International Journal of Engineering and Technology INTERNATIONALComputer Volume 3, Issue 3, October-December (2012), IAEME JOURNAL OF COMPUTER(IJCET), ISSN 0976

6 ENGINEERING 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 6375(Online) & TECHNOLOGY (IJCET)

ISSN 0976 6367(Print) ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October - December (2012), pp. 384-393 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijcet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.9580 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

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FACE DETECTION AND RECOGNITION MODEL BASED ON SKIN COLOUR AND EDGE INFORMATION FOR FRONTAL FACE IMAGES
Jyoti Verma1, Vineet Richariya 2 Laxmi Narian College Of Technology,Bhopal jyoti.mtse@gmail.com
Abstract The growth of population and technology demand security surveillance behind abnormal human behaviours. Now a days colour human face detection is complicated task in the field of biometrics research. In this paper we used new approach for colour human face detection based on C 4.5 data classifier and YCbCr colour model for the detection of face skin colour , also used Canny edge detection technique for the finding a boundary edge of face. This method simulated MATLAB software and getting good result. Keywords: Face detection, YCbCr colour model, edge Detection, C 4.5 I. INTRODUCTION Face detection is a computer technology that determines the locations and sizes of human faces in digital images. It detects facial features and ignores anything else, such as buildings, trees and bodies. Human face detection and recognition are confronted with difficulties in computer vision and pattern recognition because of the many variations in the human face when there are changes in poses, facial expression and illumination conditions and when there are occlusions [1]. Human face detection is a prelude required step of face recognition systems as well as very important process in security based applications. Human often uses faces to recognize persons and advancement in computing capability over the past few decades. The development of face detection system is quite essential in a variety of application such as robotics, security system, and intelligent human-computer interfaces, etc. A number of face detection methods such as those using Eigen-faces [5] and neural network [2], have been developed. In these methods however a large amount of computation is required, making the processing extremely time consuming. Initial step of any processing of face is detecting the location in images where faces are present. But face detection from a single image is difficult because of variability in scale, locations, pose, and colour. There are many methods for the detection of face; colour is an important feature of human face. Using skin colour as feature for extracting a face increases the detection rate. Face recognition can be used for both verification and identification. Verification is done by comparing the two images. If the two images got matched means the input image is verified. Identification is done by comparing the input image with more than one image and finding the closest match of that input image. The method presented in this paper consists of three steps- skin reorganization, face reorganization and face recognition. The innovation of the proposed method is using skin reorganization filter as a pre-processing step for face reorganization. In the field of face detection system lot of work has been done such as features based detection ,neural network based detection, some pattern based technique but all these method work on the gray scale image data. 384

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October-December (2012), IAEME Now in days our digital device is colourful, so we used colour face detection technique in the process of colour face detection the separation of colour human face and background is a very challenging task. For the task we used the classification method such as C 4.5 is a data classifier. Also we used the canny edge detection method for finding a boundary edge of face. Finally we used a face verification method. In this paper, Section2 deals a YCbCr colour model, edge detection and C 4.5. Section3 deals combined approach for face detection. Section4 deals the detection results of our combined method on several face images. Conclusions and future scope deals in Section5
II. RELATED WORK AND PROBLEM STATEMENT

In recent year researchers attracted towards automatic human face detection from colour image or from video sequence, but automatic human face detection from images for surveillance and biometric applications are still a mind hunting task due to the computation inaccuracies that lead higher degree of false negative rate and false positive rate. Up to now, much work has been done on detecting and locating faces in colour images and the methods like Geometrical face model [6], Principal Component Analysis based local & global features based [7], 2D face detection techniques [8], modified Hausdorff distance technique using colour images [9] have been well studied by many researchers. Among many face detection algorithms, the method based on skin colour model has been widely used for its convenient use, simple performance and high detection speed [10, 11]. It is unreliable to make face detection only using skin colour features when there are a large number of objects similar to skin colour. So we need to utilize the other features of human face to further verify.
III. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

