An Introduction To Classical Japanese (Komai) PDF

_ An Introduction to Classical Japanese Akira Komai Nanzan University & Thomas H. Rohlich University of Iowa 1991About the Authors Akira KOMAT was born in Tokyo in 1931. After completing his undergraduate degree in Japan, he began his graduate studies in the United States at the University of Michigan, where he earned a Ph. D in linguistics in 1963. He taught at Princeton University, the University of Wisconsin, and the University of sor Chicago before returning to Japan in 1983 to become Prof and Chair of the department of Japanese, at Nanzan University. He is the author of A Grammar of Classical Japanese (1979), and co-author of An Introduction to Japanese Kanbun (1988). He is currently working on An Introduction to Documentary Japanese with Thomas H.Roblich. Thomas H. Rohlich was born in Pennsylvania in 1946. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1971, and re- ceived his Ph.D from Wisconsin in 1978 in Japanese Literature. He formerly taught at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and is currently Associate Professor of Japanese at the University of Iowa. He is the author of A Tale of Eleventh-Century Japan: Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari (1983), and the co-author of An Introduction to Japanese Kanbun (1988). © 1991 Akira KOMAI & Thomas H. ROHRICH [All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions there of in any form. ISBN 4-89358-124-4 First edition: June 1991 Published by Bonjinsha, Co., Ltd. 6-2, Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102, Japan Printed in JapanTo our mothers Shizuko Komai & Mary E. (Murphy) RohlichSt sie PREFACE This book is for students whose studies include the reading and understanding of texts written in Japanese that makes use of historical spelling Conventions and classical grammatical patterns. This represents a good Portion of the texts written prior to the beginning of the twentieth century, and many written since then. This book does not, however, purport to cover all styles of premodern Japanese, or for that matter, any single style in its entirety. We do feel that it can be used as the basic textbook for a beginning course in classical Japanese and at the same time serve as a reference for advanced students and readers. We At many universities basic courses in classical Japanese ‘are taught by literature specialists, who in their eagerness to introduce students to original texts, often begin immediately with a well-known text such as Hozyoki or Turezuregusa. This frequently happens before the students has a solid grasp of the grammar and nuances of the classical language. Since students who study classical Japanese generally understand modern Japanese, they soon begin to make use of modem reference texts with their copious notes and modem translations. As a result, students may think they are ‘reading’ Classical Japanese when in fact their time and energy is being devoted almost exclusively to the modem translations and grammatical notes written by Japanese scholars. Students quickly become adept at manipulating the secondary sources without ever really acquiring reading skills in the original. This method of learning classical Japanese has obvious drawbacks, one of which is that students will find it impossible to work with texts for which there is no modern annotation or translation. In addition, they will be unable tobring their own critical understanding and judgement to pass on points where Japanese scholars disagree. : We feel it is no more effective to begin the study of classical Japanese by immediately ‘reading’ (actually it is more deciphering than reading) a premodern text than it is to begin reading modern Japanese with authentic material, such as a novel by Kawabata or a transcript of a free conversation. Authentic material has a role to play in learning modern Japanese, but a responsible teacher would not use it without a textbook that introduces and explains the grammar and vocabulary on which the authentic material is based. Just as a well organized textbook serves as an indispensable tool in mastering modern Japanese, we hope that this textbook will serve asa training manual and guide for students of classical Japanese. - Many examples and exercises in this textbook are authentic materials taken from classical texts, but we have striven to limit the authentic passages to those for which the grammar is already known. As a result, the authentic examples are generally very short. Most of the examples in the exercises are made-up sentences, many of which include vocabulary items familiar to modem readers but clearly not present in authentic classical texts. Our emphasis is on learning the grammatical structure, and we think they can be done efficiently by using vocabulary items with which the student is familiar, evenif they are anachronistic. Most students who use this text will be satisfied with passive reading skills in the classical language, another reason we think it is unreasonable to limit the examples to authentic materials. We recognize that original texts inevitably contain sentences that are much longer and far more complex than our examples, but we remind our readers that this is an introductory textbook, with emphasis on the basic grammar. While it may appear to be a simplification to some, we think it is a necessary first step to thorough understanding of the more complex texts that are to follow.We feel that initially the most troublesome difference between classical and modem Japanese is in the morphological characteristics of inflecting words. For this reason, the major emphasis in this text is placed on mastery of verbs, adjectives, and inflecting suffixes. Once the student has mastered this aspect of the grammar, the problems faced in reading classical texts will be lessened considerably. We assume that students who use this textbook will have asolid grasp of modern Japanese. For this reason, aspects of the classical grammar that are similar to modern Japanese are not fully explained. Such omissions may be unacceptable in linguistic descriptions of the language, but appropriate, we feel, in a textbook such as this. 1 We have tried to emphasize aspects of grammar and vocabulary where there is a considerable difference between modern and classical Japanese. Students should pay particular attention to classical vocabulary items that appear identical in form to modern words, but are in fact quite different in meaning. Since this sort of difference presents particular difficulties for the student, we have attempted to introduce many of these in Notes. In addition, we have introduced a number of lexical items that are particularly important in texts of the Heian period. Introduction of Heian vocabulary items is not, however, the main purpose of this text, and we recognize that our definitions in many cases only scratch the surface of the many nuances these words contain. Students who wish a more detailed definition should avail themselves of one of the many excellent dictionaries of classical Japanese. Students will eventually find that a good classical dictionary is an indispensable tool of research, but initially it is important that the student concentrate on the grammar of the language, not acquire skills in using dictionaries. If students find they are spending too much time consulting dictionaries, we recommend that the teacher prepare vocabulary list or glossaries. # Students must have a solid understanding of modern Japanese to use thistext effectively. Since the speed and intensity of Japanese language courses differ considerably from school to school, it is difficult to make a general statement about the length of training needed in modern Japanese before beginning classical Japanese. As a rule of thumb, we feel that three years of . study in a course that meets approximately five hours per week for thirty weeks a year (in other words, approximately 450 hours in class) is desirable before beginning classical Japanese. ; Teachers will want to determine their owh method forusing this textbook, but we have found the following to be successful. Students are assigned to read a predetermined section, for instance, a chapter, and prepare the exercises, some in writing, some orally. The class time is devoted to answer- ing questions students may have on the grammatical explanations and reviewing the homework assignments by recitation of selected problems. It is difficult to complete the entire text in a semester of approximately 45 hours class (15 weeks x 3 hours per week) if all of the exercises are done in their entirety. For this reason teachers may find it most efficient to concentrate in class on only the more difficult of the sentences in each exercise, and just spot check the others. Upon completion of this text students should be ready to begin reading original texts. Our ideal situation has been to complete the classical grammar course in the fall term, and continue with a directed readings course in classical literature in the spring. We would like to acknowledge the generous support of our home institutions during our work on this project, Nanzan University for a Nanzan Research Grant to Akira Komai and an invitation to Thomas Rohlich to serve as a Visiting Professor, and the University of Iowa for sabbatical leave to Rohlich. We are very grateful for the research support provided by both institutions.CONTENTS PREFACE INTRODUCTION 1. Parts of Speech [iia] 2. The 50 syllabary (+8) 3. The Historical Kana Spelling [HELAURZSA\>) 1, VERBS [® Ad. . Four Rows Verbs [PUBrShae] sat Wd tes awk un Na Column Irregular Verbs [+7726 Hii | te. Note 1. The particle [td] after Izenkei and Mizenkei Note 2. The inflecting suffix [Sibysi] [tJ Note 3. The inflecting suffix (Wawel ] [FJ Note 4. The particle [Wad] [ES | and [EJ Note 5. Vocabulary . Ra Column Irregular Verbs [ 5 f72EKs75 7 Sted | eee Note 6. The omission of particles (BH) [79 | Note 7. The inflecting suffix (Bwyd) [
] and [va] Note 54.Emphatic particle [(ABhid] [1%] 4.17. [DJ and [J 4.18. [HMLJ and PRLS Note 55. [HSE] Note 56, The adverbial particle [illihad] [72tc J 4.19. [10 | and [7 J Copulative [Mis] Note 57. Vocabulary 4.20. [750 | Hearsay [tft] 4.21, [TEL Grammatical Terms — INDEX — 91-10. Vocabulary — INDEX — Homophonous Forms — INDEX — toy 165 171 172 173 175, 182 186 189 193 196 199 206 210 214 219 221 226 228 229 230 232 236 240 251 255 260INTRODUCTION 1. Parts of Spééch [29] Traditional descriptions of the Japanes¢ language divide the lexicon into two major groups, “free words” [4325] and “bound forms” [ftimi8] , a useful division in describing the parts of speech in classical Japanese grammar. Free words are independent units that may combine together to make a sentence, for instance, verbs, nouns, and adjectives; bound forms, such as inflecting suffixet-and particlet, are always attached to a free word or another bound form and are not used by themselves. In the following modern Japanese sentence, free words are underlined, afid bound words are marked with shading. 205 PHOABCABBRERUELE. [32] is an inflected form of the verb [$25] , which is a free word, and therefore [#1 is considered to be a free word. Each of these two major groups is further divided into sffialler groups as indicated in the following chart.AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE " "TS Voeabalary TEE] I. Free Words [13238] ‘A. Words with inflection CEHOSSH=RE) fe a. Verbs [Sh] #< “to go” b. Adjectives [SH] "EL “tobe beautiful” FEL “to be ted” c. Pseudo-Adjectives [A2S Hz] Hovey “to bé quiet” Be tcY “tobestately, magnificent” classical forms (= modern Japanese 3€LUY ; HKU) B. Words Without inflection [j5F3O 488] 1. Substantives [43] a.Nouns [4] B “rain” b. Pronouns [1t4 85] x “you” 2. Non-substantives [FRE] a. Adverbs [ii34] Wwe “very” b. Conjunction [#8551] ene “put? | c. Interjections [mht] eit “ah” d. Demonstrative LEMKE] °° RS “certain”des" 4a), INTRODUCTION ” Il. Bound Words [A}R5S ™ A. Inflecting Bound Words: Inflecting Suffixes [B34] [—H] (negative) B. Non-inflecting Bound Words: Particles [B31] a. Case Particles [#8835] [1 (object marker) b. Conjunctive Particles [#48033] [lf] “it” c. Adverbial Particles [I Bh31] TEAS “even” d. Emphatic Particles [68034] ] [<1 (emphasis) e. Sentence Particles [# BH] 1k | (speaker’s desire) As is evident in the chart, “free words” [4378] are subdivided into two groups distinguished by the presence or absence of inflection. “Free words with inflection” [j&}10% S AIZE8] are words that‘inay"stand alone to be the predicate of a sentence, for instance, “verbs” [&h#a]], “adjectives” [}22%5]] and “pseudo-adjectives” [ FEZHial ]. A “pseudo- adjective” [ FE@#hia] ].¢.2.. Hate YJ or [HAY J may be treated as a compound consisting of an adjectival noun, [#v] or [#4 J, anda copula, F%&Y | or [72 Y J. Following the traditional classification we will 1. TUSD—GU=MAES “to be quiet”,'or [HAKY=BLEL TLS J “to be magnificent.” ' treat each as a single word, a pseudo-adjective (72!‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE “Free words without inflection” [JE FAD AU ELE] are Futther distinguished by whether or not they may stand alone to be subjects of sentences. Those that can be subjects are called “substantives” [fk] and consist of “nouns” [3a] and “pronouns” [4% #4]]- Those that cannot be subjects (3E4KH1] are divided into categories according to function: “adverbs” [UE], “conjunctions” [ e4685]]. “interjunctions” [ Rha], and “demon- stratives” [ts #a}] - Boundforms [Af/§ #5] aredividedinto“inflecting suffixes” [Bh h#1] and “particles” [g)33]] by means of the presence or absence of inflection [JHA]. That is to say, inflecting suffixes [B)¥)i] are “bound words with inflection,” [35 FAO d S44 Mis]. while particles [Rh] are“bound words without inflection,” [JEU O%t Mt BH). 0 2. The 50 syllabary [H+] -C'The 50 syllabary chat [H-+-4BQ] (See Table 1) is the traditional Way oflisting thekana [4§%] syllabary. The student of classical Japanese must understand well the organization of this chart since verbs are classified in reference to its horizontal rows [ i] and vertical columns [47]. «. Inits older form, the chart has fifty spdces for kana letters arranged in five horizontal rows [ £1] in vowel order a,i,u.e,oand ten vertical columns [47], _3¢ INTRODUCTION ae with the first column consisting of vowel only, and the remaining nine consisting of consonant-vowel combinations: k-, s-, t-, n-, h-, m-. w-. All of the kana in the same horizontal row have the same vowel sound. Example perk eK E Dw Kana in the same vertical column have the same consonant sound, except for the first column, which consists of vowel only. Z+#B if] tt] 2) Xl ola ela alr aloo ululslelal lalulolalolelslclale al sisisl<| [5!a)@/ els) alols]<)5| Axtell) [alma olalalciel 2 [zl @)efele @|4 4 b[alojele cla There are three syllables that either never existed or disappeared before the establishritftof kana (yi, ye,'and wu): In their expécted places in the table thekana[\, 4, 3J areused, with the result that the table has 47 distinct kana letters. While the arrangement may not be the optimal design for « modem linguistic analysis of the language, virtually all secondary works on classical Japanese language and literature make use of this table in their analysis, which is why it is essential that students know the table well.AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE Further additions were made at later dates, for instance, [ 4, | for the syllabic nasal, which was added to the chart in the Muromachi era, though the sound was undoubtedly present in the language much earlier, Modern syllabary charts include not only the basic 48 kana letters but also those with the secondary marks, such as voiced-consonant marks [3824] and p-sound eRe ce eg he layec marks [3£8} 8], representing dakuon [38 4] and handakuon [3433 4. se i] . and those syllable with palatalized consonants and vowels [ig], which are represented by akana from the i-row plusasmall [7», , kJ, eg, [Xo < =H, kyaku. Dakuon [38}2] isa syllable in Japanese with an initial voiced consonant which has a voiceless counterpart: e.g. [tJ ga, isdakuon [32] since [g] of ga is a voiced consonant and there is a voiceless counterpart, namely [k] of ka [\J. Two small dots on the upper right side of the kana are used to represent dakuon [/8}#]. Handakuon [*#/§25] are syllables with initial [p]. such as [ (J, and they are marked with a small circle in the upper right comer. All the kana letters other than dakuon [j}2¥] and handakuon [#43] arecalled seion [32]. Note that dakuon [725] is not any syllable with a voiced consonant. [ ¥ J, for instance, begins with a voiced consonant [m], butitisseion [j§#] ,notdakuon [3§#F] , because [m] does not have a voiceless counterpart in the Japanese language.INTRODUCTION In its modem form the total number of kana listed in the syllable table far exceeds the original fifty units. The complete list(excluding jij#) displays 76 Kanaletters, among which tJ, 5 _|,and [Z| occurtwice each, which means that it has 73 distinct kana letters. Foruse in modern Japanese, the chart contains 71 distinct kana letters, omitting [ a _| and [ & J. Compare the two charts and study the differences, ‘The chart is usually arranged from right to left, with ‘acolumn’ [447] first and[ A, Jat the end. Dakuon [8] and handakuon [323525] are listed after all the seion [#5] except the syllabic nasal n [Ay]. 3. The Historical Kana Spelling (#SHRZ 3d) Student of modern Japanese usually learn to read and write Japaneses making use of “New Kana Spelling” [#4& A\»] , which is closely cor- related with modern Japanese pronunciation. Except for the particles [ld J, []J, and [% J, which are read as [wal], [e], and fo], and words where [AU] isread as [ee] and [$5 | as[oo],and [= 5 | as [koo], etc., the Kana spelling of modem Japanese is almost always predictable from present day pronunciation. However, the close tie between spelling and pronunciation in present-day Japanese is the result of spelling reforms carried out by the Japanese government shortly after World War II. Up until then, the historical Kanaspelling [$3 494%% V6 \] was incommon use, and the pronuncia-AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE tion of some words had changed such that the modern pronunciation might differ from its written kana representation. ‘The historical spelling [BE S2804R4% Av) is thought to represent in general the pronunciation of Japanese of the early Heian period, and kana words in classical Japanese texts are spelled according to this older conven- tion, For example, the word for “river” in classical texts, if written in kana, isspelled [Aol . Although itis written in the historical kana spelling, when we read classical texts today it is customary to pronounce the words in their modern pronunciation, so [pvt | is read as [kawa]. In the same way, [72 3.=#J “tower”, [Ho =H] “king”, [IF S= 48 J “today” are pronounced [too], [00], and [kyo] respectively. The spelling of a word remained unchanged through succeeding generations, but the way in which it was pronounced did change. Students will find it convenient to internalize the sound changes listed below that occurred after the classical period, but at the same time they should remember that the written form is a closer representation to the original pronunciation that our moder readings. The sound changes that are relevant here can be explained simply by the following statements: 1) [h] becomes (w] in the middle of words, and later [w] disappeared in all positions except before [a], as in: MM [aMaJ [kaha] > [kawa]INTRODUCTION mR [oV) {kohi] & [koi] 3 Tks] [tahu] © [tau]* ar TeAI [mahe] © [mae] AB [HIFXAJ [ohokimi] o [ookimi] * See rule 2 below for additional changes in this example. In other words, except when they appear at the beginning of a word, Tid, OS Sy Ay (EJ are read as [wa, i, u, e, o] respectively. 2) [ou] and [au] become [oo], as in $8 [He3.J [tau] > [too] ({tahu] & [tawu*] © [tau] © [too]) RR PEF J [tou] > [too] [tt45] — [hayau] © [hayoo} The adverbial form [ [£45 | derives from theregularform [ [4 < |. * theoretical forms This rule does not apply in the case of one syllable verb stems that end in [a-] or {o-] plus [-u], such as T&5,J. 45 [5] © [ahu] © [awu*] © [au], not [oo] 3) [iu] becomes [yuu], as in: BS Todd {ihu] > [iu] & [yuu] mm TLI¢H) {siutome] [syuutome] # [LSJ [sifu] & [shiu] [shuu] TEkSU5I [yoroshiu] & fyorosyuu]AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE The adverbial form [&K4L5J derives from the regular form TESLS I. 4) [eu] becomes [yoo], as in: SA PFS J [kehu] [kewu*] © [keu] & [kyoo] 8 [tH [tehu] & [tewu*] > [teu] > [tyoo] * theoretical forms 5) [kwa] becomes [ka], as in: AB [ [ido] A [FAB [suwe] > [sue] EDL [wokashi] > [okasi]INTRODUCTION 8) The distinctions betweenf ( —# Jand [J"— J | were lost during the Edo Period, and [ U Jandl & J, [-J* J and[ J J are pronounced the same respectively. In classical Japanese, however, they were distinct both in spelling and pronunciation. HR [its] [hadzi] © [hazi] HI5UL {medzurashi] > [mezurasi] Bw TlECJ — [hazi) o fhazi] WS [HF | [azuki] o fazuki] < Exercises > Exercise 0.1 Writethe (modern) readings of the following words inkatakana, 4386 Note: Inclassical texts, [. , &J in [42] wasnomally written the same size as other kana letters. 1. [clkO 2. MAB 3. &S 4. TREK eh Gres 6. DIAPIZ 7. MIN 8. BBY 9. PME 10. SOA T. DAB BE [UAL] partofspeech ATER [UY DC] free word ($3 [5S ¢ TC] bound word Bape] [Us £5 LI inflecting suffix B34) [U & L] particle JERI [2.0 KS] inflection Hm [ES UL] verb HBR ([iFb.k 5 L] adjectives HAH (FUVK5 ESL] verbal-adjectives KE [fell A] substantives 43) [ob»L] noun #435 (126.8) L] pronoun SAE [Ofc FA] non-substantiveAl £+8H (505849) The 50 syllabary chart Di RE s€ L] adverb INTRODUCTION dei] [46D < L] conjunction (DAES L] interjection 8469] [4.A,foL.U] demonstrative SISA] free inflecting word Dv] kana #& [12A/] horizontal rows 47 [LX & 5] vertical columns Ba tE< TA] voiced-consonant mark #188 [tLA7E< TA] p-sound mark BE (1 BAI syllables with initial voiced consonants that have voiceless counterparts; syllables with dakuten. BS (twos A] all the syllables in Japanese other than eI : cH i Ho, and 04 8) HE LKIKAI syllables with palatalized consonants and vowels [a], [u], [0], which are represented by kana from the -i row plus a small [4 J, [i |, Té]eg, Teel, [Uo] BELHRBIoOwW [(NM<EHEIOW] The Historical Kana Spelling PRBS [LADEDAM] New Kana Spelling1. VERBS (am) The traditional grammar of classical Japanese is based on an analysis of the language as represented by kana script, an analysis made long before the widespread use in Japan of either the Roman alphabet [—VF] or phonetic transcription. In addition, the traditional analysis does not regularly follow the principles of grammatical analysis and description developed by modern linguists. While a newer method of linguistic analysis would undoubtedly yield a more accurate and elegant description of classical Japanese, there is good reason for the student of classical Japanese to learn the traditional description. The reason is quite simply that over the years Japanese scholars have compiled a vast number of commentaries and studies of classical Japanese texts making use of the terminology and methodology of the traditional grammar. Even today virtually all of the secondary works onclassical Japanese, including, of course, the many dictionaries available in Japan, make use of the traditional analysis. Students simply cannot afford to ignore such a wealth of scholarship, and in order to benefit fully from such useful materials the students must fully understand the framework of reference used therein. Students may soon find that the traditional descriptions possess an elegance and order as pleasing as that of an analysis using modern linguistic methods.1. VERBS, 1.1 Na Column Irregular Verbs (+772##8i/E AH] We will begin our study of the grammar with verb forms, which we believe « is the best initial step to understanding classical grammar. The various verb forms can be learned in terms of paradigms. The first paradigm to be learned is that of the “Na irregular conjugation verbs”, [+772435h8H)]. which is customarily abbreviated as [3£%)3]] “na irregular verbs”. This group of verbs, of which there are only two verbs [SEW “to die”, and [40 | “to go away”, is used to set the framework for describing the conjugation of all inflecting words in the language, which is why it is introduced first. Letus look at the six forms of the verb [3s | , underlined below, as they appear in various contexts. Note that the modern Japanese and English translations represent only approximations for use as aids in understanding. 1. HEF. {FEL} She does not/will not die. 2. HICKEY 4 {HEAT ot He died. 3. FEW. {FE} She does/will die. 4, FASVE. {FEMA} . one who dies ... 5. HANES, (HAKINE} ... although he died ... 6. Eta. {3Eta.