Khulna University of Engineering and Technology Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering ECE 4203 Optical Fiber Communications

Lecture 4-6

Basic Optics:
Phase Velocity and Group Velocity State of Polarization Reflection at a Plane Interface

Phase Gain in Total Internal Reflection Evanescent Field in TIR Goos-Haenchen Shift

Lecture 4-6 3.1 Basic Optics

Electromagnetic Wave Theory

3.1.1 Phase velocity and Group velocity Delivered in the class lecture Ref:

3.1.2 State of Polarization (SOP) Linearly polarized plane waves (or plane polarized waves)

= 2f : angular optical frequency (f is the optical frequency) 0: permeability in the medium (same in vacuum) (4 10-7 SI units) k = nk0 : propagation constant or phase constant n = r1/2 : refractive index ( r is the relative permittivity) k0 = 2/ : free-space wavenumber ( is the free-space wavelength)

The wave propagates in the medium at a speed given by v = /k = c/n c = f = /k0 : speed of light in vacuum

The Poynting vector S(z,t) gives the electromagnetic energy crossing a unit area per unit time:

The oscillations are so rapid that any detector can record only a time average:

The time averaged quantity S is the intensity of the electromagnetic wave the average energy crossing a unit area particular to the direction of propagation per unit time.

Discussion Compare the light intensities of a 1-mW laser beam with a cross-sectional area of 3 mm2 and a 100-W light bulk at a distance of 10 m. What is the resulting intensity of the laser beam when it is focused to a spot of 10 m in diameter? Calculate the corresponding electric fields.

Assignment Problem 1, 2, 4 Ajay K. Ghatak

3.2 Geometric optics and electromagnetic wave theory

An optical system generally accepts only a segment of the wavefront of an incident EM wave and there will always be an apparent deviation from rectilinear propagation even in homogeneous media the wave will be diffracted. However, as the wavelength of the radiant energy decreases in comparison the physical dimensions of the optical system, the effects of diffraction become less significant. In the conceptual limit as 0 0, rectilinear propagation obtains in homogeneous media, and we have the idealized domain of Geometrical Optics. It is inconvenient to present the wave propagation by drawing wavefronts. Ray description is a convenient scheme for visualizing the progression of light. A ray is a line drawn in space corresponding to the direction of flow of radiant energy. It is a mathematical construct and not a physical entity. Rays are perpendicular to the wavefront and represent the direction of the wave vector k.

Figure 1: (a) Select one ray to represent the beam of plane waves. The normal is a perpendicular drawn to the reflecting surface. (b) The incident ray and normal define the plane-of-incidence.

In the case of optical fiber or planar waveguide, the size of core or film is comparable to the wavelength of light (in the micron order of magnitude) so that the effects of diffraction are not negligible. It is essential to apply the electromagnetic wave theory.

3.3 Light propagation at the plane interface

3.3.1 Mathematical expression of waves We shall now examine the effects of a discontinuity in the medium of propagation. Consider an ideally thin, infinite, plane interface, which we take to be the xy-plane (z = 0), between two y lossless, homogeneous, isotropic nonz conducting and non-magnetic dielectric x media with refractive indices n1 and n2 respectively. An electromagnetic wave in medium 1 is incident on the interface and gives rise to both a reflected and a transmitted wave. We only consider the electric field intensity E of a plane wave, which is sinusoidal, monochromatic with a single frequency and plane polarized: E = E0exp[j(t-kr)]. EM waves are transverse so that E0 k. The plane wave extends throughout all time and space, and is represented by any one ray. The incident, reflective and transmitted plane waves are denoted by subscripts i, r and t used in medium 1 or 2 respectively. The direction of polarization will be presented relative to the incidence plane, which we take to be the xz-plane (y = 0) defined by the normal of the interface and the incident ray. The intersection of the interface and incident plane is the x-axis, and the incident ray intersects with the x-axis at the origin O. The direction of the interface normal towards light propagation is taken as the z-axis. ki k ( x sin i z cos i ) . The wave vector of the incident wave is Maxwell equations and boundary conditions will give the reflective and transmitted wave. The tangential components of E and H must be continuous on the two sides of the boundary (the interface) at all times and for all values of x and y. Therefore, (a) Ei, Er and Et are identical functions of time t (having the same frequency); (b) Ei, Er and Et are identical functions of x on the boundary (z = 0). It is impossible to have a new y-component in the wave vector of the reflective or transmitted wave, i.e. they also travel in the incident plane.

Based on ki n1 2 / 0 n1k0 ; kr the three waves can be expressed as (incident) (reflected)

n1k0

ki ;
i
r
t

kt

n2k0 ,

Ei = E0iexp[j{ t n1k0 ( x sin Er = E0rexp[j{ t n1k0 ( x sin

z cos i ) }]
z cos r ) }]
z cos t ) }].

(3.1)

(transmitted) Et = E0texp[j{ t n2k0 ( x sin

The boundary conditions can only be satisfied everywhere if the arguments of the exponentials for the incident, reflected, and transmitted waves are all identical on the z = 0 plane. Hence, n1 sin i n1 sin r n2 sin t . The Snells law is obtained. 3.3.2 Snells law The angles of incidence and reflection are equal and for refraction
i r
i

(3.2)
n2 sin
t

n1 sin

(3.3)

3.3.4 Fresnels formulae the angular dependence of reflection and transmission

a. Parallel polarization (Eithe incident plane)

Its magnitude is A, and the magnitude of the magnetic field H is A/Z1, where Z1 is the intrinsic impedance, Z1 = (10/10) = 0c0/n1.

