ALTERNATIVE ENERGY FROM BIOMASS

Radi Bambang P.
Agricultural Energy and Machinery Laboratory Department of Agricultural Engineering Faculty of Agricultural Technology Gadjah Mada University

Situation:

Indonesian is highly dependent on oil products for its energy consumption (55%), approximately 66 million kiloliters of subsidized oil products is used up every year Energy consumption increase by > 10% yearly in the last 5 years Indonesias crude oil production is decrease become importer and worsen by fluctuation price of international oil Increasing of population increasing of consumption and energy Energy crisis will be happen

Oil Crisis Implication:

Due to Oil Crisis, Government are forced to: Increase oil price for industry and Reduce quota of supply Affecting the productivity many industries are forced to: cut down their production capacity, or close down their business operation Resulting to unemployment, decrease of economic growth, and lower livelihood quality

Solution Alternative Energy

Power Plant
Hydro Geothermal Wind Etc.

Fuel Source Equipments Bio-Fuel (bio Solar Dryer ethanol, biodiesel, methane) Solar Cooker Bio-Briquette Etc. Etc.

Efforts to produce alternative energy:

Producing bio-diessel need more researches Producing bio-ethanol competition between consumption and energy Utilizing/ conversion of waste biogas & gasification

Sources of bio-diessel

Sources of bio-ethanol

Potency of agricultural waste (biomass)

Biomass material which save solar energy by photosynthesis process Advantage biogas (bio digestion & gasification) Some of biomass resources:
Items Production (jt ton/th) 1,2 1,1 3,5 3,7 1,3 6,5 14,3 1,1 2,0 10 Energy (juta GJ/th) 11,0 10,6 15,4 35,3 17,2 78,0 179,0 18,7 24,0 450,1

Logging residue (sisa logging) Saw dust (Limbah gergajian kayu) Fruit bunch of palm oil (Tandan klp sawit) Palm oil fiber (sabut buah sawit) Palm oil shell (Cangkang buah sawit) Waste of Cane (Bagas tebu) Rice husk (Sekam padi) Coconut shell (Tempurung kelapa) Coconut fiber (Sabut kelapa) Stem of corn (Tongkol jagung)

Bio digestion digester

Simple design and successfully applied in some place minimize the elpiji consumption (up to 50%) Waste: liquid waste of tofu & livestock waste

Bio digester of tofu waste (Tegal, central java)

Stove

Gasification of biomass
Biomass

is material that can cause pollution because its easy to degrade by micro organism Way to convert biomass material (solid) gas that is easy to burn using heater and media (air, water, gas) That is the wisdom way gas is easy to use as fuel, clean, and simple to save

Gasification process

Processes: drying, pyrolystic, oxidation, and reduction Heating is needed for all process Drying reducing water contain from biomass pyrolystic decomposition of biomass (solid) become solid (small size), liquid, gases Oxidation burning of biomass Reduction synthetic of CO

Gasification process

Gasifier
An

instrument to convert solid material (biomass) gas fuel Reactor where all of the steps of gasification happen (chemist and physic process) Biomass CO, H2, CO2, H2O, CH4. Type of gasifier: Fluidized Bed, Fixed Bed Fixed bed gasifier: up draft, cross draft, down draft

Fixed Bed Gasifier

Biomass Biomass Biomass

Gas air Air Gas

Air dust dust

Gas dust

UPDRAFT

DOWNDRAFT

CROSSDRAFT

Strategy to develop gasifier

Updraft: Efficient, but gas is too dirty Downdraft: more clean but not efficient Cross draft: between (updraft downdraft)

Performance influenced by:

Temperature of media (air) & solid material Humidity of the media Biomass and media flow Size of material Condition of material Heat losses

Based on technical, economical, ergonomical we prefer to develop downdraft gasifier

Generation-1
Reaktor Gas (downdraft gasifier)
R. Pengeringan

blower

o
Termokopel

R. Pirolisa

Manometer

R. Pembakaran

o R. Reduksi
Set kompor

(a)

Performance test:

Sample: waste of sugar palm (limbah aren) Gas composition:

H2 4,1 12,4 7,4 CH4 0,3 2,8 1,5 CO 14,1 20,8 18,1 CO2 5,4 10,2 6,8 O2 0,1 7,0 2,7 N2 51,1 66,3 58,0

Value / gas Range Average

Dominant gas: CO and N2 Problem high residue: 35,3% dust, 58,9% carbon, 5,8% biomass dan tar (bio oil)

Performance test:
360 300

93 90 Waktu (menit)
pengeringan pirolisis pembakaran reduksi

Suhu (C)

240 180 120 60 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Debit (m3/jam)

87 84 81 78 75 10 15 20 25
3

30

35

40

45

Debit (m /jam)

Temperature of each process

2000 1900 1800 1700 Kalor (kJ) 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 10 15 20 25 30 Debit (m 3 /jam) 35 40 45

Time to produce gas

Depend on the debit of media (air)

Output Energy

Generation 2

Design modify the outlet mechanism of the residue by adding an auger Result the performance is better than the first generation
Reaktor Gas (downdraft gasifier)
R. Pengeringan

blower

o
Termokopel

R. Pirolisa

Manometer

R. Pembakaran

Auger

o R. Reduksi
Set kompor

Increasing the temperature of all processes up to 75 oC The material flow is also stable Still produce much tar

(a)

Generation 3
H o p p er

B io m a s s P e ng um p a n

Type: downdraft
o Feeding by hopper o Zona pyrolistic &

reduction cone chamber

Gas

U d ara

P em a d a t

S i k lo n R e akto r

Au ge r

Controlling of air flow Controlling of the outlet of dust Cleaning gas by cyclone Heat conservation

Gasifier developed at our laboratory

Generation 1

Generation 2

Generation 3

Application for cooking

Application for agricultural product drying

Application for engine

radi-tep@ugm.ac.id