Homework Helper

5th Grade
For use with Grade 5

Scott P Hicks

Solitude Solace Productions

ISBN 978-1-929179-55-8

No part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or part, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without written permission of the author. Copyright 2009 By Scott P Hicks All rights reserved. Book and cover design by Scott P Hicks Growing with Mathematics is a trademark of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2004 Printed in the U.S.A. ISBN: 978-1-929179-55-8

Table of Contents
TOPIC 1 TOPIC 2 TOPIC 3 TOPIC 4 TOPIC 5 TOPIC 6 TOPIC 7 TOPIC 8 TOPIC 9 TOPIC 10 TOPIC 11 TOPIC 12 TOPIC 13 TOPIC 14 TOPIC 15 TOPIC 16 TOPIC 17 TOPIC 18 MATHEMATICS IN OUR WORLD PROPERTIES OF POLYGONS AND CIRCLES USING DIVISION INVESTIGATING LENGTH AND PERIMETER ADDING AND SUBTRACTING COMMON FRACTIONS ANALYZING EVERYDAY DATA WORKING WITH LARGE NUMBERS USING MULTIPLICATION THINKING VISUALLY WORKING WITH TIME ADDING AND SUBTRACTING DECIMAL FRACTIONS RELATING VOLUME, CAPACITY, AND WEIGHT EXPLORING MULTIPLICATION AF FRACTIONS USING DIVISION TO FIND RATES RELATING CIRCUMFERENCE AND DIAMETER WORKING WITH FRACTIONS WORKING WITH AREA PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS 3 6 11 13 15 21 22 24 26 30 32 37 39 43 45 48 53 56

TOPIC 19-20 ALGEBRAIN THINKING / POLYGONS & POLYHEDRA 58 TOPIC 21 TOPIC 22 TOPIC 23-24 MONEY AND TIME WORKING WITH DIVISION 60 63

EXPLORING PERCENT / APPLYING MATH WE KNOW 67 68

MUST KNOW VOCABULARY

Topic 1
Whole Numbers: Whole numbers are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and so on. They are numbers without fractions or decimals.

Common Fractions and Decimal Fractions are NOT Whole Numbers.

Thousands

Hundreds

Tens

Ones

9,256

Time
Hours : Minutes : Seconds

6:32:20
1 Hour = 60 Minutes 1 Minute = 60 Seconds
Remember! When you add or subtract time you MUST carry or borrow at 60!
(Fractions of an hour) hour = 30 minutes hour = 15 minutes

Topic 2
Shapes

Surface (or Face)

Vertex

Edge

How to use a ruler

8 centimeters

First step: Line up the end of the line on the zero.

Second step: Round to the nearest unit of measurement

Parts of a circle
Diameter

Radius

Circumference

How to use a protractor

79

Step one: Put the vertex of the angle in the center of the hole at the bottom of the protractor

Step two: Start at the zero where the line crosses. (In this
example the line is going to the side where the zero is the on the outside of the protractor)

Step three: Read the number where the other line crosses. (Remember in step two of this example we
found that we are using the outside numbers.)

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Flipping a shape:

Turning (rotating) a shape:

What is a 90 turn?
90 turns change horizontal lines to vertical lines.

90

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Topic 3
Dividing

Remember: Showing your work helps you in math.

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124 3)372 3 07 6 12 12 0
Dividing by two digit numbers is exactly the same process as with one digit numbers

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Topic 4

1 kilometer = 1000 meters 1 meter = 100 centimeters 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters PREFIXES KILO = THOUSAND CENT = HUNDRED DEC = TEN

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Perimeter
To find the perimeter, simply add all the sides of a shape.

C A + B + C + D = Perimeter

C A + B + C = Perimeter

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Topic 5

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When adding fractions with common denominators, simply add the numerators.

2 5

1 5

3 5

The denominator does not change.

When adding fractions with uncommon or different denominators, you must find a common denominator first.

2 5
10 15 20 25 30

1 3
6 9 12 15 18

=
First: Find a common multiple of the denominators.

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2= 6 5 15
3 3

This number is your new denominator for both fractions.

1= 5 3 15
5 5

What ever you do to the denominator of a fraction you must do the same to the numerator!

Now add the new fractions

6 15

5 15

11 15

Subtracting fractions has the same procedure as adding them.