Proposed methodology present a three tired hybrid face detection model having skin colour model followed by edge information then face verification as shows in figure 1. First, the elliptical skin model (There are many ways of skin-colour modelling, including Gaussian model [13], mixture of Gaussian model [14], and elliptical boundary model [15], etc. Gaussian skin colour model algorithm is relatively complex and long-running, so we use elliptical model) in YCbCr colour space (There are verity of colour spaces we have RGB, HSV, YCbCr, YUV, YIQ, LUV, LAB, XYZ, etc. but YCbCr chrominance components are almost independent of luminance component in this space. So in order to improve the performance of skin colour clustering, we use the YCbCr [12] to build a skin colour model) is constructed to segment skin colour pixels from the background image and conjunct with edge information .Then we can use mathematical morphological operators to fill holes in the regions, and extract candidate face regions. Finally, face verification is employed to determine whether candidate regions are face regions.
IV. CLASSIFICATION

In the process of face detection we used C 4. 5 classifier for data separation for background and human face .by this method we classify the pixel values of our approach based on training and test of pixel here discuss the method of C 4.5 classifier. C4.5 builds decision trees from a set of training data in the same way as ID3, using the concept of information entropy. The training data is a set S = s1,s2,... of already classified samples. Each sample si = x1, x2,... is a vector where x1,x2,... represent attributes or features of the sample. The training data is augmented with a vector C = c1,c2,... where c1,c2,... represent the class to which each sample belongs. At each node of the tree, C4.5 chooses one attribute of the data that most effectively splits its set of samples into subsets enriched in one class or the other. Its criterion is the normalized information gain (difference in entropy) that results from choosing an attribute for splitting the data. The attribute with the highest normalized information gain is chosen to make the decision. The C4.5 algorithm then recurs on the smaller sub lists. This algorithm has a few base cases .All the samples in the list belong to the same class. When this happens, it simply creates a leaf node for the decision tree saying to choose that class .None of the features provide any information gain. In this case, C4.5 creates a decision node higher

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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October-December (2012), IAEME up the tree using the expected value of the class. Instance of previously-unseen class encountered. Again, C4.5 creates a decision node higher up the tree using the expected value.

START

Input- image M

Colour Balancing using Gray World method and data classification using C4.5 classifier

Skin-Color Modeling

Colour Spacing using YCbCr method

Skin-Colour Modelling Using elliptical Boundary model

Skin Segmentation

Edge Deduction

Edge Extraction Method using canny edge

detection algorithm

Median Filtering For the Final Image to Remove Noise

Verification

Face

Face verification using Morphological operation.

Figure 1: Process of Proposed Work

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Face recognition

Face reorganization

Skin reorganization

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October-December (2012), IAEME

V. COLOUR MODEL

Skin colour detection is firstly performed on the input colour image to reduce the computational complexity. There are many colour spaces in face detection, such as RGB, HSV, YCbCr, YUV, YIQ, LUV, LAB, XYZ, etc. we used YCbCr color space because YCbCr is one of the popular colour space in computing. It represents colours in terms of one luminance component/luma (Y), and two chrominance components/chroma (Cb and Cr). We have implemented a skin color classification algorithm [2] with colour statistics gathered From YCbCr colour space. Studies have found that pixels belonging to skin region exhibit similar Cb and Cr values. Furthermore, it has been shown that skin colour model based on the Cb and Cr values can provide good coverage of different human races. The thresholds be chosen as [Cr1, Cr2] and [Cb1, Cb2], a pixel is classified to have skin tone if the values [Cr, Cb] fall within the thresholds The skin colour distribution gives the face portion in the colour image. This algorithm is also having the constraint that the image should be having only face as the skin region Build a skin colour model, as the chrominance components are almost Independent of luminance component in this space. The equation of transformation between RGB to YCbCr is given as the following in equation (1) = +

VI. EDGE DETECTION Edge detection plays a very important role in the field of boundary line detection of human face. In this method we used canny edge detection method for finding boundary edge detection. Canny is a very popular edge detection method in the field of biometrics The Canny algorithm uses an optimal edge detector based on a set of criteria which include finding the Most edges by minimizing the error rate, marking edges as closely as possible to the actual edges to Maximize localization and marking edges only once when a single edge exists for minimal response. According to Canny, the optimal filter that meets all three criteria above can be efficiently approximated using the first derivative of a Gaussian function.

