AREAS AND FORMING CENTERS OF TROUTS' GENERA (PISCES, SALMONIFORMES), COMPARATIVE ANALYSES Simo Georgiev INTRODUCTION The genera

in the Salmoniformes order are debated by Vladykov (1963). Because that analyse has been done a half century ago, one position appeared the debate to be repeated, at the actual level of the ichthyological science development. In the previous work (Georgiev, 20121) four genes were analysed to (Hucho, Brachymystax, Salmo and Oncorchynchus), here all the nine genera. The start point of the debate is the zoogeography, completed by the most essential ecologic characteristics in function to discover their forming centres (Fig. 1.). In spite the period when the work of Vladykov (1963), used to be published DNA has been yet discovered to (Watson and Crick, 1953), the application of it in the science common, respective in the ichthyology, follows after the work of Khorana (1968), to be published. Some of the entity are still object of different opinions, according to Behnke (1972, p. 658) a consequence of the not common origin, just liable to hybridization what has caused in the genotype to be present inheritances of more genera and what is manifested to in the exposed phenotypic plasticity. AREAL COMPARING In the contribution one can see the genes can be placed in four groups: Parahucho, Hucho and Brachymystax are exclusively Eurasian; Prosopium is almost North American only; Thymallus, Coregonus, Salvelinus, Stenodus and Oncorchynchus are common for Eurasia and North America; finally Salmo excludes by her the largest extension on four continents: Europe, Asia, North America and Africa. Because in many habitats the before debated four genes (Georgiev, 20121), live together to the other genera, here they are going to be included also. Parachucho is monotypic with Parahucho perryi (Brevoort, 1856). She's inaugurated last, Vladykov (1963) still list her as member of Hucho. The area of her is the smallest, limited on the North West seashore of the Pacific Ocean and the Hokaido island. The areal exclude that of Hucho but overlap to those of Oncorhynchus and Salvelinus. To Oncorhynchus which is anadromous she's not in competition, to Salvelinus not exist data when on internet a key words are posted to. The existence of the anadromous populations (+ 1), lead to the conclusion for one unsuccessful effort in the geological past to conquer of the giant nutrition base of the Pacific as well the soil origin, undisputable by mutual predecessor to modern genera Hucho. The extension of the exclusive freshwater Prosopium, confirm the long time ago known fact for the connection of the recently separated Asia and America. By the unimportant part of the area in Asia follows the separation to be in a newest date. It's matter for small fishes (Behnke, 1972) what in evolutionary point of view represent primitive forms (Behnke, 1972; Stearley and Smith, 1993) and what recently suffer by pressure of the advanced genera. She feed by small benthal invertebrates (Pontius and Parker, 1973; Overton et al. 1977; Tolentino and Thompson, 2004). More meet in larger waters than in the smaller streams (Meyer et al. 2007). The finding even of a half of the species (3) in a relatively small, now endorheic still water habitat Bear Lake, confirms the finding of Stearley and Smith (1993), to be matter about old genus which has satisfy long time to differentiate in three undisputable species. Data for competition to other Salmoniformes order genus debated here offer Macpherson et al. (2010). According the results of Bernatchez et al. (1991), the radiation of this genera compared to Coregonus and Stenodus has happened in Pleistocen. The area by the monotypic Stenodus extend to on a three continents, Europe, Asia and America (Vladykov, 1963; Behnke, 1971; Stearley and Smith, 1993), including the seashore brackish waters near the mouths of the rivers (limnetic habitats) of the sea separating them each other. This is a large fish, nerito-pelagic (Coad and Reist, 2004), in the soil usually meets in the fluent habitats and some endorheic lakes (Behnke, 1972). The adults are predators, mainly ichthiophague at small prey (Belyaeva et al. 1989) and the juveniles are zoophyiphofagic (Svetovidov, 1984). It's interesting to compare the area of this genus to the area of the typical predatory Hucho. Both genera inhabit the flows of the big Siberian rivers Yenissey and Lena, but Stenodus lack in the third big Siberian river Ob which one is the nearest to the Caspian Sea whose watershed in excluding the Volga's confluent Kama, miss Hucho (Holik, 1981, 1982). In spite to be ichthyopredators, the feeding niches of them respective places in the ichthyocenoses, finally the microhabitats they live in, exclude each other. As one example for parallel coexistence of predators by even 6 genera by different biology in one the same fluent habitat, the famous river Drina: Salmo trutta (Linnaeus, 1758), Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, 1758), Esox lucius (Linnaeus, 1758), Silurus glanis (Linnaeus, 1758), Lota lota (Linnaeus, 1758) and Leuciscus aspius (Linnaeus, 1758) on the Dinarid mountains (Drobnjakovi, 1934; Drecun, 1956). The fact that some populations live in habitats by eutrophic character too (Caspian Lake+2) and other in the Arctic speak about the large ecologic valence in the relation to the water temperature what differentiate her by the other genes. The feeding niche is not in collision to nor other genera so the evolution of her is "quite" (Behnke, 1972). Vladykov (1963) not mention to her at all. According Bernatchez et al. (1991), the genera has polifiletic origin. This suggests the thesis for "integration" of the supposed evolutionary yet developed earliest phases of Coregonus (species) appeared to in other place before Diluvium, immigrated in the Caspian Lake and accelerated evolution in large predator in this large space, without convenient competitor for free ecologic niche.