Parts of a fraction

1 3

Numerator Fraction Bar Denominator

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What is a fraction?
It is a piece of a whole

What is the fraction of blue?

There are 5 blue pieces There are 8 total pieces

5 8

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There are 20 stars. 12 of the stars are circled. That fraction is 12 20 We also see that 3 out of 5 columns are circled. We can use this to show the simplified fraction of 3 5

Finding Equivalent Fractions

Remember: To find equivalent fractions whatever you do to the denominator you must do to the numerator

1 2 2 = 2 2 4

2 2

2 4 = 8 8 2 16

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How do I find equivalent fractions with the same denominators? 1 = ? ? 2 1 = ? 3 ?

2 4 6 8 3 6 9 12
First: Find a common multiple of the denominators. (That is the new denominator for both fractions.) Our first step is to find a common denominator.

1 3 3 = 2 3 6 1 2 2 = 3 2 6

What did we do to the denominators? REMEMBER! What ever you do to the denominator of a fraction you must do the same to the numerator!

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Topic 6
Finding the Mean is the same thing as finding the Average. To find the mean or average you add all of the numbers, then you divide by the number of numbers.

2+5+6+6+8+9 = 36
There are 6 numbers

36 6

How do I find a Median?

The middle number of a set of numbers is called the median.

5, 12, 35, 110, 115

Finding equivalent fractions 1 3 = 3 3 3 9

To find the equivalent fraction we need to find out what happened to the denominator.

REMEMBER! Whatever you do to the denominator you must do to the numerator

In this example 3 is multiplied by 3 to get nine.

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Topic 7
Look for a pattern: 258,632,123 Hundreds, Tens, Ones, Hundreds, Tens, Ones, Hundreds, Tens, Ones No matter how big the number is, it ALWAYS follows the same pattern (ones, tens, hundreds)

5 2 6

Five hundred twenty six thousand, eight hundred ninety one

Spelling
One (1) Two (2) Three (3) Four (4) Five (5) Six (6) Seven (7) Eight (8) Nine (9) Ten (10) Eleven (11) Twelve (12) Thirteen (13) Fourteen (14) Fifteen (15) Sixteen (16) Seventeen (17) Eighteen (18) Nineteen (19) Twenty (20) Thirty (30) Forty (40) Fifty (50) Sixty (60) Seventy (70) Eighty (80) Ninety (90) Hundred (100)

Thousand (1,000) Million (1,000,000) Billion (1,000,000,000) Trillion (1,000,000,000,000)

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One hundred twenty five THOUSAND six hundred thirty eight Whenever you come to a comma you must put words showing the value of the numbers before the comma. (Million, Thousand etc)

Million = 250,000 Million = 500,000 Million = 750,000

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Topic 8
Order of Operations
Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sallie Parenthases Exponants Multiplication Division Addition Subtraction

Multiplying Double Digit Numbers

43 x25 215 + 86 1075

NOTICE When you multiply with the tens you MUST line them up under the tens.

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Multiplying with a Decimal

This is done the EXACT same way with one extra step at the end.

43 x0.25 215 + 86 10.75

Extra step: Count the number of digits AFTER any decimal in the problem

Put the decimal so that the same number of digits are after the decimal in the answer.

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Topic 9
Birds-Eye View means looking at something like you were a bird flying over it. What would it look like from the top?

The box in the back is higher than the rest of the boxes. This means that it must be sitting on another box.

Even with the box sitting on top of another box it still would look the same from a birds-eye view.

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FLIP
Flipping something just means turning it over (like flipping a card)

Slide
Sliding something just means moving it over (like pushing a toy)

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Vertical means up and down

Horizontal means side by side

Line of Symmetry

The line of symmetry is the line in an object or shape where it can be folded in half and both sides

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<
A line of symmetry can be in any direction on a shape

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Topic 10
When working with time you need to know if you are working with seconds, minutes, or hours. To change from seconds to minutes you must remember that there are 60 seconds in every minute. There are also 60 minutes in every hour.

Hours : Minutes : Seconds

6:32:20
1 Hour = 60 Minutes 1 Minute = 60 Seconds
Remember! When you add or subtract time you MUST carry or borrow at 60!

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30 minutes + 30 minutes = 60 minutes

&
30 minutes + 30 minutes = 1 hour Both of these problems have different answers, yet both answers are correct. Remember, 60 min = 1 hr 1:15 +2:30 3:45

The answer is found the same way as adding normal numbers.

