WAR AND STRIFE

A. Fathoni Kuurniawan, MA.

Question?

Why is there war?

Assumpsions

State exist in an anarchic world and there is no international supreme authority, no centralized government empowered to manage or control the actions of individual elite, sovereign state, or even international organizations. State prepares to protect it self, within building a strong industrial base, constructing armaments, mobilizing a military. Hence increasing military capacity of state make insecurity on the part of others. It is called Security Dilemma

Question

How can Insecurity managed in the world?

LIBERAL APPROACH
1.

The Collective Security Ideal

Concept that aggression against a state should be defeated collectively because aggression against one state is aggression against all.

Basic Assumptions : 1. wars are prevented by restraint of military action 2. Aggressor must be stopped 3. The Aggressor is always wrong 4. Aggressor know the international community will act against

Collective Security does not always work, because :

1.

A lack of commitment on the part of other states and an unwillingness of the international community to act in concert Fundamental differences in both state interests and ideology Problematic nature of its assumptions :

2.

3.

Can the aggressor always be easily identified? Is the aggressor always morally wrong?

1.

Arm Control and Disarmament

The logic : fewer weapon means greater security

Arm Control : Agreements among states to restrict the research, manufacture, or deployment of weapon system and certain types of troops Disarmament : The policy of eliminating a states offensives weaponry, may occur far all classes of weapons or for specified weapons only.

Arm Control Agreements :

1.

In 1972, US and SU agreed not to use ballistic missile defense as a shield against a first strike by the other on Anti Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty. In 1972 and 1974 US and SU agreed to restraint the growth of their strategic weapon with Strategic Arms Limitation Talk (SALT) I and SALT II. But due to the SU invasion of Afganistan in 1979, the SALT II was never ratified by the US senate. In 1968, NPT was negotiated at the UN

2.

3.

REALIST APPROACH
1.

Balance of Power
an International system in which states enjoy relatively equal power and keep it that way so no one state is able to dominate the international system.

Balancing the Power by : 1. Externally, make ALLIANCES Exp.NATO and Warsaw Pact. 2. Internally, by increasing their Own military and economic capabilities to counter potential threatening enemies

The Advantage of Balance of Power as technique for managing insecurity:

Compatible with the nature of man and that of the state, which is to act to protect self-interest by maintaining ones power position relative to other.

Limitation of Balance of Power :

its inability to manage security during periods of fundamental change.

2.

Deterrence
the policy of maintaining a large military force and arsenal to discourage any potential aggressor from taking actions, states commit themselves to punish on aggressor state.

Basic assumptions :
1. 2. 3.

Decision maker are rational

The threat of destruction from warfare is large Alternatives to war are available

Limitation of Deterrence :
1. 2.

Not all top decision maker are rational

The cost of war for nuclear-weapon state against non nuclear-weapon may not be unacceptable.

LIBERAL AND REALIST APPROACH

1.

Peacekeeping
First-Genaration Peacekeeping : Multilateral institution such UN seek to contain conflict between two states through third-party military forces to prevent the escalation of conflicts and to keep the warring parties apart until the dispute can be settled. Second-Genaration Peacekeeping : Respond to civil war and domestic unrest, much of it stemming from the rise of ethnonationalism by taken on a range both militery and nonmilitary functions.