Thymallus belongs in the group of four genera by the largest area - Eurasia, Greenland and Pacific Ocean parts of America and Asia, descending at south to the Korea Peninsula (Jankovi, 1960). According to Norden (1961, cited in Stearley and Smith, 1993), after the group of genera Coregonus, Stenodus and Prosopium this is the next the oldest genus in the phylogenetic line of develop to the most advanced forms of the order. This confirm also the results of the authors Stearley and Smith (1993), just the positions by Norden and Berg that Brachimystax, "ohridanus", "obtusirostris" (maybe "platicephalus" and "carpio") are transitional forms between Thymallus and more advanced Hucho, Salvelinus, Salmo and Oncorchynchus ("inchan" is out of discussion as possible direct line of the nucleus of S. trutta origin exposed in Georgiev (20121). In the Europe herself inhabits the North, West and Middle European parts (Jankovi, 1960; Mari, 2011, Zerunian, 2002). The biggest part of the populations are reofile (Jankovi, 1960) but a part lives to in still water habitats too, brackish waters (Mller and Karlsson, 1983; Northcote, 1995; Nyknen and Huusko, 1999; Salonen, 2005). Ecologically viewed, in the fluent habitats the dearest places of it are the parts by not fast large and shallow water behind the deep wirepools - on the open water, where it collect insects larva (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Diptera - Chironomidae, Jankovi, 1960, Amundsen et al. 2010). As geologically old gender (Stearley and Smith, 1993) it had satisfy long time to migrate across the Arctic in the watershed of Pacific Ocean in two directions - "water" way across the Bering Strait and "continental" way across the Goby highland. In the Mediterranean Sea watershed has immigrated through "Sarmatian Pocket" (Karaman, 1952) in the South confluents of the Alps (Jankovi, 1960; Bianco, 1990; Zerunian, 2002). This, also and population of Thymallus thymallus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the river Pliva, a third hand confluent of Danube River (Thaller, 1954; Jankovi, 1960; Vukovi and Ivanovi, 1971), up of the waterfall recently impassable for the fishes (Aganovi, 1958, 1967) are proof for the geological oldness of the genus, late Pleistocene period (defined as 130 00010 000 years before present; ybp-Koskinen et al. 2002). On the largest part of Eurasia, the area of it overlap to the area of the genus Hucho, but to the representatives of this genus doesn't enter in the competition at all because the totally different biology and to occupy different bad parts nevertheless to live on the same part of the stream. Respected part of the area overlap to that of Brachymystax to which has similar biology and what suppose to exist one competition, for sorry, a results on such a studies lack. Genus Coregonus as the previous Thymallus extends on the both continents and Greenland, about 2/3 by the area is in Eurasia (Stearley and Smith, 1993). Excluding the Pacific seashore, the part of the area overlap those of Thymallus: partly just "complete" to those of Prosopium and partly to those of Stenodus; on the Eurasian soil almost complete or big part to Thymallus, Hucho, Brachymystax and Stenodus and by about 1/3 to Salmo. The overlap of the areal to those of Stenodus and Prosopium identify their phylogenetic mutual development line which debate and explain by osteology manner Behnke (1972) and by biochemical Bernatchez et al. (1991). But, regarding the ecology of it, as Nerito-pelagic (Coad and Reist, 2004), zooplanctophag which prefer still water respective slow motion fluent potamons in microhabitats in the area of the other genes, or not come at all or come in a week competition for ecological factor food, in spite to exist also predatory species C. usuriensis, Behnke (1972). If we compare the dimensions by the three genera by the evolutionary line Coregonus, Prosopium, Stenodus it's clear that one group has directioned to small benthal invertebrate prey and small dimensions (Prosopium), other group by middle dimensions, Coregonus became a pelagic inverterobratophage of zooplancton by large spectrum at local adaptations and big number of species and the third, by one only species became predator, supposed by hybridisation from some species by middle dimensions. What about the very complicated systematic of this genus, Behnke (1972), I'm agree he warn that "to rely on the morphology and phenotype can lead to infinity when describing