MOTOR

1. With reference to a particular make of main propulsion unit, describe how the engine is reversed manually and discuss with the aid of a diagram the safety precautions which would be required if the control were operated remote from the machinery space. [8/07], [3/06], [1/05], [2/09] 2. a. Describe the various types of indicator diagrams and discuss the relevance of this method of determining engine performance. [8/07], [3/06], [1/05], [7/09], [11/09] b. Suggest how engine performance may be assessed other than by taking indicator cards.

3. With reference to large starting air receivers: a. Explain where corrosion is likely to occur and state why it occurs in these regions; b. State how the incidence of corrosion in air receivers might be minimized; c. If serious corrosion is detected in a starting air receiver and that receiver must be used, explain how you, as second engineer, would determine the maximum pressure to which the receiver should be subjected; d. State what further action a second engineer must take upon discovering such air receiver corrosion. [8/07], [5/06], [1/05], [6/04], [Em10-11], [9/10,6/11] 4. a. Describe how a crankpin bearing of a 2 stroke main propulsion engine is opened up for inspection. b. Which half of the bearing is subjected to greater wear? c. What are the various causes of wear down of the bearing? [8/07], [1/05], a. State, with reasons, three properties required of a crankcase oil which is to be used for a trunk piston main engine. b. Briefly describe the action to be taken if the crankcase oil charge cannot immediately be replaced and analysis shows: i. Water is present; ii. Alkalinity; iii. Viscosity has changed appreciably; iv. Carbon content has increased. c. Explain how a representative sample of crankcase oil would be obtained from a trunk piston engine. [7/06], [1/06], [5/05],[3/08], [8/08]*,[9/08]*[2/08ekg], [7/06], [1/06], [5/05],[3/08] [8/07], [7/06], [1/06], [5/05], [1/05], [3/08], [11/08]*, [2/10]*

5.

6. Evaluate the influence of the following factors upon cylinder and piston ring wear rates: [8/07], [1/05], a. Position of rings in relation to piston crown; b. Spread and proximity of coolant passages from liner wall; c. Flow rate and specific heat of coolant; d. Chromium plating of ring faces. 7. With reference to burning of residual fuel: [8/07], [1/05], a. State what is meant by ignition quality; b. Describe how fuel pumps are adjusted to enable the engine to burn fuels of different ignition qualities. c. State with reasons what other adjustments may be required with fuel pumps after a period of time in service. d. Explain the consequences of not making adjustments mentioned in the answers to (b) and (c). 8. a. State the reasons for the progressive slackness of an engine camshaft drive chain in service. b. State the effect chain stretch has on engine timing and performance. (Show why camshaft timing requires attention even though the chain tension has been correctly adjusted. ( State how camshaft timing is adjusted to compensate for chain stretch.) [Em/07] c. Describe how correct timing is restored when chain stretch becomes excessive. [8/07], [3/07],

9. With reference to large fabricated bedplates explain: [8/07], [1/05], a. With reasons, why longitudinal strength and rigidity is important in spite of the contributions made by ships structure. b. With sketches show how the combustion loads imposed on piston and cylinder heads are transmitted to, and absorbed by bedplates. 10. If a main engine piston seizes in its liner at sea and it is not possible to replace the unit, explain, in detail, what provisions are made in the engine, to enable the ship to reach port. [7/07], [6/06], [2/04], [3/08], [4/08], [3/10], [4/10], [11/10] 11. Describe, with the aid of sketches, an arrangement for operating the fuel valve of a heavy oil engine, explaining how the timing is effected and the supply of fuel regulated to suit varying loads. [7/07], [6/06],[2/04],[Em/07],[3/08],[4/08], [Em07-08] , [3/10], [4/10], [11/10] 12. What is the difference between pulse and constant pressure turbo-charging as applied to a compression ignition engine. Sketch and describe one of these systems. What additional air charging arrangements may be provided for use when the main engine is being started or run at low speeds? [7/07], [6/06], [Em03/04], [2/04], [Em/07], [4/08],[6/08], [Em07-08], [11/10] 13. Discuss the effects on main diesel engine operation of the use of low grade fuel and, in particular refers to the causes and prevention of: a. Liner wear; b. Crankshaft corrosion; c. Corrosion of exhaust spaces. [7/07], [2/04], [6/08], [11/10] 14. An auxiliary engine exhibits a tendency to hunt to such an extent that the engine speed variation prohibits the connection of the machine to the switchboard. a. Discuss the possible causes of hunting; b. Explain how the problem of hunting can be rectified. [7/07], [6/06], [Em03/04], [7/04], [2/04], [4/08], [6/08], [Em07-08], [11/10] 15. Sketch and describe the arrangement of main engine camshaft chain. Describe the repair procedure following fracture of one chain link during operation of the engine give possible reasons for the failure and explain how the chain is set initially at the correct degree of tension. [7/07], [6/06], [2/04], [4/08], [6/08],[Em07-08] 16. With reference to piston rings: [7/07], [6/06], [2/04], [3/08], [6/08], [Em07-08], [2/10], [11/10] a. State with reasons the cause of breakage. b. State how maintenance and engine operation can minimize breakage. c. Explain the possible consequences with respect to performance and safety of operating engine with broken or severely worn rings. 17. Describe the examination carried out before dismantling main bearings. How are main bearings removed from the bearing pocket? [7/07], [3/08] 18. It is noted in engines burning heavy fuel that the top of the piston crown may waste and gradually burn away. What is done to rectify this condition? [7/07],[6/06], [2/04],[3/08], [Em07-08], [3/10], [4/10], [11/10] 19. Following a recent turbocharger overhaul it is observed that the scavenge air pressure is lower than it was previously and the engine power output is also reduced. [6/07], [1/04], [Em 07-08] a. State, with reasons, the possible causes of the problem. b. State, with reasons, what engine operational information should be gathered in order to enable the possible cause of the problem to be detected. c. Explain how the defect may be rectified. d. State the instructions, which should be issued with respect to future turbocharger overhauls in order to prevent similar incidents.