} Drop dead!AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE ‘The Japanese names for these six forms are: mizenkei FRE [AtE AITO] renyoukei AR (NA KSSW) syuusikei uke [Ld Ulduy] rentaikei BFE [MATL TU] izenkei BARE LUtFAIS UY) meireikei MBE [OUNUIT] Various English translations have been given for these six forms (see Chart 2), but we believe it is best for the student to use the Japanese names. Not only is there no single set of English terms widely accepted, but learning the Japanese will aid the student in consulting grammar notes and commentaries written by Japanese scholars. Mizenkei [9472] In the example shown below, the mizenkei [AA] [3E%— | occurs L fa] (#2) 7-9]. may alsooccurbeforeotherinflecting suffixes [BVH] andparticles (B88) €, £3 before the negative inflecting suffix (8 & many of which indicate the “imperfect”, that is, an action or state that has not yet taken place. The mizenkei [ARAEZ] of verbs is used to express one of the following: 1) “Negative” [2552] with the inflecting suffix [BpHiI] [—T] and its alternate forms:1. VERBS, DNEET, {Di LIAHEEL} Iwill not die. 2) “Conjecture or Intention” [£88 + #2] with the inflecting suffix (Bh#)5] [—t5] or its alternate forms: DNEGE, (DK LILIES. HADHY Feo} I will probably die. Or, I intend to die. 3) “Presumption” [4 52 4 4] with the particle (aha) rie: PNKGLREREC. (DELMAS HEALS Dell If I die, he too will die. ‘The name mizenkei [FAIZ] is given to this form because it is used Primarily to form verb expressions for negative, conjecture, and presumption (Be, HER. ARE] | as indicated above. However, some inflecting suffixes [Bhi] and particles [ also occur after this form. These will be introduced later. J that do not indicate “imperfect” Renyoukei [#72] The renyoukei [i8FA#2] occurs primarily before other inflecting words [ #1] (verbs, adjectives and verbal-adjectives) and before inflecting suffixes [835] that indicate tense or aspect. This form is also used toconnect one predicate to another, ina function calledcyuusihou [Rib] -‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE. The name renyoukei [34/972] comes from this continuitive function with inflecting words [HAE] 1) [epibi&] continuitive DHT, DIET. FASTER Eo) I die, but he does not. 2) with an inflecting suffix [B))i9] of tense or aspect DARE IE Yo (HRIAFEA Eo} He died. Syuusikei (#172) ‘The syuusikei [#132] is used typically at the end of a sentence, hence the name syuusikei [#£4LJ%] , or sentence final form. In some contexts it may be followed by certain inflecting suffixes (8hi)3A] and particles [Bhs]. However, the principal use of the syuusikei [#4b7Z] is to indicate a “habitual or future action or state”. It appears frequently in narratives as a rough equivalent to the “historical present”. In such cases a translation into the English past tense makes for a smoother translation, but since this will sometimes lead to confusion with the true past, in many examples we will avoid translating the syuusikei [41k] _as past tense. DAC OMI THM, (HILO S THM} He will die here.1, VERBS Rentaikei (24672) Justasthe renyoukei [28/AFE] isusedbefore inflecting words [FH soils J. In modern the rentaikei [34492] is used before substantives [ Japanese, the same form [3E¥4_| is used both at the end of the sentence, as in Example 1) below, and also before a noun as an adjectival modifier, as in Example 2). In classical Japanese, however, many verbs have different forms to be used in these positions. The syuusikei [#€1F 7%] appears in sentence final position, while the rentaikei [38fk72] comes before nouns. Many verbs have different syuusikei [#£1F FZ] and rentaikei [#4472]. For instance, [3Eu#a | (Example 1 below) is the syuusikei and [FEMS J (Example 2 below) the rentaikei of the verb [3E8@ |. ND EHSEOAWT HA, (EE THSSDADT ODT} Those who live are sure to die. [Fei] = Ib IE 2) BICHB CHASM L. {RICE THAAMS |} Many people fall into the gorge and die. [FMS | = BBE This use of rentaikei [584672] as an adjectival modifier is known as rentaihou [34474], and it is the most common function of this form. In addition to rentaihou [j# 443] , the rentaikei [38632] is sometimes used before certain inflecting suffixes [))34]] and particles [B34].[AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE ‘There are also times when it will appear at the end of the sentence, when the yy sentence contains an emphatic particle called kakarizyoshi [44BHsal ] (to be explained later). ‘The rentaikei (380672) of classical verbs has yet another function that is lacking in modem verbs. That is, tmay stand alone and function as anoun phrase, without anominalizer suchas 0} or [= & J ,asrequired in modern Japanese. ‘Thus, depending on the context, [FEN J alone might mean “dying —", or “one who dies”, or “the time when one dies”, etc. The use of rentaikei [RVEFE] as a noun phrase is known as its substantive use, oF Ae [203%] . The main uses of the rentaikei [324472] are: 1) rentaihou [3846] , adjectival modifier of the noun that follows; FSET. (HAMS) There are many people who will die. 2) zyuntaihou (4£46:&] , substantive use; FMS URL. FMCEBBLU) It is easy to die. 3) emphatic use of rentaikei [4672] inplace of syuusikei (sb F2] due to the presence of kakarizyoshi [5889] + 201. VERBS This phenomenon is called kakarimusubi [(##U] . BNF EHS. (HMOAMOF HIE, } It is my child that dies. Izenkei [PATE] In contrast to the mizenkei [#2472] form which together with the following inflecting suffix [B)#hi=)] and particle [Bhie]] expresses imperfect, the izenkei [E989] form expresses perfect, [2-7] . Thus, aclause with the izenkei_ [E2492] ofa verb followed by the particle [ [£ J expresses a pre-existing condition or “because” clause, (weet) sincon- trast to a clause with the mizenkei [4¢9A72] and the particle [If], which expresses presumption or hypothetical condition, [45 ] , an “if” clause. The izenkei [P42] is also used at the end of a sentence in place of syuusikei [#172] when the kakarijoshi [= | appears in the same clause. In addition, the izenkei [24472] is used before certain inflecting suffixes [Bh%)3q]] andzyoshi [8H] some examples of which are given below. 1) preexisting condition [REESE] a. with the particle [it] PNKANMERE RSE, (FMAFEATED RICESS.} 2AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE When I die (lit., I will have died), I will become a devil. RHMMEMRORICTS KY {ROFEA TDD. HRORICAT 9 feo} Because my father died, I went to my uncle’s house. b. withthe particle [BE] FES] LEONE bHNEGT. (VIFAKINEB, Wide.) Although my father died, I won't. 2) kakarimusubi [f@#HU'] use of izenkei [B#AI%] in place of syuusikei [iF] due to the presence of kakarizyoshi [ fABN#a)] eel BRLTHAN. (3S ODE} It is the weak who die. Meireikei [#8 B72] Finally, the meireikei [48372] expresses the imperative (Bal. Feta. (Feta. } Drop dead! ‘The verb [EM | has six different forms of inflection as indicated above. Please review the forms. No verb has more than six different inflectional forms, which is why the paradigm for [JE4aJ is used as the frame for all verbs in classical Japanese, even though there is only one other verb [val 221. VERBS “to go away” that conjugates in the same way. The verbs [Feu | and [7Eu | are called [FAHW=F+77 TH i&FAH/A] “Na column irregular verbs” because they use syllables from the “Na column” [447] of the 50 syllabary chart [H-+#BQ]. At this point the student need not memorize all of the uses and meanings for each inflecting form, but it is wise to learn well the paradigm of the six inflectional forms of the verb [3E¥], and the environments that are specified in the first list of inflectional forms, namely: 1) Fea RITE 2) Hic— =e 3) FE wa. ib 4) EaS— BAR 5) Han— BRB 6) Seta oe BIE < Vocabulary for Verbs 1.0 > FTRBEAHH (FF ESAADK DDKIESLI na-column irregular verbs FRHA (CFAAESLI na-column verbs Fem = [Lan] to die. 23AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE fEea vga] to go away RARE [AAMT] mizenkei [sete — J BAR (MhAKSSU) renyoukei [tl — J uke [Leslie] syuusikei [Ewa J MAR [NAtcuiti) rentaikei [FES J BAH ([uttAlto.) izenkei [Fesat— J MBE [HUM] meireikei [seta] BE OTH] negative itz TWVU ESI conjecture BS Wu] intention WER [ATU & SIFA,] presumption, or hypothetical condition hibié& [5665155] continuitive BRA [NAKIMES] rentaihou, use as a noun modifier BRE [UC wAKIMES] substantive use, use as a noun phrase BOR [OU Ck UI emphatic particle rd DAY ED) perfect WEEAME [AS THU & SISA] Preexisting condition, “because” clause RE DATO presumption, or hypothetical condition 241, VERBS Note 1. The particles [ [£ | after Izenkei and Mizenkei In modern Japanese, [Iz is a conditional particle that follows verbs and adjectives that are comparable in form to the izenkei [B472] of classical Japanese. Examples: l) S8NSnEAW. It would be nice if I had money. or, If one has money, it’ll be all right. 2) BORNE GUEST. When spring comes, it turns warm. Inclassical Japanese, the particle [#4] [I] may occur aftereither the mizenkei [39472] or the izenkei_ [P9AFE] . but there is a distinctive meaning for [ [é | in the different environments. When [ [J occurs after the mizenkei [¥4H2] it represents a future or hypothetical condition, as in Examples 3 & 4 below. When it appears after the izenkei [PAZ] it denotes a condition already existing, or a “because” clause as in Examples 5 and 6; or, after the izenkei_ [2 4H] , it may introduce a general statement in which the second clause is the natural outcome of the condition expressed in the clause that ends with IJ, as shown in Example 7. 25AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE Examples: 3) RAK + if RRGTREMEMN, GATEATD, BHATHEERN.) If I die, you take command! 4) RAR + id BRGBREC, (RAGED AEH I.) If my friends come I'll drink sake. 5) BR RFEMTUTEBICIA YM. {RATEATEOT, BH > Ko} Because father died I went back to the capital. 6) BAB + if RENEBEREC, UGENCRKND, HERDS.) Because my friends have come I’ll drink sake. 1) BRR + if IRE td, AIH, OKEHDHIE, KIA SHOR} (It is truism that) Fire dies out if you put water on it. or, Because they poured water on the fire it went out. 261, VERBS In Example 4, [3@(£_] is read as [ <{£] where [ < | is the mizenkei [ARSAIE] of the verb [ 3K J*to come.” HHL J consists of [< FJ mizenkei [94HZ] ofthe verb [Hts] F< 3], “to ladle,” or, “to drink sake together,” and the inflecting suffix [Bh] [ts] denotesconjecture or intention (see Note 2 below). InExample 5, [#Y | isthe renyoukei [3#FAFZ] ofthe verb [HBS | “toreturn,” and [#4 Jisaninflecting suffix [B)ih#5)] indicating perfected action. The perfect will be discussed in Chapter 4. [341] in Example 6 is the izenkei [S47] of the verbf 3 "to come”, and [ $< 1 | in Example 7is the izenkei [487%] of the verb r ac J “to pour”. Particles [89] suchas [ {gf | that follow predicates and form dependent Boe’ clauses are called “conjunctive particles” [ 54! J. Another frequently used conjunctive particle is [ ££ % |, “although,” or “even though.” Note 2. The inflecting suffix [B)E3)] [dts] [J is an inflecting suffix that expresses conjecture or intention (HER + HK] . It is always added to the mizenkei [FAHE] of verbs [$434] and other inflecting words. A more detailed explanation of [>] will be given in Chapter 4.5. 27AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE Examples: ye ed 1) Conjecture [ #3 ] BNFSCOMCCHEL, (OF HS COMTHALSI.} My son too will probably die in this battle. [ICT] isacase particle [ #Bp#4) Jused after noun phrases to form an instrumental or locative phrase. 2) Intention [ # & MMNISECC. (AMS TAKA. HSS.) Since it’s raining, I'll go home (lit., go away). Note 3. The inflecting Suffix [B08] [J [Fis a negative inflecting suffix [BHIN#] that is added to the mizenkei [A94F] of verbs [#5] and other inflecting words. A detailed explanation of [$*] is found in Chapter 4.4. Examples: DRAPE, (AMAT) T'll not die. VBS, (Bld ST} The visitor will not leave. 281. VERBS Note 4. The particles [B34] [e°# J and [| [J and [ &Jare conjunctive particles [4345839] that connect one clause to another. They are always added to the izenkei [BARE] of verbs [Spi] and other inflecting words, and their modern equivalents are THESIS and [tHE], both of which mean “although.” In the Heian period [32-284] [ & | was more often used in Kanbunkun- dokubun [383793832] . which is a peculiar method of reading Chinese- style writing as if it were written in Japanese, while [ &¢ | was more common in Wabun [#3¢], which is a purely Japanese style developed from the spoken language. However, by the Kamakura Period [2@R§{€] the use of [ & | became predominant in all styles of writing. Examination of the frequency of [ &'% | and & | in works of different eras yields informative results. InThe Tale of Genzi [5.938] , written in the first quarter of the 11th century, [ & | appears ten times more often than [ ¢°4 J, but in Turezuregusa [{¢#A@3], which was written in the fourteenth century (1331) and is considered to have been deliberately written in the style and grammar of Heian prose, [ ¢°¢, | and [ & Jare used in equal ratio, even though [ 24 | predominates in other works of the same period. Examples: 1) Hagen, FieTs, (BARAKINES, FREE} 29AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE Although the mother died, the child did not. 2D) RideMNES, RIABEV ICV. {REIS TH 2 TLE SHKINED, MABE 9 0} Although my friend left, I stayed on. Note 5. Vocabulary 1 BL POTLI HER) 1. {HL} easy 2. {RE RBd\ iE} — safe,peaceful Fl) 1. {ie LU} difficult 2. (HELLY, HRLY} severe, strong 3. Toland TOL] (ARK: In the Heian period, [7] and [7 L-J were also used as first person 2. BL [aicl) GES ) first person pronouns pronouns. There seems to be no distinction among them, although in earlier times the function of [7 Jand [7 L-| may have been complementary. In later periods, [J L-| was most commonly used. 4. & (ARE) second person pronoun fryvl[rjand (rel As with [9 | and [9 [J], there seems to be no semantic distinction between [F Jand [F LJ, although their functions may have been complementary in earlier times. [ie Jemerged later, and was frequently used from the Kamakura period [S8@R$4] on. 301. VERBS 5. MHICTHSEbIC) (HR) {fi T. #8 IZ} together 6. (leds (PABBA) 1. {LU BAI < be beautifully colored (HREALKOMBIIES.. | {BAK 2 1D TKOMRME LY I<. } Summer has passed and the autumn leaves are beautifully colored. 2. {KUMEEWDTFS} have a nice fragrance PROSE S) CHOvUsyAsT secs} a place where the fragrance of the orange tree is pleasant 3. {DPDHSIDCK LWTE} POOROMMEATEWEF CNEY I {COKDKLUT EMT CNTWHS.} This woman is an outstanding beauty. < Exercises > Exercise 1.1. Read and identify the forms of the verbs in the following sentences. Then translate the sentences into modern Japanese and English. 1 KARA, 2. RidERE. 3. MAT TIEICICY, 4. RVERSHSL, 31AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 5. Ree ONeSRALESE. [bE BH PKS) ORE] 6. KERC EAR. 1. BRKT. 8. QM FAMOWIE CHICY. CFA =ME I 9. EO, LSI, RHRICKLEY. (RL= PRT OME] 10. Hal, 11. Edal 12, Ha SlaRINES, 6 SRL. (RN ESA TRL) OBR] [ES S= HH EX | OMT] 13. BRANES FAMED. [Bhd =e BINS] OME] 14, ella < Het, Rl OMICS THEE. 15 fais < (ATED Fic THRACE OMA DBADIS tabsla < {d= adverbial phrase meaning, “what I want is ...” The poemis by Saigyou< #845 ),(1118-1190), apriest poet. Tradition is that the Buddha passed away on the 15th day of the second month. This poem make use of the common poetic technique of inversion, since the second and third stanzas would normally come after the fourth and fifth. kth 23 1.2 Four Rows Verbs [ PUR) ] We will now examine the inflecting forms of other verbs in terms of the framework established by the conjugation of the na irregular verbs [JE¥a | 321, VERBS and [4a]. The verb [2% < J ,“towrite," conjugates in the following way. LAR Bhs. (BAY I don’t write. 2. BA BaKY. (Butk} I wrote. 3. RULE RS) I write. 4 BKB RCA) ‘one who writes 5. BRE BES (Buried) although I have written 6. w Bs. (Bt) Write! Notice that the syuusikei [#1F 72] andthe rentaikei [jg4KFz] of the four row verbs have the same form, as do the izenkei [E472] and the meireikei_ [#74572] . Most modem Japanese verbs with a consonant base 33‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE (sometimes called u-verbs) such as [#< |, [&kOJ, and [ARS] are derived from classical Japanese verbs of this type. The distinguishing characteristic of this type of conjugation is that the final syllable of the verb will include one of four syllables found in the five horizontal rows within one vertical column of the 50 syllabary chart [A+] eg. [#a—-3', f#A-KYL eC) P< - Bl PR — SHI, and PHI, or Ikal, kil, /ku/, /ku/, /ke/, and /ke/. Since the distinctive inflecting parts span four rows within a vertical column, this conjugation is called “Four Rows Conjugation Verbs” [ py £4; FA EhEA] or its abbreviated form “Four Rows Verbs” [P49Sp#5]] . The following chart shows the conjugation of other verbs in this groups. AREA AR PRESEN ES] | em WBAA— fc Y | #ab. | Bo row | cars) cowry) oe. | Cem) Cee k— FF | BX es | wS! cyt HF lend mE- | ML- at. | w- WO stand) fefe-— | RBA te 5 = BS bw mt |oo- | mae) AS FRX fly elf- | cu . ee BE read kk- jaa | ae, st- MS take | ¢5- ey &% | £a- 341, VERBS < Exercises > Exercise 1.2. Read and identify the forms of the verbs in the following sentences. Then translate the sentences into modern Japanese and English. L BAERS. FSERELS 2. Bornuxzs, vesanecy. BIR] (AK, ETH) Slade Y= ESHA] (RMS LUO, DdHTKHS) 3. GLU AY, BITE, MEMLICY. 4. HEOASRSASKL. MES (BH) (toa) eL= [ERE] (4209) WE THOR ce REL ues. . KOZAK, RORVMUAS. HBB Cee. HBLER ST | ERY TRICEITEY . AMV, RICK KO, BUS, SUS = (he) ($8a3) 10. RemENL, Bie tnid, aad, wUhie= [ESR] + Ft) = (oT) w ypwrnrna 1.3 Ra Column Irregular Verbs (S(7##i5 FH] The full name of this group of verbs, “ra column irregular verbs," is 35AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE generally abbreviated to"ra irregular verbs” [5 34%] . There are only four verbs in this irregular conjugation, and students should remember them. They are: [AY=HY), (BY=EYl, [HY =lenKy I, and PU TAY /WWET AY | (and its altermate forms (FEY and AEEAY ). Racolumn verbs [5 3hiq]] conjugate ina pattern quite similar to that of Four Rows Verb [PY f% $i) ] except that the syuusikei [#132] of ra column verbs is identical with the renyoukei (38 /B72], while the syuusikei of Four Rows Verbs is identical with its rentaikei (er). FRHMARR &Y ey fany au YU WETHU | BC RE = HS | eH- |) ldNS-| WETHG-| OH- eU- €y-| laxy-| wadary— ma— HY. €Y. fEXU. WETAU. | Ko bS- | €5- aXS-| HETHS-| M<- CAE bh- | th- lanh—-| wetan—] ait— 361. VERBS ‘The basic meaning of the four ra column verbs [SRS] is “to exist,” butunlike the modem Japanese [4 % | ,theclassical [& Y | isused for people and other animate subjects, as is shown in Example 1 of Note 4, as well as for inanimate subjects. [% 4 _| may mean “to be lying down,” “to be resting against something” or simply “sitting,” as well as having the basic meaning “toexist.” [f4 0} It was Tarou who went to the capital. 2) KBRAVESMHLIKL. {ABBA SMISRA LU} The meals that Tarou makes are delicious. 3) DC UTHDRICIRK . (BDO TBC 0} A nightingale sings on the branch of a plum. 4) ABMRICTOC, (ABORICATII.} I'll got Tarou’s house. 5) COMMAABMNEY, (COMSHAABORTT.} This poem is Kakinomoto Hitomaro’s. 41AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE Note 11, Rhetorical question expressions [#8252] Rhetorical questions expressions [2333232] are used frequently in classical Japanese. In this kind of expression the speaker or narrator poses a question, but from the context it is clear that she or he holds the negative of the question to be true. Adverbs such as [u\aytJ, Puravtar, Tua tana tea bli eal, Pica), [lcAvtas and particles [Bh#a]] suchas[av,[J, [atdJ, [Pls] and others are used in creating rhetorical questions. Examples: 1) MORCUMTARALS {MORICES LTAMRASTL ASM} How could I see the moon on a rainy night? 2) WHIMSY CASK KZSEOARS HOM. (HOE MPOME I. ASMA OED ICRSS0THSIM.} Should flowers be viewed ony when in full bloom, and the moon only when it is a full moon? Note 12. Vocabulary 1. &< CBIR) . in this way, thus 2. RTCSb) (AR) 1. (3H) clothes 421. VERBS 2. (GRak} a priest’s robe 3. &< (BEA) 1. {#ETS} — tobe satisfied 2. {82%} tobe tired of something, to lose interest in something. 4. DEMT (4) 1. {3284} early moming 2. {3288} the following moming 5. WOT (BIR) 1. {ED ULT} how, why (in either a straight or rhetorical question) TOmtHBME.| {ENKFITHOIo} “How shall I write?” “How could I write it?” 2. {ES5cAULTI by all means Tomtiime.J (ES ULTHEF 0} By all means (at all costs) J will go. < Exercises > Exercise 1.3.1. Read the following sentences and translate them intomodemn Japanese and English, and then identify the forms of all the verbs. l. RicHVCHERECT. 2. XC ATHHY, 3 EasmMem< st, 4. RIC THNEHS. 5. KOFICBSBHY. 6. RABI bLeBs. 7. DeHtHilees. = 8. HOMBRE SERS ICY. 9. DEHTHIHESNL, 10. HABA. a3‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE Does ll. BHUNTS THOMEFILC, ae 12. POMEFSHADACHEBET. é 1B. KORBROB. EMS. 14. MOKUNTIS Bik, 7 * Exercise 1.3.2. Read the following and identify the forms of all the verbs. ‘Then restate them in modern Japanese and English. 1 MBE —OOKORHY, TERS COMPNESLI ZY. DUTY. (BSE) eee 2. BROASOMICAHAHY ELA ORMT, (7738563249] MB Thee) L=eIR < Vocabulary aid for 1.3. > SURANGA [SFL SAAD MOLD ESLI ra column irregular verbs SRG [S\AES5L] — qirregular verbs Popa] La EMH (ATIC & XSL] copulative inflecting suffix BEMHR CUTWCSESL] _ negative inflecting suffix Mim [d< Usb] case particle FRB) (4 DS< UL] conjunctive particle HAAR [MEDSE VEKS] Kakinomoto Hitomaro (8th century poet) £5) Four Rows Verbs1. VERBS 1.4. Upper One Row Verbs CEB aha) and Upper A> eb 3 Two Rows Verbs CE Bee aah) Inmedern Japanese, there are two types of vowel verb (or -ru verb) stems: one type ends in the vowel [e], for instance [Z| (tabe-ru), while the other ends in [i], such as [ §3 | (mi-ru). The modem [-i] stem verbs for the most part derive from either Upper One Row Verbs [_t—fQi&h#R]] or Upper Two Rows Verbs [_|— ih] of classical Japanese. tii > LRA +-RkbA LOBE RS" to see” #82 "to fall” we SP OY ane | Sonu Be-ky me | ba. =| Se on ms 45AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 1.4.1. Upper One Row Verbs [_L—Bx8)i9]] There are only ten commonly used verbs (and some compounds made with them such as [4% S| “to look back”) that conjugate as Upper One Row Verbs [_}—fRE)ia)] in classical Japanese. They are [#S=#S], [HS =12 3], [FS=O0S], (HS=5)], [HS=03), (BS =], [BS=Hb/VEHSl, [HHS=H5H45] and [RS =44]. The distinguishing characteristic of this verb type is that all the inflectional forms have syllables with /i/, for instance, the [-i-] of [mi-] in the following: [RF], (RY, [RSI, [ROSSI (RES I, and [&.& J. Since the syllables with /i/ occupy the second horizontal row in the 50 syllabary chart [Hi-+-74BQ], that is, one row above the middle of [7-4 -9-2-—7] , where [9 | isthe middle, these verbs are called PHOS RADI RS ESL “Upper One Row Conjugation verbs,” [_ /—S%iFAB)ial], ormore com- DOVER AED L monly by the abbreviated form [_-}—B¥Bhial J. 1.4.2. Upper Two Rows Verbs [-E—58hi]] There are many verbs in classical Japanese that conjugate like [?§2=47] , making use of the syllables in both the [ 4 | row and the To] row, eg. HSK), (HBRYI, TRO], [HOSS], [ROME] , and [7H KJ. These verbs are called “Upper Two Row SERINE, or more commonly [_E=By §)35)] where “Upper Two Rows” means the second and third horizontal Conjugation Verbs,” ["¢: rows, the [4 ] and [+ | rows, in the 50 syllabary chart. 481. VERBS Of all the modern Japanese verbs whose stems end in [i], those that are not in the list of ten common Upper One Row Verbs [_}—f#hia]] belong to the Upper Two Rows Verb [_ — #833] Group in classical Japanese. Therefore, it is best for the student to memorize the list of ten commonly used Upper One Row Verbs [_—B%i)i8]] , which will then make the identifi- cation of Upper Two Rows Verbs [_ = fii]] relatively easy Usually it is possible to predict the classical Japanese inflection paradigm from the modem derivative of the classical verb, For instance, consider the modem verb [$4 J, “to pass through”. In modem Japanese this is a - ru verb with an -i- stem, and since it is not one of the 10 Upper One Row Verbs [ E—E&8)541] it must be an Upper TwoRows Verb [_/— Spiel] . The consonant before -i- is g-, so this verb conjugates in the ga column [#747] as follows, (F#—-FJ, [F#-KYI, [FH Col, [FLS—-HO], [F Exercise 1.4.1. Fill in the blanks in the following conjugation table with the appropriate forms. | | ee AAT | ube IE PAE ae RE 4-F 4-Bo HS wn-es 501. VERBS L-Bii FATE AE LTE TE PAE aE # | BBR BB-B [2 “| ‘aot | es | Exercise 1.4.2, Give the modern Japanese forms for each of the following classical verbs. 2 8S Lag 28S 3.4Re 4 C5. HOS Exercise 1.4.3. Give the syuusikei [iF] of the classical verbs that correspond to the following modern verbs. re ts * as 2 1. WS 2 HLS 3. FUS 4. BUS 5. BS 1% aa 0? ih *h Exercise 1.4.4, Read the following sentences and translate them into modem Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all the verbs. 1. MMOL CRS EHEC ES. 2. ML< CHEB SRCURS. 3. BVEHSREMANLSMEL, 4. AEHTBEOSHE, 5. MOAB URSIN. 6 BICBISHSL. 7. BEKLEMV\ESKAT, 8. ROPETOSMOENL, 9. REWTRBURL. 10. BY EHSRELARASI, 6AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE Lens eAmre5 23U. 1.5. LowerOneRowVerbs (}—#idhisia] andLower ERAR2 E523 L, Two Rows Verbs CY Bee) Almost all modern Japanese vowel verbs (or -ru verbs) whose stems end in [e] are derived from Lower Two Rows Verbs [F —E##hia] of classical Japanese. 1 RAE MOAT. (FS ENG} I won’t eat anything. 2. BAR FLERAKY. (FLEKNK.) Tate susi. 3. HI ER, (HEEXS.} Teat rice. 4, BRE ENEBrS {ENEKNKSAM EL} BELo There is no one who eats it. 5. BAR &sne bie {ENTHHEBW.} aye Even though Ieatalot, Idon't gain weight. (IRA = FIBA POD] ORTH] 521. VERBS 6 BE CMeBXk [CHeEKKS,) Eat this! All verbs in this category have either [e] or [ul] in each of the six inflectional forms, e.g., /tabe-zu/, /tabe-tari/, /tabu/, /taburu-mono/, /tabure-domo/ and / tabeyo/. Thus it is said that these verbs conjugate in the [e] and [u] rows, the “Lower TwoRows”, ["F £8] ofthe SO syllabary chart, and therefore they are commonly called “Lower Two Rows Verbs,” [-F—BY&hi] - There is only one verb in classical Japanese that conjugates in the pattern ¥ ofaLower One Row Verb [F—f&)i]] . This verbis [BS J, “tokick,” and it conjugates as follows: 1. RRR tot (FB %b..} I don’t kick. 2. MAR BY, UF ato} Ikicked. : 3. ibe MS. (13%) Ikick. 