CSE 362 Design of Steel Structures

Design philosophy, allowable stress design, design examples, limit stress design, comparison

Professor K.F. Chung

Department of Civil and Structural Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong SAR, China

Allowable stress design

Overall stability / equilibrium considerations / Linear elastic design ACTION Section capacity Axial forces Tension Compression where RESISTANCE

F Design A F = Design A =
F A Design is the applied force is the cross-sectional area is the design strength

Shear force

=
=

S Ay Design It
M Design Z
2

[ ]

Bending moment

Design of a tie
Data Design strength of mild steel y,ASD = 165 N/mm2 Consider

F Design A

F = 100 kN

Design
A required

F A
F Design = 100 x 103 165

= 606 mm2
Use a 25 x 25 mm square rod with the following cross-sectional area: A = 625 mm2 Arequired = 606 mm2
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Design of a two-member truss

Truss 1 C 1.0 m B LAB LAC 1.0 m A P Truss 2 C +P A P Truss 3 C + P 2 2.0 m B P 2 LAB LAC A P

+ 2P

-P 1.0 m

2P L AB B LAC
1.0 m

Data 1.0 m P = 10 kN Design strength of mild steel Design = 165 N/mm2 or 0.6 x 275 N/mm2 Density of steel = 7850 kg/m3 Unit cost = $20 /kg Assume no instability.
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Design of a cantilever truss

2.0 m P = 100 kN C -2P +2P B 2.0 m

+ 2 2P
E -2P 2.0 m
Member AB Tension members BC CE AD Compression members BD CD ED

2P
D

+ 2P

P A

-P 4.0 m
Length (m) 2.8 2.0 2.8 4.0 2.8 2.0 2.0 10.8 7.6

Total length (m)

Force (kN) 141 200 283 100 141 200 200

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Design of a cantilever truss

Elastic Plastic Design = 275 N/mm2 Spare strength / reserved strength t = 183 N/mm2 with load factor 1.5 tension c = 100 N/mm2 compression due to buckling

(N/mm2)

Simplified stress-strain curve

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Design of a cantilever truss

For S275 steel, the yield strength is 275 N/mm2. With a factor of safety equal to 1.5, the design strength of the members under tension is 275 t = = 183 N / mm 2 tension 1 .5 For those members under compression, buckling may occur, and hence, the design strength is further reduced to c = 100 N/mm2 for I section

No reduction in the design strength for square hollow section in compression. Scheme I II III S275 steel Solid bar Joist Square hollow section Design strength (N/mm2) Tension 183 183 183 Compression 100 100 183
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Design of a cantilever truss

Design for member under tension (Scheme I) F = 283 kN (largest tension force in member CE) t = 183 N/mm2 The cross sectional area, A, of the member required is = F / t = 283 x 103 / 183 Arequired = 1546 mm2 Use 40 x 40 mm solid bar Aprovided = 40 x 40 = 1600 mm2 > Areq = 1546 mm2 or the stress, = F / Aprovided = 283 x 103 / 1600 = 176.9 N/mm2 < t = 183 N/mm2 Density = 7850 kg/m3 Amount of materials (weight) = 7850 x 0.04 x 0.04 = 12.6 kg/m
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Design of a cantilever truss

Design for member under compression (Scheme I) F = 200 kN (largest compression force in members CD & ED) c = 100 N/mm2 The cross sectional area, A, of the member required is Arequired = F / c = 200 x 103 / 100 = 2000 mm2 Use 45 x 45 mm solid bar Aprovided = 45 x 45 = 2025 mm2 > Areq = 2000 mm2 or the stress, = F / Aprovided = 200 x 103 / 2025 = 98.8 N/mm2 < c = 100 N/mm2 Density = 7850 kg/m3 Amount of materials (weight) = 7850 x 0.045 x 0.045 = 15.9 kg/m
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Design of a cantilever truss

Design for member under tension (Scheme II) F = 283 kN (largest tension force in member CE) t = 183 N/mm2 The cross sectional area, A, of the member required is Arequired = F / t = 283 x 103 / 183 = 1546 mm2 Use 76 x 76 x 12.7 kg/m Joist Aprovided = 16.2 cm2 = 1620 mm2 > Areq = 1546 mm2 or the stress, = F / Aprovided = 283 x 103 / 1620 = 174.7 N/mm2 < t = 183 N/mm2 Only design for the member with the largest force, or the critical member. Use the same section for other members (so simple and always safe).

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Design of a cantilever truss

Design for member under compression (Scheme II) F = 200 kN (largest compression force in members CD & ED) c = 100 N/mm2 The cross sectional area, A, of the member required is Arequired = F / c = 200 x 103 / 100 = 2000 mm2 Use 89 x 89 x 19.4 kg/m Joist Aprovided = 24.9 cm2 = 2490 mm2 > Areq = 2000 mm2 or the stress, = F / Aprovided = 200 x 103 / 2490 = 80.3 N/mm2 < c = 100 N/mm2 Only design for the member with the largest force, or the critical member. Use the same section for other members (so simple and always safe).