20. The vessel which you are about to join as second (chief *) engineer has recently suffered three main bearing failures. State, with reasons for your answer, each of the following: [6/07], [1/04*], [Em07-08] a. The information and documents you would require in order to enable you to assess the cause of such failures; b. Possible causes of main bearing failures; c. Explain the action of an anti-polishing ring during the operation of the engine; d. the procedures you would institute in order to minimize the risk of future failures. [1/04], 21. With reference to medium speed engine cylinder liners: a. Explain the cause and effects of polishing or glazing; b. Describe, with the aid of sketches, an anti-polishing ring and explain how it is fitted in the liner; c. Explain the action of an anti-polishing ring during the operation of the engine; [6/07], [5/07], [9/06], [1/04], [Em07-08], [7/09], [11/09], [1/11] 22. a. Explain the term Variable injection timing (VIT) when applied to fuel pumps and state why a change in timing of fuel injection may be required. b. Describe, with the aid of sketches, a VIT fuel pump and explain how the change in timing is achieved whilst the pump is in operation. c. Explain how it may be determined that individual fuel pumps are injecting the correct quantity of fuel with the correct timing at a particular pump setting. [6/07], [Em05/06], [7/04], [1/04], [3/11]

23. As a recently appointed second engineer you are requested to survey the crosshead of a main engine following an unscheduled repair due to bearing failure. [6/07], [1/04],[Emg/07] a. Outline the information you would request prior to the survey. b. Describe the survey procedure you would adopt stating, with reasons, the areas which should receive particularly close attention. c. State, with reasons, what information you would request and the operations you would require to observe after reassembly of the crosshead. 24. With reference to a 2 stroke, slow speed main propulsion engine air starting system: [6/07], [1/04], a. State, with reasons, three safety features incorporated in an air start system; b. State, with reasons, why an engine may fail to turn over on air; c. Explain how the cause of an engine failing to turn over on air may be determined. 25. A report on the analysis of the main crosshead engine crankcase lubricating oil indicates the following contaminants or property changes. In each of the following cases give reasons for the possible causes of the contamination or property change, explaining how the actual cause would be detected; a. The presence of fresh water; b. White metal fragments; c. Reduced alkalinity reserve; d. Reduced anti oxidation reserve. [6/07], [1/04], 26. With respect to medium speed auxiliary power generating 4 stroke medium speed diesel engines: a. Explain how the cylinder liners are effectively lubricated; [6/07], [1/04], b. Explain how the standby engine is maintained in a condition ready to be started immediately; c. Describe how the engine is changed from HFO operation to DO operation when running. 27. a. Describe the operation of an oil mist detector. [6/07], [1/04], [8/08] b. Explain how the location and arrangement of crankcase oil mist sampling pipes can influence the performance of an oil mist detector. c. Explain the action that you would take in order to provide safeguard against the risk of a crankcase explosion whilst the engine was operating, should the oil mist detector become inoperative.

28. You have been appointed as second engineer to a new vessel that experiences severe aft end vibration. The problem is thought to emanate from the propeller. Describe the causes of the vibration and suggest remedies including the selection of a new propeller with a different number of blades. [5/07](ekg17), [8/04], [11/09], [1/11] 29. Discuss critically the following alternative types of main propelling machinery for installation in a proposed new ship:- [5/07], [9/06], [8/04], [7/09], [11/09], [1/11] a. Two stroke single acting crosshead type slow speed engine. b. Four stroke single acting with reverse / reduction gear. 30. a. Sketch a main engine air starting system and describe how it operates. b. List the safety devices and interlocks incorporated in such a system and state the purpose of each. [5/07], [9/06], [4/05], [8/04], [4/09], [1/11]

31. Define the cause and effect of thermal stressing in cylinder heads, liners and pistons. Explain why thermal stressing is aggravated with increase in cylinder bore. Explain how stress concentration and its effects is relieved by maintenance and operational practices. [5/07], [9/06], [4/05], [8/04], [4/09], [1/11] 32. a. A set of indicator diagram including draw cards has been taken for a main diesel engine, examine critically, the following if the compression curve is normal: i. The maximum pressure is lower; ii. The maximum pressure is higher; iii. The expansion curve is lower; iv. The expansion curve is higher. b. Describe how the faults as mentioned above can be rectified. [5/07], [8/04], [4/09], [1/11] a. with respect to diesel engines, describe the cause of: [5/07], [9/06], [8/04], [2/09], [1/11] i. Piston rings that are too tight in the piston grooves; ii. Corrosion of piston rings; iii. Piston grooves that are worn; iv. Piston rings that are too slack with piston grooves. [4/05], b. Describe the effect of each of the faults listed above and the remedial action for each. a. Describe the precaution necessary during the initial running-in of an auxiliary engine run on HFO, which is newly installed or has had a major overhaul. b. Explain the possible causes of oxidation of lubricating oil. c. State the frequency with which oil samples should be taken for analysis. [5/07], [9/06], [8/04], [2/09], [1/11]

33.