a new species". Respecting the empiric experience and extraordinary lucidity of this author, in spite personally I had not worked at all on this genus, I receive to one impression that too much importance dedicate to the anatomical differences, number of branchiostegal leaves, ignoring the ecology. The anatomic adaptations, in the concrete case the number of the branchiostegal leaves are not consequences of "aesthetic" needs, but result of the ecologic conditions in the microhabitats, nevertheless some populations are migratory so in their individual life samples simultaneously some times change to the habitats by different ecological characteristics. It's exact that the anatomic characteristics are more stable and more surely character, but just the large diapason of varying warn at the unstable of this genera. Another deficiency what for I count the author Behnke (1972) ignores to is individual analysing the evolutionary processes. Rare are habitats which in exists one only fish species. Usually the fishes live in a community with more or less expressed competition in relation to more ecologic conditions (food, shelter, space). If we exclude the predatory species C. usuriensis, the other members are quite fish undisputable suffer by pressure of the other salmonid species. In the case of the genus Coregonus, having on mind the area of her, the most cruel competition, should be expected in relation to Salvelinus (Amundsen et al. 2010. In this mining Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Coregonus lavaretus (Linnaeus, 1758) has been attributed to asymmetric competition between the two species (Nilsson, 1965, 1967). What about population density some newest papers are listed to (Bhn T., Per-Arne, A. 2004; Hansen et al. 2006; Sendek, D. 2004; Lassalle et al. 2009). If we ignore Thymallus, also Salvelinus is by almost same area as Coregonus (Vladykov, 1963). According Behnke (1972) the area earlier was larger in Siberia. Different by the previous one, this genus prefer fluent habitats nevertheless some species are limnetic (Behnke, 1972; Kottelat and Freyhof, 2007) or have equal dense populations in both the ecologically different habitats (Thieling, 2006; Madenjian et al. 2008). In any case, in spite to have similar average respective maximal dimensions and partly similar ecology - place in the water cenoses, to Coregonus isn't in competition or the competition is week (Amundsen et al. 2010). When the representatives of Coregonus in limnetic habitats prefer those by large space, in trophical point of view conditionally "eutrophic" or mesotrophic, week alkaline to alkaline (Pravdin, 1954), the representatives of Salvelinus prefer extremely oligotrophic acid habitats, those by relative small square but relative deep (Kotelat and Freyhof, 2007). What about the competitive relationships to the other genes which with the area of her overlap, the situation is as follow: to genera Hucho and Brachymistax is not in any competition because inhabits completely other microhabitats by the fluent habitats (Weiss+5), the same is case to Thymallus (Amundsen et al. 2010), to which if live together, in any

case locally seen, inhabits other parts of the bed or seasonally change the main diet (Amundsen et al. 2010). O'Brien (+6) cite Bjornn, (1991) results Prosopium to be the most frequent prey of Salvelinus (Salvelinus confluentus Suckley, 1859). To Oncorchynchus is in competition for food but in a non native range (Ferriz et al. 2010). Compared to Salmo, in some limnetic habitats has one recessive position - it serve as main food at the adult samples (Kottelat and Freyhoff, 2007). In filogenetic point according Stearley and Smith (1993), she's closest to Hucho. FORMING CENTRES For some genes it's easy to show/conclude where the forming center is. This value first for Parachucho, which is by very small area. Her forming center is Pacific seashore of the Asian soil by regression to be transformed in separated islands, so now it has a "disjunct" area. It's undisputable that she's phylogenetic the most close to Hucho, by whose predecessors immigrated from middle Asia has developed. The giant salt water of Pacific Ocean has stopped the further expansion at East of her in the meaning of the Hillenius (1964) regular. Being found in convenient ecological circumstances without competition, the her further development conditionally has "stopped" just has continued by slower rhythm in relation to the continental populations