4, KE Boe (3560) a person who kicks 53AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 5. BRE net {Sine} although I kicked 6. MS Be. {I¥5} Kick! Note 15. (MMKIE] + Te) — 781 This expression is used to indicate the potential, and its modern equivalent is [FSCEATHSI. [4B], means [TITUG J , “to obtain, or get”, as in “get ahorse”, (REG! (HE TICU MIE). [7G isa Lower Two Rows Verb [7F SHE], and conjugates as follows: [4—3" | TB eY ITI TBSHIBN—LGI THE J. Note thatthe same kanji [78 is used to represent either the sound [ 5 J, as in the syuusikei [49.J, rentaikei [43% |, and izenkei [#41], or the sound [Z J, as in the other forms. Examples: 1) MESSE, {MICBICEMTEHS.} PANICHSES 5 | We can meet him. 2) RICA SEBEY. {MICILWS CENT Teo} THAPIICILWSEARY,| [was able to enter the capital. [AS1 =O 1S]1. VERBS: Note 16. Vocabulary 1. BS [OS (AREA) 1. {KLYYEF} “togoorcome(toa superior, to the Palace)” [HsFAkSSKL.J (HLKMBHICK SKES5.0} “He will come to the Palace tomorrow.” 2. {KE LHIFS} “to give (toa superior)” TAPIEC KbOEHSI {BRC <( KSDEE LHS.) “He presented fruit to the Prince.” [SJ appears frequently in classical texts, and it functions primarily as ahumble form of the verbs “go”, “come”, “go to live with/serve under”, “eat”, “drink”, “present”, or “do something for someone”. There are also a very limited number of examples where it functions as a honorific equivalent of “do”, “eat”, or “drink”. 2. DS TENS) (PURE) 1. GEHTS} “to leave the Palace” (or some such respectable place) [bnhltkooe.| (&H, Wis LEL ES} I will now leave the Palace. 2. {EWYETF} “humble; to go, to come” [SltHOHICEMSE. | {€H, BOLICWSELSS.}AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE Tam now ready to go to the next world. [#3 | is frequently used as an expression to indicate someone has died. 3. FS. MS TERSS) (IBY) 1. {68 DMATS} “to be in attendance” THAPICERDSAL (BRICHEOMALTHSA} “a person who serves the Prince” 2. {KY £F} “humble: to go, to come” THAPSTIERSSC.| (BLAOMKWVYHLE S$ “T will come tomorrow morning.” 3. polite form of “to be” ho FSBOS KBR, | There is a capital under the waves, too. 4. E TSA) (4m) 1. (#rh} “Palace” 2. {REO} “The Inner Palace” 3. {#8} “The Imperial Presence” 4. (RZ, Be} “Emperor, Empress” 5. {KUAABREAS “a very high ranked courtier or his presence”1. VERBS, 5. BA TATU, BF EI (BM) {ESS} “thier” 6. AB. ABTSEES (BR) 1. {4° UL} “senior courtier’s mansion” 2. (KE, aia} “minister, senior courtier” 3. {8 << dtc} “minister or senior courtier’s wife” < Exercises > Exercise 1.5.1. Read the following sentences and translate them intomodern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all the verbs. L. ZORMSABC SL. 2. BRANES MERIT. . TERY TRICEUHO, 4. LN TARICB OD. . RAR AeRNT, 6. HBERAEY. |. BAC KSDEBSNL, 8. ROWICEHERSES Y 9. DFANCRD S RORICHEK 10. SObCB+tWA®, 11, BORA SMOLICREUT, EMS, 12, KIKbHSFRICSRRAT. 13. eC BBARHARY, (TH) 14, ABI SES FHA TH. 15, BEC EMBTKEDS EBT. pa alos 87‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 1.6. Sa Column Irregular Conjugation Verbs [#77 #35H8)3]] and Ka Column Irregular Conjugation Verbs [ATR AHA) “Sa irregular verbs” [+3£%)3]] is an abbreviation for “sa column irregular conjugation verbs” [+45 32485 Al iA] and “kairregularverbs” [9 HF] isan abbreviation for“kacolumn conjugation irregular verbs” (ARBRE - In classical Japanese the verb[ JJ, “to do”, has a unique conjugation Pattern, and it is freely added to nouns that denote action to form compound verbs,e.g..[ fe] “travel”+13 J... [Hed J ,“totravel”. There are also some verbs with [ | that are derived from the renyoukei [8 FAJZ] of verbs and adjectives, e.g., [<< | “to heighten”, and others that are derived from the stems of adjectives,e.g., [AF |»“‘tothink much of”. Asis clear from this example, in some environments voicing takes place, [$ Jo FJ. There is, however, no simple rule governing this voicing. Forexample, [ @ ]+ [34 = [aro], butlaj+ fs) = (HF J. Forthisreason itis besttoleam all such compounds as individual verbs that conjugate in the sa irregular verb pattern. [J J by itself and all compound verbs with [J | or [-J* } are called ile “sa column irregular verbs”, [+381 1 RA He. RAT LIEUN) Idon’t travel.1. VERBS 2. BAe PRLICYo (HTL Io} I traveled. 3. MIL iT. {MATT S 0} I travel. 4. RTE MISH URATSA) one who travels 5. BRAT MINES (MATSINeb} although I travel a => db w Pek. {HAT LS} Travel! ‘ The verb [3% J, “to come”, also conjugates in a unique way, and is called “ka irregular verb”, [7 &)35)]. The various forms of [ < | are given below. 1. FERRI BERT. {ANIL TEL} Tanlt=s.J He won’t come. 2. RATE TREY oJ {EHKEMS KF 593. ALTE 4. BRIG 5. BR ‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE TéBRteY.J A friend came. SCHAAR! {stata LEX Bo} TS6b4aP5126< oJ My father will come tomorrow. [TROBEL.] (< SOEAUVELY [< SOL] There is no one who will come. PSeRnNL SR GhdJ TtS THSAMAEE WMA LTHSATT.} The people standing there are all in service to the lord. Note 20. The conjunctive particle [#k#:8h#] [271 The particle [DD] is thought to be derived from the inflecting particle [DJ (to be introduced in 4.16). Itis added to the renyoukei [387A] of verbs [33] and some inflecting suffixes [BAEE]] to indicate one of the following meanings.1. VERBS 1, two actions or activities occur simultaneously; TAB, MOE SMICFSMSOOMURUT) CLEA) (BMO EK OKA CEE SSMS EMD MU EURO KU LE Li} All of the people were holding their children as they got on and off the boat at the places where the boat stopped. [A®, BRLODAS ED. (AR AED A StH.) The people were talking as they viewed the moon. nv . an activity g occurs intermittently but repeatedly over a period of time; rBulice CUT. MEMYDIDEZDOC ECBO Y oJ (ries {BUCA > THEM ST. WSBWADCIEICE 2 He0} He went into the fields and mountains gathering bamboo, and used it in many ways. 3. when [2] is followed by a form of [lJ or another word indicating “existence”, it shows the continuation of a certain action or state; we [Beko bISHSt.| [HRH2594] {FLOBAGOTWSISS.) My wife is probably waiting. 4, at the end of a clause, particularly in poetry, [> | contains a sense of 65‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE poetic emphasis along with the primary sense of continuation. BODE ORCL TCHR UDINESE Y | (BOKDICHOFCHTHREMA TU SUOMICILBDTEY DoThSo} [HSM2A] Snow is falling on my sleeve as I pick for you young greens in the spring fields. < Exercises > Exercise 1.6.1. Read the following sentences and translate them into modern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all the verbs. L REMEMUTHSELT. 2 HOKBCHBEST, 3. MAOMMRTINESEEELOBAL. . BxBoce nes bs VEEL. Ry. PROBE URIU. . RNENS L, BOCES LTHEMLEY. . Bkouces. 8, RH SSSMICBUET, ARRROHATICRSXL, 10. Ci, HAH, CBR, 11. WIC RMAAN SSE. 12. Bly TNO LTROK SOM ZL 13. Bakes, BE ees. 14, SAMCAOTHS NE SERS SET 15, HOHEROETSHOKBS ICEL. 16. ERK BEBNGET, 17, BEB eb oT, er aAws,. 661. VERBS 18. FROME, MOR L. 19, HEC Eb, HIE. 20, BREDINT THAEHSSS Yo Exercise 1.6.2. Give the modern Japanese verbs that correspond to the following classical Japanese verbs. 1 4K 2. 6 3. FEW 4, HBC 5. AS 6 BO 1. BY 8. 8 9. #0 ° iD 11. 5 12> 13, eS 14, Bp 15. PASSA 16. BC SH 17. RB 18. BRR 19. MHISA 20. BK BA Exercise 1.6.3. Give the classical Japanese verbs that correspond to the following modern Japanese verbs. 1. FO 2. 4S 3. 4B 4, ERS 5. HUS 6. BS 7, ROS 8. 8S 9 MICAS 10. KS ll. RAS 12. SRIF S 13. NS 14. HS 15. HENS 16. FEMA BoA 19. BNSA 20. KSA 21. MASA 22. MEA 23. FUSA 24. JE SAA 67AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 1.7, Review of Verbs Inthe previous chapters, classical Japanese verbs were classified into nine types in terms of their inflectional characteristics. In Japanese these types are: (+3), [OBR], [5981, LE—Be], (boee]. TF], CFB, [#2], [+38]. Although there are only two nairregular verbs [32], namely [3Ewy| and [448], this type has the largest variety of alternate forms and therefore is used to set the framework for all inflecting words in Japanese. The six inflecting forms are listed below. 1. the form followed by [J*] .... . the form followed by [72 Y | . the sentence final form . the form followed by [E' | ... ~ [BRE] 2 3 4. the form followed by [§].... 5 6 ~ [a BIE] . the imperative form The alternate forms of [3E#_] and [48 | should be put to memory, especially the rentaikei [384692] [JES J and izenkei [BSH] [3E%at J, which are different from the modern forms. All of the “u-verbs” or “consonant verbs” in modern Japanese are derived from Four Rows Verbs [| J ofclassical Iapanese except |[ HS J, [#S1, [36%aJ,and [HS J. In the Tokyo dialect of modern Japanese 681. VERBS, the form derived from the classical verb [428 | is not used, although its use is fairly common the Kansai and Kyusyu dialects. The outstanding characteristics of Four Rows Verbs [PaB¢#pia] is that the mizenkei [FeP87] ends with the vowel [a], for instance, [kk—'], [HAT and [#8—¥ J. It should also be remembered that the syuusikei [#£1F 72] and rentaikei [324472] are identical, as are the [PSH] and [ér@7Z] . MILE : KE BRAT : fob — HAE : kt MBE : HH There are few irregular verbs in classical Japanese as well as in modern Japanese, and it is easy to remember the verbs in these categories. There are only four ra irregular verbs [>H#)3A] , namely [HYI, TEYI, Tlaxy J, PuxésAvY J. There is only one ka irregular verb [BE Sh] P3K| and sa irregular verbs [44-3eSh$a]] include only [J Jand its compound, such as [3g] and [{¥¥‘J. Students should pay special attention to the following alternate forms of these verbs. 1, sairregular verbs [535%)35]] identical renyoukei [9 FARZ] and syuusikei [#1b7E] AE YU #EIKTE : BY different rentaikei [384472] BRIE: 5S 69‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 2. ka irregular verbs [7 35)3A1] rentaikei [3#44}] is the same as the modem form, but syuusikei [#2iE7E] is different BAH: <3 PIL: < 3. sa irregular verbs [+3351] syuusikei [#492] is [FJ not [FSJ, and mizenkei [SAFE] is [+t J. The “ru-verbs” or “vowel verbs” of modern Japanese derive from either Upper One Row Verbs [L—&&)il] , Upper Two Rows Verbs [FI Eh] or Lower Two Rows Verbs ["F = R#)i1] of classical Japanese. If the stem of the modem verb ends in [e] such as {#~— 3}, then the verb belongs to the Lower Two Rows Verb ["F —E¥#&)iAl] category in classical Japanese. There is only one verb, [#t% | , in the Lower One Row [FE hie] category of classical Japanese, but its modern derivative {tS} conjugates in the same pattern as {8k<3} and {#83} . If the stem of the modern verbs ends in [i], suchas {FLO} or (#2%S}, then the verb belongs to either the Upper One Row [_E—£¥] or Upper Two Rows [_/—£#] group in classical Japanese. Since there are only ten Upper One Row Verbs [—B®&hi4]] that were used frequently in classical Japa- nese, it is best to memorize them: [SJ TWSITRSIIFSISRSI 701. VERBS [#31 (HS) HS) THOSI THOS The remaining modern”1u-verbs” with stems ending in [i] are Upper Two Rows Verbs [_L}— epi] . Recreating the classical inflecting forms of Upper Two Rows Verbs [LR 8h34] and Lower Two Rows Verbs [F—®&pie]] from the modern syuusikei [#€1 7] isrelatively simple. The rentaikei [B72] of the classical form can be determined by replacing the last vowel of the modern verbs stems ([i] or [e]) with [u]. {8X3} modem form, replace [e] of stem with [uJ [RSI classical rentaikei {#2%%} modem form, replace [i] of stem with [u] [#2 < BJ classical rentaikei The classical syuusikei [£17] can be generated from the classical rentaikei [8/432] by simply dropping the final syllable [— 3]. [RASIl > TRA! [i2< 31 > [ie< J ‘The classical izenkei [E2472] can be generated from the classical rentaikei [384892] by replacing the final syllable [ J with [#1]. [RSS] > [RXN-] nAN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE rie< BI > fies n-J One syllable verbs such as [4 J and [$f should be treated with care. They are Lower Two Rows Verbs [F —f& #391] , but it is hard to distinguish the stems from the endings of these verbs. It is also important to pay special attention to the classical transitive and intransitive verbs that form pairs. Often they have the same syuusikei [#£i1F 72], but they may belong to different categories. For example, the syuusikei [#72] [#A< 1 maybe either a transitive or intransitive verb, but the transitive [{tA< | conjugates as a Lower Two Rows Verb [-F —B¢)i3]] while the intransitive [#%< | conjugates as a Four Rows Verb [PUBR hia]. [#1 is the only classical Lower Two Rows Verb [F6)33] that conjugates in the a- column [747]. Al other similar verbs that appear to have vowel endings conjugate in the ha column [/\47], the ya column [+74] , or the wa column [747] . That is, the modem verb {fH4. 3} is derived not from the hypothetical classical [#75 | but from [JH] . It should be remembered that [4§ J (and related verbs such as [1if$]) is the only a column Lower Two Rows Verb [7 7F F BBE]. There are only three commonly used wa column Lower Two Rows Verbs [797 FIERA], namely, P&S | (MS) HHS]. The most commonly used ya column Lower Two Rows Verbs [4777 F—Be&hia]] are 21. VERBS PROJ, THO), [AAC], and [HH], and the most common ha columnLowerTwoRows Verbs [\477F —BeBhial] are (5. 1, res, (Sal, (HSI, PHS] ete. In the case of Upper Two Rows Verbs [_E—f%Shia]] , from just the modern forms it is difficult to distinguish those that conjugate in the ya column [4747] from those in the ha column [/\4}] . It best to remember that there are only three ya column Upper Two Rows Verbs [+777 LIE Hpie]] ,namely [2 J, [Heep] ,and [#R . The rest belong to the ha column Upper Two Rows Verb group [/\#7_L—Beipia]. ‘Those modern Japanese “u-verbs” or “consonant verbs” whose negative form has [wa], such as {$§4o%CL}, conjugate in classical Japanese as ha column Four Rows Verbs [/\47EREN5], [HSJ. 32. ADJECTIVES (rs: Adjectives in classical Japanese, as in modern Japanese, are highly inflected, and grammatically they include predication. For instance, an adjective [ALJ {#4} does not mean merely “red,” but rather “to bered.” In describing the various forms of adjectives, Japanese grammarians use the same framework used in the description of verbs, which may lead to confusion. For example, both [#R< | and [AKAGI are considered the nizenkei [AMR] of ARLI. Infact, [ARD\D | is a contracted form of [aR < —HHJ,where [HK< | isthe renyoukei of the adjective THR LJ and [© J is the mizenkei of the ra-hen doosi [5 Y J . [aRLI OMA + [HY ORR Tmar< J + [5] =[bano-] Forms derived from the adjectival renyoukei (3 FA#2] + [%YJ are called “kari forms,” [4.47%] and all the other forms are called “original forms.” The Kari forms are usually used when adjectives are followed by inflecting suffixes [Bh&)iA] that cannot be added directly to the original forms of the adjectives. There are two subgroups of adjectives, as shown below. 742. ADJECTIVES A) KuConjugation Adjectives (7 AESH] 1. RPAH RL {¥DAo fc} if itis cold Epos. {SGC G1} Itis not cold. Theinflecting suffix [Bhi] [—g*] mustbe added to the mizenkei of the Kari form. It cannot be added to the original form. ‘On the other hand, the particle [Bhia]] [Ia] may be added to either the kari form PACA + Ie J or the original form [Et < +1 J. 2. SAR RT. {®¢FS.} [will make it cold. ROVYITY. {Od ofc} It was cold. Note: [IF ¥ | isapast tense inflecting suffix [By#h2a ]. See Note 20 below fora more detailed explanation. 3. HL BL. {ET} tis cold. 4. TRIBE Ba6 {SOW} acold day BDSA {€OWV)} acold day 5. BRB BINES (SCWINLS} although itis cold a => a w ern. (Son o SOC EN) 75‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE Be cold! Become cold! B) Siku Conjugation Adjectives [2 75 RAH] 1 RR | ELSIE (ELA) ifitis beautiful KRLASST, {HL< Gl.,} It is not beautiful. 2. BAAR ELST. {LK FSH.) Iwillmake it beautiful. RLAYITY, {RAV fc,} It was beautiful. 3. Rib T Lo {HL} It is beautiful. 4. BE RLS {UU} a beautiful thing ELDSM (Li) a beautiful thing 5. BRARE ELIINES (RLUGHEd} although it is beautiful a => db e Klan, {#L< bh or LK EH} Be beautiful. Become beautiful. The [AY | forms of the syuusikei and izenkei are absent from the paradigms because they are not usually used, and only the [.¥J | form is used for the meireikei. 762. ADJECTIVES RAAARR AE | MAE | Hub | BR | BAR | mo - -U —% -! -f -. —H -eb B- | me ay DS ah tor | < K u = ih x Line | Ling Las tan 52K-] Us u< L Ls Lith Note 21. The inflecting suffix [Spi] F(t U J [FU J is an inflecting suffix [H)H)%]] that indicates past tense, particularly in narratives, and it is added to the renyoukei [3 FA72] of inflecting words. With adjectives, [IY | is added only to the [HY J form. [ItY J is also used for emphasis, especially in poetry, and in such cases it does not carry the meaning of past tense. See 4.15. for amore detailed explanation. Examples: 1) BRESPABVITY, {(BMEWF GRADE} There was a Haiku-poet called Basyo. 7AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE [%&%J is the rentaikei of the copulative inflecting suffix (BRED ENE] [HEU . See 4.19 for details. 2) FOOMICBSHVITVY, (HCCC MAH ofc} Once upon a time there was a capital in this place. 3) DOKELAVITY. {BORDA LA feo} That woman was lovely. Note 22. The renyoukei of adjectives [72S] OFA7Z) Itwasalready noted thatonly the [\'J | formsofadjectives [F2R] are used with certain types of inflecting suffixes [Bh%)#5]]. for example, [BOY FY 1 fedvbv5 fe}, “Itwas high.” In addition, it should be noted that the original form of the renyoukei of adjectives has two important functions, the continuative and the adverbial. Examples 1 and 2 below illustrate the continuative use of the renyoukei to signal the continuation of a sentence, in other words, to signal the end of the non-final clause in a compound sentence. In this usage the adjective is sometimes followed by the particle [Bhi]] [CJ or [UT] to indicate this even more clearly, as in Example 3. The adverbial use of the renyoukei is illustrated in Examples 4 and 5, 782. ADJECTIVES Examples: 1) BML<, BRUT. (ORK T. MNBICMAEW) The wind is strong and umbrellas are useless. 2) Wm<. BRL, | (WK. SIAR} The mountains are high and the gorges deep. 3) WHC UT. SRL. (I<. SIR} ‘The mountains are high, and the gorges deep. 4) BRL< HS. (Ba L< So} Tt snows hard. 5) ROBRUL< GV. (KRORMEL< Gokot The leaves of trees have become beautiful. Note 23. Onbin [42] The [k] in the last syllable of the renyoukei and rentaikei of adjectives is sometimes omitted, so that [%< | becomes [H31, and FRUAI becomes [SEL]. These forms are called onbin [##{] forms. The onbin form of the renyoukei is still used before [OX t\*E FJ in modem Japanese, asin [#SltkDOXWET) “goodmoming.” The onbin form 79AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE of the renyoukei is also widely used in the Kansai dialect. The conclusive/ attributive form of modern Japanese adjectives is derived from the onbin form of the rentaikei. [repel > [reas] [540¢ ba] 2 T30<¢ bud [takaki] © [takai] [utukusiki] [utukusii] Note 24. Vocabulary 1. ARTS 6) (BR) (A= Y | BH) The Imperial Palace 2 BSE) (4) 1. tH} village, hamlet 2. {Utd} the country 3. {B5+OR} acourtier’s private home 3. DESEL GERM) (comb Li, MUAY appropriate, pleasant to see or hear, becoming #ahoaexsoasal. {AUBSAOAW MS REBICKBUAU LF A young priest’s white robe is pleasing to our eyes. We (BIE) {7A} TUERER] (UNAIRED) very red clothes 1. {UP FE, &HU.fz} unpleasant, disagreeable 2 {HIE by} ugly «< Exercises > Exercise 2.1. Read the following sentence and translate them into modern2. ADJECTIVES Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all the verbs and adjectives. 1. ye ra Aw Wa 32%) #1] with the exception of the alternative short forms [I< Jand [ & J. The ra irregular form of the renyoukei [4 Y | or [7 Y | is used before inflecting suffixes [B)E%], suchas [ {FY J. The short form is used in three ways: adverbially as in [ARAFAZKES J “It rains quietly”; continuatively as in 85 has twoAN INTRODUCTION TO GLASSICAL JAPANESE THES Y (C. AABRY % LI “The flowers are in full bloom, and the moonis perfectly clear”; and before the particle [ UT J asin (#ElS#PAVIT UTARELI “The forest is quiet and there are no signs of people.” Note 25. Suffix [#258] [—(7] The suffix [IF | is added to the renyoukei of verbs [S935 0 FAH] . the stem of adjectives and pseudo-adjectives [fESial, FERMIO EH). and certain nouns to form a pseudo-adjective or, on rare occasions, a noun. [—IF] indicates that in the eyes of the speaker or narrator the attribute of the predicate “appears to be thus.” It corresponds to modem Japanese {--- £ 3}, or {-+-&RAS). For instance, [SEU] by itself means “is beautiful,” but [3€L(F% Y | means “seems beautiful”; [HHS %Y | means “is elegantly beautiful,” but [#(F% YJ means “seems elegantly beautiful.” [A% UL] means “there are no people,” but [AIT% LJ means “there is no sign of people.” A word formed with [—(F] is usually gramatically a psevdo-adjective [2 Sp%-]] , but occasionally it appears in the form of a noun, especially when followed by the negative, as shown in TAI? above. 863. PSEUDO-ADJECTIVES Note 26. Vocabulary 1. #U [HEU] (AR) a music party; In the Heian period, [4€U] meant a party where noblemen and court ladies played music. 2. PAPK. POPS (RI) (HK) 1. {KATA Lietz} gradually Bl; PS PSMISTK B (KAAS < HO THIS B} the sky that is gradually becoming lighter 2. {P.&} at last, with difficulty ‘This usage, which is found in modern Japanese, was rare in the Heian period. 3. Slane GAH) This word has a wide range of meanings. It may be used for “splendid,” “beautiful,” “sad,” “pitiful,” etc., whenever the be- holder is strongly impressed or moved by sight, sound, etc. [Hd SRHYV.1 (FILS LUMOAAAS.} ‘There is a beautiful pine tree. 4. EOD (YORREBE) lL. {ATAF ULC BLU; BERK THMTALUY} young and fresh, lovely 2. (EEPWTHIUEEE} supple, genteel beauty 3. {LoEYELTLEMEEE} soft, elegant manner 4. {HCPNTEHUL ; 9X} enticingly attractive 87AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 5. €D\L (vy ARES) {BHL4AW, FIFSLI, TINTS} interesting, outstanding, wonderful < Exercises > Exercise 3.1. Read the following sentences and translate them into modern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all verbs [#4] ], adjectives (FES 34] and pseudo-adjectives [FERHA]. 1. BOMUEMDICHS, 2. HST DOREBG. 3. BMOcnithieoed, 4 BBO SME, 5. DOKSVESMNLSMEDC UIT. ICE HILICRUACEO BOA LCHDEY 6 ARN RkRoh KRORDICMMDEH. 8. HONORE’ SRS Y 9. Be SRYRRERRSHSY 10. RLOWMMME CU, 11. ROMBEEGSHEL. 12. BRE KHeESSEBL. 3. KOR AHltnic LTAOMlAS SEY, 14. Bomuw<. weaitney. . WEREDNLS, SLOTESREY, moms a Exercise 3.2. Read the following sentences and translate them into modern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all verbs [ia], 883. PSEUDO-ADJECTIVES adjectives [72234], and pseudo-adjectives [FERRI] . L. SRHUTY, BAMBORRE—LOMMELEE, APICAY, HOHABEFUUY, BABRSOME RS OTHE, WH WECRUT, MESA SES ICEYITY. 2 ROMCHCT, HRY EMS BORTICHSHY. IPSS < CU THAIS, MT MICH SRB ORC LILA 4 BAS. BORUERE LICHKEADBO—BAICBSM, WE Bianey, TAL HTSAE SI, BRO KGS EM oUT, UTS = See Note 18. srozmg = Us w - ee ASCE SSECMEBOPIPIHAT. BIEYOCS Weer, (te) w Het EDBAKSDUENES. RMOSAUEEML, BF] 894. INFLECTING SUFFIXES (iis) 4.0. General Statement Inflecting suffixes [B)%hi] are bound forms [(}/RE8] which conjugate like verbs and adjectives but which cannot be used alone in a sentence. These inflecting suffixes [B)E)il] (literally, “helping verbs”) are one of the most important and complex parts of classical Japanese grammar, and the student will find that a thorough understanding of them will greatly enhance his or her ability to read and understand classical texts. Several of the suffixes have already been introduced briefly in notes in earlier chapters, and this section is devoted to a thorough introduction of the suffixes used in classical Japanese. There are three major things to be learned foreach inflecting suffix [#341] : meaning, conjugation forms, and environments. 4.0.1. Meaning Examples: ) RT GRE Negative She won’t come. 904. INFLECTING SUFFIXES 2) Bib vR (RS EUR} Negative a night that is not cold 3) BNSXSR (RC LB Negative a night that is not cold 4) REY. {Rie} Perfect He came. 5) RKSH. {RIA} Perfect the person who came 6) BISRL. {GIERS ESS} Conjecture He will probably come. 1 RADE. {BATES Oo} Intention Iwill go. When inflecting suffixes [B)B)a] are added to verbs [Sia], adjectives [2255] , pseudo-adjectives [F¢2H)34]] or other inflecting suffixes [BhE)i4] they attach a particular meaning, such as aspect, mood, or voice to the sentence. For example, [3 and its alternate forms such as [&SJ and [¥Jadd the meaning “negative” to phrases in which they 2AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE appear, while [f< Y | and its alternate forms such as [72] and [fe#J add the meaning “perfect”. An inflecting suffix may have more than one meaning. For instance, in Example 6 [£3 indicates “conjecture”, but in Example 7 “intention”. Each inflecting suffix [B)&)#l] has only alimited number of meanings, but often the reader must determine the appropriate meaning based solely on his or her understanding of the context. 