34.

35. With reference to turbochargers; [5/07], [9/06], [4/05], [8/04], [2/09], [1/11] a. Explain how corrosion can occur on the gas side of a turbocharger casing. b. Describe the process and safeguards necessary when water washing the air side. c. Explain the possible disadvantage of water washing the gas side. 36. With reference to timing chains a. State the cause of chain elongation in service, using a sketch of a section of a camshaft roller chain to illustrate your answer. b. State : [4/07], [9/06], [5/06], [9/04], [Em08-09], [2/08MEP], [8/09MEP], [10/09MEP], i. the effects of increased chain length;ii. the methods of assessing percentage increase in length. c. State why a limit is placed on percentage elongation and give typical figures. d. Explain how the effects of elongation are corrected e. State what measures you, as second engineer, would consider necessary after the correction procedure in has been completed and the engine is running. [2/08MEP], [8/09MEP],

37.

a. Explain how analysis of used lubricating oil can be used as a health-monitoring tool for diesel machinery. [4/07], [9/04], [7/04], b. Describe how vibration measurement can be used with a main engine turbo-charger: i. For fault analysis. ii. For condition monitoring for maintenance. iii. As a substitute to opening up machinery for survey.

38. Explain why the following problems occurs in turbocharger nozzles, shrouds and blades, their effects on turbocharger operation and remedies: a. Deposits; b. Hot corrosion; c. Erosion. [4/07], [Em06/07], [3/05], [9/04], [2/08], [9/09], [10/09],[9/10,6/11] 39. With reference to large slow speed diesel engines discuss with reasons, the following:a. The increasing use of long stroke cross head engines. b. The introduction of two-stage turbo-charging. [4/07], [9/04], 40. Discuss the problem involved and the safety precautions, which would be required if the control of a large motor ship were to be operated remote from the machinery space. [4/07], [9/04], 41. Give a reasoned explanation why some marine diesel engines might continue to run ahead on the astern cams following a reversal of the controls. Sketch and describe an arrangement designed to prevent this happening. [4/07], [3/07], [9/04], [Em10-11] 42. What are the conditions necessary for efficient combustion of fuel in a diesel engine? How are these conditions attained and what would be the adverse effect in each case if the conditions are not attained. How will these affect the running of the engine? [4/07], [9/04], 43. With reference to bottom end bolts for medium speed four stroke engines: a. Explain why bottom end bolts will ultimately fail under normal operating conditions; b. Identify this features incorporated into bolt design to inhibit failure; c. Explain how bolt failure may be hastened when maintenance is carried out; d. Describe as second engineer your strategy for preventing bolt failure. [4/07], [1/06], [9/04],[10/07],[2/08], [9/08], [10/08], [11/08], [10/09], [3/10], [12/09], [4/10], [Em08-09] 44. Describe how large slow speed two cycle engines are structured to withstand the following: a. Forces due to combustion loads. b. Guide forces. c. Inertia forces. [4/07], [10/05], 45. With reference to main thrust bearing of the pivoting pad type, explain with sketches where necessary:a. The principle of operation of the bearing. b. The critical clearances and why they are critical? c. How these clearances are adjusted? d. Why such bearings sometime overheat although the clearances are adequate? e. How is the lubrication film between faces of collar and thrust pad maintained? [3/07], 46. What are the provisions for operating impulse and constant pressure exhaust turbo-charged engines with a disabled turbo-blower? [3/07], 47. With reference to diesel engines fitted on board ships, discuss:- [3/07], [4/05], [Em10-11] a. Sludge formation in lubricating oil systems; b. Role of additives in lubricating oils; c. Steps taken to ensure that treated oils are maintained in their optimum condition; d. Adverse effects on bearing metal due to incompatibility of lubricating oil.

48. Discuss the consequences of failure to maintain correct clearances in the case of main diesel engine crankshaft and bottom end bearings. Sketch a bottom end bearing paying particular attention to the arrangement for ensuring uninterrupted flow of oil to top end bearings. [3/07], [8/06], [6/05], [2/05],[9/07],[8/08], [12/08], [1/09], [4/09], [Em10-11], [2/11] 49. a. State four reasons for persistent slackening of holding down bolts of a main engine. [3/07], b. i. State the advantages of using non-metallic for main engines. ii. State four precautions to be observed when fitting non-metallic chocks in order to ensure accurate choking. c. State the periodic checks to be made in order to assess the effectiveness of an engine chocking system.

50. During remote maneuvering of main engine the engine fails to turn on starting air: [3/07], [Emg/07] a. State, with reasons, the possible causes of such failure. b. Explain how the faults stated in (a) might be traced and rectified. c. i. State, with reasons, the exact procedure to be adopted in order to enable the engine to be started in the desired manner if failure is in part of the remote control system. ii. State the engine type to which this procedure relates. 51. a. Outline the advantages, disadvantages of a planned maintenance scheme for a diesel engine. b. State the advantages of condition monitoring as a method of deciding when engine component overhaul is necessary. c. Suggest the means that are normally available (i.e. without the need for elaborate or expensive equipment) to check the condition of a diesel engine as a guide to when maintenance is actually needed. [3/07],

52. With reference to UMS engine remote control and monitoring system: [2/07], [5/04], [3/10], [4/10] a. In the event of complete failure of such monitoring and control system s state, with reasons, how you, as second engineer, would organize the engine room staff to ensure safe operation of the engine during: i. Normal deep sea condition; ii. Maneuvering b. State, with reasons, six important parameters which should be manually monitored following failure of the UMS system. c. Explain how the cause of failure of the UMS system may be traced. 53. a. Describe how crankshaft alignment is checked. b. Identify with reasons the causes of crankshaft misalignment. c. State how the measurements are recorded. [2/07], [3/10], [4/10] a. Define the following conditions relating to lubricating oil: [2/07], [3/10], [4/10] i. Oxidation; ii. Emulsification; iii. Acidity. b. Explain how each of the conditions in (a) is controlled by maintenance. c. Suggest possible consequences if the conditions in (a) change and no corrective action is taken.

