Cardiovascular system What is it? It's a big name for one of the most important systems in the body.

Made up of the heart, blood and blood vessels, the circulatory system is your body's delivery system. Blood moving from the heart, delivers oxygen and nutrients to every part of the body. On the return trip, the blood picks up waste products so that your body can get rid of them. Cardiovascular disease Heart disease or cardiovascular diseases is the class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels (arteries and veins). While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, it is usually used to refer to those related to atherosclerosis (arterial disease). These conditions have similar causes, mechanisms, and treatments. In practice, cardiovascular disease is treated by cardiologists, thoracic surgeons, vascular surgeons, neurologists, and interventional radiologists, depending on the organ system that is being treated. There is considerable overlap in the specialties, and it is common for certain procedures to be performed by different types of specialists in the same hospital. Most countries face high and increasing rates of cardiovascular disease. Each year, heart disease kills more Americans than cancer. In recent years, cardiovascular risk in women has been increasing and has killed more women than breast cancer. By the time that heart problems are detected, the underlying cause (atherosclerosis) is usually quite advanced, having progressed for decades. There is therefore increased emphasis on preventing atherosclerosis by modifying risk factors, such as healthy eating, exercise and avoidance of smoking. Pathophysiology Population based studies in the youth show that the precursors of heart disease start in adolescence. The process of atherosclerosis evolves over decades, and begins as early as childhood. The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study demonstrated that intimal lesions appear in all the aortas and more than half of the right coronary arteries of youths aged 79 years. However, most adolescents are more concerned about other risks such as HIV, accidents, and cancer than cardiovascular disease. This is extremely important considering that 1 in 3 people will die from complications attributable to atherosclerosis. In order to stem the tide of cardiovascular disease, primary prevention is needed. Primary prevention starts with education and awareness that cardiovascular disease poses the greatest threat and measures to prevent or reverse this disease must be taken.

Screening Some biomarkers are thought to offer a more detailed risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the clinical value of these biomarkers is questionable. Currently, biomarkers which may reflect a higher risk of cardiovascular disease include:

Higher fibrinogen and PAI-1 blood concentrations Elevated homocysteine, or even upper half of normal Elevated blood levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine High inflammation as measured by C-reactive protein Elevated blood levels of brain natriuretic peptide

Prevention Evidence shows that the Mediterranean diet improves cardiovascular outcomes. As of 2010 however vitamins have not been found to be effective at preventing cardiovascular disease. Modifiable risk factors to improve or prevent atherosclerosis include: diet high in fibers from vegetables while low in fat and cholesterol; tobacco cessation and avoidance of second-hand smoke; decreased alcohol consumption; lower blood pressures if elevated through the use of antihypertensive medications; strict diabetes management; decrease BMI if overweight or obese; increase daily activity to 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise; and decrease emotional stress in day to day life. Management Unlike many other chronic. Medical conditions, cardiovascular disease is treatable and reversible, even after a long history of disease. Treatment is primarily focused on diet and stress reduction however frequently includes medication. (Sources: www.americanheart.org, www.world-heart-federation.org/cardiovascularhealth/cardiovascular-disease-risk-factors/)

Answer from the case : 1. Screening test for patient : - urine test - glucose test - blood test - cholesterol test - uric acid test 2. Screening test for cancer : - USG (Ultrasonography) : to search a real diagnose - CT-scan : to know metastate to tissue - MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) : if in USG or CT-scan undetection 3. How to prevent : - exercise - consume vegetables and fruits sufficient - drug : beta blocker