4.0.2. Conjugation forms Since inflecting suffixes [HE] conjugate like verbs [#5], adjectives [72255], and pseudo-adjectives [FZ2HpiA], the student must leam the paradigm for each one. Again, the paradigm for na irregular verbs [73€#)i5]] is used to set the framework, but student should be aware that there are considerable irregularities in the conjugation patterns of many inflecting suffixes [ BhEhii ]. For example, as is the case with the mizenkei of adjectives [fZq]OAFAAZ] ,whichhada [pv | formand an original form (see Chapter 2 above) sometimes two different forms have the same name. For instance, both[ ¥aJand [&S] are the rentaikei [SE4K7E] of the inflecting suffix FJ. On the other hand, some inflecting suffixes [8)%34]] have incomplete paradigms and are lacking certain forms. For example, the conjectural inflecting suffix [¢:] has only the syuusikei [#472] , rentaikei 924. INFLECTING SUFFIXES (384692) and izenkei [E2476], and lacks the mizenkei [R247E, renyoukei (j# 97%] and meireikei [é>S7E). Since there is no uniform conjugation pattern for all inflecting suffixes, it is necessary for the student to learn the conjugation pattern of each one. 4.0.3. Environments As was mentioned earlier, specific inflecting suffixes [B34] are added only to a specified form (or forms) of inflecting words [FAS . For example, the negative [- | and its alternate forms may be added only to the mizenkei [5 9A72] and never to any forms other than the mizenkei, while the perfect [f= | is added only to the renyoukei (i2FA72]. Further- more, some inflecting suffixes [8 83a] can be added to verbs [hi], adjectives [F2@H1], pseudo-adjectives [}¢28H)3H]] and inflecting suffixes [Bh EE ], others only to verbs [#)i5}] and adjectives [72435)], and still others only to verbs_[)34]]. Since a knowledge of the environment of an inflecting suffix will often play a crucial role in determining its identity, the restriction for each one should be learned well. 93AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 4.1. -¢jand és): Causative (ie) Pere or Honorific [2%] [HJand [ET] are used after the mizenkei [FAH] of verbs to indicate either causative [{8#%] or honorific [#4]. They appear after inflecting suffixes only when used together to indicate both causative [181%] and honorific [8$#&] . The distribution of [F Jand [FJ are complementary in that [SJ and its alternate forms are added to the mizenkei [ARPAHE] ofFourRowsVerbs [PURX].nairregularverbs [+R] andrairregular verbs [5 &pia]], while [&F] and its alternate forms are used afterthe mizenkei [49492] ofall other verbs, namely ka irregular Verbs [ZHI]. sa irregular verbs [++ ZEN], Upper One Row Verbs [_t—¥8)381], Upper Two Rows Verbs [_} — Fyighia]], Lower One Row Verbs [F—Bxi}iq]] and Lower Two Rows Verbs [FIE& Hal. ee ee ik ct + ++ SRS ee ee oe eae ee ORE eg [et st ay ess sonlare Loo IDA 944, INFLECTING SUFFIXES 4.1.1, Causative [#12] The Japanese causative corresponds to the English sense of “make someone do something”, or “permitsomeone to do something”. Thatis to say, in Japanese grammar causative [44%] covers both the causative and the permissive of English grammar. Examples: ro 1) RATE RECS. 2) BAR RECEY. 3) MILI RET. 4) BAH RETSR 95 {EEL} I don’t make them drink. or, I don’t let them drink. {RE CEo} I made them drink. or, I let them drink. {KES 0} Tmake them drink. or, J will let them drink. {8k et SPH} when I make them drink5) BRAT 6) BIE fess 1) RRR 2) RAR 3) #ib Ie ‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE KkETHED thetK. Bxsesy. Betry, BNET, or, when I let them drink {kEtKINEDS} although I made them drink or, although I let them drink {ES} Make them drink! or, Let them drink! {BANSHEE} I don’t make them eat. or, I don’t let them eat. {ANS} Imade them eat. or, I let them eat. {BNET} I make them eat. or, I let them eat.4, INFLECTING SUFFIXES 4) aH BNeyor, {AXE SBF} when I make them eat or, when I let them eat 5) Bee BXETHES {ANStKINED} although I made them eat or, although I let them eat 6) MSH Bxetd. {AXES} Make them eat! or, Let them eat! The honorific inflecting suffixes [2 eeBhShia ITF land PASI canbe used to make the verb “honorific”, thus exhalting its subject, but only if there is another honorific word within the same verb phrase. In other words, [| and [& 3] cannot by themselves indicate honorific, but they can serve to intensify the sense of honorific that is indicated by other honorific words, such as [Jas] (see note 32 below). Therefore, when no other honorific word is present, [FJand [&g | should be interpreted as causative [#7]. Anexpression with twohonorific words,“doublehonorific” | #9] 7AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE indicates that the politeness level of the sentences is of the highest order. The subject of such a sentence is often the emperor, empress, prince, princess or nobleman of very high rank. Examine the following three sentences. Examples: 1) [REMSHHS | [PEWSHKES | 2) [MF ISKeHS HHS J [HCIMPEWSEKED | 3) [REF ORRBREHS HHS. | PUPS EULOESDPEWSEKE DS Sentence | is ambiguous because [+t] may be either causative or honorific, and we must know the subject of the sentence in order to decide which itis. Without a clearer context the sentence could be translated as either “he shoots an arrow”, or “he has someone shoot an arrow”. However, the subject of sentence 2 is specified, and since the subject is “the prince” [48-F J, it is almost certain that [&+#] here is used to form a double honorific. So the translation will be “the Prince shoots an arrow”. The subject of sentence 3, “the sub-bishop of the Zyodo Temple” [J#+3-O(848 1, is indeed a respectable position, but it is highly unlikely that the double honorific would be used with this subject, so [ & + here should probably be interpreted as a causative inflecting suffix [{S#¢B)Spia], unless the 984, INFLECTING SUFFIXES. larger context suggests otherwise. Therefore, the translation will be “the sub- bishop of the Zyodo Temple has someone shoot an arrow”. ‘The conjugation patterns and environments are the same whether [FJ or [&FJ is used as an honorific or causative inflecting suffix. Examples: 4) MFA ¢HltnNES MRED. 5) LisAIcRS tS. (REOSFRSE THT IES LUM BEEY ICES.) The Prince composes a splendid poem. (RBSMICHRYV ICS.) The Emperor boards the boat. Sentence environment [oJ [SJ used alone [oJ [ST] used with another honorific (E12 ( causative) 2 (honorific) | 3° x ° | ° 99AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE Note 27. [+2 fl] + Tadd When [& FJ is added to sa irregular verbs [4+ZEE)i], we would expect the resultant form to be [4t— & J, since the mizenkei of [JJ is [+¢J. However, the mizenkei [+t | is commonly omitted before the causative [Xy J, and the verb simply appears as [ & J J, as shown in Examples 1 & 2 below. This is especially true when the verb is a compound verb with anounplus [$ J. When the verbisthe simple sairregular verb [++2£8h39)], namely [J | alone, then the form [42g] will more often appear, as is shown in Example 3. When [ & J] as an honorific intensifier is added to themizenkei [2472] ofsairregular verbs [+¥ZEH)HT] , the mizenkei form [ +t | is not omitted, as shown below in Examples 4 & 5. Examples: 1) Pew] + PSs] = (eRe ST] ~ RST) to make them understand 2) wT] + Tadd eetesl > abes] to make them go back home 3) afgl + fasjl= lees] SHAR ett St k_| Make him study for three years. BIg] + (etl + freyl = Teeny 1004, INFLECTING SUFFIXES (EAR tt & +t fc Y | They made him study for three years. 4) [ewe + Patt + PHS = (RCSD. | = BSH The Emperor understands. 5) MES] + PAT) + (HSS = ABS HBSS The Emperor goes home, Note 28, Distinguishing causative verbs from transitive verbs ending in it Students should be careful to distinguish between verbs with causative inflecting suffixes [97 BPEE]] , that is, verbs in the mizenkei with either [J or [&FI, and transitive verbs that end in FJ, such as TST] “to scatter”, or THIET , “to fly”. As shown in the chart below, the conjugation patterns of the two are different. 101AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE Causative Verbs Contrasted With Transitive Verbs Ending In [3 | RAK GENE BD mae het — —> RAE | BOT e iteay & A Ba—t—hky Ag ROL y L fe BOOT + het t KE | BD 93—8 $5 MOTH t aE Bb —th—eb on eet RSE | Bee ek) et Note 29, The agent in causative clauses In classical Japanese, agents in causative sentences are generally marked by the particle [ & J, but on occasion [ % | is replaced by the particle F1< J. Replacement is obligatory when the verb is transitive because the agent- marker [ Jwould be identical in form with the direct object-marker [ & | and the two would be difficult to distinguish. Replacement is optional when the verb is intransitive, since there is no such danger. In Example | below, the agent-marker [ # |is used with an intransitive verb, and in Example 2, the 1024, INFLECTING SUFFIXES agent-marker [ & jis replaced by [I< J, although replacement is optional. In Example 3, the agent-marker [12] is used with the transitive verb. Here replacement of [Joy [(< Jis obligatory. Examples: 1 ROFETANT. {BSOF RETA So} I will make my own son go. 2) BASFICADT. {HROFH CAMS o} I will make my own son go. 3) BHICtot, {HAICEStS.} I will have Yosida make it. ‘The agent-marker [ J, but not [ [< J, is sometimes re-enforced by adding the particle [ LT]. Since this [ UT] is not added to the direct object, a particle sequence [% LT J necessarily marks the agent of a causative sentence (Examples 4 and 5). In such cases there is no danger of confusion ‘between the agent and object-marker even when the verb is transitive. Therefore, the particle sequence [% LT} canbe used as the agent marker with either transitive or intransitive verbs. The agent-marker [ % | before [UT] is never replaced by [ {< J, although it may be sometimes omitted, as in Example 6. 103AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE Examples: 4) GHElLTMStKY. (HMICBDtK,} I made Yosida say it. 5) BIFELTHDST. {BAOFHETOS.} I will make my own son go. 6) BRLTREHKY, (SHB bti} I made Yosida say it. Note 30, The optative particle [723 | ‘The optative particle [%¢] is added to the mizenkei [APAHZ] of inflecting words and expresses the speaker's hope or desire for an action by, or state of, a third person or object. Note that the optative [7%z¢;] follows the mizenkei, and [%¢>] in any other environment will be interpreted differently, as is explained in later chapters. Examples: D RMS. {TEITPRUYTIZ LY} I want the cherry blossoms to bloom. 1044, INFLECTING SUFFIXES. 2) BRSZCLBS. (Bic TH LW EBS} Thope it will snow. Note 31. The desiderative particle [—(<*P] The particle [—|£%>J isattachedtothe mizenkei [¥4AZ] of verbs [hi] and some inflecting suffixes [Bh)S)i]]. When [—Id%>] appears at the end of a phrase asa sentence final particle [#€#)ia) ],itusually expresses the wish of the speaker, corresponding to the modem [—f2t.], as shown in Examples 1 and2. [—{248] is thought to have derived from acombination of the conjunction particle [#@8Bh3)] [— (iJ, which was introduced in Note 1, and the sentence final particle [4 |, which is used for emphasis. [—[{£*| is also used on occasion with verbs of existence to express the speaker’s wish that a certain state come about, as shown in Example 3. In this respect it is similar to [—%#¢¢;] introduced in the previous note. The particle [—[£%] also appears as a conjunctive particle [4E#SBH38] and, in fact, the sentence final particle [4€B)i5]] _intro- duced above is thought to have developed from this earlier usage. As a conjunctive particle, [—{&% | followseitherthe mizenkei [FR#AIE] or the izenkei [EYAH%], as does [—[4] introduced in Note 1. The [| expresses doubt or questioning. Withthe mizenkei [AZAHZ] plus [—(£J, 105AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE the preceding clause expresses a hypothetical condition [4RiE S61, as shown in Example 4, and with the izenkei [E9472] itisacondition already existing [HEE 4]. The mizenkei [PAH] + [14 | corresponds to themodern [---475[£---H\], while the izenkei [B¥HE] + [IP] corresponds to modem [-+-72f\5---f\J, as shown inExample 5. This usage expresses doubt, and at times, corresponds to a rhetorical question in which the negative is thought to be actually true, as shown in Example 6. Examples: 1. BORVGSERITD. (MROMMORERKUSOTIT.} I would like to see the cherry blossoms of my home village in full bloom. 2, DOAICRILIEP. {HOAIHMS KUTT o} I would like to ask that person. 3, —DHBIEPEBS. {—DH2TELWEBI Oo} I wish there were one. 4, BCMA PC SHS. {S LHC < SSCSMIOSD.} If I were to ask you, would I ask it this way? 1064, INFLECTING SUFFIXES 5. BODIBHMIFPBICTACSAE, {AEBS Bo TURD OSBOEMTAICR 2 HSS DM} Was it because I was thinking of the person, I saw her in my dreams? 6. FRR PHC CLHSE. {FRbSoTH, faS HAHSKSIM.} Even were I to meet you one thousand nights, would I get tired of you? ke Note 32. The verb [ #45, | In most cases, the verb [#4.5.] conjugates in the pattern of a Four Rows verb [PYXSh#A]]. and is added to the renyoukei [38 4FZ] of verbs and some inflecting suffixes [B)&)5e]] . It is an honorific verb exalting the subject of the sentence (Example 1). Another [#4.5.| is found in classical Japanese, but this one conjugates in pattern of a Lower Two Rows Verb CFA eeana subject of the verb (Example 2). ees '] and it indicates the sense of humbleness [2##%] of the The Four Rows Verb [ pagsy ] T#S. is sometimes used inde- pendently without a preceding verb, in which case it is an honorific verb meaning “to give”, or “to bestow,” as shown in Example 3, When [#45.J is used with the honorific inflecting suffix [J or 107AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE [T&F], the resultant phrase is a double honorific [=k] of the utmost politeness, as was explained earlier in 4.1.2, and is shown in Example 4. Examples: 1) BRLWEHSNGSRERABS. [BOK] {BBUKOANAY sIFEREBEY CGS 0} The young prince makes a very moving poem. 2) BOMBVMLEMSBATY. CiRBE] (bieSROMBROGBY CC WE SBME OI LE LIC} Ihave heard that your Excellency’s illness is hard to cure. 3) HSBEDICREBS,. (BHATSEAKBSICHME (KES) His Excellency gives robes to the people who are in attendance. 4) DAMMRERE CHS. (RASRESKACEUET.} [—BS%] The Emperor composes a poem. < Exercises > Exercise 4.1.1. Read and translate the following sentences into modern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all inflecting words. ee Ps 1 FB emaies. 2 ARtnebee LtHOET. 1084, INFLECTING SUFFIXES 3. Ms ewees saMEY. 4 ABLES CEE. 5 HSRICETA UE. 6. BVSEOILEERICHHIEP. 1. ox UTHMStoES, 8. BNR SECERS, 9. TEMATU, BETHD. 10. Blake LTRERDUBS. 1. #8asols Rese, 12. Lists SBS CRIES. 13, DEHTH LBB LRUTAS LHDSBICH THO. (RENEE 14, MUROMRICS DUS VERIRAD SELL, CNM = she) PRUE] 00? 15. BO LCHBE THER UE OREDNC HALE. CAN NT | Exercise 4.1.2 Change the forms of the verbs as indicated in the example to make grammatical verbs sentences. BRS +9 /SF=ANET 1 HS +t /Eet= 2 RO +b /EtF= 3. AAD +d ATH 4. BS +9 /ET= 5. OG 6+ 0 /St= CS Ed +9 /ET= 1. RT +5 /8T= 8 Fe +t /et= 9. #®Y +b /EtF= 10. FRET +S /ST=‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 4.2. TL] 4.2.1. Causative [itié] While [SF Jand [& FJ are used only after verbs, except in the rare case of honorific-causative doubling, [ U¢3J may be used after the mizenkei [ARPAHE] of verbs [Hie], adjectives [72439] and pseudo-adjectives [}2ZHpiqj] to form a causative clause. It is always added to the [AY | form of adjectives [F22#A]] , notthe original form. | LZ} was not widely used in prose during the Heian period and was rarely used in poetry, but it came to be used quite frequently in later periods, especially in writing styles where Chinese influence was strongly felt, as in war tales and official documents. lalalelwlele & B. e (n Via) FED ATE | LE (lH L%® |LE | LES Lin LHL Examples: 1) IRR LOT. {Ud Lo} Ido not make him go. or, I do not fet him go. 2) SAE FTO LOKY. — (bvivtteo} Imade him go. or, Ilet him go. 3) IEA ALE. {Wnt S.} I make him go. or, I will left him go.4, INFLECTING SUFFIKES 4) BURT FID LESR (FD SH} when I make him go or, I when let him go. | 5) BRR FOLENES (VMtkined) although I made him go or, although I let him go 8) STE GDLOE, (LES) Make him go! or, Let him go! 4.2.2. Honorific [3%] Although its use as an honorific inflecting suffix [28%8h8)#A] is rare, FUJ is sometimes used as an honorific in conjunction with other honorific words, most commonly [#5]. Examples: 1) RIB CBD LOS. (HICBEMESBSICTS } ra The Emperor writes his name on the pillar. 2) LIGRETES LOMS. (KSSHRESEY CGS.) The Emperor composes a poem. a‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE Note 33. Vocabulary 1 WAC (YO RRBBH) 1. (EBICVEW, KUAAK,} terrible, very bad [AMG EWACECEESSHYIIV.I {BHEERUAAEZCEMSBD 9K} There were many terrible happenings such as typhoons. 2. (HBICTIES UU) very fine [EOFICUAU SBS Y oJ {ZOFICY aILGMHE ADS} There is a fine priest at that temple. 2. fat (DERRBH) (IC < SLL, BAP} regrettable, annoying [EORS State Lol (AMSDSBRK,} It is also regrettable that blossoms will scatter. 3. UK (4H) 1. {BRM} crevice, gap THER ICURES MUDKY J YF ICM Ls (KEFH2 TW KO} ‘They sat all over the connecting bridge leaving no unoccupied spaces. 2. {fH} interval, gap, intermission 4. OSEL (LY TEARSA) 1. {HENSIZEVEL)} unbelievably bad 2. {BEBCIZEY oIkfE} amazingly splendid 1124, INFLECTING SUFFIXES 5. BOKL (JSABBA) {dl} lovely, sweet, pretty < Exercise > Exercise 4,2. Read and translate the following sentences into modern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all inflecting words. 1. BRELTRIADLORY. UER=AB) 2 ROFSRFCBSLE. (BB =UkOSM) 3. WHCARESB LOSE (HEY LOS. 4. FEL CHEM LEnebsdeoear. 5, PHC SOkELABEDEE LOK. 6. BSKAEL THK LE. 7. BRS LTRS LORS. GER= A) 8. bith CSRs LORS. 9, BOWS CER LOMAS OLE L, 10. BMC SMTAUMETRREOASUBS. 11, BE U THAD ES LN 1. HEESBLT. ICUS thle LORS. 13, CIR SEY. 14. EH OOARES idtar L. 15, BBM BVEOHE LACIE LOSRERBSAEL, — Tea) 113‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 4.3. TS) and [54] [SJ and [J appear frequently in classical Japanese texts and serve various functions. They conjugate in the Lower Two Rows [Ff%] pattern as shown below, and are complementary in distribution, as are [F_] and [&F]. [SJ occurs after the mizenkei [AFAAZ] of Four Rows Verbs [PUREE E [SHA], white [S41 occurs after the mizenkei [RFAFE] of all ‘J, na irregular verbs [ -38)34)], and ra irregular verbs other verbs. [ & Jand [ % % J are used to indicate four different meanings: . ae 1. passive [SS] . Dos 2. potential [ay aE] pits 3. honorific [3K] 4. spontaneous [438] For this reason the form [4\% | is ambiguous since it could be interpreted in any of the four ways shown below. 1 [23] HDS] {nS} It is written. or, I was adversely affected by his writing it. 2 [Sek] BMS J {HBSS} He writes. 444, INFLECTING SUFFIXES 3. [ARE] THAD S J {#15} He can write. 4. (B%] [HDS] {BAICBWT LES} Tcannot help but write. The following examples are given to show the conjugation patterns of [%Jand [SS J,andare arbitrarily interpreted as honorific [2g] inthe English equivalents. Examples: [% | 1. RPAH Bons, {BHSCSSEW} She does not write. 2. BRAT Bonk, (SPF K,} She wrote it. 3. ELLIE EDS. {BESS} She writes. 4. BRT BDS3%, (SHXICESH) When she writes. 115AN INTRODUCTION 10 CLASSICAL JAPANESE 5. BAER BbSnES (HHaICEOKINED) although she wrote 6. aI Bond. {BBS < SU} Please write. [ea] 1 RAB ReSNT. (HRACZSEU) He does not get up. 2 HAE Re SHEY, (BREICG OK) He got up. 3. #EILF EOS. {BRAKES} He gets up. 4. BATE BESSSH (HECKER) when he gets up 5. BAB abSnes (HHSCTOKINED) although he got up 1164, INFLECTING SUFFIXES 6. BRE HeSnK, {HRA CHITC KS} Please get up. 43.1. Passive [25] Inmodern Japanese there are two different types of passive constructions: the simple passive as shown in Example 1 below and the so-called adversative passive as shown in Example 2. Sometimes the sense of adversarity is not present in the latter, and some linguists prefer to call it the “affective passive,” or the “passive of interest.” Examples: 1) FAA ACRE NTE. I was bitten by a dog. 2) AMARC. Iwas adversely affected by my father’s death. In passive sentences the subject is affected by the action described by the rest of the sentence, In Example 1 (simple passive) the subject is directly affected by the action of the agent, while in Example 2 (adversative passive) the subject is indirectly affected by the action represented in the rest of the sentence. In classical Japanese, as in modern Japanese, it is very rare to find an inanimate object as the subject of a passive sentence. Ww?AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE bb 53S bSh) ork LEUAOBROAATE bn bh 6S Some grammarians claim that the simple passive in Japanese is a recent development from the influence through translation of the passive found in European languages, and that it is not an original construction in Japanese. While sentences with the simple passive are not as common in classical texts as in modern Japanese, such claims are misleading since numerous examples of simple passive constructions can be found in classical texts. Examples: 3) BSRHSMONKY, (KOACHeMONKo} Iwas asked the way by a young woman. 4) WAITS. (MAB HNS.} A cat is chased by a dog. 1184, INFLECTING SUFFIXES 5) FHICLTRICHES, (FF ORICRICHENS} When I was ten, I was adversely affected by my father’s death. 4.3.2. Potential [JE] In the Heian period, [SJand [S| were used as potential inflecting suffixes primarily in negative statements (Example 1) or in rhetorical questions where the negative is the underlying message of the sentence. In later periods, however, [4 ] and [%J came to be used in affirmative sentences, as in Example 2 and 3 below. Examples: 1) FAIS ons, {FID PICUSCEMTE SI} I cannot stay inside the gate. 2) COAGRES. {CMOAISHHS.} I can read this book. 3) ANSSBEFX, {KIT EAZ AS} Bring someone who can swim. 119AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 4.3.3. Honorific [2%] [Bland [SS] may be used to indicate honorific [48K] . Unlike [J and [&FJ, which merely intensify the honorific meaning that is expressed by other words in the sentence, [ 3 ]and [5%] used alone can indicate honorific. There need not be another honorific word present in the sentence. Examples: 1) EARS S. {EAH LEOMSHY [CE So} The master will return tomorrow morning. 2) DORAASHS. {HORE MCSE} He does not use that medicine. ume 4.3.4. Spontaneous [83%] ‘The spontaneous [ [3£] in Japanese conveys the sense of an action that occurs not out of the conscious intention of the subject, but as a natural, spontaneous action under appropriate conditions. Although English lacks both specific function words and grammatical constructions to indicate the idea of spontaneous action, there ate a few words, such as “seem,” as shown. in the translation of Example 3, which include within their lexical meaning the 1204. INFLECTING SUFFIXES concept of “spontaneity” as used in the Japanese [Fi3¢]. Examples: 1) BRALEOBNS, (BEMSCHACHMMBUTLES«} Whenever I pick up a writing brush, { auto- matically start writing something. 2) MOBEENRIS. (HOCLEBASE BRE RI TLES,} Whenever I think of that, I cannot help but laugh. 3) A BENT, {E35 ElsBONE) I don’t believe that it is so. or | Tt does not seem that way to me. 4.3.5. Points to remember 1. B jand [SZ | express one of fourmeanings, namely passive [#5] , potential [@JE] , honorific [2¥#] , or spontaneous [3€]. 2. Although there are always exceptions, the following “rules of thumb” will be helpful in determining the correct meaning. a. When SJand [S41 express passive [32H] , the subject of 121AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE the sentence is rarely an inanimate noun. b. When [4 Jand [4 J express potential [@]#E] inthe Japanese of the Heian Period, they are usually used in negative sentences or in rhetorical questions. c. When [% Jand [i % J express spontaneous [3] or potential [JAE], there is no meireikei [484542] for these inflecting suffixes. 3. In the Nara period, inflecting suffixes [B)ShE9] [i] and [SJ were used to express passive [3254], potential [BJ@E] and spontaneous [F3] instead of [SJ and [HS]. [wjand [SH] were added to the mizenkei [ #94} % Jof verbs [Hpi] ], adjectives [FER]. pseudo-adjectives | Fé & &) fi ] and some inflecting suffixes [ B) ®) #4 J, just as with [ SJ and [5 SJ. The conjugation patterns are also similar, as seen in the table below. wae | ATL RR s nu uu Ss DS on RE 1224, INFLECTING SUFFIXES Example: . Mao, FeSBao (MERNS FRO EMAREBDNS.) Whenever I eat melon, I cannot help thinking about my children. Itis said that the [%) |and [SJ of the verbs [HIF] and [HS (SJ are the remains of this [. Note 34. [+R] + 153) When [5%] is attached to sa irregular verbs [++Z€Epia]] , the expected form is [tt—G HJ, since [+t] is the mizenkei of (FJ. However, justas [4t+EFJ is often contracted to FAG (Note 27), [+t-6] is often contracted to T&S. Examples: 1) hIdHRICHRS S, {AMICK BS NS 0} TUSMTSICC STRESS Thecastleis attacked by anenemy. [t-631-T&S] 2) BlsaATICHESS {BRIS PRAT THEE NS 0} TED LAH AICIS\S Bo] His Lordship prays to the god. ft-53)> (eS) 123AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE Note 35. Vocabulary lL. Uc (FARA) (lAGISTELU} to be extreme most frequently appears in its renyoukei [38/72] as an intensi- fying adverb, “extremely”. TWKK< HlAMEYV | (feUAAY sldteo} It is extremely nice. 2. ARL [HUAI (VERB SE) 1. {HF BL. Hr7ElZ%} to be very rare; hard to find 2. {HVAT} to be grateful 3. RL (Y TSMR) {dd1)} lovely, sweet, pretty less frequently, and primarily in periods beyond the Heian era did it take on its modern Japanese meaning of “beautiful” 4. BESS (BRB) 1. {RATS | DHICHAS)} to come to oneself; to regain consciousness 2. {HecEs} to wake up 5. BS TEb5) (GR) 1. (RUS ; BRS} to think; to feel something 2. {BFS ; \\EH LG} to love someone; to care for someone < Exercises > Exercise 4.3.1. Read and translate the following sentences into modern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all inflecting words. 1244, INFLECTING SUFFIXES Ba “ 1 wetness, wns 2. WALK AMEE SER SBR Y 3. HHado Hicewssak etikicedsskoe rez] me 4. HW TE. RECBESMS SUEHEEL. TRE 1. Rguse(meBoniaony. 2. ROBUPSUHBEEHLINL, SME SMICSEES. Cie) 3. RARICRICGDSSL. 4 ARE SSR LHIAL, aa L FBR CHB SHES, Bimomenonitiches 5. BLS CUTORCBESNS, Wie 6 6 URBAULLD DS, > » N 3 A 1. RRBICBBUUTHS, 2. “LB lLogrecriantobuosers, 3. ZOKANIL, HHEOFSAORE ORES, 125AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 4. HUSRCCEMSICAFLEOMKOTE ES, Exercise 4.3.2. Insert the appropriate inflecting form of [5 jor [SJ in the blanks in the following sentences. Then translate each of the sentences into modern Iapanese and English. 1. BABY MICEY, ARABS (1) 164, BOATEOML< Bid (Tyo BOKKVLERS Ud &d, Bowie< UME GL) F. OBA LT # CY F. BICBSFICBA CA)o KRICReREAS (7), HOKE (Je do himsivmeeecibe 62), Ba i ea) ase Exercise 4.3.3. The following passage is the opening section of [Fs¢#a]. Identify the forms of all of the inflecting words you have studied to date, and then translate the passage into modern Japanese and English. [As] was written in the year 1212 by the monk Kamo no Tyomei me 5250 BORA I. DK MORMSBAT LT. LOSSLOKICHOTF, KEAI FAVS feels, DODHADDBUT. ALK EEEVYKS 1264. INFLECTING SUFFLXES. 