54.

55. As second engineer explain the procedure to be adopted for the complete inspection of a main engine cylinder unit emphasizing the areas of significant interest. [2/07], [5/04], [2/10] a) Explain with reasons, possible faults which might be found. [9/10,6/11] b) Suggest how such faults might be rectified. [9/10,6/11] 56. a. If an auxiliary diesel generator over-speeds and runs away while off the load, explain:i. How it can be stopped; ii. What is likely to be the reasons for the failure. b. Give details of what checks are made after the machine has been stopped: i. Mechanically; ii. Electrically. [2/07], [4/05], [5/04], [4/04], [2/10]

57. With reference to main engine starting and reversing: [2/07], [5/04], [2/10], a. Define the function of air distributors; b. Explain how crankshaft rotation is possible from any angular position; c. Give reasons why air distributors are not fitted to some large direct reversing engines. 58. With reference to turbo-chargers: a. State how the performance may be assessed; b. State how the optimum performance may be maintained; c. Explain how two stroke cycle engine operation may be safely maintained and further damage to the machinery avoided if a serious crack is discovered in the turbine end casing such that the turbo-charger may no longer be operated. [2/07], [8/06], [9/05], [6/05], [2/05],[9/07], [1/08], [12/08], [1/09], [4/09],[1/10] 59. Electrical power is provide from alternators driven by auxiliary diesel engines. [2/07], [1/10] a. Using a sketch to illustrate your answer, describe a suitable governor. b. Give an account of governor action to increase the power delivered by the engine in response to a large electrical load increase while also restoring and maintaining the correct frequency. c. Explain each of the following: i. The necessity for droop; ii. How droop is effected. 60. The emergency generator for (a 300 *) passenger ship has to be completely renewed. The company contracted for the work has no previous experience of marine installation. You as the second engineer have been requested to write the specification for the type and installation of the generators. a. Outline your proposal for the type of engine. b. State the necessary requirements for approval and certification needed. [2/07], [5/04*], [1/10] 61. With reference to recent ratification of 73/78 Annex VI, ships will be required to burn low sulphur (1.5%) fuel oil. Discuss the properties of cylinder liner lubricant for compatibility with this type of fuel and the on board management of operating the engines with two different types of fuel for main engine. [1/07], [6/05], [6/04], [12/09], [2/11] 62. How can an explosion occur in the starting air line of an internal combustion engine and how can the possibility of such an occurrence be reduced? Sketch and describe devices, which may be fitted to reduce the severity of such an explosion. State the attention which air starting valves should be given before stand by. [1/07], [10/05], [6/05], [6/04], [12/09] 63. The vessel you have recently joined as engineer has suffered from frequent damage to fuel injectors in the form of burned nozzles. [1/07], [6/04], [12/09] a. State, with reasons, three possible causes of burned injector nozzles. b. Explain how you would investigate the cause of problem. c. Explain the procedures you would institute in order to minimize future problems of this nature. 64. At a certain speed vibration occurs in a turbocharger: [1/07], [6/04], [8/09] a. State the reasons the possible causes; b. Explain how the cause can be detected and corrected; c. Explain how the risk of future incidents can be minimized. 65. a. State four operational conditions that may lead to vibration of the main transmission shafting. b. Suggest methods to reduce the vibration levels that may occur in the main transmission shafting. [1/07], [6/04], [8/09]

66.

a. Sketch diagrammatically a device for controlling the viscosity of the fuel oil to the injectors. b. State the value at which the viscosity should be maintained; c. If the viscosity controller were to be inoperative what means may then be employed to operate the engine satisfactorily. [1/07], [8/09]