in the real center of the genera. Opposite, the continental populations has continued to perfect (as consequence of the less stable ecological circumstances at North of Asia/Siberia) so we have the recent gene Hucho by undisputable center in Siberia (irrelevant which one of the actual big rivers is the real forming center of her, Georgiev, 2012+1). As this used to be explained in Georgiev (2012+1), also the gene Brachymystax has a forming center in Siberia, mutual and parallel to Hucho. Without a lot of doubt one can show also the forming centre of the genus Prosopium, this is the large space on the North East of the Rocky Mountains of North America. The presence of it on the most East corner of Asia, the West shore of the Bering Strait, is by newer date, when that part of Asia used to be connected by soil to North America. This genus is geologically old (Norden, 1961; Wilson, 1974; Kendall and Behnke, 1984; Dorofeeva, 1989, cited in Stearley and Smith, 1993, p. 3) so it has satisfy long time analogue to Hucho/Parahucho and Brachymistax on the neighbour Eurasian soil, to "conquer" for fish in principle "impassable" mountain's barriers, in this case the Rocky Mountains on the North America, to enter in the middle highland after from there to go down at South, in a zoogeographic meaning to became a part of the waters of the watershed of Pacific Ocean in the South West part of North America across the river Colorado. I think the forming centre of Thymallus is Scandinavia, the fluent habitats in the watershed of Baltic Bay or Greenland, of course in pre diluvium time. Greenland is in the centre of the genus area so this big island correspond to the concept of Hillenius (1964), for concentric area extension of any taxonomic entity from the forming centre. In those two big spaces exist many fluent habitats by convenient ecological conditions this genus respects to. The absence of the genus on the Atlantic part of Scandinavia I count to be a consequence by the ecologic factor water speed of there fluent habitats, those are by too big inclination and too fast for the need of this genera. I have not explanation for the absence of this genera at the end East of Asia also in the upper stream of the river Ob, it's not excluded once upon a time to be extended there also but looks like Salvelinus too (Behnke, 1972), because any recently unknown reason, had extinct. According to Mari et al. (2011), the today's North populations originate to by the population which during the Ice period survived in refugiums on South or in the Vistula and Odra confluents. In the instant this thesis is impossible to be confirmed, but it's not excluded the empty habitats on the North whose populations has destroyed the ice in the forming centre to be recolonised by South populations from the spaces where the ice hadn't landed to - Danube flow her the big confluents by second hand in the North slopes of the Dinarids: Sava, Krka, Kupa, Una, Vrbas, Bosna, Drina, eventual the South East one Ibar (Jankovi, 1960). One have on mind the territories where across do pass Vistula and Odra especially their upper parts, were also covered by high ice hat. A bit more problematic should be the Coregonus forming center discover. Nevertheless the larger part of the area lye on the Eurasian soil, in any case one important part extends to also on the North America territory, so one shouldn't reject the thesis that America also would be represent a prae-patria of this genus and the larger extension in Eurasia to be consequence of the convenient hydrographic tectonic characteristics of Eurasia. But, the extension "over" middle Asia even untill Far East (Peninsula Korea) starting by the canon for concentric extension of the area exposed by Hillenius, (1964) and gives to priority of thezis for in any case Eurasian origin - forming center. Regarding the biology - dominantly pelagic fish in still and slow motion fluent habitats by main food zooplancton, in the asking of edequate object in which could appear this genus respectivelly the predecessor of all the species inside, one shaw the Baltic bassin in the freshwater phazis of prae-ice time or big still water habitat Ladoga Lake where are described even three species in the frames of this genus (Pravdin, 1954), eventual Caspian Sea/Lake. Sendek (2004) state she came in Ladoga Lake from Baltic Bay. A three species by simmilar ecological needs to be created in one the same system as Ladoga Lake is, it's reasonable one