1 ROLEL, HORICHSALTF AME. ELMKOTEL. TUT]: seebo [-F+UTI = (-HUT} Tlmbl : BR (nut, GE} andyet THEO) : (AHO, MHWI-OEMU} | [kES=BAI : Zi WORK CT. KORNAUILE O TWSM) Tsk): Bm Okic#< 5d} bubbles [ed AN] Bl {--foU fo} TRS: PStca cates] = (Saws) [roll : (eB, RBI} [v4] : BAR, THEW) TAS OCELITA< I MA {FOK5IC} POELI : BHF {—O£5K} Veh be eae 4.4. [3°] Negative Inflecting Suffix [Simi] The syuusikei [#it72] of the negative inflecting suffix [BieB) ‘§)3)] [FI, which is added to the mizenkei_ [3947] of various inflecting words, was introduced in Note 3 of Section 1.0. The meaning of [-g*] and its alternate forms is always “negative” esa . The conjugation pattern of [Lis as follows: 127AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE Examples: 1) RR ANTE (anus if she does not eat RNSSE. (BXAEWESS.) Probably he will not eat. 2) BA ANSTEY. (BKC TIOF.} She went without eating. BXSyiy, {BNE 9 .} He did not eat. 3) Mi AX. {BNEb} She does not eat. 4) BAR BNO {BABUVAL the person who does not eat ANSSS {BNGUA} the person who does not eat 5S) BRR BXxhed {RXNGIINES} although she does not eat BXENEDd {BAGIIINES} although he does not eat 1284, INFLECTING SUFFIXES 6) BOE RX | hasan unusual conjugation pattern in that the mizenkei [PAR |, renyoukei [58 ARZ] and meireikei [Ar57%] arelacking, andthe syuusikei [$£1F]2] andrentaikei [sB4K7E of [3 Jis often pronounced and written as a syllabic nasal [A,J. [GJ is never followed by other inflecting suffixes [B)5)#]. | x A) e® & Bw & | CT cea [em uA) RE Examples: 1) RRR -— 2) RATE -— 3) MILE = BDDD, {BU7E3 5} It is probably cold. 133AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 4) BAR CHemkoH (CHEREA} the person who will read this 5) PRB ko tRED. {HAMMBCNAL.} or, (HMNRAZEL} You should read it. 6) wee —— 4.5.1. Conjecture [#32] Although [ <3 ]is often called an inflecting suffix of future by Japanese and western grammarians, this label is somewhat misleading since [ ¢3] can denote conjecture or probability concerning an action or state in the present as well as in the future. Examine the following sentences. Examples: 1) BARROS. (BR AMARSKS5.} Tomorrow it will probably rain. 2) SBASMOC. (FAlAMSI7ES5 0} ‘There are probably many people today. or, There will probably be many people today. 1344, INFLECTING SUFFIXES 3) TEREBSC. (HEAVKUTWSISS.} Probably the flowers are in bloom. Insentence 1,[ ¢}_| denotes future probability, but in sentence 2 it denotes conjecture of either present or future state, and in sentence 3 it indicates present probability. The modem Japanese form equivalent to the [OJ of conjecture is generally {7245}, although the simple present tense [R4E72] also is commonly used for future, as well as for habitual action in modern Japanese. [3 ] is also often used to indicate an abstract action or state in general statements such as examples 4 and 5 below. 4 COR. BRINeS, HERBS, (LOB, BAMUINE HBC BLEW.) This bird looks terrible, but it sings beautifully. 5) powmaActceetpMss. {HOWMA STEALS G0} It is not easy to go over that mountain. Aaa ‘Indirection’ [HH] is the namesome grammarians give to this use of [> 45.2. Intention [5] 135AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE Sometimes [ ¢3_indicates intention rather than conjecture, and the appropriate interpretation will depend on the context. In some cases, however, it is difficult to determine whether [%3] indicates conjecture [#£3] or intention [#82], just as in many English sentences it is difficult to tell whether “will” (or its contracted form “-’11") indicates simple future or intention. Examples: 1) SBlAcCOBemEC. {FHlCORELSI.} [intend to read this book today. or, T'll read this book today. 2) BARKS. {HLK9 LETC Fo} Tomorrow, let’s go together. 3) RAFEDMEC, {HOF ED EATOVEKS 0} I will send my child. ips 4.5.3. Inducement [#26] [&5_] may denote “inducement”, or, as it is called by some grammarians, the hortative, although its use in this manner is relatively rare. When used in this way, [3] often follows the emphatic particle [ < €_| and appears in 1364, INFLECTING SUFFIXES izenkei [E987] [ & J, even though itis at the end of the sentence, where | the syuusikei [8817] would normally be used. See Note 40 below for 4 a more detailed explanation of the use of [= €_ andizenkei [EB ¥&HE). Examples: 1) HEERTSCEBMH, (KEEKT, FTHFBOTCN.)} Cuckoo, do sing now. 2) RICCEMUMAH, (icem Cleo TK HEEL} Please give me that order. or I want you to give that order to me. When [%3 | of inducement is not used with [2 €_J, then inducement is indirect and suggestive, and an appropriate trans}ation is often “it is better to do ...”, or “it is advisable to do ...”, as shown in Example 3 below. This is sayy sometimes called the “appropriate” [2498] by some grammarians. 3) FREWSEO, EK THY EE, {FHEWS SOMBKT ICUS DNR} As for children, it is so much better not to have them. In this example the [4rJof [& Yt] isthe mizenkei [APAAE] of the perfect inflecting suffix [527 S)FA) Teas - 137AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 4.5.4. Identifying the meaning of [¢> | It is often difficult to choose the right meaning of [ ¢_|from the context. When [>| occurs in the final predicate, not the subordinate clause, then the following rule works in many cases: [> J indicates 1. intention (ME] (LEG LEW} when the subject is in the first person; 2. inducement [#3] {--L#tAA} or {dS KO} when the subject is in the second person; 3. conjecture [Hem] (---12B 3) when the subject is in the third person. appropriate [34 Note 38. [TO+¢7 J [> is often followed by [ &-g+| where [J] is the sa irregular verb [4225039] ]. The entire phrase means either intention [¥H] “try to do, ie. intend to do”, or conjecture [#£##] “be about to do”. 1384, INFLECTING SUFFIXES. Examples: L Bee ticweeoeg, his PHC BET SIG YE.) 1 intend to go abroad to China to study. {lA PHICBET SECS} Tam about to go abroad to China to study. 2 TRE! FonmmeenTes, (RRMA EBB 5 CBSO} J intend to write a tale as good as The Tale of Genzi. (RRB AIS SEB < EC SK.} Tam about to write a tale as good as The Tale of Genzi. Note 39. ([¢;& 3 | and its contracted form [¢>3" | Theexpression [t3é 9) “try todo”, “intend todo”, or “be about to do” is very common in classical texts with a strong influence from Chinese style gh aeons writing, such as war tales [@c 38 ]. Examples: 1 BaCeETHES {MEDERo THANG} WEL. Even though I want to fight, I have no sword. 2 RALGCEF, {M0OlESLIS HEL} He is about to go to the capital. 139AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE The syuusikei [4>£F_] isoftencontractedto [OI ,therentaiker [CO EFS] tofoeISI, andtheizenkei TEETH) to [OTHI. ee Toes) - fos BAR [CétS]—- loyal Ba Toetnl] -fosrn) In the Heian period the contracted form was used only in the spoken language, but in the Kamakura period it came to be used freely in the written language as well. Examples: 3) BEYAXR {BD oARMBAICRKSELTWS oF ANICROESF. Many people from your home district are about to come greet you. 4, BRERMoHIE {PBDI C ICE HRK I} HOURCT. Tintend to come again when the autumn. wind blows. aoyeae Note 40. The Emphatic Particle [(#Bhie] [oO] Several particles in classical Japanese used to mark the subject or object of the sentence require a special conjugation form of the subsequent predicate. 1404, INFLECTING SUFFIXES For example, when the emphatic particle [= @ | is added to the subject or object of a sentence, its presence requires the subsequent predicate to end in the izenkei [29AH2] where the syuusikei [#€1b72] would normally come, Examples: 1) RIcChoG {iLL 455} I will go to the capital. 2 RKCELSH, {BiCLS5.} I will go to the capital. Sentence 1 is the nonemphatic statement and it ends in the syuusikei ([#£1E 72] of the inflecting suffix [¢}_]. In sentence 2 the emphatic particle [= 4 J emphasizes the identity of the destination, and its presence requires that the following predicate end inthe izenkei [BRIE] [OIXS—&H], rather than the syuusikei. [#£1b2] [OIXH—t3]. Anemphatic particle which requires a special form in the subsequent predicate is called a kakarizyoshi [§@#)#5}]. Additional emphatic particles [§@H)#]] will be introduced in later notes. 141AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE Note 41. Particle Sequence [& TJ [ & J inclassical Japanese is used to mark the end of a quotation, including those of speech, narration, thought, feeling, intention, etc., similar to its use in modem Japanese. [ & J is often followed by verbs such as [HS , [&< J, TBA, etc. These quotations are frequently followed by the gerund form, that is, the renyoukei [3#fAF2] + particle [TJ, of these verbs. The whole expression then forms a subordinate clause, as seen in Examples | and 2. Although its omission is not allowed in modern Japanese, in classical Japanese the verb, which is inthe renyoukei [3# FAW] , may be dropped from the expression, leaving only [ &C_] , as in Examples 3 and 4 &/EO and (BS/B below. This is especially true with the verbs ol. Examples: 1) RALSCERU {BAOES5 EBo CHEK.) AETV. Ileft the village, thinking I would go to the capital. 2) MictoLSUTHE (CAI LAD LBS CTHEFSLK.} FAULRY. He sat down, saying “let’s eat.” 3) RANALSCEBUTHEMTEY. > RALSCETHEHTKHY. 1424, INFLECTING SUFFIXES Ileft the village, thinking I would go to the capital. 4) HICCCESUTHEFSLKY. MICELE THE FS LIEV. She sat down, saying “let’s eat”. Note 42. The Prominciation of (HES GHSh74] (05 Itis widely believed that by the early Heian period the syuusikei [#& JE FZ] andrentaikei [584432] of the inflecting suffix of conjecture [HES ENENE)) {54 had lost its vowel and was pronounced as [m:], although it was still written as [¢> | since the kana for the syllabic nasal was not yet created. After the emergence of the kana [ A, |thisinflecting suffix [yi)¥a]] was written either as [> JorT Av}. Note 43. Phrase Final Particle [SA‘% J [T datz} is a phrase final particle combination that is attached to substantives [fk], the renyoukei [3# FAW] of adjectives [FAH] , ] and copula [bf%#] inflecting suffixes [B0S0%d] . It is used to express the speaker’s desire for something. In texts of the Nara and negative [$73 period the combination often appears as [HATH | 143AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE Example: AEBOMOSEKICHEME ASH=HZ (ABOWOMC I ICA a KOI) I wish I had a house on the other side of the Yosino Mountains. < Exercise > Exercise 4.5.1. Read and translate the following sentences into modern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all inflecting words. em 1. SHdeROESE. DET, MAAS SAICHSSHHBILA. PEROT SIRLCBOEAMTREY. Fick SUREBO, Pick FHSOREBOT, MRS UX SS BCHEUVEY. 5. 5. File Tice THTEDBRA THOENITY. PF P KN = 1. Sec enusPesirn, 2 RdMOWEBTEE? THUY. 3. RRS, 4. RRUEREMIIE, 5. Bemnitomonekemnseurctre Br. 1444. INFLECTING SUFFIKES ne 1 COBL EMAIL, 2. BARRAASHOES TERI. Exercise 4,5.2. Read the following and identify all of the inflecting words, then restate them in modem Japanese and English. ; iow U RS CEbOrecwlanen, — (see) ” 2 He £z Ele pU LIMON < HIE SEL IO Y ote Tartar] 3. wens “pick soXnevedonaguorecen Yo FRGSTELIIN, (ieee) 4 Admit a 28 LM boe— OKC ORE , [5428193] 1 5. BK EU I6 LUNMERLE EH Ob HAOM CET | (S113) 4.6. [UJ Negative Conjecture/Intention Particle Doug E> SEBEL EEE Se CTRER + THREE] In the previous section the student learned that [¢} | has two major functions, “conjecture” [#£3] and “intention” [j], and a more limited function “inducement” [43%]. The inflecting suffix [ [,,) can be considered the negative of the two major functions of [ ¢> |, thatis, “negative 145‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE conjecture” [$T/4#£88] and “negative intention” [#774 #AH]. [UJ is added to the mizenkei [ASAI] of verbs [hi], adjectives [EAH], pseudo-adjectives [22 Shia}, and some inflecting suffixes [BV Shi]. Its conjugation pattern is irregular. The same form[ U | appears as syuusikei (C#SiEFE], rentaikei [38447], andizenkei [BAF], butthe last two are quite rare. The syuusikei [#1b%2] is the most common form of this inflecting suffix [Bhi] . 4.6.1. Negative Conjecture [#TiH##2] The affirmative conjecture [ {3 } of classical Japanese can be equated to the modern Japaneseexpression {7245} asin [PRRMEOCS (FHDRES tEBS}. The negative conjecture [ U J is precisely the negative of [© J, so that the modern Japanese equivalent to this! Ulis {(—%&t\7255} ,as in [RRBRS US {AASB ~U\TESS}. Compareexamples 1a, 1b, 2a and 2b below. ['& J and its negative [ UJ are also used for abstract actions in general statements. These are expressed simply by the present tense in modern Japanese, as shown in examples 3a and 3b below. 1464, INFLECTING SUFFIXES Examples: la) HMSAHSE, {hPSAMHSISI.} Probably there are visitors. b) HMSAMHOU. {HtASAMEWESS.} Probably there are no visitors. 2a) ROWBDSE. {HOU SHU TES 5 0} Probably that mountain is high. ») ROWBDS LU. {HOW SH < GUESS} Probably that mountain is not high. 3a) KEW OIE, AlHAC. {KENT DKISHAS 0} When one pours water on fire, the flame goes out. b) KEHC NED, KIHAL, (kKEBOTHAMBAC} Even if one pours water on it, the fire won’t go out. 4.6.2. Negative Intention [3}4#H] [LU J is the negative of [<> in its meaning of “intention”. [3_Jindicates the intention or determination to do something, and [ UJ the intention or 147‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE determination not to do something. The modern equivalent of [¢; | in this sense is the {—k5/—-#H5} or {DHY}., while that of [UJ is {KW} or {EU TCHE< | DHY}. Examples: la) RAHI. {AAAICHES.} 1 intend to go out tomorrow. b) BABISSMCHM CU. {RAB SSICH SE} Tomorrow I will not go out. 2a) EKBEREC. {EKBERMSI—} Tintend to drink sake again. b) —REBREL. {= HE ASREEL,} T will never drink sake again. Note 44. The Particle [2] Just as in modem Japanese, [ % is used in classical Japanese to mark the direct object of a verb, as shown in Example | below. In addition, [ & | was also used frequently as a conjunctive particle [#:@S5)2=] in classical Japanese corresponding to modem {-+-0){<} , as shown in Example 2. 1484, INFLECTING SUFFIXES. Occasionally it means “because” corresponding tomodem Japanese {---DT, or +N}, as shown in Example3. In the Nara period it was used cee as.an interjective particle [Rt#eBHS3 ] for emphasis, but with the exception of examples in waka poetry, this use was rare in later periods. Examples: 1) 2) 3) KSLUBRSSLTMANO. CHER] (KiRD IRF ICG 2 THRELOTHAS 0} We left Oru and rowed out heading for Urado. KMBCSACE THU KSSSUNT, {KMBICSSS EBOTRKOK, BAGH K} He came thinking he could met the Major Counsellor, but he couldn’t meet him, HTHRATSS, RCH, URE] [HUKBRATIODS, PERK LORE) Tomorrow is a day of confinement, so shut the gate tightly. Note 45. Vocabulary 1, RO Tete] (FIRMA) 1. {BbNS, MUSH|G) it seems, it feels 149AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE PRRRRE, MRK HO.) {KAARWTMRK RLSNS.} The autumn winds are blowing and it seems chilly. 2. (HURENS, BOKSENS} it is imagined that ..., it reminds one of ... TPIOHEY SHRALY oJ {POMS SBE BUKSHS/BAK.} The style of the gate too reminds us of the past. . HIS (PORE) {METS FILS LWERS.} admire {ETS pds} love, treat one with affection KAT (Foe) ORES (RM) {Bo Led; [ES] OBR} These two verbs are honorific forms of the verb “to say”. - OREAT (FIRMA) {Boled; [ES] O— BSH} This verb is the highest honorific form of the verb “to say”. . AL (RAE) {EU FCWTLS} good, superior . AOL (Y TERRA) {EBL BC thy) fair, not bad 1504, INFLECTING SUFFIXES 1. mS ivs (Be 5 < ) + SEBS ) (see Note 12 also) 1. {CMCHSHREBDEL ; HELE} not satisfied; without satisfaction TRUSS, SMTELEBS.J {> TEE Ri CH LUV EBS} Y’m sorry that the cherry blossoms are gone, as I had not enjoyed enough of them. 2. (WDE THMITZ 5} never get tired of something rEBua, amsh< Sak Lo) {PERIL OE TOMICT ST ICIF SONI} It’s better to continue practice, without getting tired of it. 8. — Hk (BIER) adverbial clause {-I<%&B&} — when it becomes ... | Bane Taken, RiloweReRs) KGS E, RMOWSMRERLOERS.} ‘When it becomes autumn, even deer in the mountains behind come and admire the beautiful maple leaves. 9. SOTH (Alia Et HOtTF+T+ {ESTE TH} even if it is not so (AH TSORLACOR, MEER HOMPHS.J {EF THS THIEL BBC, ‘< (8) ) adverbial combination 151‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE FREER MMH S ID. (SBSAG)} These days when we are so busy, could we find time to write letters? (Of course not.) < Exercise > Exercise 4.6. Read and translate the following sentences into modern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all inflecting words. L. HEREACHSLHESEMSSASHDL. 2. WEAMABEESRESSNEDEMLE SHAT. Risky CECE MON, 3. BUSI CEBNED, SRKTEHOKORICAMES. 4. ND SARICEGADIC ROBT HESS C. 5. Bichmanes, LALEMSHSCEBAKAMS YY. 6. —\BBICA EHENUMEERECEBAL, AGREES. 7. 8. 9. . BRicBac, mroee dh ceb< “cu, COMICRUTELED UE BALE EMU BO. . RBM LOH, RIC THRE. 10. SHOmmOeS CEBN, Rhee, .(M OER, ETRERSULIBSAPILSS, RF] 12. Hom, CHIGEC SISO. | CHEE 1524. INFLECTING SUFFIXES, 4.7. [XU] Conjecture [LJ isan inflecting suffix meaning “conjecture” [H£SEBE)35)] in the broadest sense of the term. With [LJ the degree of probability that the event will occur appears to be greater than the probability denoted by (51 , which was introducted in 4.5.1. The conjugation pattern of [~~ L_| is similar to that of an adjective [F223 ] , but the meireikei [47392] isabsent from the paradigm. Therenyoukei [FIZ] [<< ] sometimes appears as [X35 }:therentaikei (HBIRFE] FX S as PRyy js andthe rentaikei [H4KFE] [XMS] as [Xa Jor 7XAVAJ. The Tay J form of the rentaikei (34671, that is [- Exercise 4.7.1. Read the following sentences and translate them intomodern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all inflected words. LL DOBLTHEERC NL, 2 WARBLYVBETCL. 3. SWRI THON LE TRRLEST, 4 Whe koe iewex Lu. 5. COKER. 6. AGINEESALSMMBT. ln 163‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 1. ARSRELEETSL, 8 MEXERAMBTETSL, 9 ROBREDST, 10. EK RROHSNIMLOS CI BY, 1. AUDEN LIBUNES BROOK FAI SHOT. 12, < Miho MIC 15S SSC EOEAMEREENIN, 13. NERS MAB IRNLABYVST, M4. O¥# LABSMESHLEZVSUTY, 15. RENEHS EC RENEMEEL 16. ROCEUPFIABECHALIANL, (iefAS] 17. SEU MCTHCRENEEI SADR, HERE] 18, ARIES eos & Let CHIT SWIC ICDA LDS NS Ap ER 6p Bw Exercise 4.7.2. Write the correct form of the underlined inflecting word in the parentheses (__), and then translate the sentence into modern Japanese. LROAEL O42) BEER (CO EBL CH 2 BLO: ) ARC ) if baer) & 3. COBART (6) BC) IA, WHEL) ARORS( ) FERNS (OT. 4 MOUEHSSY (HL ateHEY CY BUKSGElA, WECEEML ( de 5. FREMCTED, —ROBOOMCET (EC), 6 SHOBML (|) id BMS (|) wo,4, INFLECTING SUFFIXES. LSceHs( GC), WEES, (W¥SS=TELS ES) 8 gabeenuMs (NLC) HAEY. 4.8. [XU] Negative Conjecture [i7H}#z- The inflecting suffix [ & U | isthe negative counterpart of [~< L_], just as [ [| is the negative counterpart of the inflecting suffix of conjecture (HESSEN SEA] [ t>]. Consequently [ U_] has five functions, the negative of the five functions of [~< L }, namely 1) Negative Conjecture [$7345] 2) Negative Intention [HBS] 3) Negative Potential (FTP REHES 4) Negative Propriety [#7742498] 5) NegativeCommand [4774S] The conjugation pattern of [ € U | is similar to that of siku conjugation adjectives [ & 7 3E FAVES]. The most frequent forms are the syuusikei ([aeuk¥2] THUJ, herentaikei (HAH) [& USI, and the izenkei LES&IE] F & UF 4 J, with the other forms used only rarely. The meireikei (SHZ] andthe [py | form ofthe mizenkei [A¥FZ] and izenkei [EAH] are lacking. [€ U | is added to the shuushikei [ge \+ #2] of 165AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE non-ra-irregular type verbs [pial] and inflecting suffixes [B)#)ix]], and to the rentaikei [584472] of ra-irregular verbs [ 5 38&)#a]] , ra-irregular type conjugation inflecting suffixes [> 3A B)Bhia], and to adjectives CAH) inthe [AY J form. BS A * * =i * He EUS EUS EU ELA /ECIH OMEILIE EC! ECS ECAY ELMS FR SRA Bl, ROMA 5A Examples: 1) RPK BOEUKEEOKIICME,D {FOBUDHEV GS, EIBWES) If you are determined not to go, say so. BC RECMOIFECMACHE. {BC RUT MLFITlt CHS.) If you don’t come soon, we will begin without you. 2) FARE BMOESECS BAKCOMELKKL. {ESMITSCEMTEEUESICBIOT COFRER< .} Since I believe | will not be able to live long, I write this 1664, INFLECTING SUFFIXES letter. PICABSE CDV SB. {PIT BWOETF(EGA9 Ko} It did not seem that I would meet him. [ & ] is a past inflecting suffix that follows the renyoukei [2 FAFZ] . 3) RITE 4) RTE 5) BRRH KSPULAICASSEC. {HAMCCICAGUCBU VEL} It cannot possibly be here. ESEUCSAADMMEY. {Bo TAUITZUOMAD MAK.) ‘What you are not to mention are the shortcomings of others. RECMEADEMST. {80 EREADDE CBW} Those who are certain not to come are many. PISRE CIFHLHIT, {BUSREUMGUGWOTHDEU.} He is certain not to come, so I won’t invite him. 167AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 4.8.1. Negative Conjecture [ Ez] As in the case of [LJ , [& UJ does not always mean “future”, but sometimes “present” or “past” conjecture. When [XL] or THU is used, the speaker is usually more confident of the ultimate correctness of the statement than is the user of [; | and [ UJ. The modern equivalent of TE CLis {R27 ERUESI) “mostlikelynot’or (7b Uc BA 4} “certainly not”. Examples: 1) BA ISHRS FL, {BA AISA RES GO MOIETY} 1am quite sure it won’t rain tomorrow. 2) MOWBDSEC. {HOWE > EBK BWESI.} That mountain must not be very high. 4.8.2. Negative Intention [#4] [& U] indicates negative intention, but it is stronger than [ U |, and is sometimes labeled as negative determination. Examples: 1 MmSKCe AS, {tho kWicBbeness o}4, INFLECTING SUFFIXES He says that he is determined not to see her. D MOZR-£ESEC. {KEDSRII—-EENEZWIE UT} Lam determined not to forget my teachet’s words. 4.8.3. Negative Potential [#745] #EHES] In general statements or philosophical statements, [3% L_| expresses “negative potential” with a fair amount of certainty. In other cases, TH | includes “conjecture” as well as “negative potential”. Examples: 1) ARE UTES EL. {AABN K TERS C EMTS} Human beings cannot live without food. 2) MbMAE TREC. {MS OOK TARSRMTEEZWES So} ‘The enemy probably cannot come this far. 4.8.4. Negative Propriety [#742194] 169‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE As in the case of [~~ LJ , the range of meaning for [# L_| sometimes extends to include “obligation” (negative), and in such cases [# U | is best translatedas {FN TLE} “isnotsupposed todo”, or { LUTIL4 UF %.} “must not do”, Examples: 1) BIRCECASOTY, {(AldhATIAUITEOBOK.} Sake is something one should not drink. 2) RHeAMICRSRTEC. (SMITRAERETIAUITEW, BIF TAUB.) Asamurai ought not to show his back tothe enemy. He oughtnotrun from the battlefield. 4.8.5. Negative command [i743] TU] may indicate “negative command” or “prohibition”, although expression with [UJ are not as abrupt as those using the negative imperative form of the verb. Examples: 1) Bla MOeBSEL, (BARA LeHETE.} Master, you should not go. 1704. INFLECTING SUFFIXES 2) MATAT EU. {PART ETH L TIAUMF HU} Do not desecrate the shrine. Note 49, The Expression of “Duty” or “Responsibility” In modern Japanese, “duty” or “responsibility” is commonly expressed by the double-negative construction, suchas {+--L&WHLE SE} “must do”. In classical Japanese, such meaning is expressed either by [UJ alone, as in examples 1 & 2, or with a double-negative construction with [~< L_] in the middle, in which case the sentence is an emphatic one, as seen in examples 3 & 4. Examples: 1) PUTMEAEDS TL (MBICAMEDE LEUHILE SEW} You should perform acts of filial piety for your parents. 2) RABRICBSS3ENDOT, {FLSA FHL te4,} I must go to the court, 3) BOSBBLICHESSEXMDS. {BHO KOIDE IF ITAW DAU ,} 171‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE When my lord summons me, I must go. Note 50. Vocabulary 1. GEODL (YTEARSE) {BEG BNH2THLUY BK EL graceful, noble and beautiful, young and beautiful Reo LABE GS THLE) a young and beautiful princess ]) Usually used with [J], asin (Ste THIF | meaning “to feel unpleasant,” “to think something is terrible” COML (Y TERESA) 1. {7RtR7E} unpleasant, unsightly 2. {5 5&0, HBr} troublesome, annoying DHT Bll 3. {SBRDNRELY} weird, eerie, creepy bbLEL (TERRA) 1. {tek UGLY, ARIE} uncertain, insecure 2. {EBEBLW, WOWSSSH) waiting impatiently, impatient, irritated DEL (Y7ERERA) 1. {ArdU., BELLY} loveable, pretty 2. {ALU} sad The verb form [Av%eLtz] or [Ae LAs] also means either “to love,” or “to grieve,” or “to be sad.” 1724, INFLECTING SUFFIXES ae Note 51. [#21< J Anexpression with [#21< | used after a modifying clause ending in the rentaikei [384472] introduces an adverbial clause of either 1) circumstance or 2) reason. In 1) circumstance, such a clause is best translated into modern Japaneseas {-- LTH es+}. ‘In2)reason, [¥Z(c_] iscloser tothe modern {©} . Compare the examples below. Examples: l) BeLSOLBABICANTA, (Pim) =927 SHEN) (BEEBLEM THD 2 LSS SICA DHT} While the Lord was drinking sake, the moon came out. 2) Mba< BSCR, ROMICTAIKNE. {Hb Z< RSKSIDNG, ROMBCHHSEEE} He will come soon, so please wait in the next room. < Exercises > Exercise 4.8.1. Read the following sentences and translate them intomodern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all inflected words. 1. EMIROADITSHSE CU. 2. RAPEHLHICMRS EU. 3. COBMERTE CEES.2A awa 8. 9. AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE / DK SCOMLEAMMHFESE CETHEREIY Eeestousosoetabouy, . ROREDH CS EDLUNESSMCTHICAS SE CIN, | WEN LARS OABNILE EDD LEAORNE MICS SSE, DE LEBOBKCZECREMDSCET, PORK, RARE EUSSKMOXSWEDLTHO. 