The first stage involves smoothing the image by convolving with a Gaussian filter. This is followed by finding the gradient of the image by feeding the smoothed image through a convolution operation with the derivative of the Gaussian in both the vertical and horizontal directions. The 2-D convolution operation is described in the following equation.

Where: g(k,l) = convolution kernel 387

International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October-December (2012), IAEME I(x,y) = original image I(x,y) = filtered image 2N + 1 = size of convolution kernel VII. PROPOSED WORK FOR FACE DETECTION

In our method we combined three different approaches for face detection YCbCr colour space model are used for computational clustering of facial skin colour and classifier used for the separation of Background and face of human. All these method worked on the basis of training and test pixel set of boundary pixel data. Here we also used canny edge detection method for finding a boundary value of facial image. The assumption can thus be stated as, if the skin image is detected by one or more algorithm(s) and for the same image other algorithm gives the false result, then also the face is extracted using the combination algorithm. This assumption is based on the basic idea of Venn diagram from Set Theory. If we state that the result from RGB colour space is A, the result from YCbCr colour space is B and the result from HSI colour space is C and if any of the result contains a skin image then the union of the three will surely be a skin image. Proposed work divided the whole face detection work into three layers approach beginning with C4.5 classifier used for skin reorganization ie classify non skin image and skin image as show in Figure 2 .

Figure 2: Skin Reorganization

This is done to eliminate the hue and saturation values and consider only the luminance part. This luminance part is then transformed to binary image with some threshold because the features we want to consider further for face extraction are darker than the background colors. Which is done by using skin color model as show in figure 3 by applying YCbCr color model and elliptical boundary method .After that proposed technique apply edge detection by using canny edge detection mechanism and then Median Filtering opening and closing operations are performed to remove noise as show in figure 4. These are the morphological operations, opening operation is erosion followed by dilation to remove noise and closing operation is dilation followed by erosion which is done to remove holes. Now we extract the eyes, ears and mouth from the binary image by considering the threshold for areas which are darker in the mouth than a given threshold.
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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October-December (2012), IAEME

Figure 3: Face reorganization after applying skin colour model

Figure 4: Noise free face reorganization after applying edge detection model After noise free face reorganizing proposed frame work applies Morphological operation for face verification .As shown in figures 6, 8.

. Figure 5: Shows That Input Image

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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October-December (2012), IAEME

Figure 6: Output image for figure 5 Figure 5 and Figure 7 are the input image in order to apply the proposed technique. Figure 6 and 8 are the output generated by implementation of the proposed solution. It seems to be that the results are better than the previous method.

Figure 6: Input Image

Figure 7: Output Image for figure 6

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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October-December (2012), IAEME VIII. RESULT ANALYSIS

In this paper, the MATLAB simulated experiments are performed to verify the accuracy of our combined method. Most of the commonly used databases for face detection, including Google searched group image. The images are digital photos from life and collected stochastically from the Internet and these images contain multiple faces with variations in color, position; scale, orientation, and facial expression compose testing set. We choose 10 color images from the database to construct test set. The examples of part experimental result show in Fig.9 But false alarms and misses are still existing .The detected ratio data are available in Table.2 where as table 1 show comparison with other existing technique. Table 1: Comparison Table for verious method TEACHNIQUE TPR(%) TNR(%) FPR(%) FNR(%) PROPOSED PCA OFR INTHIST INTLBP MHD RET MGW GW 96.17 94.06 92.4484 84.79 95.66 87.5 62.59 55.05 60.55 90.54 99.89 75.64 99.65 97.27 95.71 92.66 95.41 95.41 3.83 5.94 7.5516 15.21 4.34 12.5 37.41 44.95 39.45 9.46 0.11 24.36 0.35 2.73 4.29 7.34 4.59 4.59

Figure 8: Performance Graph

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International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology (IJCET), ISSN 0976 6367(Print), ISSN 0976 6375(Online) Volume 3, Issue 3, October-December (2012), IAEME October December

Table 2: Outcomes from proposed Method 2 Number of Face in Image 10 22 24 25 30 36 38 39 54 60 338 Proposed Hit 9 22 23 25 29 34 37 35 52 59 325 Proposed True positive rate Percentage 90 100 95.83333333 100 96.66666667 94.44444444 97.36842105 89.74358974 96.2962963 98.33333333 96.15384615