long period of her the continual existence. Having on mind the geologic history and climat changes, one can suppose that the start population hadn't existed by the appearence untill today, but during the Ice period has migrated (complet or partly) at South in more convenient circumstances - in Pontocaspian Depression and Panonina Ravine (Balaton Lake far more larger and deeper) and after the ice melting has recolonized it, but yet as new species in forming. If one abstract the recent Arctic Ocean, in spite the Baltic/Ladoga are not just in the "centre" of the actual area, even having on mind the fact that Siberia is yet a forming center of dominantly lotic genera Hucho/Parahucho and Brachymistax for forming of third/fourth genus over all by prevealing limnetic characteristics looks like miss in the area, probability is small (Baikal Lake is out of discussion). From the supposed forming center Baltic/Ladoga many populations have had satisfy time to

extend in all the directions - at South East to Pacific Ocean, at North across the Arctic on Greenland and Hudson Bay and at West to Britany Islands and at South untill the North submontain of the Alps, so to be formed too many of the described species. Nevertheless any representative by this genera I had ever studied, in any case I'll expose one opinion that the proposed species number by the authors Kotellat and Freyhoff (2007) is to big and that the situation is identical looks like in genus Salmo - the real existing populations (ecological categories) are described as "species" (taxonomical categories). Because of this I accept without reserve the position of Behnke (1972) for danger of "infinity in describing of new species". The fact that the area of the genus Salvelinus aproximativelly understand is the same to those of Coregonus with warning that Salvelinus is present also in the Pacific part of Alaska as in the isles of Japan's Archipelago, when it's absent in inner Asia - the Amur river flow, and the fact that many habitats are mutual for both, the extension of the genus Coregonus can help us in "desifring" of the forming center of the genus Salvelinus. As first conclusion is that the genus Salvelinus is younger (Stearley & Smith, 1993) so it hadn't satisfy long time to conquer the Far East inside spaces of Asia what had done Coregonus, nevertheless also the ecological factor clean water had the crucial role. In spite that the resu;lts of those authors suggest to the filogenetic closeness to the genus Hucho what is exclusivelly Euroasian, mine opinion is the thesis of not Eurasian, but North American origin of Salvelinus to be more acceptable. For the North West part of North America, peninsula Alaska, there was yet shawn as forming center of Oncorchinchus (Georgiev, 2012+1). I think that this space couldn't be forming center of the genus Salvelinus, beacause of two reasons: a) also Oncorchynchus is young genera and species inside her are by similar morphometry and biology but for apearence of any genera conditio sine qua non is the abscence of a competitor, as it was listed for creation of the genera Salmo, Oncorchynchus and Brachymystax visa vi Hucho; b) Alaska is placed in a part of mountaneous chain Cordilere - very active seismic zone, oposite the neighbor big space - Labrador, a part of stable Canadian Shield. When one take on mind the geological past just the minerological substratum of North America - Canadian Shield and ecologic needs by members of this genera - xenosaprobic waters (Zelinka and Marvan, 1961), one can be clear that the forming center of this genus we have to look after somewhere on the Canadian Shield, more exactly Labrador. This peninsula by her actual 1,5 milions km 2 (it's ignored to the vary in the past) not high too much as Rocky Mountains, the highest pick Mount Caubvick 1,652 m, four time lower than the Rockyes, many lotic and limnetic habitats. The fluent habitats are by relativelly large beds and shallow but in any case rich in speeds, different by the upper streams of the three big Siberian rivers Lena, Jenisej and whose main streams or the streams of their the biggest confluents by the important parts of their streams cross gorges in high mountains or the fluent habitasts of Baltic Scandinavia shawn as possible forming center of Thymallus whish characterise also relativelly narrow and deep bads. Labrador has a similar goegraphic place as before mentioned Scandinavia as supposed forming center of Thymallus, but by completelly