10. KEILVACAMSENESMS NEARS veaben He, Exercise 4.8.2, Change the underlined inflecting words into their proper forms, if necessary, to make grammatical sentences. Then translated them into modern Japanese and English. i 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. te 8. Bl BX-5S-F > BNdny BL -F-HCRESS—T HAHLES LT BRICNS—T-5S #< -1f, ROSmT—-c KL MASRICAST—-KL FACTS AVE Y —F— ALF . BUY BRE B—5Y RS —EL, B—F—-lELEL Lita C-BeAT-F-BA 1744, INFLECTING SUFFIXES 9. BL-KEMS-HS 10. ARCOLHENGZY-HOL-HO 49. [St] Present Conjecture In classical Japanese there are three inflecting suffixes [Bhi&hia]] that are similar in function. They are [St J, [LJ and [HY J. Although PStJ1, [5 Uland [Hy | areinflecting suffixes of present conjecture, [3R7EH#¢2], each has one or more additional functions. When used as present conjecture, [<> | refers to matters of less certainty that are not within the speaker's sight, while [ LJ and [ & Y | refer to more certain matters that are within the speaker’s sight or, on occasion, within hearing distance. ‘The conjugation patterns of these three inflecting suffixes [Bh&)ia]] are all incomplete, and all are added to the syuusikei [#1E 72] of non-ra- irregular verbs and inflecting suffixes, and tothe rentaikei [3 (72) of ra- irregular verbs [ 5 3°#)ia)], ra-irregular type inflecting suffixes [5% HB) BF] ], pseudo-adjectives [FZ ¢epiw], and the [pv¥ | form of adjectives [FER] « 1754, INFLECTING SUFFIXES Examples: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) eRe ube EAE Ec | iB Cd | — ENE + DEO HL be — &IRGH + SRV [aU | SRESAOR IE WitFELOSSE. (WIS SSE LESS 0} The mountains are probably beautiful now. RIC TALK BEF EBA. {RTM TU BKASFRORE LMT So} I worry about my child who this very moment may be crying at home. BDISELEBSOOESBWEAIZC L. {ASlddbiweBoThSob Lined 1764, INFLECTING SUFFIXES ABH C Uh Although she seem to think herself quite attractive, she is quite unattractive to me. 6) mB a 4.9.1. Conjecture [£2] [t;] indicates supposition on the part of the speaker about a present action or state outside of his or her range of vision or hearing. The modern Japanese expression correspondingto [Sts] is {LTWSHSS} or {2 LAE}, The inflecting suffix [B) 8h] that is used most to express supposition on the part of the speaker about a future action is [¢> |, as was shown in 4.5. For this reason, some grammarians explain [53 as the present counterpart of ['¢> |. Examples: 1) HORS REKS SC. (SHOTEERWTUSESS.} The cherry biossoms of Yosino are probably blooming. Tf3J is the rentaikei [34472] of the perfect inflecting suffix (oe T aheheal 1] [4% Y J, ara-irregular type inflecting suffix. 2) SRLS SE, {FMPIARU ESS} 77AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE The capital is probably cold now. Notice that in example 1 the speaker is not in Yosino but is far away and is guessing the state of the cherry blossoms, and in example 2 the speaker is not in the capital. Whisk F023 4.9.2. Conjecture of Cause [AIO HERE] [StJ of conjecture [#£H5] indicates supposition on the action or state specified by the predicate to which [ 5 %>J is attached. For example, in | above, the speaker wonders if the cherry blossoms might be blooming fe&—tS—HtJ.Ontheotherhand,conjectureofcause [AOE ] indicates supposition on the cause behind the action or the state specified by the predicate, while the action or state itself is presumed by the speaker to be true. Examine the following sentences in English. a) He is absent, probably because he is sick. b) Because he is sick, he is probably absent. The speaker of a) presupposes that the statement “he is absent” is a true statement, and “probably” indicates conjecture by the speaker as to the cause. That is to say, the speaker is certain that “he is absent”, but not certain about 1784, INFLECTING SUFFIXES the cause; the reason for his absence may be something else, for instance, because his wife is sick. The second example b) is different from a) in that in b) the speaker is certain that “he is sick”, but not certain that “he is absent”. Conjecture of cause as seen in a) is called [REXOHE| in Japanese grammar. In modem Japanese, this function is usually fulfilled by the construction {--- tz 45} as seen inc) below. ©) {RIAMRATHA THE OESI 0} He is absent, probably because he is sick. (This sentence should be read without a pause between [¥RSUC] and [KAT Inc) the conjecture expressed by {7245} is concerned with the case of his absence, and the fact that “he is absent” is presupposed to be true. In. classical Japanese [<>] of conjecture of cause [JREIOHEH] functions in this way to indicate probable cause. Examples: 1) WENERE SOE, {RIED DREW OE SF} RBH] Probably it is because he is sick that he isn’t here. or, (RIED. REWESS.} [Hew] Because he is sick he probably won’t come. 179‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE [%HJ is the izenkei [¥AFZ]| of the copula inflecting suffix CwEBEE] [AY |. 2) BIMSICPROBC SE, (C= BE TEU | OMA) {BAVBU TW SOS BAGLW MES 5d} Is it because spring is near that the birds are singing? [icJ is the renyoukei [3#FAWZ] of the copula inflecting suffix (ene spe] TOU. [4p] is an emphatic particle [&Bhiel ] | to indicate uncertainty. 3) SEDC SBSOT, {%EtE CAV EICAAS DIES SD} Why do I long for him so much? In some sentences, it is not clear whether the [<3] expresses simple conjecture [#£4#], or conjecture of reason [J A#€H2] as in Example 1. In such sentences, if a comma is placed between the clauses, as in [9540 I£, #XH*TJ, the ambiguity is eliminated, but in classical Japanese texts such punctuation is usually lacking. In examples 2) and 3), the logic of the context leads to the assumption that they are conjecture of reason CER HERE] sentences. When the cause is mentioned in the sentence, it is usually in the form [EAI + IL] as in example 1 above, orelse it is followed by a particle of 1804, INFLECTING SUFFIXES question such as [\ | or [4 J, as in 2. When the cause is not mentioned in the sentence, we usually find an interrogative adverb suchas| [% = tr + | and [UOC €35 UT] as seen in 3. a e6 4.9.3. Periphrastic (6 J] There is a tendency in any language to avoid direct and matter-of-fact expressions in certain culturally or socially defined circumstances, most commonly polite situations. In Japanese, where this tendency is much stronger than in English, various forms of periphrastic expressions are used. Inmodem Japanese it is quite common to see an expression such as {tpt HA TWSHS CH 43}, “itseems that children are playing” in place of the more direct statement {FHEAGHEA,TL\S.}, “the children are playing”, even when there is no doubt about the truth of the fact that the children are indeed playing. [3] and [4 Y J are often used in classical Japanese to play this role of indirection in order to make the sentence less direct, therefore potentially more polite. Examples: 1) Be wHEU. ADESSCREENSSEL. (BM IEABSS LEW, ADESLSEREENSLS HK } Parrots are interesting. They seem to imitate the sort of things people say. 181‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE < Exercise > Exercise 4.9, Examine the following sentences and describe the grammatical differences of the underlined inflecting words. La, STABRSE. b. AMC TBM SHC. 2 RAMBO, Fix bb, EOBLREGWOL. 3.a. SEMKOBM LIES [CMH dot, b. REORATEMS 55H e, Homi. BHOASSL. 4.10. [SU] Present Conjecture [SL J indicates present conjecture, [FRZEHEH] asdoes [St], but [UJ refers to matters that are more certain and are within the speaker's sight, As in the case of [£)J, the conjugation pattem of [SL is incomplete. It is added to the syuusikei [iF 7%] of non-ra- irregular verbs [i)#q]] and inflecting suffixes [B)#)ia], and to the rentaikei [GK}E] of ra-irregularverbs [53°Bhiq], ra-irregulartype inflecting suffixes [5 HABE]. pscudo-adjectives [Fez whe] and the [YJ form of adjectives [EZ]. Use of the rentaikei 1824, INFLECTING SUFFIXES [584492] and the izenkei [EYE] of [5 LJ is limited to clauses where their presence isrequired because of emphatic particles [Bh#5)]. for example when [= 2 appears in the clause, in which case the izenkei [BYAFZ] is required (see Note 40). x A * co |e & a 5L — bb BL bL SRM + 5 el * ADV ERESH OBA &EOMOME » HHT | OPILE Examples: 1) RARE --- 2) BA ~~ 3) ibe = =RHSSL. {HatHS SLU} It seems there is to be a battle. (for instance, on seeing soldiers leaving the castle in battle gear) 1) BA RIUSSRDS SL, (RUMESRUIC SAVE} It must be cold deep in the mountains. (since it is cold here in the capital) 183‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE, [€Jisanemphatic particle [480%] requiring rentaikei [WesK7E]. 5) BRE = mOKAECEMU MTEL, (HOKAEDVMT ET SSL} It looks as though they are just cutting down that big tree. © MSH --- Sometimes the final [J of the rentaikei [4672] of the [HY | form of adjectives [729%] is dropped before [i LJ. [&oMS+HL--ebM5LI in the thirteenth century [ UJ] acquired a new conjugation pattern which is very similar to that of an adjective, although it lacks the izenkei CE PARE) and the meireikei [64372]. The new conjugation patter is usually used in the modern formal written Japanese used in writing official documents and scholarly works before World War II. The modern form {© Ly} is also derived from this pattern. T AE | ATE a IE BRE aoe | eel - | Ls 2 BL BLS BLS BL BLE —_—— - i 1844, INFLECTING SUFFIXES As was stated earlier, compared to [5%], [LJ suggests a greater degree of probability supported by a condition or state visible to the speaker. Examine the following. Examples: 1) WLI S BL. {WO EIS S TH SIC BAU EL} It must be raining at the top of the mountain. 2 FAS TRRKS SLO {BOGE TRIKE Lb} It appears that spring is gone and summer is now here. In example 1), the speaker is quite confident about his conjecture that it is raining at the top of the mountain, guessing from the fact, for example, that the mountain top is covered with dark clouds. In example 2), the speaker guesses that summer is here, from the fact that he sees, for example, clothes hanging outside for airing. In either case, some visually observable fact supports the conjecture. 185‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 4.11. [HU] Present Conjecture ['& Y | isalsoapresentconjecture inflecting suffix [JRZEHEBEDShia] , and its conjugation pattern is incomplete, as shown in the chart. Asis the case with [St] and TS LI, [HY J is added to the syuusikei [#1E FE] ofnon-ra-irregular verbs [€)35)] andinflecting suffixes [Bhi] ,andto the rentaikei [38467] of ra-irregular verbs [5 4#)ie]]. ra-irregular type inflecting suffixes [5 3°RIBHH)#] ], pseudo-adjectives [JE AH) Hl] and the [\Y | form of adjectives [J2%a]. The [3] before [HW J orits alternate forms is often replaced by the syllabic nasal [ A, |, or else [ | is totally dropped. [H6—-HYl + [HA-HY J > TH-HY I The renyoukei |[3FAJZ] is rare, but is found sometimes in Heian texts before the past inflecting suffix [342 B)80#4)]]. [ay | is characteristi- cally a Heian word, and is not used much in other periods. R Ae & Bw -_. SRR SRM + [AY | SRS OwR BY |— (bY) bY HB HH ERE DIO ES + BEE DALE4. INFLECTING SUFFIXES TEMST OY. {EEMBUTHS KIL.) It seems that he is having a servant pick a flower. AOFICTHEMS HS. {AOF CHRD TUS £5120} A child seems to be crying under the tree. BC ONES LOS, {BUTWSAKS LE DIO TSH SED EM 9 foo} Since she appeared to be in a hurry, I did not detain her. 4.11.1. Conjecture [i] [%Y J used for conjecture [#25] may be considered synonymous with [% UJ presented in 4.10. Compared to [tJ it also suggests a 187AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE, greater degree of probability supported by a condition or state visible to the speaker. Examples: 1) WEIC(SARES HY, (WOLICSHD Bo TS ICEL} It must be raining at the top of the mountain. 2) IAPREAAC OY, {HD RABAIFES Lb} It seems it is already past daybreak. ‘The conjecture is sometisnes supported not by a visible condition, but by an audible one or some other type of condition, Example 2 above may be one supported by an audible condition, such as, the noise of people passing by just outside the window. RASA, 4.11.2. Periphrastic [#a#h] When the speaker wants to avoid direct and matter-of-fact sentences, [HY J is used like [ %t;] as a sentence softener to make a periphrastic phrase. Examples: 1884, INFLECTING SUFFIXES 1) EOFABREEIOY. (SOFMMREOF LITT} His son is called Michinaga. 2) SAIARESHY. {FAIRY OATLESO} Today is the festival day. Note 52. The Emphatic particle [(#B)#1] [| In Note 40, the emphatic particle [(@B)3q1] [2% _]| was introduced. It emphasizes the element which directly precedes it and at the same time requires the predicate which follows it to end in the izenkei [ E472], where the syuusikei [#£1F 7%] would normally be expected. [ €J isalsoan emphatic particle [4AB)33] that emphasizes the element directly preceding it, except that it requires the following predicate to end in the rentaikei [4672]. Examples: 1) ROBO HY, {HOW TWS KS 10} ‘The princess seems to be weeping. 2) ROB < HS, {HOWBAMUWTWSLKS Ho} It seems that the princess is crying. 189‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 3) ROWBITM< HH, {MWTWSOISHOBEBO ES 120} Itseems to be that princess who is crying. 4) RIAABT. {FlAHABKE} Iam the Minister of the Right. When [2 occurs at the end of the sentence after a noun phrase, it functions as an emphatic copula, as seen in 4 above. [J is devoiced and becomes [ €_| when preceded by ['f Exercise 4.11.1. Read the following sentences and translate them into modern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all inflecting words. lL. DELEEBREBOSG, 2. RAHOBOMOMMAKSSERELRO. 3. DORBSENEKS GINITHUICMB SS OL, 4. WAU SIBREFA URS Le 5. ARBCSEUTARSRIAMES, MOFICUBSHY. 6. HBOOSER BABSON, BFBSNE. 1904, INFLECTING SUFFIXES 7. BEOHEMYESOY. (r=) 8. DK THOMIRREELEESS, (RRB) 9. ZEMSRLVEOMY RS AROS EBICPH SSE. (H~eI=CxO5) [S330] 10. USMKEOHKO EVSBOBIC LBs EOMS BE. (OS MMIC + H+ Ae HECICMUS >a e4] Il. BROBIEOE DEWINCLTKOROREF 2 ICROSE, (OAC LTH ESLT) [4257] Exercise 4.11.2. Review. Read the following sentences and translate them into modern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of alll inflecting words. L. WS CSEEERD LOD, 2, HIDE AICREBTS HHS. 3. KROKNOMICZRUBNE. 4. BOAR TBE ARIE Y 4 5. AcRidSSERSSLEREN, 6. SASMRSTROMEALY. 7. 8. 9. . SHOMSSSE CSULIOR, WicMHDeDUmOR, Bil, Aotiacems. cei-we) KUCKELRAT HS. 10. REV EHNA SDST. 19111. AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE RORICHSHV, SERWBEES. WOMROS CHE BH YRSSASL, BMOHEHD( STRSMARICTR KOS, BOLEYN, BICMVIET., HAZLOV, BO BCE URSMRORICHEMS SH, DERBFORCS Uo Exercise 4.11.3, Change the underlined inflecting words into their proper forms, if necessary, to make grammatical sentences. Then translate into modern Japanese and English. EDL-lASROBEY. WY-NL-RBOZL-KHY-F, DORL-4Y. RAKRAL It, KOMEMET-C. PAMomcld, BHUBRO-CECEBS—S. HOMBT-CEBS- Eb, HRHY-T. BS-F-34, Ba-BSY —lf, BOKBICHMK -—KLo Saas -F-v. MML—-T lk, WiSHS—L. & $-NL-s. AK-L-E T-KL. . OBITS -k, BY -HYV EBS HBV —-T, BBCBS ~KERK -—LO-KY, 1924, INFLECTING SUFFIXES: 4.12. [itt] Past Conjecture So far the student has learned five affirmative inflecting suffixes of conjecture [}#5B)8h3e]] and two negative ones [F]j4HER BENE] - Among the five affirmative ones, [43 Jand [~< L_| aremostcommonly used for conjecture of future actions or states. Conjecture on past actions or states is expressed with [1% J, which is introduced in this section. The modern equivalentof [(F@Jis {--fc7ESS} asin {(RODRRIABA 12124 F .}, “Tokyo was probably cold yesterday”. The conjugation of [[$<>]| is incomplete, although it does follow the pattern of Four Rows Verbs [PUfe#)is1] The syuusikei [#1 7%] and rentaikei [384472] [tts] is often replaced by the contracted form MtAI- [15 | and its alternative forms are added to the renyoukei [3 FU] of verbs [pial], adjectives [ZEA], pseudo-adjectives [FAH] and some inflecting particles [Bh#)#i]. [14¢3 | isusually used to indicate past conjecture, but on rare occasions it expresses hearsay [{fii{] as well. x A #® | i B® eK go vo Be BH Hil - BAM - RAD | (ISA) | (ISA) DHOOM 193Examples: 1) RATE 2) BRR 3) #eibTE 4) Bae 5) BRA 6) BE ‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE RISB Y IFT, {MPlSBA9 ESI} It was probably hot in the capital. BEDS Y FCERARAC LK. {HOKE EWSRARALS} Take me to the house where my wife is said to have been! TORBSKSSAKITC THY FH. {COPFME BUCA 9 ICL VE} The person who wrote this letter undoubtedly was Murasaki. 4.12.1. Past Conjecture [i8*H¢] As stated above, the most common use of [ (F>_| isto indicate conjecture about actions or states in the past [3H], or to reflect on the cause, 1944. INFLECTING SUFFIXES method, time, etc., of such actions. Examples: Ll OODMICMBYTE. (WoO KES SD} I wonder when it was. 2) MEARFORECYTE. (EH AEP O BAB TE 2 1S Of ‘The messenger was the high priest from Mt. Koya. 3) REBGBICBIAY ITD. (ES UL THAME EICHB 2 OIESS 0} Why did I return to my home village? 4.12.2. Hearsay [{aB#] ['$t;J is sometimes used to indicate the fact that the speaker is simply repeating a report by someone else about an action or state in the past. The modem equivalent for [($¢3J in this usage is {---7o£‘5.} or {EDT}. Examples: 195AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 1) MERINO LEY ITOHES Y 5 {I MEEINDYE 2 12 £15 EDHS.} There is a garden which, people say, Kobori Ensyuu designed. 2) PRICE CEOMTICRHY. (PRICE CEMBREE SRNHS.} In Akasaka, there is a hill where, according to legend, Muzina used to come out. (GUE=FMs (blIST LOWRSB) Note 53. The Emphatic Particle — [ BH#)] [P] The emphatic particle [4Hh#a]] [42] is added to noun phrases and various inflecting words to indicate doubt or to form a rhetorical question. The presence of [ #2 {requires the predicate that follows to end in the rentaikei (384438] where the syuusikei [#£itJ] is normally expected. When the emphatic particle [4 _| appears in the middle of a sentence, it is normally preceded by anoun phrase, including those formed by the rentaikei [#4472] or the renyoukei [3/Aj%] of inflected words. A few exceptions to this general rule are found in older texts such as the Manyosyuu [FE], where the [4>| appears in the middle of a sentence after the izenkei {E9471 of inflecting words rather than a noun phrase. In texts of the Heian Period, when this [4 Jappears at the end of the sentence it is normally 1964, INFLECTING SUFFIXES, preceded by the syuusikei [#£1t 7] of inflecting words. Again, in some older texts there are examples of [ ¥> J after the izenkei [447%] rather than the syuusikei [ #1} #2] ,and in newertexts, [ > _Joften occurs atthe end of the sentence after the rentaikei [3#{472]. The emphatic particle (U4%Bb8]] [+P] should not be confused with the sentence final particle {#8h#1] [4 J, which is always attached to the end of the sentence and is used to indicate “poetic emphasis”, as shown in Example 5) below. Examples: 1 APbS. {HAWS A} Is there anyone here? 2» DHSA THI CPRS. {tAGAM TB] EBSKSS HO} Would a person like that say “NO”? (I don’t think so.) 3) DASRHY Po {EAGBMNHSES I D0} Is such a thing possible? 4) EORBOEEMUSSEV, LEOPRICE > THUY T BAUGH SISA MN? } (UMP, ELV) What is the use of regret at such a time? (No use at all, of course.) 1975) AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE FIHRSBORED, (AAC DICHAU BOREL.) This is indeed a beautiful spring scene! (ean TPL) < Exercises > Exercise 4.12.1. Read the following sentences and translate them into modern Japanese and English. The identify the forms of all inflecting words. 1. 22 we wD 9 10. 11. 12. HoOtCeBLPRoy soe. RORRORAICREBNTEY. PEODLEADMMSMICHY GE) KEBOHTHS. FERULSROOM, WICH YE. PP ORICD Y IC, IAAT SHH YT. REWTEY. BROAD [MSM LI ESVMITARULIE< HD. ARCS EDT OKRMII SKE TICBOIE. (KSB = 48%) PARES ONISHI SH SU. RT NaESROF LTA LOL. MRORKASULETHEBUL< BULKY. RERBMESSOVUE, EDLASEA. BIC ESB STS ETRE LEY. Exercise 4.12.2. Change the underlined inflecting words into their proper forms, if necessary, to make grammatical sentences. Then translate the 1984, INFLECTING SUFFIXES. sentence into modem Japanese and English. I. 2. BRS Eb, -ARS-T-BHY. RL-EMS-ES, BL-F. WEY —RICMICHS—HS— HY -BHENCY, RICHY FW SLS-EB-T. So EBM BSC. IEBIERL-SL. - BUR -CEBSA— ESL OMEL-lSAEY MIC THRCTMICHS-EL, BMEOHI-SO-Ik, HASEEMS-E, MOZAOHS-GE-MSY | Biko -F— Ala U-wee-~L, HS-NL-BbHY-F-1k, AOFEBET-b. . 13. TL Conjecture Among the inflecting suffixes of conjecture [#E@BN#)i], [EL] indicates the greatest degree of doubt about the validity of a statement, extending so far as to reveal the conviction on the part of the speaker that the statement is, in fact, not true. ‘The conjugation of [ L_| is highly irregular, and it also lacks the renyoukei [3872] and meireikei [4872]. 199‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE | x OF | «| # | B | & ee | | EL et - EL | EL | ELA —— 1a ABARAT es | Examples: D) ARE = RREDSELANERS. {MBMGINILWOICE BI 0} I wish there were no exara. MBEDDEUTEBS. {RBA NITUVOIEBS o} I wish there were no exam. 2) mR ~-- 3) IL = MOMS LHMMSEL. {MOGE< TOS CE SHAM TUBES SD. $B EU MITIB VEG} Who would know that our eiremy is near? I bet no one. 4 BAR BROCMDE Lids —+#iE LE. {BECKS EM > TUE BIST —FERUVICDIC.} If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake. 2004, INFLECTING SUFFIXES 5) BAB BROCMSEUST-+ELEMMELD. {HEKMRSCL EMT TKI —FE BETCOIZ.} If [had known you were coming, I would have baked a cake. 6) mBH --- The mizenkei [472] of [XL] has two forms, [# LJ and [#ttJ. [#t) was widely used in the Nara period, but [# Lav] became more popular in the Heian period. [¥ LJ andits alternate forms are added to the mizenkei [R#AFZ] of verbs [jie]. adjectives [72299], pseudo-adjectives [7eHH#], and some inflecting particles [ B)&)5]]. It expresses three different meanings: ee omes 1. Subjunctive [ESE 1RAB I 2. Conjecture (HH) 3. Intention (em 4.13.1. Subjunctive [f3e4R48] [LJ may be used to indicate the subjunctive, where the speaker imagines a situation that is contrary to the truth. [3 LU] and its alternate forms may be used both in clauses with specify the imagined conditions and in clauses which describe the action or state that occurs under the assumed 201‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE conditions, as shown in the examples below. That is to say, [* LJ can be used in both conditional dependent clauses and in main clauses, In many clauses, ['& LJ is often followed by [Jor [OJ where f & Jand [OJ emphasize the fact that the action or state in question will/does/ did not in reality take place or exist. Examples: 1) HOWGMSE LAA SDK NESELE. {HOWA D> KG SIEA SOK MEWVKSI IC} If that mountain were not there, the moon would not hide behind it... (but in reality there is that mountain and the moon will hide behind it soon.) 2) ULHSEULOZESKLOEOE, (PRIDE > LBOLUTHSORA.} If there were a crack, I would peek in... (but since there is no crack, can not.) 4.13.2. Conjecture [#£#) Amongall the inflecting suffixes thatexpress conjecture (HEStE0Ehi] , [¥ LJ expresses the least probability or the strongest doubt. It is therefore often used in soliloquy or thetorical questions, where the expected answer is the opposite of the question. 2024, INFLECTING SUFFIXES. Examples: 1) MOIS EHO * Lo {RAGES (CUS IE SHAMS TUSES FA} Does anyone know that the enemy is near? Probably no one knows it. 2) EOBUMCMSEL, {(ENDHEEDEDIEL TMS CEMTHSBKSIMG} How could I know such a thing? Impossible. 4.13.3. Intention [35] When [¥ L J is used to indicate intention, it often indicates as well the unrealistic nature of the intention. That is to say, the speaker himself doubts very much if he could or would actually perform the action. The modern equivalentis {--- L£5O\L5} of {(THSGS-LEWINE}. Examples: ) CNCMEBPEL, (CHCMEBTIMLS.) What shall I write in this? I have no idea! 2) RUSSEL, MH denikAeKodne,} If there is an invitation, I would like to go. (but probably there isn’t one) 203AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE < Exercises > Exercise 4.13.1. Read the following sentences and translate them into modern Japanese andEnglish. Then identify the forms of all inflecting words. 1 ark ep 8. 9 DK MBE LINE, DHSAWAMSE DEE. BRE LM, BORECEL, DDS BORIAHDRE Lo MICe- BSSELIAASROSOEL, (RB) SCUFOSLY MISES ILBRS CL SMIMDEL. pat k UBRESCCMD RUPE ICS EMME LE, (He = ASME (ET) ORE) RA sone San omENTidtin Oboes s. Bld BRC, MFEKS UTEBS. SHLBOATBUPSSS. 0. KRTCREETESADORUAONE EY. Cee) Exercise 4.13.2. Translate the following sentences into modem Japanese and English, paying special attention to the inflecting suffixes of conjecture (Hem abe]. \. SA kbaeRS UM OROSRE RO SHS : (Bree 49626] 2. pOHF CARR tlt < 1d COS BOP HLS en EL, WK MEK YFHA) VE Ee LET, ERSDY, 2044, INFLECTING SUFFIXES BASE MSCRUMCINL, MHICSRVUBHE CSM Y, (R= CRF) HEMEL, Batt, DHECHSNL. SMeEBUGCA, VOTH. (F=RHO) UNBT=/NEHNBT=AB=BUT, KADER) biHOR, SARTIAC EE. HOHSERUALET, . BE LEROMSLEE, EMSMICCEMEBAD. 10a, ROKBOMENIZ, FLAVTE, b. HOKEAUBENIE, HLMSSE. c. WOABAMENIL, BLAST. 4. BOKEMRENI, HLA UC. e. WOKEMMENIL, HLNSEL. ROKEMMENIT, BLNB~L. g. WOKBAWREHIL, HLNS EL. > 4.14. TS! past [ & J is called a past inflecting suffix [33:B)#)33]]. because its main function is to indicate that the action of state in question took place in the past. The conjugation of [ & J is irregular. [+ J, its mizenkei [#4RFE], is used only before the conditional particle [1 |, in which case a hypothetical condition is expressed (see 4.14.2). [2] is attached to the renyoukei 205‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE (SB FAFE] of verbs [E58], adjectives (FBBE] . pseudo-adjectives [A¢38Hpia]] and some inflecting suffixes [B)EHEA]] ; however, [¥ | requires unexpected forms of the ka-irregular verb [ y3EEhi]] [ < J and of the sa-irregular verb [+388] [JJ when they directly precede it. In these cases its usage is governed by three special rules. 