Incident

H0i = (A/Z1) y Reflected E0r = A'( x cos i z sin i ) H0r = (A'/Z1) y Transmitted E0t = A"( x cos t z sin t ) H0t = (A"/Z2) y

E0i = A( x cos

z sin i )

(3.5)

At the interface (z = 0), the tangential components of E and H (Ex and Hx) are continuous at any x value:
A cos i A' cos ( A A' ) / Z1
i

A" cos A" / Z 2

(3.6)

Equations (3.6) give the reflection and transmission coefficients

rp A' A
A" A

Z 2 cos Z 2 cos

t t

Z1 cos Z1 cos

i 1

n1 cos n1 cos

t t

n2 cos n2 cos

i i

(3.7)

tp

2Z 2 cos i Z 2 cos t Z1 cos

2n1 cos i n1 cos t n2 cos

(3.8)
1

As n1 cos t n2 cos i , i.e. sin 2 i sin 2 t , there shall be no reflection (A' = 0). It / 2 , so that is satisfied if 2i and 2t are supplementary angles; that is i t the reflected and refracted rays are normal to one another. Using Snells law, we fine this occurs when

tan

n2 / n1 .

(3.9)

This angle is known as the Brewster angle B . For glass with nt = 1.5, B = 56.31; for water with nt = 1.33, B = 53.06. At i 90 (near glancing incidence), rp = 1.0, a rough surface will be mirror-like.

b. Normal polarization (Ei the incident plane) Similarly we obtain

rn A' A A" A n1 cos n1 cos
i i

n2 cos n2 cos

t t

(3.10) (3.11)

tn

2n1 cos i n1 cos i n2 cos

plane-of-incidence is no longer specified at

At nearly normal incidence, 0 , and the coefficients of i reflection and transmission are equal in both cases. (The sign difference just means that we didnt guess correctly concerning the E field in the beginning.) It is because the 0.

For simplicity, they can be written as, 2 2 n2 k z1 n1 k z 2 k z1 k z 2 rn ; rp 2 2 k z1 k z 2 n2 k z1 n1 k z 2

(3.12)

The sign difference of rp only concerns the initial guess of the E0r. 3.3.3 Total internal reflection If n1 n2 , it is internal reflection. As the incident angle is greater than the critical angle c,
c

sin 1 n2 / n1

(3.4)

light is totally internally reflected.

That is, when 1 > c, Rp = |rp|2 = 1 and Rn = |rn|2 = 1. TIR is the

basis of optical communications.

3.4 Phase gain in TIR

We now consider TIR with Eqs. (3.7) and (3.10) as n1 > n2. Using Snells law
cos
t 2 1/ 2 2

1 sin

2 t

n1 n2

sin

2 i

n1 n2

sin

n2 n1

jB

(3.13)

when i c , i.e. kz2 becomes imaginary. The negative sign is chosen for the attenuation of beam outside the medium 1. Eq. (3.7) can now be written
rp n1 cos n1 cos
t t

n2 cos n2 cos

i i

(n2 / n1 ) cos (n2 / n1 ) cos

i i

jB jB

C C

jB jB

(3.14)

It shows that rp is a complex with a magnitude of one. Thus, all of the light is reflected but with a phase gain. With cos
p

C /( B 2 C 2 ) , sin
cos cos j sin j sin
2

B /( B 2
e e
j j
p

C 2 ) , Eq.(3.14) can be rewritten as

2j

rp

p p

p p

(3.15) (3.16)

And

tan

n1 n2

sin2

(n2 / n1 ) 2 . cos i
i

The (-) sign of rp shows that our first guess is wrong. The phase change is 2p. Similarly,

rn

2j

and

tan

n2 n1

tan

(3.17)

The reflected ray leads the incident ray by 2.

3.5 Evanescent field in TIR

Under total internal reflection, the amplitude transmission coefficients tp and tn are nonzero, which suggests a finite electric field in the rarer medium (i.e., the beam does penetrate into the second medium). This field, called the evanescent field, decays exponentially away from the interface and does not produce any net energy flow into the rarer medium. Substituting Eq. (3.13) into the third of Eq. (3.1) gives the transmitted wave in the second medium

Et = E0texp[j{ t n2k0 ( x sin

= E0t e

z cos t ) }]

= E0texp[n2k0Bz+ j( t n2k0 x sin t )]

n 2 k 0 Bz

exp[j( t n2k0 x sin t )].

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The beam attenuates as z increases. Here we see only jB is a physically acceptable solution. Penetration depth = 1/(n2k0B )

Fig.4 The exponentially decaying evanescent field in cladding of the optical waveguide.

3.6 Goos-Haenchen shift

The phase change incurred with TIR of a light beam on a planar dielectric interface may be understood from physical observation. Careful examination shows that the reflected beam is shifted laterally from the trajectory predicted by simple ray theory analysis, as illustrated in Fig.5. This lateral displacement is known as the Goos-Haenchen shift. The geometric reflection appears to take place at a virtual reflecting plane which is parallel to the dielectric interface in the lower index medium. The lateral shift is very small, ~ 0.1 m and difficult to observe.

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Example 2-1 (a) For a planar dielectric with n1 = 1.50 and n2 = 1.48, find the phase changes, 2p and 2n, and the penetration depth when 0 = 1.0 m and i = 1.05c and when i = 1.10c. (b) Repeat for a dielectric-air boundary with n1 = 1.5. Assignment 1. Derive Equations (3.10) and (3.11). 2. Deduce the phase shift of Eq.(3.17).

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