Future development of the electricity systems with Distributed Generation

Angel Antonio Bayod Rjula

Prof. Titular Department of Electrical Engineering University of Zaragoza, Spain

Traditional electricity system

Large Central Generatin

Transmission Network

Bulk transport of electricity, Coordination of control Meshed network

Distribution Network

Delivery system, Passive Radial networks

Demand

Passive, uncontrollable

Some drawbacks
High level of dependence on imported fossil fuels
fossil fuels running out environmental impact of greenhouse gases and other pollutants security of supply under threat

Transmission losses Necessity for continuous upgrading and replacement of transmission and distribution facilities
Load demand is continuously growing

Distributed generation
Use of small generating units installed close to load centres Other terms:
Decentralized generation Embedded generation Disperse generation

Trend: generators sized from kW to MW at load sites

 When planning the development of the distribution network, energy efficiency/ demand-side management measures and/or distributed generation that might supplant the need to upgrade or replace electricity capacity shall be considered by the distribution system operator
Article 14/7 of the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity

DG it is not new
In the early days of electricity generation, distributed generation was the rule, not the exception. Customers in the close neighbourhood of the generation plant. DC, voltages and distances limited Balancing demand and supply was partially done using local storage, i.e. batteries, which could be directly coupled to the DC grid.

Renewed interest for DG

IEA lists five major factors developments in distributed generation technologies, constraints on the construction of new transmission lines, increased customer demand for highly reliable electricity, the electricity market liberalisation and concerns about climate change.

 Kyoto Objectives means to achieve an 8% CO2 reduction between 2008 and 2012 compared to 1990 level. Other current EU targets:
increase of the share of RES from 6% to 12% of gross energy consumption by 2010 increasing the share of electricity from RES to 21% of gross electricity consumption by 2010 (from 14% in 2003);

Different studies:
By 2010, DGs will take nearly 25%-30% of the new future electric generation, PV industries and companies expect about one million rooftops equipped by PV modules Very big rise of wind farms capacities, etc

Applications
Stand alone, (Rural and remote applications) Standby
to supply power for sensitive loads during grid outages

Peak load shaving

supply loads at peak periods (high electricity cost)

Combined heat and power (CHP) Utility-owned DGs

support the grid, voltage profile, reduce power losses, improve PQ

Connected to the grid to sell kWh

Technologies
Reciprocating Engines Gas Turbines Micro turbines Fuel Cells Photovoltaic Systems Wind Energy Biomass Hydro electric resources

Benefits of DG
RES: Reduce fossil fuel consumption (emissions) Efficiency
CHP Reduction of T & D electrical losses

Deferral investments in T & D systems (enhance network capacity) Network support and ancillary services (?) Continuity, Reliability and Security of supply Improve competitiveness and Market opportunities Flexibility and locality (resources, business, employment, no new T&D lines)

Technical problems
Electricity grids are complex, integrated systems: interaction between generators, grid and load. Inversion of energy flow
Protection Operation

Voltage control Initial network investments Reliability (?) Additional stand-by and reserve needed

1.5 1 0.5 0 -0.5 -1 -1.5

spinning-

Technical problems (II)

Impact on Power Quality

Management of reactive power

The Future
Large Central Generatin

Transmission Network

Coordination of control Meshed network

Distributed Generation

Distribution Network

Active distribution networks Coordination of control Meshed networks

Demand

Responsive Demand

Active Distribution Networks

Coordination of control Connectivity
Increase Interconnection Decide best operation IN REAL TIME More sensors and actuators Ancillary services (stability, voltage support)

Microgrids
Low voltage networks with DG sources, together with local storage devices and controllable loads They connect multiple customers to multiple distributed sources of generation and storage Although they operate mostly connected to the distribution network, they can be automatically transferred to islanded mode. They can be operated as a single aggregated load or generator. Given attractive remuneration, it can support the network, providing ancillary services

Microgrids

Slide from CEU Microgrids project

Virtual Utilities
New model of energy infrastructure which consists on integrate different kind of distributed generation utilities in an energy (electricity and heat) generation network controlled by a central energy management system (EMS).

Centralized control with the EMS and different clusters of distributed generation utilities and heat storage tanks. Each of these clusters is controlled by a local management station (LMS). Every LMS has information about the requirements (heat, cold and electricity) of the users connected to its cluster and the state of the utilities and water level of the storage tanks in its cluster. The EMS receives the information from the LMSs and sets the electricity input or output of every cluster in the network. With the information ordered by the EMS, the LMS set the run or stand-by of the utilities of its cluster. The EMS can give priority to renewable energy sources instead of the use of fossil fuels. The electricity production in the network is subordinated to the heat necessity of every user. The thermal energy is consumed on site; the electricity is generated and distributed in the entire network.

Virtual Utility

New network technologies

Advanced Power Electronics
FACTS ASD and other high efficiency systems

Demand-side Management and Demandresponse techniques Stationary energy storage Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Conclusions

 Within the Energy Theme, the Commission proposal for the Seventh Framework Programme (COM(2005) 119 final) confirms power networks and distributed generation as a priority for future research activities requiring a European approach. The objective of the research area, referred to as Smart Energy Networks is to increase the efficiency, safety and reliability of the European electricity (and gas) system and networks, e.g. by transforming the current electricity grids into an interactive (customers/operators) service network, and to remove the technical obstacles to the large scale deployment and effective integration of distributed and renewable energy sources.

 Thank you

 Smaller amounts of energy produced by numerous, small, modular energy conversion units Often located close to the point of end use. These units can be stand-alone or integrated into the electricity grid.

Fuente EurobservER Eurobarometer 2004

Technologies (I)
Reciprocating Engines

Main choice for emergency or standby power supplies, and generation < 1 MW.

Gas Turbines
Small industrial gas turbines of 1- 20 MW are commonly used in CHP. Particularly useful when higher temperature steam is required

Micro turbines
Individual units range from 30-200 kW Extremely high rotational speed ( up to 120 000 rpm)

Technologies (II)
Fuel Cell
Compact, quiet Use hydrogen and oxygen to make electricity. No combustion, noxious emissions are low.

Photovoltaic Systems
Capital-intensive, Generate no heat and are inherently small-scale. Best suited to household or small commercial applications,

Wind
Rapidly growing in importance. About 4.2 GW of capacity was installed during the year 2000.

Biomass Hydro electric resources

Emissions
Fuel Cells Electric Efficiency (LHV) Typical Capacity (kW) NO x (lb/MWh) SO 2 (lb/MWh) PM-10 (lb/MWh) CO 2 (lb/MWh) Gas-Fired Diesel Micro Small Gas Photo- Wind Engine Eng. SCR Turbine Turbine voltaics Turbine

40-70%

25-45%

30-50% 20-30%

25-40% 15-30% 20-46%

20 0.03 0.006 0.00 1078

1000 0.50 0.007 0.03 1376

1000 4.70 0.454 0.78 1432

25 0.44 0.008 0.09 1596

4600 1.15 0.008 0.08 1494

5000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0

1500 0.00 0.000 0.00 0

Key: NO x = Nitrogen oxides SO 2 = Sulfur dioxide

PM = Particulate Matter CO 2 = Carbon dioxide

LHV= Lower Heating Value SCR= Selective Catalytic Reduction

ource: Emissions data from Joel Bluestein, Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc.

Red AT (220 kV) Subestacin transformadora

Red MT (20 kV)

Transformador

Generadores BT (690 V)

Zth V +

pcc
Loads DG