1. The syuusikei [#1 HZ] [&] does not occur after the ka-irregular verb [ < Jor any verbal combinations ending in[ < |. The rentaikei (#4492) [UL] andthe izenkei [B&H] [LAI may beaddedaftereitherthemizenkei [29872] [ J ortherenyoukei (SAAR) [XJ of the ka-irregular verb [HHI] [< | to form fo-LJ, fo-—Laxl and P-L] [&—Lav). However, FoO-UJ and [2—LaA\] are much more frequently used than P-L] and FR-LAJ. The syuusikei [#&1E 72] [J is added to the renyoukei [38 FAFZ] T LJ of the sa-iegular verb [4438835] [FJ but the rentaikei (BIE) [LJ andtheizenkei [PAH] [LAI are addedto the mizenkei [AA] [| of fF J. 2064, INFLECTING SUFFIXES A RF # &€ BP HR HR & (tt) -— & | bi —| ARABOMAR (ALAR (@-b) (&-bay) Rit (c- L) (f-bm) + Rel (L-&) (H#-Lb) (t-ba) tus. Examples: 1) HBRLA (EESRICA) (&-U or ZL) the person who came yesterday 2) HOMICRLALCS, {COANE} (%—Up or C—UaAN) although I came to this place 3) PASH TMBLA. {WISHECKERBATE.} Iread books until dawn. 4) jse-si/ (ERC ULAB (TULA) a student priest who has gone through considerable training 5) (se-sika) BAC LAE {BALKIINEDB} although she came to the Imperial Palace 207AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 4.14.1. Past [ia] [& J indicates that the action or state in question took place in the past and that the speaker either experienced or observed it directly. This restriction was followed much more strictly in the texts of the Nara and Heian periods than in later periods, when it was relaxed somewhat. Examples: 1) DSK BICMYUR, {> EMBICI oo} I returned to the capital with difficulty. 2) PARULBEREC. (MAR okKAtHHS.} Iwill read the book that I bought yesterday. 4.14.2. [+t | the mizenkei of [ X | to indicate subjunctive UR S1RA8] The mizenkei [APAHZ] [+t] is used to indicate a hypothetical condition when followed by the particle [f |. In this case, it does not necessarily indicates past tense. Examples: 1) MOWLAtS, BC HSEL, (ROULAKSRAWESIIZ.} 2084, INFLECTING SUFFIXES If the wind stopped, it would be warm. (but it is still windy and cold.) 2) MHUCEREELEDE, (WdtHokoREOKINE) If there were sake, I would drink it... (but there isn’t any.) < Exercise > Exercise 4.14, Read the following sentences and transiate them into modern Japanese and English, Then identify the forms of all inflecting words. 1. FICUF, i. DKEKDVE, SY LHBS SOYA, SSEERUBAME. ROWS LNERSSYUR, PEA ISSICBY Lad, RCAHSXUS, HORI TROT ULFODIEDEND DEL. mac eeemy Links Sem Bhictiie€ & & CROP < ' ' (4481721 8 (SROLBOMMSMICPHYIE) KESSRUHTHS, 9. WHLSEEDNLEKO, EOBLAOSLHSERT, LOLBEMSE LACE EWALD. 10. SEORF FOOSE BOKSEC MOTUS CES BEROS [HAS] ee 209‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 4.15. [ity Past Until recent times [{FY_} was treated by many grammarians in overly simplified ways, in which its basic meaning was ignored. The inflecting suffix [BB] [1d | isderivedfromthecompound verb [3d Y = ¥ —@® Y J , which was used to indicate the continuation of a past state or action to the present. Sometimes [IF Y J still indicates this original meaning in classical texts, as shown in the examples below. Besides “continuation”, TiS Y | may be used to indicate “past” or “poetic emphasis”. The conjugation of [ {FY J is iregular. The mizenkei [AR9AAE] [t+ —J is used only rarely, and the renyoukei [3#FAFE] and meireikei [472] are lacking. [(} Y | and its alternate forms are attached to the renyoukei [5#FAHZ] of verbs [S34], adjectives (HE: adjectives [#¢%Hpia]] and some inflecting suffixes [Bh BNI] ]. }], pseudo- [& |a *#/)e Ble) & & FU (It) sy | 3% | Gh BRBOSAE | — i | —— 4.15.1. Continuation (#85) As mentioned above, this is the basic meaning of the inflecting suffix (Bnehiq] ['+Y]. A similar meaning is expressed in modern Japanese 2104, INFLECTING SUFFIXES by the so-called ‘perfective’ construction, namely {--TU\S} and {-THS)- Examples: 1) BBoslAsbay one (BBLS bBo THBINES) although the stone wall alone has remained until now 2 ba RRR UERISHY ITY, {SACORS HD ORIc ldo TH} From the age of the gods continuously until now, maple leaves have scattered every autumn. 4.15.2. Past [38%] t3 YJ may indicate that the action or state in question took place in the past, just as [& | does. However, while [ 2 | is used for the past action or state that was experienced or observed by the speaker himself, [ (+ _| when used as an inflecting suffix of past [i3:B)i)35]] is used for a past action or state that was not experienced or observed by the speaker. This restriction does not apply to the [It Y | of continuation [##%] (4.15.1.) and poetic emphasis [3x0] (4.15.3.). A statement with the past inflecting suffix (BAB ] [I+ YJ represents akind of “hearsay”, and itis frequently autAN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE used in narratives such as legends and old tales. Examples: 1 # BHI. (8. SSRN (E54)0} (It is said that) Once upon a time there was a man. 2) RARUITU. (BAM OREWS CEL) (According to the story) He went back to the capital. 4.15.3. Poeticemphasis [ik] When [I$ Y J is used in poetry of the Heian and later periods, it almost always indicates what is usually called “poetic emphasis”, and not “past”. It usually expresses the poet's excitement at noticing for the first time a special quality in something that has been existing in front of her for some time. This use is not confined to poetry, but is frequently seen in prose also. Examples: I) RELSOHSHOLYITY, {ATSIMHSbOLOKNLH.} (Although I haven’t realized it up until now) Indeed, even a dog has a soul, does it not? 2124. INFLECTING SUFFIXES. ages it 2) “HE BRICKY TELA Y (HEM ERORICE > TONTHS RH} The tree frog is on a banana leaf, swaying. A moder equivalent for this use of [15 Y _| is hard to find, but the closest sense of it may be expressed in modern Japanese by certain sentence particles such as {%&} and {2 &}, etc. Itis at times very difficult to find an appropriate English equivalent. < Exercise > Exercise 4.15. Read the following sentence and translate them into modern Japanese and English, Then identify the forms of all inflecting words. L KROBCRTSICMISASTOYITY, SH. MRORLESHSVIY, 2. 3. KOR REBS SHB oXS“L. 4 AOUSCSRMU IHL, MRC OURO THEE EES HBS. 5. GOLECARESBORS VINE, ABOKOMELEE wIFS., 6 RES —OHLET FAL Rl4HSH4O PictHY 133 (a4245] 7. ABU ROTES EOYUY BOLERO KOR re Sa 213AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE [ert $8363] 8 Abus SLA Bi MICKSYT BLAVIY (7a 48451] 4.16. [OJ and [| Perfect In moder Japanese, past tenses are indicated by {— 2} whichis added totherenyoukei [3/72] of verbs [hia] andadjectives [FEM epia]. 1) {ABBA TMEBN TIS o} Tarou is eating a meal. 2) {AAS TMERN TUE} Tarou was eating a meal. Sentence 1 and 2 describe actions in progress, but 1 concerns action taking place at the time the sentence is produced, while 2 concems action prior to the time the sentence is produced. Modern Japanese marks the distinction by using different verb endings, [ | and [ f¢_|, and these temporal notions are called “present” [38%¢] and “past” [3451 respectively. In this way, “past” is defined in terms of an absolute time scale with the time the sentence is produced as the point of reference. [ fz_]in modern Japanese, however, does not always indicate “past.” Notice in sentence 3 below that the action {%—fc} has not yet taken place when the sentence is produced; therefore {7c} in this case does not indicate “past” as defined above. 3) {HPSAMELERICY » YNVEGBIIELESO} 2144. INFLECTING SUFFIXES, Let’s open the champagne after Tanaka gets here. In this sentence [ 7=_| indicates the completion of the action at or prior to the time specified by the other segments of the sentence. That is to say, the action described by {—7c} must already have taken place before the action described by {&It¥ L & 3} takes place. This grammatical notion is called the perfect [7°]. In modem Japanese, {f=} may indicate either past [5435] asin2orperfect [527 ] asin3. Since perfect [SET ] is the completion of an action at or prior to a temporal point of reference, this point of reference may coincide with the moment the sentence is produced, namely “now”. In such cases, perfect [¥€7] corresponds to the past G84]. Inclassical Japanese, “past” is indicated by the past inflecting suffix [i ABH) [&J and [1FY J,asseen in sections 4.14, and 4.15. “Perfect” is indicated by one of four perfect inflecting suffixes (527 BENE] : TJ, Taj, FY J, and PY |. Among them, [2] and [yd _| may be used to merely emphasize the predicate (see 4.16.2), while ['f-l) | and [ Y _|may indicate continuative [###3) perfect, as wellascompleted [327 ] perfect (see 4.17 for more on this). [2_| conjugates in the Lower Two Rows Verb pattern [FBS 21]. while Ts } conjugates like a na-irregular verb [8053] ]. [J and [J may be added to the renyoukei [38 FA7Z] of verbs [Shia] , adjectives [#222] , pesudo-adjectives [FA Hhia]], and some inflecting suffixes [RAEN]. 215AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICA\. JAPANESE 4.16.1. Perfect [SET 4 Itis said that in general [2 J is used with transitive verbs and indicates the completion of an action, while [J is used with intransitive verbs and indicates the completion of a state. However, in many sentences [DJ and [a _| seem to be interchangeable and the validity of the above statement is doubtful. Some grammarians note that [2_] often indicates the “sudden completion” of an action while [ # | indicates amore “gradual completion”. Examples: 1) TERED. {7EDVKU IE} Cherry blossoms are blooming. (implying, cherry blossoms have sud- denly come into bloom.) 2) TERE, {FEAT IE0} Cherry blossoms are blooming, (lit., cherry blossoms have opened.) 2164, INFLECTING SUFFIXES. 3) RBETL. {FREBUTLESS OS I will write a letter. (lit., I will write up a letter.) 4) MARAE HALATLEDESS 0} The boat will sink. (lit., The boat will have sunk.) 3230. 4.16.2. Emphasis [58%] Both [> J and [ # _| may be used as intensifiers when they occur before inflecting suffixes [Bh#)3=]] of the conjecture [HEH] group. The modern Japanese expression closest to the emphatic [D_| and [ & |would be {#0} asin {RD E- EBA}, Bauer}, {kok etc, Examples: 1) BR CERORININ. {BAB A REDvE > ERSIC HAUG.) My friend is certain to come tomorrow. 2) PETOBAMY TRAEEET. (HEROBIO SIF EM TENEMHESETSS} He took the sake offered to the gods and is about to drink it. 217‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 4.16.3. Alternative [36511] This use of [D_Jand [ wa | is limited to their syuusikei [#ib}%] and there must be within the sentence at least two predicates that are grammatically and semantically parallel to each other. The modem equivalent is the expression {- Y--EUFS.} Examples: 1) MRORVDMBS. (MW KYUROKY LEMS RT.} She tell the story as she is crying and laughing. 2) MEWKOALBS. (UE YRoORYRES.} He cries and laughs. Note 54. Emphatic Particle [44203 aol [%&C} is another emphatic particle [4%Bhz] that emphasizes the element directly preceding it. The preceding element may be a noun phrase (including clauses ending in the rentaikei [3672] of inflecting words), an adverbial phrase, or a verb or adjectival phrase. When a verb or adjectival phrase precedes [ 7% J , the last word in the phrase is normally the conjunctive particle [T_] as seen in Example 3. The renyoukei of adjectives {3235 OSA AAK] may occur in this position without the conjunctive 2184. INFLECTING SUFFIXES particle [TJ The degree of emphasis expressed by [7% <3] is not as strong as that expressed by [ € | introduced in Note 52. Like 2], [%&€J requires the predicate which follows it to end in the rentaikei [38632], where the syuusikei [#€it3%] is normally expected. Following the emphatic particle [RHE] [7x23 |, the verbs BS], (RAS |, [HS:J, etc., are often omitted, so that [73] actually appears at the end of the sentence. In such cases, special attention must be paid to the form of the inflecting word preceding [%¢3] so as to avoid possible confusion with the optative final particle [#&Bh#]] [% 3 |, whichis added to the mizenkei [39872] of inflecting words. Likewise, care should be taken not to confuse the emphatic particle [#¢ >| with the inflecting suffix sequence [%¢—#],where[ % Jisthe mizenkei [3:987¢] of the perfect inflecting suffix [5 T BUEN#)T sa J, and (Z Jis the syausikei [#1 #2] orrentaikei [3844] ] of the conjecture inflecting suffix [HegtB)Shiq)] [&J. The perfect inflecting suffix [327 BEDE] [ya] is added to the renyoukei [38}HF) of verbs [#3], adjectives [j29]], pseudo- adjectives [}2@)3a]], and some inflecting suffixes [BhSpia] . Examples: 1) HOMEC-HHVIFS. (HSMMN—-AH2f-.} There was a single bamboo shoot emitting light. 219AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 2) BX\ECESC, {P°BVELEI.} I will go to the capital. 3) MENWMKESICLY TAL, MELCWUITS, {MENDDKLTHBOT, MBEWS ORK} Because there are eight spans to the bridge it is called “Yatuhasi”. < Exercise > Exercise 4.16, Read the following sentences and translate them into modern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all inflecting words. 1 Mba Rem. AWINCBE LEEUC ER LACE. AOSD SEELE, Wo Zima SOOMRANDAIH, HES, MOKEANL OBIE, MICOS. HE TRORTROMMOK Ae. eeu swe LAU a, BORNE SRISMBASE DEER, TARMAB LICIFUV ESBS 9. Bbw ows city Allontankts5oeb. (SB=H2) 10. wndre hice UTE EM TEBE C EDDA SEL. er area vn 2204, INFLECTING SUFFIXES 4.17. [UJ and [UJ Perfect [te J and ['Y Jare inflecting suffixes that indicate perfect [S27]. as do [¥J and [2 introduced in the previous section. It should be remembered that “perfect” [SET] is in essence different from “past” [325] , though in certain situations the meaning is the same. The conjugation pattern of both [7-YJ and [YJ is that of a ra-irregular verb [5 Spa], although the mizenkei [ARMAFZ], renyoukei [AAR], izenkei [E24H2] andmeireikei [#37] of [ U Jarerareafterthemid- Heian period. Concerning their environments, [7zY J is added to the renyoukei [3 FAFZ] ofverbs [Shia] andinflectingsuffixes [Bhi]. while [ YJ |isaddedonly totheizenkei [E472] of Four Rows Verbs [Py REE] andtothemizenkei (3EAFz] of sa-irregular verbs [4 HHH]. Some grammarians have tried to pinpoint the semantic differences between [f2Y J and[¥ J, but no explanation has proven convincing. A satisfactory explanation may be forthcoming, but at this point it may be said that the two are similar in meaning. In addition to perfect [527], [7 Y J and [ J | may indicate continuative perfect [7##], and in this respect TfeUJ and [Y Jdiffer from [> | and [a J. x A #* * i= Co E ca nul ke ky ky ke | kh oth | BB MRO FEMBOR yb y y ’ nie POEEDEAD B: 221AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 4.17.1. Perfect [5¢T] As with [OJ and [¥aJ, T7244 and [Y Jindicate perfect [HET], including those cases where perfect [52 T ] is virtually synonymous with past [38] , as explained in 4.16. Examples: 1D Wa eKY. (WFICFT 2 feo} He has gone to the temple in the mountains. 2) WRIT, {WAFIZAT 3 fe0} He has gone to the temple in the mountains. 4.17.2. Continuative Perfect (4327 ] [7-2 Y | and [yj may indicate continuative perfective [FFRBSET ] ratherthancompletedperfect [527 ]. Withcontinuativeperfective [7##55E T ]. the verb phrase denotes the remaining result of the completed action rather than the action itself. This is expressed in modern Japanese by either {TUS} or {--THS}. Examples: A. {BatHwTWS,} ‘The window is open. 2224, INFLECTING SUFFIXES modem Japanese (lit, The window opened and as the result it is now open.) B. {BAH tTHS_} The window is open. modem Japanese (lit., Someone opened the window and as a result it is open.) C. {FAH < H2THS~} The door is painted red. modern Japanese (lit., Someone painted the door red and as a result it is now red.) Examples: 1) Reman eF (BRU THSF) the characters written on the wall 2) PAGACBS. {PEAT KAIMSI oh Icame across a man carrying firewood. As was stated earlier, [ Y_| may be added only to the izenkei_ [B9AH2] of Four Rows Verbs [P4B¢Bhia]] and the mizenkei [#fAFZ] of sairregular verbs [4+28i)$5]]. It is considered ungrammatical to add [ Y | to other verbs [S)ia]], although such cases are on rare occasion found even in old texts. The following sentence form the Noh script ['s# 4h] Hagoromo 223‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE [3X J ,where [ lJ _Jisaddedtothe LowerTwoRows Verb [F=-ERE)#] [HHS J, is often cited as an example of this irregular usage. ROMA (cml bo THY {ROLCRLUAMUT, Po cHAhAto KK} The rain finally stopped as the beautiful moon came out above the belvedere. < Exercises > Exercise 4.17.1. Read the following sentences and translate them into modern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all inflecting words. 1. 2. 3. 4. « ROMARBRRCME MO NIY. SAhiamewmeey v. RLGSWEORI SMBTEMATSRSY. MICHEKSPOOKGREATES. MROMSLAT, BOLCHWA ORY SRM. BFSWVE SANE SMEVBASE, BIAMRY GC OTS HBS. RICECARS CRC SY CHICAS ES, Bly [ce CEORE ASNSBEBVEKSM, MKYBIT BUNK Kaa, accede ceneOoniikicaMgn sans, BY UTHOMNICRK SHEBOS BICSHEMI US. (h498117] 2244, INFLECTING SUFFIXES. 10. NAMED 64 CBOSS V“EKUOAWKAKEC. Exercise 4.17.2. Change the inflecting words into their proper forms to make grammatical sentences. Then translate them into modern Japanese and English. 1. RBEBS- FY -B, RRICHY-B- LB, mickL4-t-éT-BS-Y 2, ED—t-CHICCE—POMSFS-ALE 3. MOUtcl— 2X —m—ISU lt, AY -Y -RIENEAS Oy 4. FEAST L — BS —-&— 27K 5. RRERS—-&- HAMS -BF-S-T. MICLEKS—-Y 6. BaVEY —REEMI-G-CEBULES-—2-AL 7. (A@FEM—, TORP-KLI —LMAHAD cBmeY 8. COMSaEBL—-F-id, ARIK so —-M-o 4.18. [#IZLJ and [LJ Desiderative Both [#(%ULJ and [fc LJ are inflecting suffixes [B)Bh3q] that express desiderative [[g{2]. Of the two, [¥IZL] is the older form. f< L J came into use in the late Heian period and is the source of the modem 225‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE form {—7261}, but it was not considered an elegant word and its use in waka was strongly discouraged. As shown in the chart below, [7 L_] conjugates like a ku-conjugation adjective [7 SFAHEBia] and [X/F LJ like asiku-conjugation adjective [2 933AARER HI]. With regard to environments, [fz UJ is added tothe renyoukei [387%] of verbs [Hp35]] and some inflecting suffixes (Bb Shia], while [#1% LJ isaddedtothemizenkei [329472] of verbs [p31] and some inflecting suffixes [B83] - x A ® EB |), & HU |ERUL [eal [HAL | AL | KEL BE - HA DS | DY me | ih ORE #lEL< | £1aL< #ELE _| kL line [Ray |eL | kin® | RH OF - EA kK | ie< i omRr | Examples: 1) RICLYREL. {@BICATFB Ib} I want to go to the capital. 2) RICLSHEL. {MICS KL} I want to go to the capital. As with the modern Japanese {—fctv}, [feUj and FEIELI express a desire on the part of the speaker when used in the final clause of the 2264. INFLECTING SUFFIXES sentence, although they may indicate desire by the second or third person in non-final clauses, as seen in Example 3. Unlike modem {—f24.}, Tiel J and [#{%ULJ express not only the speaker’s desire to do something himself but they also express the speaker’s desire that someone else (most commonly the person being addressed) do something, as illustrated in Example 4. Examples: 3) MFEMEURELINEBVEEHSHHS, {EF SMBICGYUUINEBUE LEY ICGZS.} Although the Emperor wants to see the prince, he has given up the idea. 4) RARAUKHEL, (FAH, BAM TELU} I want you to leave for the capital today. In a sentence which expresses the speaker’s desire that someone else do something, itis common to find an honorific element in the predicate to signal the speaker’s respect to the person who will perform the requested action. In Example 4, [—#1— | (the renyoukei of [ 3 J) indicates “honorific”. NoteS5. [H5#1zLI [&S5#1XLJ is a sequence of the mizenkei of the ra-irregular verb 227AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE (5S [AY | OSA] and the desiderative inflecting suffix (RBH classical Japanese and functions like an adjective [JZ2#H]] tomean “tobe 1] FKlKLJ. This combination occurs quite frequently in desirable”. Examples: 1) BEELASHOAEY . (MR LUMAMODATE} What I would like is a persimmon tree. 2) MOTHSE LIN, (MARLO OE} Itis life that is desirable. Note 56. The Adverbial Particle [BUB)aa] [7E< J [f€lz] is used after a noun phrase or a referent phrase to emphasize the following predicate by presenting the preceding element as an extreme example. The modern equivalent is either {&2} or {C4}, depending on the context. Examples: 1D BNKSRKCME ON TRIEY (RNS AIDA TRI) He came without changing even his wet clothes. 2284. INFLECTING SUFFIXES. 2) TRU MLSBEKICRY. (EDs TLE STHICSUCT THRE} Even when the blossoms are gone, please leave at least their fragrance. < Exercise > Exercise 4.18. Read the following sentences and translate them into modern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all inflecting words. L. ICRI IESE, BEABOT. AldBO< 5 #1 L. RICHU REAM, B 8b nHZECMSKICRATL ES SELDEN. Alte BARDOT CN SCTESSEALMSNIH. 6 FST6RKLECEBLSH, 7. RESIN CRAM SNICSEIMHLE IC, BOOKS MSENKSBUEHKEL, 8. RAREOLEROEKICLSEMEARE, 9 MICROUTOERICKIH. 10, KD SME. MPN S KIEL, vPy pp 4.19. [%YJ and [t¥] Copulative [Hix] 29AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE [%#Y J and [72 Y | are said to be the contracted forms of [ic Y J and [£% Y J, respectively. There are two types of [ 4 Y } : one is called the coplative nari [BR%E7 Y ], and the other is hearsay nari [4B] Y ]. In this section we will consider only the former, [B3E 2% U ]. Hearsay nari [EBA Y J will be treated in 4.20. [%Y J and [7 YJ conjugate in the pattem of pseudo-adjectives [2288381] ,exceptthey lack the meireikei [##SHE]. Both [% Y J and [<-Y | occur afternouns [% $4], but only [%& Y | may also occur after a noun phrase ending in the rentaikei [38447] of an inflecting word. Semantically, [fg YJ may be used in any situation where a copulative expression is called for, but [72 Y | is used only to describe a temporary status, such as one’s position or rank, or temporary state. ale) &® |) eB | ® wY | BY | BB eh ry | ey | ee | tn Pa Examples:4, INFLECTING SUFFIXES 1) RARELY. (FhiaBE RE.) Tam a student. 2) RBC. (RMMARATE.) Tam a student now. 3) BARU LRRRIGESENY, (A oKRRRICEAT WF} When I was a student, I lived in Nara. 4) MRBCSFCBUKY. (RBOFCBV ELKO} I went to a temple in Asuka, 5) ABRSMICES, (ABE W DATA} Tarrive at a town called Yosino. Compare sentence 1 and 2. In 1 the situation is stated in a matter of fact fashion, as if it were an eternal truth, while 2 suggests temporary status (I am. a student now, but before I was not and I may not be in the future). For this reason, sentences like 2 are rather rare, and [7 ) | isusually used inaclause modifying a noun or, if used in the main clause, with perfect [527 ] or past (J&%] inflecting suffixes [8384]. as seen in sentence 3. The rentaikei of [tz Y J is sometimes placed between a place name and 231AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE a noun to indicate the location of the noun, as in 4. When it stands between a proper name other than place names and a noun, itis can mean “a N called PN”, as in 5. Note. 57. Vocabulary L USL (GERBSE) 1.{59E43U} — gloomy, depressing BANS (HMOD2ES Lb) my gloomy heart 2. (ARE, BK LL} unpleasant, terrible Vat &tO4H {75} a miserable place 2. 28880 (448) a high court noble; a noblemen of the 3rd Rank and above as well as Sangi [2839 | “Imperial Advisors” of the 4th Rank. Same as “Esa. 3. He (Bm) The Palace Festivals; Ceremony and banquet at the Palace. HH : five important court festivals KA (CbACD);AR (665) PAR (E50); SF (TAT); BCE LDHDY) 83095 OH (BF) The First Secretary of the emperor’s Private Office who is also Middle Captain of the Inner Palace Guards. wee 5. BR (Fl) The main building of a Heian nobles mansion , 6. @* @* A wing built next to the main building. 2324, INFLECTING SUFFIXES Rox East Wing ALO xt North Wing, usually occupied by the first wife (AEM). 7. JRBE (259) Corridor that connects one building to the other ina house of the shinden style. 8. 9 (A) Outrider, attendant, or outrunner who precedes anobleman’s Procession to clear the way Same as Ra. 9, PLTLEL (VERERM) 1. {ABA LY, BLY} extremely high ranked, august, exalted 2. 4GSTTHIFERU, AME} — unable to ignore 10. BE (298) 1. {5459} rank, position 2. 364} occasion, situation 1. BU (FiERESE) L{HOBTR, (\P%} listless 2{DE SEW, LiK< by} tiresome 3. {RELLY} hard to do UY HERMHE) 1. (38> TLS} to be different 2. {3858 CHL} to be unusual, extraordinary 3. {¥$R%E} to be special POCATEIC especially, with special care Basoc 13. RBS (BEA) honorific verb {RPFAIZWS} tosleep, to go to bed 233AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 14 (FI) 1. (BREMS, HRTS} — to understand, know IMS SEOADSA, (Mo TUSAKIMES 0} Only those who understand the situation laugh. 2{KRBMNHS. KLEAMNHS} be acquainted with, be well trained in 15, kB (Bil) 1. {QB} female palace attendant 2. {a} female attendant in a noble house hold 3. {HBA} lady (this usage is not commonly seen earlier than the Muromachi period) < Exercises > Exercise 4.19.1. Read the following sentences and translate them into modern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all inflecting words. BAMYORREKSCETSS PRUREHEXSxMos, FABICY LRU EU SE RBBICC TESLA Mit SEAMEBONDDS SEY. DORBRPE GK SHEN, BEE ERENL. BILAMOFICUT. BTLSMALY, RALSAFEMN BSUS. 7. BALAARICTHROMEESHY. MO (c CHA SBS YITY. GBM AZ) 9. BRORICMON, Aico SHORSY THRONE aye YN 2344, INFLECTING SUFFIXES. CTR Lim ae ES eiUpe aec 10. FEBNT AOPE BY wesho “Ease Exercise 4.19.2. Read the following sentences and translate them into modern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all inflecting words. if 2. sD BIBIE ILS ICS HUABIC SIL TILIBS C HATHA, MOBLUMAKARBURET. (@A=A) ALC Hnealg, wanitory/S sybyeane 6 BOS LUIIHIE, ALY EMSC boos. . BOUTY, RPRARAY NE, ROASTER RHEE THIY. D2 A9 pokoRiceoussdhandnatmdé, Sa LaROpRNEY 1ST EPROM D # L. WE SARS CH LIBOTIY “ RHOPCAU< abs fe Cina Lebaiseariticl tt. 20. [YJ Hearsay LeSBe] This [4 Y | may be used to indicate presumption [}£3] as well as hearsay, and it is sometimes called the nari of hearsay/presumption [REHEEOFY 1]. Compared to the copulative [BTEFY ], this 235‘AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE [BA ¥ ] hasasimilarbut simpler conjugation pattern. That is to say, the mizenkei [A9AFZ] and meireikei [#737] as well as the adverbial form of the renyoukei [FJ] are lacking from the paradigm. While the copulativenari [527 Y ] isaddedtonounsand the rentaikei (346721 of inflecting words, this [ 7) | is always added to clauses that end in the syuusikei [#12], as in Example 1 below, except when the final word of the clause is ra-isregular type word, in which case the rentaikei [3B (KF2] is required, as seen in Example 2. ai mle | @l)e 7 | ey wy | wy | we | oh {25 BST Examples: 1) ROWCESR {PAH L U5 Bi} sake that, we understand, he likes 2) MOBEKSEY, — (MATHUKEWSIEK.