Line up the colons when adding or subtracting time.

1:15 +2:50 3:65 4:05

Whenever you have 60 minutes, carry an hour. Remember 60 min = 1 hr The same happens when you have 60 seconds carry one minute

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Topic 11
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

In the grid there are 100 squares. When finding a fraction find out how many squares need to be shaded.

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of 100 = 25 You find this by multiplying (of is a keyword for multiply)

When multiplying a fraction with a whole number, simply put a one under the whole number and multiply it as a fraction.
numerators times numerators & denominators times denominators

Remember: Every fraction is a division problem Shade in this many squares

100 4 = 25

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When using decimals just remember the place values

0.12
Tenths Hundredths

We are looking for how many squares out of one hundred or how many hundredths. The answer must include the numbers before the hundredths. in this example we shade in 12 squares Note: if there is only a number in the tenths place and not in the hundredths, then the hundredths place has a zero, its just hidden.

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To convert a decimal to a fraction:

Tenths Hundredths

Write the number in the numerator without any decimals Write the number of the last place value

0.23 23 100
HUNDREDths

When putting decimals in order from biggest to smallest or from smallest to biggest imagine the number without the decimal. .23 .5 .69 1.2 1.35

For this to work, make sure there are the same number of digits in each number. If there are any digits missing, just add a 0.

023

050

069

120

135

Now they should be easy to put in order!

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When adding decimals it is very important to remember to line up the decimals when writing the math problem.

32.56 +4.2 36.76

It is the same with subtracting

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Topic 12
Volume is the amount of space inside a shape. (In other words, it is how much water it would take to fill a shape)

5 2 6 3 7 4 8 The first step is to find the area of the base.

4X2=8
Length X width = area of base
The next step is to multiply the area of the base times the height

8x3=24

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Grams (g) to Kilograms (kg)

Grams (g)
1000 x1000

Kilograms (kg)

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Topic 13
WHEN MULTIPLYING A FRACTION WITH A WHOLE NUMBER YOU MUST FIRST CHANGE THE WHOLE NUMBER INTO A FRACTION.

1 6 2
Draw a line under the 6 and write a 1 Now just multiply straight across the numerators and denominators.

6 1=6 1 2 2

EVERY FRACTION IS A DIVISION PROBLEM

62=3

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Fractions of a rectangle

1 2

1 3

1 4

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1 5

1 6

Cross-hatched simply means drawing lines instead of shading.

1 3

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Multiplying with a Decimal

This is done the EXACT same way as normal multiplication with one extra step at the end.

50 x 3 150 50 x 0.03 150 + 00 1.50

Extra step: Count the number of digits AFTER any decimal in the problem

Put the decimal so that the same number of digits are after the decimal in the answer.

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Topic 14
Estimating means using the information given to help you guess or get close to the answer.

Divisor

124 3)372 100 3)300

By doing this we know that the answer is just over 100.

Quotient

Dividend

To estimate the answer above simply round the dividend (372) to the nearest number that can evenly be divided by the divisor (3).

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A ratio compares two numbers. It can be written 3 different ways

4 to 1

4:1

4 1

4:1
In this example the first number is 4 times as big as the second number. We know this because 1 X 4 = 4 What ever you have to do to the number (times it by what? or divide it by what?) tells you many times bigger or smaller a number is.

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Topic 15

Triangle 3 sides

Square 4 sides

Pentagon 5 sides

Hexagon 6 sides

Octagon 8 sides

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Perimeter
To find the perimeter, simply add all the sides of a shape

C A + B + C + D = Perimeter

C A + B + C = Perimeter

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The circumference of a circle is the distance around it.

(like a belt around your waist or a string wrapped around the circle)

Diameter Radius

To find the circumference of a circle multiply the diameter times

= 3.14
Pi

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Topic 16
When finding a fraction of a fraction you must look for a key word telling you which math operation needs to be done. (like +, , , or ) Find:
of is a keyword for multiply

=
When multiplying fractions remember:
numerators times numerators & denominators times denominators

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WHEN MULTIPLYING A FRACTION WITH A WHOLE NUMBER YOU MUST FIRST CHANGE THE WHOLE NUMBER INTO A FRACTION.

1 6 2
Draw a line under the 6 and write a 1 Now just multiply straight across the numerators and denominators.

