10
-2
(9/2)
A=21,610
-4
m
2
u=m
c
/ A
u=0,0451/(993,45721,610
-4)
u=0,021m
2
P=4*f*(L/D
e
)* *(u
2
/2)* (/
w
)
-0,14

An assumption;
(/
w
)
-0,14
=1


P=40,4741(0,63/0,810
-2
)993,457(0,021
2
/2)
P=32.71 Pa=3*10
-3
atm < 20 atm system is suitable (experimental 1 is suitable and exp2 and
exp 3 are this both suitable and <20 atm)

6.DISCUSSION

Plate heat exchanger is a heat exchanger which is widely used in industrial area
especially in food industry. These kinds of heat exchangers are commonly used in dairy
industry because of its peculiarities. It provides high transfer rates within low electrical costs.
t is applicable for heat sensitive foods due to low retention time reducing thermal damage of
food. It also occupies fewer places. This function increases its popularity in food industry.
In this experiment, our aim was to investigate heat transfer rates and overall heat
transfer coefficient for two conditions. In first condition with the hot flow rate 0,123kg/s and
cold flow rate 0,0451kg/s the heat transfer rates of Q
cold
and Q
hot
were calculated as
followings; 6225,96 W, 6693,414W.Efficiency=(Qc/Qh)*100 Our efficiency is found
%93,02. Q
loss
which was found 467,454. The pressure drops that we calculated were less than
20atm. Thats why we can use this type of heat exchanger as an effective system. If the
pressure drops are higher than 20atm, plate heat exchangers can not be used effectively.
To observe the temperature changes occurring in second condition the outlet and of
hot and cold water we increase the hot flow rate 0,0987 kg/s in the second part of experiment.
For this condition cold water flow rate was 0,0829 kg/s. By using log mean temperature
differences we calculated Q
cold
as 6589,705 W and Q
hot
as 5373,677 W. Hence, the heat
difference between the Q
hot
and Q
cold
gave us Q
loss
as 1216,028W. So again in this system the
heat loss was in high values.
Our third condition hot flow rate and cold flow rates are determined as 0,1234 kg/s
and 0,0497kg/s. By using log mean temperature differences we calculated Q
cold
as 26235 W
and Q
hot
as 29876 W. Hence, the heat loss is found Q
loss
as 3641 W. Our efficiency is
%95,405. The efficiency is bigger than other conditions.
The flow rates of both hot and cold water were measured by the way of calculation of
volume obtained in a period of time. Probably personal errors can be causative factor for the
unexpected heat transfer rates. Also we should consider the problems like insulation,
corrosion, becaming unuseful of gaskets.
P=4*f*(L/D
e
)* *(u
2
/2)* (/
w
)
-0,14




7.CONCLUSION
In conclusion, we learn the plate heat exchanger heat exchanger equipments. Also we
learn to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient by calculating the heat tranfer
coefficient. And we learn to calculate logarithmic mean temperature. Heat transfer in a heat
exchanger usually involves convection in each fluid.
The working principle of such a system is understood well by plate heat exchanger
experiment. Results of experiment have been showed a clear perspective about the
applications of this type of compact heat exchangers. The performance of a plate type heat
exchanger is investigated.

The theoretical overall heat transfer coefficient is greater than the experimental value.
Its not possible to supply ideal conditions for such a system in a laboratory The pressure drop
is less than 20 atm., this shows that the process is suitable.

8.RECOMENDATION
1. Equipments should be repaired or changed with the new one.
2. The cleaning of apparatus should be made seriously for a better heat transfer.
3. Digital flow meter should be used
4. The thermometers of plate heat exchanger should be digital.
5. In the experiments,the temperatures of inlet hot water and cold water were not
constant,so that there must be a equipment which adjust the temperatures to be
constant
6. Same operation should be done by parallel flow conditions
7. Different flow rates can be used for other experiment
7.0. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PLATE HEAT
EXCHANGERS

ADVANTAGES:
+ design produces high thermal efficiency, allowing maximum heat recovery
+ compact design requires a fraction of the space taken up by conventional heat
exchangers
+ unit may be expanded to accommodate future increased duties
+ cross contamination not possible under normal operation; possible leaks are vented
external
to the unit
+ access to heat transfer surface for maintenance is simple
+ design exhibits low fouling tendency
+ unit is economical to operate

DISADVANTAGES:
+ they don't work well under high pressure rates
+ they are not well suited for processing pulpy products or product with particulates.
+ The corrugated plate causes contact points that are required for rigidity, and "pinch"
points are created which allow for retention of the pulp and particulates. This effectively
creates an undesirable filter. This limits your ability to process more than one type of product
on a single system, such as orange juice with pulp and a clear fruit drink that must contain no
pulp.
+ Trying to keep the plate heat exchanger clean before running a new product can prove
very difficult, if not impossible.

9.NOMENCLATURE
a The gap between the plates(m)
A
eff
: Effective area, m
2

A
p
: Projected area, m
2

C
p
:Heat capacity of liquid, J/kg.K
C:Effective plate area coefficient
D
eq
:Equivalent diameter, m
f: Correction factor
h
di
: Fouling coefficient for the inside, W/m
2
.K
h
do
:Fouling coefficient for the outside, W/m
2
.K
h
i
: Heat transfer coefficient for inside, W/m
2
.K
h
o
: Heat transfer coefficient for outside, W/m
2
.K
k: thermal conductivity, W/m.K
L
p
: Length of plates, m
m: Mass flow rate, kg/s
h m
.
: Flow rate of the hot water(kg/s)
c m
.
: Flow rate of the cold water(kg/s)
N
p
:Number of plates
N
Pr
:Prandlt number
N
Re
:Reynolds number
N
Nu
:Nusselt Number
q
C
: Rate of heat transfer for cold water, W
q
h
: Rate of heat transfer for hot water, W
q
loss
: Heat loss to surrounding, W
T
ci
:Inlet temperature of cold fluid, C
T
co
:Outlet temperature of cold fluid, C
T
c,av
Average temperature of the cold water(C,K)
T
h,av
Average temperature of the hot water(C,K)
T
hi
:Inlet temperature of hot fluid, C
T
ho
:Outlet temperature of hot fluid, C
U: Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m
2
.K
v:Fluid velocity, m/s
V:Flow rate of water streams, m
3
/s
w: Width of plates, m
AT
lm
: Logaritmic mean temperature value, C or K
: Absolute viscosity, Pa.s
AL: Distance travelled by liquid, m
: Density of liquid, kg/m
3

-AP
s
: Pressure drop, Pa or atm.

10.REFERENCES
- Cengel Yunus A. , Heat Transfer, Second Edition
- Geankoplis, C.J.,1983,Transport Process and Unit Operation,3.rd Edition, Allyn and
Bacon Inc.,Masschusetts.
- Ertekin,F.,ier F.,Kumcuolu S.,Sakin M.,2006,Unit Operations Laboratory
Manual,Bornava,ZMR