67. Upon joining a vessel whose sister ship has suffered a scavenge fire, you as second engineer are asked to reduce the possibility of such an occurrence on the present vessel. a. Describe the action that should be taken. b. Explain the dangers associated with a scavenge fire. [1/07], [9/09] 68. In the case of a main propulsion engine explain the indications and possible effects which might be expected from: a. Insufficient bearing clearance; b. Excessive bearing clearance and c. Crankshaft misalignment. State the recommended bearing clearances for the bottom end, top end and main bearings of your last motor vessel. [9/10,6/11], [5/05], [1/07], [6/04],[6/08], [9/09] 69. Consideration has been given to running diesel machinery unattended at night. Describe the modifications and additional apparatus, which would be necessary before this could be achieved with reasonable safety. [1/07], [6/04], [9/09], [9/10,6/11] 70. The fuel consumption of your ship suddenly increases for no apparent reasons. Describe how you would investigate the problem and deal with it. [Em06/07], [3/05], 71. It has been found that during recent periods of maneuvering a number of air start valve bursting discs or cones have failed: a. Explain the possible reasons for this. b. Indicate how the actual cause might be: i. Detected; ii. Rectified; [Em06/07], [3/05], 72. Discuss the precautions which can be taken to minimize the possibility of a diesel engine crank case explosion and the transmission of dangerous flame into the machinery space; a. By design and equipment b. By operating personnel. [Em06/07], [4/06], [3/05], 73. Sketch and describe a system of control for maneuvering a main diesel engine from the bridge and show local control may be effected in case of breakdown of the system. [Em06/07], [Em05/06], [3/05], [3/11] 74. Enumerate the causes of vibration in main propulsion diesel machinery shafting. Describe; [Em06/07], a. The inherent design aspects, which reduce vibrations from the engine and propeller shafting. b. The possible measures taken by the operators to reduce harmful vibrations. 75. Name the factors that a engine designer considers in the selection of the compression ratio for a compression ignition engine. Give some examples of compression ratio values. How does compression ratio affect NOx emission? [Em06/07], [3/05], 76. a. State the various types of indicator diagram that are used to assess engine performance. b. Specify the additional data needed in conjunction with these diagram. c. Explain how some abnormalities in indicator diagrams can be traced to indicator. d. Describe the precautions necessary to avoid indicator malfunctions. [Em06/07], [3/05],

77. Give a reasoned opinion as to the accuracy of the following assertions: [Em06/07], [3/05], a. Absence of oil grooves in the liner wall between the oil supply points results in increased wear of liner and rings. b. Timed lubrication has little merit; c. The most suitable position of the oil supply point is immediately below the bottom piston ring with the piston at top dead centre. 78. Fatigue is one of the main causes of crank shaft failure [9/06], [3/06], [7/09], [11/09] a. Indicate on a sketch the most likely location of a fatigue crack b. Explain how a fatigue failure identified c. Describe how fatigue crack may be initiated d. Describe, with the aid of sketches, the method used to inhibit fatigue crack. 79. Write a report to your companys superintendent engineer outlining the stoppage at sea to replace the main engine liner, which had developed a crack and suggest remedial measures to prevent a recurrence of similar trouble. [8/06], [Em08-09] 80. a. Sketch a cylinder relief valve suitable for a large slow speed engine*; b. Describe its salient design features; c. State the purpose of fitting such a device; d. State the possible circumstances when the relief valve may lift and indicate the action to be taken to prevent damage to the engine.* [8/06], [5*/06], [1*/08], [Em08-09]

81. Describe in detail the causes and conditions that; [8/06](mep20), [Em08-09], [9/10,6/11] a. Create an explosive atmosphere in a crankcase; b. Initiate a primary explosion; c. Propagate a secondary explosion; State how hazardous conditions can be avoided. 82. a. Define the essential conditions, which must be satisfied by the air supply for a pneumatic control system. [8/06], [6/05], [2/05],[9/07], [3/09] b. Sketch a control air supply arrangement and give a reasoned explanation for positioning of dryers and filters. [7/09], [9/09], [11/09], [2/11], [Em06/07 EKG],

83. Give a list of the properties or test by which distillate and blended fuels may be specified or decisions be made on their fitness for use. Name the properties and constituents that may be found in a blended fuel having a high viscosity and high carbon content. Explain how they may cause problems in engine operation. [8/06], [6/05], [2/05],[9/07], [8/08], [3/09], [7/09], [9/09], [11/09], [2/11] 84. a. State, with reasons, four possible causes of an engine failing to turn over when the engine control is moved to the start position. b. Explain how the cause of an engine failing to turn over on air may be traced. c. Explain how local manual control is achieved in the event of failure of the remote control system fitted to a marine diesel engine. d. State the procedure involved in achieving manual reversal of a marine diesel engine. [8/06], [6/05], [2/05],[9/07],[2/08], 3/08], [3/09], [7/09], [9/09], [12/09], [2/11], [10/09], [11/09],

85. In engine rooms that are operated under UMS conditions describe with the aid of sketches how the following are monitored. a. The perforation of a high pressure fuel pipe; b. The imminence or possibility of scavenge fire; c. Condition that may be conducive to a crank case explosion; d. Abnormal thrust pads temperature. [8/06], [6/05], [2/05],[9/07], [12/08], [1/09], [4/09]

86. With reference to a large diesel engine piston: [7/06], [7/10] a. What stresses act on a piston during operation? b. What are the causes of burning & cracking of piston crown? c. How positive circulation of coolant is achieved? d. Why piston crown may be given a slight taper? 87. Explain how following condition effect the power developed by an engine: [7/06], a. Elongation of camshaft chain; b. Broken top two piston rings; c. Worn fuel pump plungers. 88. As compared to other bearings in a large marine diesel engine, give reasons why top end bearings are: a. More prone to failure; [7/06], [7/10] b. Have greater clearance in proportion to pin diameter; c. Have larger diameter in proportion to length. 89. a. Identify the principal factors responsible foe fouling of the gas side of turbo chargers? b. What are the effects of running engines with fouled turbo chargers & how it is identified? [7/06], [7/10]

90. Whilst operating in heavy weather the main engine loses power and misfires. Investigation shows considerable quantities of water in the fuel. a. State, with reasons, the immediate action you as second engineer would take to ensure the safe operation of the main engine. b. State, with reasons, the possible places where water could enter the fuel system. c. State, with reasons, the standing instructions you as second engineer would issue with respect to the operation of the fuel system in order to prevent major problems due to water in the fuel. [7/06], [1/06], [9/08], [11/08], [3/10], [4/10] 91. Write short notes on the following giving reasons and remedies: a. Crank case explosion; b. Main engine #1 unit exhaust temperature high. [7/06], 92. a. State how a cylinder liner is checked for wear? How these measurements are recorded? b. What types of wear takes place in a cylinder liner? Where does the maximum wear take place & why? [7/06], [8/08] a. Sketch the profile of ahead and astern cams for a main engine fuel injector. b. Show, using a simple sketch, how the cams are mounted on the shaft? [7/06], [8/08], [7/10]

93.