6 1=6 1 2 2

EVERY FRACTION IS A DIVISION PROBLEM

62=3

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When adding or subtracting fractions you must find equivalent fractions with the same denominators.

???HUH???
How do I find equivalent fractions with the same denominators?

1 = ? ? 2 1 = ? ? 3
2 4 6 8 3 6 9 12

Our first step is to find a common denominator.

First: Find a common multiple of the denominators. (That is the new denominator for both fractions.)

1 3 3 = 2 3 6 1 2 2 = 3 2 6

What did we do to the denominators? REMEMBER! What ever you do to the denominator of a fraction you must do the same to the numerator!

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Once you have found fractions with common denominators just add the numerators. Dont add the denominators They stay the same.

1 + 2

1 3

Is the same thing as

3 2 5 + = 6 6 6 Finding Equivalent Fractions

Remember: To find equivalent fractions whatever you do to the denominator you must do to the numerator

2 2 4 = 3 2 6

2 3 6 = 3 3 9

2 4 8 = 3 4 16

Find the pattern. It can be in the denominator or in what the denominator is multiplied by.
To find equivalent fractions, you must multiply the demoninators and numerators by the same number. You cannot add or subtract.

52

Multiplying with a Decimal

This is done the EXACT same way as normal multiplication with one extra step at the end.

50 x 3 150 50 x 0.03 150 + 00 1.50

Extra step: Count the number of digits AFTER any decimal in the problem

Put the decimal so that the same number of digits are after the decimal in the answer.

53

Topic 17
When you estimate, you round the number up or down to help you use mental math (or to allow you to do it in your head) to find an answer close to the answer.

18 17
Round the numbers in the problem up or down to make it esier.

18 is about 20, and 17 is about 20

20 20 = 400
We rounded both numbers up, so we know the real answer is going to be under 400. This means that our estimate is over the actual answer.

8 yd 5 yd 10 yd 10 yd 8 yd = 80 yd2

When finding the area of a strange shape, Just divide the shape into pieces that you can work with. 15 yd 15 yd 5 yd = 75 yd2 23 yd 5 yd

Then add the different areas together: 80 yd2 + 75 yd2 = 155 yd2

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It works exactly the same when you have to cut-out or subtract a part

Find the area of each and subtract the area of the cut-out Area of blue rectangle area of white rectangle = area of just the blue part

Height

To find the area of a parallelogram, use the same formula that you use to find the area of a square. base height = area

Base

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Area of a triangle of base height = area or base height 2 = area or base of height = area

Height

Base

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Topic 18
A stem-and-leaf plot is a quick way of organizing numbers.

12, 15, 11, 26, 32, 15, 26, 14, 32, 30

The first step to making a stem-and-leaf plot is to put the numbers in order from the smallest to the biggest.

11, 12, 14, 15, 15, 26, 26, 30, 32, 32

The Stem is the tens

stem-and-leaf plot Stem Leaf

The Leaf is the ones

1 12455 2 66 3 022

30, 32, 32
Only write the tens number once on the stem column.

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If 50 of 100 people like pizza, how much of the chart would you fill in? When comparing one fraction to another: First find the two fractions

50 100

10

=
10

? 10

What do you have to do to get from 100 to 10? Whatever you do to the bottom You MUST do to the top

50 10 = 5

Shade in 5 pieces of the circle.

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Topic 19
Y-axis (number) X-axis (number)

When finding X,Y coordinates, remember that the order of the numbers is very important

X comes before Y in the alphabet, therefore the x number is 1st and the y number is 2nd

(4,2)
When doubling the size, just double both numbers and draw the line on the graph A palindrome is a number or word that is the same forwards and backwards 3773 3773

You can write it either way and it is the same number

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8 yd 5 yd 10 yd 10 yd 8 yd = 80 yd2

When finding the area of a strange shape, Just divide the shape into pieces that you can work with. 15 yd 15 yd 5 yd = 75 yd2 23 yd 5 yd

Then add the different areas together: 80 yd2 + 75 yd2 = 155 yd2

remember that you might have a triangle on the side of a rectangle

Find the area by separating the shapes, finding the area of each shape, then adding the areas together

(Page 262)

Outside Square Inside Square

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Topic 21
The median of an even group of numbers is the mean or average of the two middle numbers To find the cost per ounce, divide the total number of ounces, by the price. Insurance is added to the shipping price to protect what is being shipped. If the post office looses or damages your package then they pay you the insurance amount that you purchased.