True positive Rate of Proposed work

100

Percentile

95 90 85 80 10 22 24 25 30 36 38 39 54 60 Face in image

Figure 9 Result given by Proposed Methodology

IX. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

In this paper we used a new approach for face detection technique for color image. Here we combined three different methods for face detection such as YCbCr colour space model and C 4.5 data classifier for the separation of background colour and humane face. We fac simulated these method in MATLAB getting result accuracy approx 96%.In the future work, we will improve this algorithm combined with other face detection algorithm to achieve better performance and further reduce the false detecting rate in dealing with images with with more complex background.
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[1]. Jiang Qiang-rong and Li Hua-lan Robust, Human Face Detection in Complicated Color Images in IEEE congruence 2010. [2]. Hong Shan, Neoh Adaptive Edge Detection for Real-Time Video Processing using FPGAs in An embedded soft processor refers to a reconfigurable processor which resides on the FPGA fabric [3]. Rowley, H.A., Baluja, S., Kanade, T. Neural Network-based Face Detection. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell., Vol. 20, No. 1Rowley [4]. Chiunhsiun Lin and Kuo-Chin Fan, "Triangle-based Approach to the Detection of Human Face," Pattern Recognition, Vol. 34, No. 6, 2001, pp. 1271-1283. [5]. Yin Jian-qin, Li Jin ping, Han Yan bin, et al. A New Color-Based Face Detection and Location Method by Using Support Vector Machine[C]//In Proc. IEEE Conf. Control, Automation, Robotics & Vision Kunming, China: [s. n.], 2004:838-841. [6]. Kang-Seo Park, Rae-Hong Park and Young-Gon Kim, Face Detection Using the 33 Block Rank Patterns of Gradient Magnitude Images and a Geometrical Face Model in IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE),2011 [7]. Eanes Pereira, Herman Gomes, Eduardo Moura and Tong Zhang Investigation of Local and Global Features for Face Detection in IEEE,2011 [8]. Junfeng ,Qian Shiwei, Ma Zhonghua and Hao Yujie Shen, Face Detection and Recognition Method Based on Skin Color and Depth Information in Innovation Foundation of Graduate Students of Shanghai University ,IEEE,2011 [9]. Khalid Mohamed Alajel, Wei Xiang, and John Leis Face Detection Based on Skin Color Modeling and Modified Hausdorff Distance in 8th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference - Emerging and Innovative Consumer Technologies and Applications,2011 [10]. Yin Jian-qin, Li Jin ping, Han Yan bin, et al, A New Color-Based Face Detection and Location Method by Using Support Vector Machine In Proc. IEEE Conf. Control, Automation, Robotics & Vision Kunming, China: [s. n.], 2004:838-841. [11]. Han Yan-bin, Liu Ming-jun, Li Jin-ping , Face Detection and Location Based on Skin - color Modeling and Geometrical Features Computer Science, 2006, 33 (s):311-313. [12]. Hsu R L. Face Detection in Color Images [J]. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.2002.24 (5):696-706. [13]. L. Fan and K. K. Sung. Face Detection and Pose Alignment Using Color, Shape and Texture Information. Proc. Visual Surveillance, 2000 [14]. T.S Jebara and A.Pentland Parameterized Structure from Motion for 3D Adaptive Feedback Tracking of Faces. Proc.CVPR.1997 [15]. Jae Y. Lee and Suk I. Yoo An Elliptical Boundary Model for Skin Color Detection School of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University Shilim-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea [16]. Chiang J.Gray World Assumption[EB/OL] http://scienstanford.edu/ class/psych221/projects/99/jchiang/intro2.html., 1999-03-27 [17]. Hsu R L. Face Detection in Color Images [J]. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.2002.24 (5):696-706. [18]. L. Fan and K. K. Sung. Face Detection and Pose Alignment Using Color, Shape and Texture Information. Proc. Visual Surveillance, 2000 [19]. T.S Jebara and A.Pentland Parameterized Structure from Motion for 3D Adaptive Feedback Tracking of Faces. Proc.CVPR.1997 [20]. Jae Y. Lee and Suk I. Yoo An Elliptical Boundary Model for Skin Color Detection School of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University Shilim-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742,

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