94. During a river passage the propeller of a light ship is rotating at dead slow revolutions ahead when it strikes a large floating object causing a momentary drop in engine revolutions. As the (chief*) second engineer of the vessel describe in report format the inspection of the vessel propulsion and transmission system that you would supervise to ensure it is safe for the vessel to continue its voyage. Assume that the vessel is anchored and that no outside assistance is available.[6/06],[Em03/04*],[2/04*],[6/08],[11/10*] 95. With reference to main boiler super heater arrangements: [6/06](ekg32), [2/04], [11/10] a. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of contra flow with parallel flow design. b. Describe how the element tube banks are supported yet allow for expansion. c. Describe how boiler carryover affects super heater effectiveness and condition. 96. Describe how each of the following procedures may be accomplished by bridge control equipment for a direct reversing 2-stroke diesel engine. a. Setting the direction of rotation; b. Starting; c. Controlling speed. [5/06], [8/05], [Em10-11]

97. With reference to auxiliary diesel engines, suggest probable causes that would create each of the following conditions and state how they would be rectified: a. Knocking; b. Loss of power; c. Loss of lubricating oil pressure. [5/06], [Em10-11] 98. With reference to the crankshaft and running gear of an engine, explain each of the following: a. Static balance; b. Dynamic balance; c. Torque reaction couple; d. Critical speed. [5/06], 99. a. Describe, with the aid of a sketch, the main engine ancillary equipment for automatic monitoring and regulation of the fuel viscosity. b. Explain the operation of the system, which incorporates the equipment described in (a). c. For an engine which is maneuvered on distillate fuel but operated on heavy residual oil at sea, state, as second engineer, the standing orders you would issue for the procedure to be adopted when changing from distillate fuel to heavy residual oil and vice versa. [5/06], a. Describe with a simple sketch the arrangement of exhaust and air inlet passages in a medium speed four-stroke engine cylinder head. [5/06], [5/05], [3/08], [1/10], [2/11] b. With reference to (a) indicate where cracking might be expected stating the likely cause. c. Explain the different factors that tend to cause distortion of four stroke cylinder heads. d. Explain how the effects described in (c) are minimized by design. a. Describe briefly the operation of an electrical or hydraulic main engine governor. b. For the type described indicate how failure can occur and the action to be taken if immediate correction cannot be achieved and the engine must be operated. [5/06], [3/06], [2/06], [2/09]

100.

101.

102. Sketch and describe the means used for operation of air starting valves of a large engine. Explain how engine reversal is effected. [4/06], 103. Discuss the nature of the forces to which a main engine crankshaft is subjected in normal service and explain how the resulting stress are maintained at a safe limit by design and efficient maintenance respectively. Indicate the circumstances under which the crankshaft may:a. Be over-stressed; b. Become defective without being over-stressed. [4/06], 104. How is fuel injected into the cylinder of a heavy-oil two-stroke cycle internal combustion engine and how it is ignited? Show by a timing diagram at what point of the stroke injection of the fuel begins and ends. Name the engine to which your answer refers. Explain the effect of advancing the timing of injection on :a. Fuel per brake horsepower hour; b. Exhaust temperature; c. Cylinder maximum pressure. [4/06], 105. Suggest with reasons, which one or combination of the following conditions is likely to contribute most to persistent breakage/slackening of holding down bolts:a. A scavenge fire; b. Small cracks in the transverse girder of the bedplate; c. Highly stressed holding down bolts; d. Loose chocks; e. Partially balanced reciprocating masses; f. One piston hung up. [4/06] 106. a. Describe with the aid of sketches a fuel pump capable of variable injection timing. b. State why injection timing might need to be changed. c. State how injection timing is adjusted while the engine is running. [4/06],

107. With reference to fouling on the gas side of turbochargers, state: a. What are the common causes and nature of the deposits; b. How it effects engine operation; c. How it is reduced in practice; d. How heavy fouling can be avoided. [4/06](89), [1/06], [9/08],[11/08], [1/10], [2/11]

108. With reference to fuel as used for main engine operations: [4/06], a. State why the ordering of the bunkers should be by reference to a defined specification rather than simply by viscosity; b. Describe shipboard tests which can be carried out on bunkers as delivered in order to assess: i. Water content; ii. The presence of catalytic fines; iii. Viscosity. c. Explain the possible significance of an abnormally high bunker delivery temperature in relation to the viscosity of the fuel ordered. 109. With reference to mechanical/hydraulic governors explain: [4/06], [9/05], [5/04], [1/08], [7/09] a. Why flyweights are driven at a higher rotational speed than the engine. b. How dead band effects are reduced. c. How hunting is reduced. d. How the output torque is increased. 110. You have been appointed as the second engineer of an eight years old vessel, recently purchased by your shipping company. Write a report to the engineering superintendent covering the inspection of main propulsion machinery carried out by you to ensure their trouble free operation. [3/06](ekg60),[Em05/06], [4/09] 111. a. Briefly describe the cause and effects of bacterial attack of lubricating oil. b. Bacterial activity has been detected in the lubricating oil of the main engine fitted in the ship aboard which you are serving as second engineer. Write a letter to the owner/operator of the ship indicating the action you intend taking and offer suggestions with respect to the avoidance of future incidents. [3/06], [2/05],[9/07] [10/07], [8/08], [10/08], [2/09], [3/09], [4/09], [12/09]