When working with time you need to know if you are working with seconds, minutes, or hours. To change from seconds to minutes you must remember that there are 60 seconds in every minute. There are also 60 minutes in every hour.

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Hours : Minutes : Seconds

6:32:20
1 Hour = 60 Minutes 1 Minute = 60 Seconds
Remember! When you add or subtract time you MUST carry or borrow at 60!
30 minutes + 30 minutes = 60 minutes

&
30 minutes + 30 minutes = 1 hour Both of these problems have different answers, yet both answers are correct. Remember, 60 min = 1 hr 1:15 +2:30 3:45

The answer is found the same way as adding normal numbers.

Line up the colons when adding or subtracting time.

62

1:15 +2:50 3:65

4:05
Whenever you have 60 minutes, carry an hour. Remember 60 min = 1 hr The same happens when you have 60 seconds carry one minute

63

Topic 22
When you estimate, you round the number up or down to help you use mental math (or to allow you to do it in your head) to find an answer close to the answer.

18 17
Round the numbers in the problem up or down to make it esier.

18 is about 20, and 17 is about 20

20 20 = 400
We rounded both numbers up, so we know the real answer is going to be under 400. This means that our estimate is over the actual answer.

Dividing

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The only difference between dividing with a decimal and without a decimal is one easy step.
Move the decimal straight up to the answer. THATS IT, ITS THAT EASY!

1.24 3)3.72 3 07 6 12 12 0
Dividing by two digit numbers is exactly the same process as with one digit numbers

65

of 100 = 25 You find this by multiplying (of is a keyword for multiply)

When multiplying a fraction with a whole number, simply put a one under the whole number and multiply it as a fraction.
numerators times numerators & denominators times denominators

Remember: Every fraction is a division problem THIS IS THE ANSWER

100 4 = 25

66

TO FIND THE PERCENT OF A FRACTION, JUST DIVIDE THE NUMERATOR BY THE DENOMINATOR

25 100

25 100 = .25
Remove the decimal point, and this is the percent.

25%

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Topic 23-24
A percent means a number out of one hundred. Just put the number in the percent in the numerator and 100 in the denominator

34% 34 100
A percent is also a decimal with two numbers.

.34
The word Of means multiply

34% of 67 = .34 67 & 3% of 50 = .03 50

Remember that a percent is a decimal with TWO numbers after the decimal point. If there is only one number in the percent, then put a 0 in front of the number (after the decimal)

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Must Know Vocabulary

Acute Angle An angle measuring less than 90 A cute little angle!

Addend A number that is to be added to another number.

Addends

Angle When two rays or lines come together.

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Average A number that is typical for a set of numbers. To find the average you add all of the numbers, then you divide by the number of numbers.

2+5+6+6+8+9 = 36
There are 6 numbers

36 6

Chart A form used to record information. Student A B C Homework Score 85% 90% 95% Test Score 90% 90% 100%

Circumference The distance around a circle.

Circumference

Common Factor a factor that is the same in 2 or more numbers.

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Congruent When two shapes are the same shape and the same size (it can be turned or flipped).

Convert Changing a number into another equal number.

= 1,000 Degree A unit used to measure angles.

or

12 inches = 1 foot

90

Diameter The width of a circle.

Diameter

Difference The amount that a number is bigger or smaller than another number. This is found by subtracting the smaller number from the bigger number.

Difference

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Dimension The measurements of width and the height of a shape

Estimate To use the information that you have to make a guess.

26 + 51 = ?
(26 is about 25, and 51 is about 50) 25 + 50 = 75
Factor A whole number that can divide into a number exactly.

6 2 = 3 (2 is a factor of 6)
Intersect Where 2 lines come together.

Kilometer 1,000 meters. Mean This is the same as average. Median The middle number of a set of numbers. 5, 12, 35, 110, 115 Number Sentence A math problem using numbers.

20 + 2 = 22

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Obtuse Angle An angle that measures more than 90

Place Value The value of a number

652 (the 5 is in the tens place) (the 5 represents 50)

Product The answer in a multiplication problem.

4 8 = 32
5, 12, 35, 110, 115

Product 115 5 = 110

Range The difference between the smallest number and the biggest number

Radius The distance from the center of a circle to the outside.

Radius

Right Angle An angle that measures exactly 90

90

Similar Two shapes that are the same shape but different sizes.

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