} Ic is said that he wrote it. eas, 4.20.1. Hearsay = [ {fi} The moder equivalent of this [%y | would be {--- KES.) , {--£&<} and {--LGCEK}. The two examples above as4. INFLECTING SUFFIXES well as the two below show [ZY | and it alternate forms denoting hearsay [ish] Examples: 1) RICLSRVE. {BIKES EWS RE 2K} It was said that he was going to the capital. 2) CORKICR Exercise 4.20. Read the following sentences and translate them into modern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all inflecting words. 1. BOKMICBVBSCSAECED, HORUS REOOLS, HARETELMEY. MASTEAMENL DS, SEMRAHE UH TRHEY. BORA, ELEICEMLIFICHS ES. HORICRLUDHDHSLSEUMTRIEPET. eeSemcicisy. BOSKSAREV DEORE LTRELTHSEY. 7. BRC SKU THOME ES BIRDEA SR, ICS DIE Le 8. ADSSLARIKRE< SH THEUEELBSES. 9. KOBCAGOROBTEY, DUMEGETHEE RAT. 10, Sz niseRDORmB Lastiiin< clgiog, le te 2384, INFLECTING SUFFIXES, 4.21. [OéL) Resemblance Litt] Originally [<& UL] expresses likeness or resemblance of one noun phrase to another, but after the late Heian period it came to be used also as a sentence softener to make a statement less direct. The conjugation pattern of [OELY is similar to that of an adjective [7229], althongh the izenkei [ESAHZ] and meireikei [4#BHZ] are lacking. [OLLI follows the rentaikei [447%] of verbs [hE] , some inflecting suffixes (ah particle [ @) } or [ Hs |that is preceded by a noun phrase as seen in Examples }] and rarely adjectives [72894] as seen in Example 1, or the 2and 3. The particle [A* | is often inserted betweentherentaikei [#4K72] of inflecting words and [= & LJ as seen in Example 4. The first four examples show the use of [2 ¢L]| that indicates resemblance, while Example 5 shows the use of [2 & UL] asa sentence softener. a a TEL (TECK) TEC «[e#|elal me # | Teuf zee |—— — | RIE + O° | BA+O Examples: 1) MARSSTE< MALY, (HARMS ASIC K RK} Time has passed by like the flow of astream. 239k AN INTRODUCTION TO CLASSICAL JAPANESE 2) BRROTLL, {BNAOKDICR2 AK} His hair is white as frost 3) BTEC RISEN, (MOKIKBAREEUW,} Come to the capital as I did. 4) MARSSNCOEM@EKY, (HIAMMNSLSICB< BB.) Time has passed by like the flow ofa stream. 5) —HdMORSSSTLRRHY, {A dO SEES CHBMH 2 f.} There was a time when it seemed it hadn’t rained for a month. < Exercises > Exercise 4.21.1. Read the following sentences and translate them into modern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all inflecting words. Ll AeBore< Re URMICB SMES. BSS, COMOMIGETI STE Le DKTEC LMS SL. Bose lad, HLRoc camer. MROTE RMS AMKIESS OL, FIELDS ICHKEORE RSE DTE L. BRON SMCE< RORMETHBD. xa a7 wP yp 2404, INFLECTING SUFFIXES 8. HO LONSMIC LEMUTCEADHKMERS HOGN, oan ye fine te ince SS YI TRIBE. . ICHMSCSRLSARORAMICTCERICKIN, WORE TRICK Dey. Exercise 4.21.2. Read the following sentences and translate them into modern Japanese and English. Then identify the forms of all inflecting words. HADI 3, BMBeSMEMETHSUBCBRAS TS LY LIC SS BOMMEBHS FTO EAE L KBHSY, KORE S SHOULD STOEL SBE L, BOEICR + BABTERURS LESSON ECADHMAESNL. (eeMIIBE] 2 BADEHT. BOMVKSIMBANSICHHSF, BOWE ASS, EKASTHVERRI, KEERMMRE LCE CHSS. EDEL, [BFS I iE 241>—$_$ SE OSC (CH CH ‘CH Sih St eM ew eR 7 AGEBI HE HA He l : a = 5 ; | OAS as ns Is ns uoy-eg, squo_/ns. 4 Mos’) ta os £ 4 £ Ba (OAO% nun 4 PI OF at uoy-eyy fjuo 70 (OA) | MNO) CP (oie * * * * Be JRA /Ul spua TH-TRTU, Oane -Fume fio io fo | nyo | uepru-twey /L/o spe BYU | PGB | ecR cH GR ak ce oT OAT war | “AEH aut a B nap, |) uepriruey, re Us | oe om =e # oe 4-T | Oxgae? |-gunqe: | ANAge fae “qe “qr nqei | uepru-oug PvE USE eee we VE ve we maoL OxgY | -auat | -Away Aug a BI naey | uepri-ounig 7H Us on on # w oN moL ue Ayia a : : = 5 F spunoduuoay /umhetut ae ae are Te pe vie we | woy-ey PRY AIO Ae ue Us ee ne ne ae Ae) Be F (OE RH RIE) | quis © -ququs | -ququis Aus quis -yuis nus uey-eN, Aquos nul pus /muts / ule | Ute ow Ie rae wae nae BL Jesu spuo TeayTay| TeX rey axe axey prey | -vaeH ney uepox Ae Ae >= >= Re Oe >= "abd ie es Ww uaz] requey Isnngg | nosuey uozty, Sps0 My sod4y, Se “2 HE TH we % x gdweg juonesntuog 242A.1.2. Semantic Classification of Zyodoosi BE “Passive” 3 bb Ra “honorific” srs /raru/ BIE “potential” Ae “spontaneous” ei “causative” se as Le Ra “honorific” suf /sasu/ /simu/ Be “negative” a Gn) Sm/ HERE “conjecture” c £L wy AL BL /mu/ /masi* /meri/ /besi/ /rasi/ at BG /ramu/ /kema/ Bie Hele GTi) “negative conjecture”|_— U zU ®EMGR “negative intention” | /2i/ — /mazi/ (aE “intention” t #L /mu/ /masi/) fal] “hearsay” ay ese “presumption” /nari/ Wii =~ “copulative” ey KY Jnari/ /tari/ Bue “past” & sy Aei/ Arex / 5eT “perfect” 2 a RY y Sus sm StariZ /ri% ‘EL “desiderative kL #IaL /iasi/ /mahosi/ 243“x @ ase Aven alsin ALT aus Ave ,UOLUaIUt aaryeSeu | Sew 7 | | .2injos{uea oaryeou,, My JES JEL BwwHLE “| a a a verwzy | yerezy | ynaezy az | uz uz 22 a2 woanesou, Bete 7 | Puy Pw na / nay ay | fra, | & a £ £ £ | Snoouequods, 3B | /oderwsy | yeinsery| ynansery | yareiy | yeresy | ores / \lequoiod, aia *¢ rua | usa esa 2 us us .OYMOUCY,, Hye *Z yoker/| fein | /nana/ ad, PPL, PL/ i a ru ug ee u u /oxeuis / | /einuis / | /nanuys / youisy | aus / P21 427 21 #1 #1 yokoses/ | yeinsesy | /ninsesy| ynsesy| _yeses/ | _eses/ | .OuMOUCY,, PM *Z PAR UER ese £2 ae aR oavesneo, Bay | 7edosv | yoinsy | /nans / Js / PBS P?3/ || _ tA Us. es £ a a | spiom Sumseyuy jo tox-uaztyy oy2 01 poppy *] [SOOpody, jo UOHwOLISSBIQ “g* TV 2444.2anyoe{uoo ysed,, Cyu9aH 7) | (70281) pousyy | 7auosy/—/nuey/ J BU04 / = 13 aa eH (yA) 26 (YH) 28) 24 wsiseydwe oneod, eq “¢ wased, EGE 7 Pey/ | /0109/ |) /1EY/ (fey) | 24/7 .NONENUTUOS, SARE IL us ee 6 (ea) ne ene i WOAOUNIGNS,, EMRE *Z PMS JD'S87 DO PBL DZ i wased, SWE 1 wr 4 2 | a 2 SpdoMy Surjoelpuy Jo 1oy-nodusy oy) 01 poppy “Il ] nae yirey | eae feoyeu/ asoysur/ | “isoysut / | LoatvexopISop, Eth fH | SEVER i BGT | aeree ; | ssoueuy | /mpsoqoury | /rsoyeu. | /mapsoyou/ | /ropsoyeus | /-1soyeu uae 87218 ee | 1ee | BF EF gas eo | peneou, | seu, .oanotinigns, wMpSER «| GIVE V2 VE GIF aed .JUsWeONPUl,, $I “€ | uorUaTuL, gw *Z pay ayynuy LAL) / (Ayn OanoalWod,, BRE * | g (Y) 2 (Y2 (Y) 2 (quo ) sprom Burau JO tay-ueztAy ayy 07 pappy “T 245ayy molfoy Koy, “ody WOUFEE-WON Jo sp. “sprom ody TO 1s Surpoojut oy} jo THISHAAG oyy moyjoy dnou¥ siyy jo ISOOpoaZ oy, ainyoaluoo quese.d,, /ssea/ P01 /S21/ /'S84/ HRN 14 | 14 14 14 seaydised,, Rai 2 fowls | MOUS | /OUY | (40 /) fou .aanqooluoo,, BE "| | UR ee 4@ (A@) OR uondunsoud, ay °7 | yereuy| are | feu fens / seu / Aose0y, RE ue eh ak A% | 4% oe {Spsom Bunoayuy Jo tey-1snndg 0} Peppy “I T een 7 ewe | eee et gat aut WPATEISPISSP Bl | yereyery Jey / {sey nye / SOR JSR/ wet 24 a | > 4 Oe mnoojied, Mee *Z pay | ere Se Jee Pry Ses wpoeyiod, Lag * | ust ust eu ax O73 a4 a> youy| yearns} /nanu/ aay Try, fey | ay IGE “e oe UR oe a 2 % a Bez SO84/ fens yrs LM PU PY YM wbeped, Jae, Fr uc gc c 2 2 e (Quo9 ) spxoyy Sunoo[uy Jo toy-nokuoy oyr O1 poppy “Il 246spiom edAy TOY ] jo Tey-Tejuey (SOOPOAZ oy, * | ayy Molo} Aoy, “odhy WSS uoN Jo sprom Sunooyut ays Jo jy-SMHAG oyy mojjoy dnoss siyy Wwe 7 fas fs fu says Ja SBS | Jas yoojsed, 136 "| u u ¢ 4 4 4 A .aanjoayied,, IsNoq] UeY-eg JO [oy-UozIJAI 29] PUB ISCO] UBPoA Jo 18¥-UazZ] OF PEPPY “AL wouserydized, Base * € ceery)) (7uery «S9snB9 Jo aes yeuer/) ynuery| snes, mre / az : : Lomyoo{uoa, WHE “| aa ((Ya)RE \(YE)RE aq = | | nseyzeu / /ureyizeuy | /ereyzeu/ egn8 GEIL | 2Ga8 P1S2G/ JO BB Vrreyzeu) yee | eu / yew | ayes) eeu / | wae 212 az az ae a8 pueunuos, 2a “g ordord,, YER y naeyog/ rseyeq/ | /ereyaq / Auenueyod, Baw ia ¢ ogy fen abe MOUs, Pw Zz /PI%8Q,/ YEU 1929 | ynyeg/ | R84, /2U/ ~ammpoeluos, BH | YUAN ay IM | >™ >» Ns {C09 ) SpIOM, BueYJUY JO loy-IsNNAG Oy; Or Peppy “I 24780108 / + /0 10/28 /opnaed oj unoN soos /+ (/28 sopysed syi+) yUSY ou, *Z sunou swo[jog A[[eutiow 41 puv ‘s]x9q [BoIss¥]O oy} UI SpsoMm Sunooyur jo Y-TVUSY oy1 Surmoyoy 1844 /Jo sopdurexo may A[uUO ore ory, * | /¥j0108,/ | 180108, / 7 Pjoqo8 4 |_//nyo,08/ |_//180108 / sSPUTTTHOSOT, ME fees 422 Bae) | ee a aa | [eed “Tq SAL | | ? perry | ynaey/ ae | per nie, / _ uy 2 co at ou a3 wearyeindoo,, Zilgy | tL | Ay =) pores) yexeu/ | /rrew/ re / UX Un eK [sas sp1oq, SunolUy Jo 1oy-reyuoy oy} pue sUNON 0} Peppy “A 248WOO UBpO our soyy -g whejiod cOATBY 26 Jom / -g SOOT Way-Bg yy Ie “¢ ody WOY-BY JO spsom Surysoisur oyt 01 poppy *z anteindos, BuBd Jo/ueU/ * yp ‘addy WSY-BY-UON Jo spsom Suyjooijur oui 07 peppy “1 a a isoyeut yueu | jueu | jueu iseur | sew | ispur 1s0103 nut nut nut wer | jiser | Iser ise @ w ied nus | nus | nur (Hey nz nz nz weu | wew | jew | wou nu nu nes 180q seq | ,180q seq m m m na yuew | yeu nwey | nurey | nuoy nuts | nuns | nuns anquaq) \cunqueq) 1494 19934 ey nses wueu | jueu 4 1 1 ns isooq |1s00p-00kay |SOoATay | IS0oq | TSooq | Woopootiey |Soodmy | Wood | TOp-oody |soodioy | TS0Oq aye ae Ae a He a * 2 = es Isoopodz, jo stuaumuossUy oy “PTV 2491, Names of Months January BE A /mutuki/ February #1 /kisaragi/ March = #R AE //yayohi/ April = 9 A Zuzuki// May # A /satuki/ Jume KRRA | /minazuki” duly x AR Zhuazuki August 3 A /hazuki/ or/humituki/ September & A /nagatuki/ October ##8®A / kannazuki/ November #8 um simotuki/ December i # = /sihasu/ 2. Points of the Compass FF /ne/ (kita) “north” Bo /usi/ (hoku-hokutoo) “north by northeast” RB /usitora/ (toohoku) “northeast” RB /tora’” (too-hokutoo) “east by northeast” mn /u/ (higasi) “east” mR /tatu/ (to0-nantoo) “east by southeast” = /tatumi~” (nantoo) “southeast” BEB /mi/ (nan-nantoo) “south by southeast” = /uma/ (mimami) “south” % Ahituzi/ (nan-nansei) “south by southwest” tH) /hituzisaru/ —(nansei) “southwest” c) /saru/ (sei-nansei) “west by southwest” BB /tori/ (nisi) “west” Rin / (sei-hokusei) “west by northwest” & /inuwi% (hokusei) “northwes' ny (hoku-hokusei) “north by northwest” 250A adverbial ilgaié agent in causative clauses BELOTAA 102 a gydsimonidandési 747 F Bibi enkyoku #@#i(indirection ) (a column Lower Two Rows Verb) 72 | enkyoku Wéiti((peripharastic) au iis 160 | environments HEB au AS 160 5 c future AK compound verbs #247 haa] 160 condition already existing G BEE A — HEE Grammatical Terms —INDEX— 78,85 RAE [A- emphatic particl al 25 | ganbs (A (desiderative) conjecture #€%% 17,27,28,134,157,177,187,199 | ganbecyosi RiSEB)3d 202 continuative aki D daimeisi #%%#l(pronouns) dakuten 783; (voiced-consonant marks) dakuon ie dan EX(horizontal rows) dantei WiiE(copulative) danteizyodasi Wis SHE) denbun fx:fi(hearsay) transitive verbs ending in [4] 101 ) hagyoyodandosi 74 TPSBLBhie) 212,14 (ha column Four Rows Verbs) desi Bhas)(verbs) duty E citan XlH(poetic emphasis) general statement —fitati 17,78,85 | geninno suiryo ROKER (conjecture of cause) genzai BECE(present) 24,12 | gonzaisuiryo BitevEne 6,13 | gyo #T(vertical columns) 6,13 413 | H 229° | handakuon 2#i8E 171 | hango hyogen REIL (rhetorical question expres hanzitukaso KAAKAMsubjunctive) 211,212 | heiretu bFilCalternative) hikyo LE#2(resemblance) 251 emphatic negative expression gozytonzu i+ PA(the 50 syllabary) handakuten *##&}xi(p-sound marks) (copulative infulecting suffix) 38,131 | ha gyokaminidandasi #7: Bethel 195,235,236 (ha columa Upper Two Rows Verbs) desiderative particle HAW] [1¢P| 105 | ha gyd simonidandesi_ #7 F Bees distinguising causative verbs from (ha column Lower Two Rows Verbs) 162 3,20, 140,163, 189 135 181,188 93 225 105 25 178 214 175,182,186 4,13 413 6 613 2B 73 73 42 201,208 218, 239hinsi (#l(part of speech) 2 hitaigen JES (non-substantives) — 2,4,12 hitei i (negative) 16,127, 145,162,165 hiteizyodési #TEBY Bisa (negative inflecting suffix) 39,127 hortative Shai 136 hukusi HZ] (adverbs) 24,13 hukuzyosi @IIBAEl(adverbial particles) 3,228 huzokugo fYiili(bound forms) —1,3,12,90 hypothetical condition 25 1 inducement i 133,136 isi GikCintention) 17,27,28, 133, 135,158,203 itininsyddaimeisi_ —Afiitt4 (first person pronouns) 30 izenkei C28 16 K ka gyo henkakukatuyadesi 2 {TRIGA ShaAl (ka column Irregular Conjugation Verbs) 58 ka hen dosi 73! (ka irregular verbs) 58 kakarimusubi se 21, 22,140,163, 188,196,218 kakarizyosi (&Dya0) (emphatic particles)3,20, 140, 163, 189,196,218 kako if#(past) 205,208,210,211,214,215,221 kakosuiryo Bice (past conjecture) 193,194 kakozyodési @yBbial (past inflecting suffix) 205,210 kakuteizyoken WE AeH = BEEAREE (pre-existing condition) 21,25 kakuzyosi Bail (case particles) 3 kamiitidandési [Biba (Upper One Row Verbs) 46 kamiitidankatuyodosi _/—BUSAiihe (Upper One Row Verbs) 46 252 kaminidandési Stabe) (Upper Two Raws Verbs) 46 kaminidankatuyodosi E— BES Bb (Upper Two Rows Verbs) 45,46 kana W&%(syllabary) 4,13 kanbun kundokubun BCallaex 29 kandasi eBhael(interjections) 2,4,13 kano Tif potential) 119 kandsuiryo S[fieHete(potential) 158 kanryo 9€ (perfect) 21,214,215,216,221,222 kantozyosi FUSER: Cinterjective particle) 149 kanya 8) Cinducoment,/hortative) 133,136 kari kei 2) (kari forms) 74 katei {ME(hypothetical condition) an kateizyokon (Ri AtF (hypothetical conditionpresumption) 17 katuyo ffl (inflection) 12 keiyodesi A Bbiel (pseudo-adjectives) 2.12.82, 131 keiyesi IL@ealadjectives) 212,74 keiyesi no renyoukei HARIOMAE (Renyoukei of Adjectives) 8 keizoku éi(continuation) 210 kenzyo @i€ai{(humbleness) 107 kiganzyosi #iMfiBhad [10 | (optative particle) 105 ku katuyokeivasi 715A (ku Conjugation Adjectives) 5 kyoi @8&(emphasis) 217 M meirei_ iCimperative) 22 meirei 773(command) 160 meireikei &45IG 16,22 meisi @%é#l(nouns) 2.412 mizenkei A 16 AME+ ToL + Tel + ied 60N na gy henkakukatu: FATE (na Irregular Conjugation Verbs) 15,23 na hen dési + 26ma8] (na irreguar verbs) 15,23, w Vga) + 1% 62 nari keiyadesi + ) ACZBNEa (nari type pseudo-adjective) 83 nininsyddaimeisi —AP{taa) (second parson pronoun) 30 nizydsonkei — ar ei (double honorific) 97,108 nominalizer Met 4 ° onbin #7 (i 79 optative particle #rAAlipad [75t7. 104 P past ith 205,208,210,211,214,215,221 past conjecture iHett 193,194 perfect 52 T 21,214,215,216, 221,222 prefective inflective suffix 56 FB (0 63,221 possessive marker AH fiaihed At present conjecture HRfEHERL 175,182,186 R ra gy henkakukatuyodesi 5 773EKSi5HISNE (ra column irregular verbs) 5 rahen dosi 3 2iihzel(ra irregular verbs) 36 rekisiteki kanazukai FESR %SAp\y (Historical Kana Spelling) 7,13 meet Te) + 54 rentaihou iifkis: 19 rentaikei if 16,19 renntaisi i#i{¢sge|(demonstrative) 24,13 renyoukei #8) AI 16,17 responsibility 32th 171 review of verbs Wyaili@® 68 s sa gyo henkakukatuyodasi +4725 Ghia) (sa Column Irregular Conjugation Verbs) 58 sa nendési + ZB)He](sa irregular verbs) 58 (sae) + Tes] 100 vRG! + 158) 123 seion EF 6.13 setuzokusi #8¢)(conjunction) 24,13 setuzokuzyosi #eelhaa (conjunctive particles) 3,21,29,64, 148 sieki §£@(causative) 94,110 siku katuydkeiyési 7 WAVE (siku Conjugation Adjectives) 6 simoitidandési F—EXbs9) (Lower One Row Verbs) 53 simoitidankatuyodési “7 —BHS FA Bea] (Lower One Row Verbs) 52 simonidandési F—Bki}ie) (Lower Two Rows Verbs) 82 simonidankatuyddési_ FBS Hah) (Lower Two Rows Verbs) 52 sinkanazukai #KASW (New Spelling) 713 sonkei ®flii(honorific) 94,97,111,120 sonzoku #F#t(continuative) 215,221 sonzokukanryd FEE I (continuative perfect) 222 spelling reforms PH RESPvVOWE 7 subject marker E#SM)s 41 subjunctive BQS{HH 201,208 suiryo #£1(conjecture) 17,27,28,134,157,177,187,19 suiryoayodési HERD) Ee) Cinflecting suffix of conjecture) 132,153 suiryoayodési mu #ESRMHE [4 | (the pronunciation of) 143 suitei HEHE (presumption) 235,237 253syllabic nasal 6 syisikel Pie 16,18,19 sytizyosi |(sentence particles) 3 T taigen {£2 (substantiv 24,12 tari keiyadosi 9 VCSHE (tari type pseudo-adjectives) 84 tozen “4¥%K(propriety ) 159 tydsihou ibae 17,78,85 u ukemi 254(passive) nT utikesiisi FTMBGE “Berm (negative intention) 147,165,168 utikesiisizyodosi Teen Eee (intension particle) 145 utikesikanosuiryo TUPI RENE RE Ai THER (negative potential) 169 utikesimeirei {T/Hants (Bik the (negative command) 170 utikesisuir JRE Ase Aa (negative conjecture) 145,146,165, 168 utikesitozen $]#MR/ AER (negative propriety) 169 a wabun AIX 29 747 FBeiaal (wa column Lower Two Rows Verbs) 72 wa gyo simonidandosi y ya gyd kaminidandosi 747 b— Beh, (ya column Upper Two Rows Verbs) 73 vit Bia > 72 (Four Rows Verbs) ya gyd simonidandési {ya column Lower Two Rows Vi ruBY yodandosi 254 yodankatuyédési PUBLISH Bias) (Four Rows Conjugation Verbs) o4 yogen ALS 2,13 yoon Hye 613 Zz zihatu £138(spontaneous) 120 airitugo i0%(free word) 1,2,12 zyodesi ByiBhsi](Inflecting suffixes) 3,4,12,90 Byael( particles) 34,1 ‘atteik (substantive use) 20 zyosi zyuntaihouVocabulary —INDEX— 5 142,219 162 bet 151 232 BS 43,151 | He (Ue) rs) ito 87 | vetmD 36 | BD Gstkb) 5 Gb B | WetHD 36 | BOREL 108 diantsy 3587 | DEED 3 | BORE 50 iN S 108 | LAL 12 | ge 66 blanss 150 | be (Ob) 6 | aS B aS 161 | BS (Wo) 4% | Bo 46 HS 161 | 8S (WB) 46 | Hs (3) 48 SNF 161 KE (BEE) 57 S-HH 186 | 5 KR (Bee) 57 HSEBL 22et | (3) 54,72 | BEAS 124 HSoRELAL 228 | iS (55) 2 | Bat 150 SoeaLon 228 | Ms (55) 72 | KMMES (BEDS) 0 36 | sod 4 233 ams 24 | BL (SL) 233 | se 73,149 Fite L 124 | 8U 76,124 | Bb 124,142,219 HDS 35 | #Lbot 16 | 2 (as) 48,50,73 AOLAS A951 KLEYD 16 5-H 186 | BLS 6 | aN HG (5E9E) 232 | Lit 16 | 42,163 BA-HD 185 | Xa 16 | wa 40 BLK O@ 16 | HEL (5KRL) 51 uy KLFEY 86 | BL (> oPSA) M4 FEB (3 <<) 66 | Lon 16 | Bi 32 bet 4243 | 3kT 172 | && Grip) 66 pti 42 | SRTHIED 172 | Be 33 UpTtpls 42 | rae (55) 80 | RhaAAIS at Labi 56 | >< 42 ER (WE) a 32 SME DL 180 EL 4) ape 33 we 161 | 8 Bac 149 fev (unde) 163 | 25. Gp#3.) 73 tea 163 | REL 30,51 255HEN (po BASIL) 43 pit 112 pL SE 172 Pele AT2 BA (tats) 66,131 bold 8.42 B45 (rvnaa 46 pee 133 PBS 208 eo 133,156 Bb (DABS) B EM CATED) — 232 & x 205,210,211,215 RC) 59 a 142 bas 219 HC 73 ALDH} 233 BR C& it) 233 owe 86 mot 86 aS 48 RRR (SALLI) 145 < < 206 RR) 59 AM (< ¥x5) 232 WIA (SEK) 67 kus 42 fH (< ) 48,73 RS (KB) 60 mh (<1) 60 TA (CbAUD) 232, iF -¥ 86 Fie 198 Td 8 Bitty (FED) 66 FOO 193 ie 193 oD 210 wD 77,210,211,215 US 210 BLS (FS) 53 on 210 oA 193 c (2) 59,60 x HSK (CHAL BS) 66, 145,191,209 aM (2245) 234 Ay SPO 66 AbENL 172 Fale (TUBA) 2 ce 2, 136,140,189 ce 137,141 Bs 73 cee 239 cweé< 239 zEL 239 RIE 233 K (c4b) 42 RE (256) 66 rN (Cb bid) 44 s iA 240 spy 42 a 233 at@ 96 at® 100 SoS a7 256 avn HDD stk # Hd. (S555) Mb (S555) RP SUDSL RPy RPS Rn me ROD mn L@® L@ v Lip WE (LELE) and Bon oD® HOS Haen@® ante Like 97 96 7 80 56 56 15 184 1 6 18 6 1 5 128 81,151 128 123, 128, 128 129 151 232, age. iol 184 44 206 59 145,148,165 206 44 83 83 83 83 83 166ut 78,103 wets 15 Ble 15,18 Fhe 15,18 HEB 15,19 HBB 20 Kevan. 15,21,29 Feta 15,22 Le 110 Les it Lin 111 Leo@ 110 Loe M1 #B (Le 5U>) 66 WE (LOX) 49 MSR (LATERAL HS) 198,204,214 aa 232 t + 58,94,95 ca 15,16,28,58, 130 FOQD 128 35 (99) 72 ore 129 Shek (FFE LD 44 HHS 44 FAL 159 tS 59,96 th 59,96 t #@ 58 2® 95 #® 5 #® 205 Tb 43 bs > (EWEARS) 84 D CEEAKO) o® 84 Pe BEWARE) 84 WAN (BOEARN) O@ 84 MRE GEOEAL) BM vst 100 eee 100,101 thee (BAD 232 ek 59,96 z= z 190 z 189, 190 OR 232 BEST 131 kip 206 kid 226 EDD 226 ke 226 # (kes) 49 ROD 226 ree 65,89, 132, 152 RD 226 RU 225,226 es 49 228 has 8 BAT 130 BS (KES) 97,101,107,111 Hed (tw) 3 ho 8 ro@ 221 to® 230 rT 85 EOO® 22 rOOO 229,230 ra@ 85 ro@ 22 257 ho® END ENO® Eh® BE (RAT) hot 2 2 DaDAL ADELA 39 DEHT 78 on TEA 230 85 221 230 232 101 214,215,216 80 81 64 43,81 216 216 81,125,145, 164,204,209,241 T <® COD tc Tek é e@ t@ & Bak (45m) Rong 78,130,218 216 130 216 85 230 29 232 (£50be5U45) 232 Abeba BS eG Rist MOBS (Lox: B (£4) eb 78,149,164 48 142 101 rm) GY 44 15,22,29BA (LkOHHY) — 232 | RHF Cea 51S) 234 WS (ica) 46 | A Wi (SLA) 66 61,62 | wa 216,219 | *a@ 12) N 166 | %3@ 214,215,216 | ~ 48 61 | RA Catoe, wrot) a 153 181 st | <5 153 42 216 | xb 153 42 vu 216 |
You might also like
The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life
From Everand
The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life
Mark Manson
Rating: 4 out of 5 stars
4/5 (5794)
The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are
From Everand
The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are
Brené Brown
4/5 (1090)
Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It
From Everand
Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It
Chris Voss
Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
4.5/5 (838)
Magazines
Podcasts
Sheet music
Principles: Life and Work
From Everand
Principles: Life and Work
Ray Dalio
4/5 (599)
The Glass Castle: A Memoir
From Everand
The Glass Castle: A Memoir
Jeannette Walls
4.5/5 (1712)
Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race
From Everand
Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race
Margot Lee Shetterly
4/5 (895)
Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel
From Everand
Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel
Jesmyn Ward
4/5 (1103)
Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance
From Everand
Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance
Angela Duckworth
4/5 (588)
Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike
From Everand
Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike
Phil Knight
4.5/5 (537)
The Perks of Being a Wallflower
From Everand
The Perks of Being a Wallflower
Stephen Chbosky
4.5/5 (2101)
The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers
From Everand
The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers
Ben Horowitz
4.5/5 (344)
Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future
From Everand
Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future
Ashlee Vance
4.5/5 (474)
Bad Feminist: Essays
From Everand
Bad Feminist: Essays
Roxane Gay
4/5 (1015)
The Outsider: A Novel
From Everand
The Outsider: A Novel
Stephen King
4/5 (1839)
Her Body and Other Parties: Stories
From Everand
Her Body and Other Parties: Stories
Carmen Maria Machado
4/5 (821)
The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)
From Everand
The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)
Viet Thanh Nguyen
4.5/5 (120)
The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer
From Everand
The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer
Siddhartha Mukherjee
4.5/5 (271)
Angela's Ashes: A Memoir
From Everand
Angela's Ashes: A Memoir
Frank McCourt
4.5/5 (440)
The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living
From Everand
The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living
Meik Wiking
3.5/5 (399)
The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century
From Everand
The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century
Thomas L. Friedman
3.5/5 (2259)
Brooklyn: A Novel
From Everand
Brooklyn: A Novel
Colm Tóibín
3.5/5 (1937)
A Man Called Ove: A Novel
From Everand
A Man Called Ove: A Novel
Fredrik Backman
4.5/5 (4609)
A Tree Grows in Brooklyn
From Everand
A Tree Grows in Brooklyn
Betty Smith
4.5/5 (1929)
The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel
From Everand
The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel
Garth Stein
4/5 (4200)
The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)
From Everand
The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)
Sarah M. Broom
4/5 (98)
Steve Jobs
From Everand
Steve Jobs
Walter Isaacson
4.5/5 (806)
Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America
From Everand
Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America
Gilbert King
4.5/5 (266)
The Woman in Cabin 10
From Everand
The Woman in Cabin 10
Ruth Ware
3.5/5 (2322)
Yes Please
From Everand
Yes Please
Amy Poehler
4/5 (1891)
A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story
From Everand
A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story
Dave Eggers
3.5/5 (231)
Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln
From Everand
Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln
Doris Kearns Goodwin
4.5/5 (234)
Fear: Trump in the White House
From Everand
Fear: Trump in the White House
Bob Woodward
3.5/5 (738)
John Adams
From Everand
John Adams
David McCullough
4.5/5 (2409)
Wolf Hall: A Novel
From Everand
Wolf Hall: A Novel
Hilary Mantel
4/5 (3811)
An Introduction To Classical Japanese (Komai) PDF
Document273 pages
An Introduction To Classical Japanese (Komai) PDF
Szabó Brigitta
100% (6)
On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal
From Everand
On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal
Naomi Klein
4/5 (73)
The Light Between Oceans: A Novel
From Everand
The Light Between Oceans: A Novel
M.L. Stedman
4.5/5 (789)
Gakusei No Tame No Koko Ga Taisetsu Bunshou Hyougen No Ruuru
Document75 pages
Gakusei No Tame No Koko Ga Taisetsu Bunshou Hyougen No Ruuru
Szabó Brigitta
100% (2)
The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America
From Everand
The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America
George Packer
4/5 (45)
Manhattan Beach: A Novel
From Everand
Manhattan Beach: A Novel
Jennifer Egan
3.5/5 (792)
The Constant Gardener: A Novel
From Everand
The Constant Gardener: A Novel
John le Carré
3.5/5 (104)
Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore
From Everand
Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore
Jay Sekulow
3.5/5 (137)
Little Women
From Everand
Little Women
Louisa May Alcott
4/5 (104)
Ryuugakusei No Nihongo
Document62 pages
Ryuugakusei No Nihongo
Szabó Brigitta
100% (1)
A Handbook of Japanese Grammar
Document278 pages
A Handbook of Japanese Grammar
Szabó Brigitta
No ratings yet

An Introduction To Classical Japanese (Komai) PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

An Introduction To Classical Japanese (Komai) PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like