other geomorphological, orogenetical nature: when Scandinavia has exposed morphologic asimetricity (elongated relativelly high vertebra/waterseparation by short ant partially canion like walleys of the fluent habitats to Atlantic Ocean but paralel long, in down parts streams across nivelled low land terrain habitats to Baltic and White Sea), Labrador is for about 700 m less high by one central ravine where from radial in all the sides start large but shallow fluent habitats. I think one can have on mind the hydrologic factor and global influence on the fish morphometry on a huge spaces in long term. Canadian Belt characterise by seizmic stability what suppose long period of unified ecological conditions at three sides of the peninsula geologic satissfy separated for start diferenciation from the first school at 3 species. From those three primordial populations/species in convenient climat and ecologic circumstances (desalination of the Hudson Bay, Bafin Sea and West Atlantic shore) extended in strigth of Bering Strait, Greenland, Siberia, Scandinavia, Island and Europa till to North piedmont of Alps. Nevertheless the habitats by convenient ecologic circumstances are present also on the Pirinees and in the parts of the Alps whose waters beelong to the Adriatic Sea watershed, when the memebers of this genera reach the nearby those orographic entityes, the ways there were yet unpassable. Behnke (1972) expose one subposition for possible origin of two species by primitive Salvelinus from the East part of North America. Also he underline the abscense of other salmonid species as important factor what has determined ecologically generalised form Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill, 1814) to exploit large spectrum of food in brooks, rivers, lakes and estuars as one typical Salmo, and highly specialised predator for deep lakes Salvelinus namaycush (Walbaum, 1792), to eat Coregonus. Thise has happened to not latter after pliocen. The simmilarities to Hucho he attribute not to the mutual origin but at the convergency of the predatority what used to be independent evolutionary adaptation (page. 647, in personal comunication Cavander has told to him that has a fossil from pliocen what has identificated as Salvelinus). Aditional factor for characteristics of this genera adapted at extraordinary clean waters is floristic community taiga on Labrador - she influence on the forming of xenosaprobe, acid habitats. The finding of Froufe et al. (2008) to exist two species in the genera Brachymystax, before debated in Georgiev (20121), doesn't influent the final conclusions in this debate. SUMMARY From the exposed one can take next conclusions:

1. The extension of the area in Salmoniformes order on the larger part of the North hemisphere soil lead to the conclusion on her
freshwater origin;

2. This order rule sovereign in the cold freshwater habitats both fluent and limnetic on the North hemisphere (Eurasia, North
America and part of North West Africa) rich on dissolved oxygen, a part of her inhabiting also salt waters, seas and oceans;

3. From start of conquering this giant space, in the freshwater habitats by speciation, adequate to the geomorphologic and climatic
changes, where formed a genera whose representatives have adapt to the different micro ecological conditions on other parts of the big fluent habitats in Eurasia occupying them and living each near other (Thymallus+Hucho; Hucho+Brachymystax = Siberia: Ob, Yenissey, Lena) where from in the convenient geomorphologic and climate circumstances their area used to extend and a new genera were formed to (Amur/Pacific Parahucho) from "prae-hucho"; on North America was formed small form Prosopium what managed to conquer almost all the continent; in Eurasia in the big limnetic habitats a rests by the former Tethys Ocean, the development took way in direction to form a quite zooplanctophague: Ladoga Lake Coregonus or large predators Caspian Lake Stenodus, where from they've colonized a new spaces; in the limnetic habitats of North America on silicate Canadian Belt analogue on Coregonus in Europe, has formed Salvelinus adapting also to the ecological circumstances of the fluent habitats connecting the still water ones; Because of extension character of the young chains' mountains, in Atlantic other than in Pacific, one only species by analogue biology at some species by Oncorchinchus (O. kisutch, O. tshawytscha, O. keta, O. gorbuscha, O. nerka) has