112. Misalignment of the main shafting between engine and propeller causes bearing overloads and shaft stress. a. State the difficulties associated with checking shaft alignment and the reasons why results are unreliable due to external factors. b. Explain with a simple sketch how a bearing load is assessed. c. Explain how uneven loading could be rectified. [3/06], [4/09] 113. With reference to turbo-chargers: [3/06], [1/09] a. Explain why when surging occurs, the speed of the turbo-charger is seen to change slightly; b. Give examples of defects likely to result in surging; c. Explain in simple terms what occurs in the turbo-charger and the diesel engine as the speed/ power ratio increases. Based on the explanation what is meant by matching of a turbo with an engine. d. State the advantages of fitting un-cooled turbo-chargers. 114. a. State the action to be taken in the event of a main engine scavenge fire occurring. b. State the action to be taken after a scavenge fire has been extinguished. c. State how scavenge fire occur. d. State how future incidents of scavenge fires may be prevented. [3/06], [7/09], [11/09]

115. As second engineer you have been requested to obtain the power output (indicator cards *) from the large slow speed main diesel engine of a recently purchased second hand ship. a. Describe your initial checks and preparations; b. State with reasons the type of indicator cards you would consider necessary and explain the procedure for obtaining these. c. State in order of importance the additional information required with the cards. d. State your procedure for analysis of the cards and obtaining cylinder powers. e. In case power is calculated by any other means the same may be described with illustrations. [2/06], [8/08], [2/09], [3/11] , [2/11], [Em05/06*], [8*/05], [7*/05], [2/05], [9*/04],[9*/07]

116. During the past four months since you joined the ship as second engineer a number of main engine exhaust valves have suffered cracking and corrosion to the seating faces. Explain the following points. a. How the problem become evident; b. Your action upon recognizing the extent and seriousness of the problem. c. Your reasoned views regarding the possible causes of the problem. d. Your recommendations to avoid future incidents. [2/06], 117. a. Describe with the aid of sketches a turbocharger bearing lubrication system, stating the type of bearing employed and explaining the advantages and disadvantages of the lubricating system described. [7/05], [3/09], [8/09], [3/11] b. One of the main engine turbocharger on the vessel aboard which you are serving as second engineer has suffered a sudden and unexpected failure.* Explain the incident and give a reasoned proposed action to be undertaken to bring the turbocharger back into service. [2/06], (Write a letter to the ship owner/operator concerning the incident and stating the action undertaken in bringing the turbocharger back into service.)

118. What is meant by power balancing with respect to reciprocating engines? Why is balance desired and how is it obtained in the case of a large marine oil engine? What difficulties may be experienced in balancing an engine running at about 500 rpm and how can these difficulties be overcome? [2/06], 119. a. Particles of metal have been found in the oil filter of auxiliary diesel engine crankcase. Describe how the nature and source of these particle may be determined. b. State the possible reasons for crankcase lubricating oil filters becoming restricted after short periods with the necessity for frequent cleaning. c. Describe how this problem may be reduced. d. State the affect of contaminated oil flow can have on different parts of an engine. [2/06], a. Describe how the bearing wear down of a large 2-stroke cross head type engine is checked. b. i. Describe how a set of crank shaft deflection is taken. [2/06], [Emg/07] ii. State the precaution that must be taken to ensure accuracy of the deflection readings. c. State why deflection would be taken even though bearing wear down had been checked. a. Sketch a fuel injector. [2/06], [10/05], b. Explain how it operates and what determines the point at which injection occurs. c. Describe the defects to which injectors are prone. d. How can be injection be improved when a low speed engine is to operate at prolonged low load?

120.

121.

122. With reference to the burning of heavy residual fuel in the main engine: [2/06], [8/05], a. State with reasons four modification which need to be made as compared with the same engine burning distillate fuel. b. As second engineer state with reasons, six properties that would be required to see in the specification for residual fuel indicating the effect of each of these properties might have with respect to the engine and burning of the fuel. 123. a. A number of main engine cylinder covers have been subjected to cracking during the preceding four months. [1/06], [9/08], [11/08], [2/10] i. Explain possible reasons for this cracking. ii. State with reasons the action you, as second engineer, would take in order to reduce the possibility of future cylinder cover cracking. b. Cylinder liner wear has increased appreciably during the past six months. Write a brief report to the engineering superintendent concerning this matter explaining the possible causes, the immediate action to deal with the problem and the action you, as second engineer, intend to take in order to reduce the risk of future incidents.

124.

a. Difficulty has been experienced in maintaining engine speed at the value set: i. State three possible causes; [1/06], [9/08], [11/08], [2/10] ii. State how each of these causes may be detected. b. Describe the action to be taken in order to ensure safe operation of the main engine plant in the event of complete failure of the remote control and sensing equipment. a. Explain the term ignition quality as applied to marine fuel oil. b. State with reasons the properties of the fuel which can influence ignition quality. c. State how an unexpected change in ignition quality would manifest itself in an operating engine. d. Explain in detail how an engine would be adjusted in order to burn a fuel having a different ignition quality. [1/06], [9/08], [11/08], [1/10]

125.