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Design of a cantilever truss

Design for member under tension (Scheme III) F = 283 kN (largest tension force in member CE) t = 183 N/mm2 The cross sectional area, A, of the member required is Arequired = F / t = 283 x 103 / 183 = 1546 mm2 Use 90 x 90 x 5 SHS, 13.3 kg/m = 1690 mm2 > Areq = 1546 mm2 Aprovided or the stress, = F / Aprovided = 283 x 103 / 1690 = 167.5 N/mm2 < t = 183 N/mm2

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Design of a cantilever truss

Design for member under compression (Scheme III) F = 200 kN (largest tension force in member CE) c = 183 N/mm2 (= t = y / 1.5) No reduction for buckling is necessary. The cross sectional area, A, of the member required is Arequired = F / c = 200 x 103 / 183 = 1093 mm2 Use 90 x 90 x 3.6 SHS, 9.3 kg/m Aprovided = 1240 mm2 > Areq = 1093 mm2 or the stress, = F / Aprovided = 200 x 103 / 1240 = 161.3 N/mm2 < c = 183 N/mm2

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Design of a cantilever truss

One section sizes only
Section designation Scheme Dimensions 45 x 45 Solid bar 89 x 89 x 19.4 Joist 90 x 90 x 5.0 SHS Unit weight (kg/m) 15.9 Member length (m) *Total weight (kg) **Unit cost ($/kg) Total cost ($)

18.4

293

30

8790

II

19.4

18.4

357

15

5355

III

13.3

18.4

245

18

4410

* **

Minimum amount of materials (weight/tonnage) does NOT always means most economical design. The unit cost also includes cost of fabrication / welding / erection.

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Design of a cantilever truss

Two section sizes
Section designation Scheme Dimensions T C T C T C 40 x 40 Solid bar 45 x 45 Solid bar 76 x 76 x 12.7 Joist 89 x 89 x 19.4 Joist 90 x 90 x 5.0 SHS 90 x 90 x 3.6 SHS Unit weight (kg/m) 12.6 15.9 12.7 19.4 13.3 9.3 Member length (m) 7.6 10.8 7.6 10.8 7.6 10.8 *Weight (kg) 96 172 97 210 102 101 Total weight (kg) **Unit cost ($/kg) Total cost ($)

268

30

8040

II

307

15

4605

III * **

203

18

3654

Minimum amount of materials (weight/tonnage) does NOT always means most economical design. The unit cost also includes cost of fabrication / welding / erection.

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Design of a cantilever truss

Scheme I II III One section size 8790 (2.0) 5355 (1.2) 4410 (1.0) Two section size 8040 (2.2) 4605 (1.3) 3654 (1.0) Ratio One : Two 1.09 : 1.0 1.16 : 1.0 1.21 : 1.0

Scheme III is always preferred based on the above assumption and data according to design strength unit cost (material / fabrication / welding / erection) availability of materials Although there is saving of about 20% in using two section sizes, only one section size may be used in practice due to small quantity. The normal unit of purchase is one ton.

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Structural design
As demonstrated in the above example Design of a truss, the following data are very important: section properties of members, such as cross-sectional area design strength of materials under different types of internal forces - t tension - c compression (buckling ?) shear - s - b bending - tor torsion partial safety factor for materials under different types of internal forces unit cost of material / fabrication / welding / erection / time

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Allowable stress design

Working stress design, or permissible stress design Linear elastic design, i.e. all members of a structure operate within the linear elastic range of the stress-strain curve of the steel material. Moreover, the structural response of all the members operate within the linear elastic range of the load-deformation curves of the structure. Data Loading, F obtained from loading allowance Strength of material, fy obtained from tests or codes Safety factor, = 1.5 ~ 2.0 f
y

Design strength ft = Section properties of the members, A Linear elastic range LOAD Applied stress F/A RESISTANCE Design strength ft = fy/
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Limit state design

Ultimate limit state

Partial safety factors to allow for extreme situations

- f on loading
Loads Dead load (D) Imposed load (L) Wind load (W) D+L+W Dead load restraining uplift and overturning

G for permanent actions Q for variable actions

U.K. 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 H.K. 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 Europe 1.3 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.0

- M on materials/resistance
Steel M = 1.0 or 1.05 (tension) = 1.1 (local buckling) = 1.2 (connection) M = 1.5 (compression)
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Concrete

Partial safety factors for extreme situations

Limit state design

Ultimate limit state Data Load Partial safety factor, f Factored design load Strength of material Partial safety factor, M Section properties, A LOAD Full range Internal forces due to applied load

=F = 1.0 ~ 1.6 = f x F (increased) = fy from tests or codes (y or max) = 1.0 ~ 1.5 RESISTANCE Section capacity Member resistance ftA = fyA / M

f F

ULS - strength (yielding, buckling, rupture) - stability against overturning & sway - fracture due to fatigue - brittle fracture

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Limit state design

Serviceability limit state

Long term behaviour (not extreme situation) tends to happen during the life time of the structure.
deflection / deformation (most common) vibration, fatigue, corrosion & durability

From deflection, the design criterion is

Expected deflection < Limits of deflection Compared to load/resistance calculation, the deflection is always very approximate. It is the order of magnitude other than the exact value more meaningful. Typical deflection limits
deflection due to unfactored imposed load beams carrying plaster or other brittle finish all other beams

Span 180 Span 360 Span 200

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Allowable stress design vs Limit state design

Allowable stress design Stress
Axial force

Limit state design Cross-section capacity F P = p yA Fv P = pvAv M Mc = py S or 1.2 py Z

pc =

F py A

Shear force

S[ A y ] pv It

Bending moment

pb =

M py z

Interaction

P M + py A z

F M + 1 P Mc

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Allowable stress design vs Limit state design

ASD Design on the allowable

One overall factor of safety

LSD Design on the limit

f on each loading type and load combination M on each material, failure mode and other
construction effects such as connection. Design for failure Some materials may be yielded in service. Deflection check in serviceability limit state with different set of partial safety factor (usually equal to 1.0)

All the members of a structure operate within the linear elastic range. Deflection check

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