developed to, S. salar. Her the closest relative S. marmorata found refugium in the fluent freshwaters of the North Mediterranean bay Adriatic Sea; The phenotype (morphologic similarity) of the genera Oncorchynchus and Salmo members arise to more by the similar biology (analogy) but less of the "monophilyletic origin" at what warn the different number of chromosomes; By the point of the formal logic and biological canons on evolution is not regular in the genera Coregonus and Salmo to be accepted one existence by such species number, as they are listed in the newest published lists. REFERENCES Aganovi, M. 1967. Uzrasna struktura populacija riba Velikog i Malog Plivskog jezera. (Age Structure of the Fish Populations by Small and Big Pliva Lake). Ribarstvo, 22, (1), 1.6. (Croatian). Aganovi, M. 1958. Poribljavanje otvorenih voda u NR Bosni i Hercegovini. (Fish Implementation of the Open Waters in PR Bosnia and Herzegovina). Ribarstvo, 13, (1/2), 14-16. (Croatian). Amundsen, P.A., Knudsen, R., Thomas Bryhni, H. 2010. Niche use and resource partitioning of Arctic charr, European whitefish and grayling in a subarctic lake. Hydrobiologia, on-line version. Balon, E. 1968. Notes to the origin and evolution of trouts and salmons with special reference to the Danubian trouts. Acta soc. Zool. Bohem. Brno, 32, (1), 1.21. Banarescu, P. 1964. Fauna Republici Populare Romine. Pisces. Osteichththyes. (Fauna of the Popular Republic of Rumania. Pisces. Osteichththyes). Academia Republicii Populare Romine, Bucuresti. p. 959. (Rumanian). Banarescu, P. 1973. Origin and affinities of fresh water fish fauna of Europe. Ichthyologia, 5, (1), 1-8. Behnke, R. 1968. A new Subgenus and Species of Trout, Salmo (Platysalmo) platycephalus Behnke, 1968, from Southcentral Turkey, with comments on the Classification of the Subfamily Salmoninae. Mitt. Hamburg. Zool. Mus. Inst., 66, 1-15. Behnke, R. 1972. The Systematics of Salmonid Fishes of Recently Glaciated Lakes. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 29, 639-671. Behnke, R. 1973, Systematic problems of the Salmonidae fishes endemic to the Adriatic. Mediterranean province and the potential for developing new information from new techniques. I Congr. Eur. Ichth. Pap. Abstr., Sarajevo, 19-21. Belyaeva, V. N., Vlasenko, A.D., Ivanov, B.P. 1989. Caspian Sea. Ichthiofauna and fishery resources. Nauka, Moscow. Bernatchez, L. 2001. The evolutionary history of Brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) inferred from phylogeographic, nested clade, and mismatch analyses of mitochondrial DNA variation. Evolution, 55, (2), 351-379. Bernatchez, L., Guyomard, R., Bonhome, F. 1992. DNA sequence variation of the mitochondrial control region among geographically and morphologically remote European brown trout Salmo trutta populations. Molecular Ecology, 1, 161-173. Bianco, P. G. 1990. Potential role of the paleohistory of the Mediterranean and Paratethys basins on the early dispersal of Euro. Mediterranean freshwater fishes. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwat., 1, 167-184. Bhn T., Per-Arne, A. 2004. Invasion-mediated changes in the population biology of a dimorphic whitefish Coregonus lavaretus population. Ann. Zool. Phennici 41: 125-136. Brown, J. R. 2006. Humpback Whitefish Coregonus pidschian of the Upper Tanana River Drainage. Alaska Fish. Tech. Rep., 90, 40 pp. Burnam-Curtis, M. K., Smith, G. R. 1994. Osteological Evidence of Genetic Divergence of Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycish) in Lake Superior. Copeia, 4, 843-850. Bernatchez, L., Colombani, F. and Dodson, J. J. 1991. Phylogenetic relationships among the subfamily Coregoninae as revealed by mitochondrial DNA restriction analysis. Journal of Fish Biology, 39, 283290. Coad, B.W., Reist, J.D. 2004. Annotated list of the arctic marine fishes of Canada. Can. MS Rep. Fish Aquat. Sci. 2674, 112 p. uri, V. 1938. Neretva i njene pastrve (Salmonidae). (Neretva and the Trouts of her (Salmonidae)) Sep. Pres., Sarajevo. 89 p. (Croatian). Debeljak, Lj., Faai, K. 1985. Ishrana potone pastrve (Salmo trutta m. fario L.) u akumulacijskom jezeru Bajer i potoku Lepenica. (Nutrition of Brown Trout (Salmo trutta m. fario L.) in the Bajer Reservoir and Brook Lepenica.). Ichthyos, 3, 1-6. (Croatian, English Summary). Drecun, D. 1956. Pastrmka Blatnjaa iz Plavskog Jezera. (A Trout Blatnjaa from tje Plavsko Lake). Naa Poljopr., 2, (1), 63-70. (Serbian).

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