126. With reference to (torsional *) vibration in a main propulsion installation based on medium speed engines, gearbox and controllable pitch propeller: [1/06], [10/05], [9/08], [11/08], [1/10], [2/11] a. Explain how the vibration may be caused. [9/10,6/11] * b. State the possible effects and damage that could result. c. Discuss the method employed to minimize the potential problems associated with torsional vibration ; d. Describe how the natural vibration frequency of the system could modified. 127. With reference to crankcase diaphragm glands: [1/06], [9/08], [11/08], [3/10],[4/10] a. Explain why effectiveness deteriorates in service;[Em/07] b. Describe the procedure for renewal of parts so that efficiency is restored and rod scoring is avoided; ;[Em/07] c. describe how effectiveness is restored if spares are unavailable; d. Explain the functions of upper and lower sections. a. State why scraper rings are carried on pistons, when crankcase seals are provided. [Em/07] 128. Express your reactions and state the subsequent investigation you would make if a laboratory reports on a used diesel engine oil sample indicated the presence of appreciable amounts of:a. Iron , b. Copper, antimony and tin c. Silicon. [Em05/06](mep49), [3/11] 129. List the principal main engine spares you would require for an ocean going motor-ship fitted with a sixcylinder two-stroke engine burning heavy oil and explain the reasons for your stipulations. [Em05/06], [3/11] 130. With reference to crankshafts, explain each of the following: [Em05/06], [3/11] a. The cause and effects of torsional vibration; b. The term critical speed indicating why it can be a problem; c. The term fatigue cracking and state, with reasons, two factors of crankshaft operation which have greatest influence on the likelihood of fatigue cracking. d. How a torsional vibration damper can reduce the effects of torsional vibration. 131. a. Describe with sketches a scroll type fuel pump. [10/05], b. Explain how the quantity of fuel is metered and how the governor cut out functions. c. State how this type of pump is set after overhaul. d. State the reasons that necessitate pump overhaul.

132. Describe three ways in which each of the following defects would reveal itself during full power operation of an engine. a. Cracked liner; b. Defective fuel valve; c. Overheated bottom end bearing; d. Inefficient turbocharger; [10/05],

133. It is discovered that delivery of air from a turbocharger has fallen even though engine fuel control has not been changed. State with reasons: a. The causes of such reduced delivery; b. The effects of this reduced air supply on the engine; c. The immediate action to be taken; d. How future incidents might be minimized. [10/05], 134. Discuss possible defects, which can occur in top end bearing of heavy-oil engines and describe methods adopted to obviate such defects. Why is it considered necessary to supply high-pressure lubricating oil to top end bearings? [10/05], 135. Sketch a cross section through a piston rod stuffing box. a. Define with detail sketches the function of and difference between, sealing rings and scraper rings. b. Identify with reasons those details which should receive particular attention during overhaul of the complete assembly. [10/05], 136. Define the meaning of the term critical speed range as applied to diesel engines. Explain why an engine should not be operated continuously in or near this range. Explain the effect of controllable pitch propellers on the range. State how the effect of critical speed range is reduced. [9/05], [1/08] 137. a. Identify the factors, which could be responsible for initiation and propagations in air starting systems. [9/05], [1/08] b. Explain how the possibility of an explosion in an air start system is minimized. c. Describe the devices required for air start systems, which are intended to dissipate the energy of an explosion. d. Suggest why one type of safety addition, although appearing to operate correctly, may not prevent a severe air start line explosion and loss of life. a. Describe a transverse bow thruster unit. Mention should be made of where it is fitted, how the propeller hub with shafts and internal bevel gear drive are usually supported and how the maneuvering oil is conveyed to the propeller main servo-motor. Also mention how strength of thrust and reverse thrust are achieved. [9/05](ekg1), b. Give reasons why the standard constant speed non-reversing type electric motor is preferred as the prime mover rather than a diesel engine. c. i. State what type of pump can the thrust unit be related to. [9/05], ii. Does the thrust unit deliver a (relatively) low pressure head with high volume output or high pressure head with low volume output.

138.

139. Give reasoned opinion as to the validity of each of the following assertions: [9/05], a. Fabricated bed plates and frames are less susceptible to crack formation than those that are cast. b. Holding down arrangements are essentially intended to maintain engine location. c. Flexibility of ship structure in way of main engines is of greater consequence than flexibility of engine structure. 140. Describe the events leading to crankcase explosion. [9/05],[1/08], [8/08] a. State how overheating might be indicated other than by a mist detector. [8/08] b. State how severity of a crankcase explosion is limited. [8/08] c. Emission of flame has in the past caused sever burns to personnel present during a crankcase explosion. Describe the additional flame traps. Discuss the procedure in the event of over heating being indicated. d. State the standing orders you as chief engineer would issue in the event of the mist detector alarm actuating. [8/08]

141. Difficulties have been experienced in getting the engine to reverse during maneuvering: [9/05], a. State the action which should be taken upon discovering this problem. b. State, with reasons, the possible causes of such a problem. c. Explain the procedure required in order to determine the cause of the problem. d. State the standing instruction you, as second engineer, would issue I order to reduce the risk of future difficulties resulting from similar problems. 142. a. Sketch and describe a large cylinder relief valve. [9/05], [1/08] b. State the circumstances under which it is likely to lift. c. State the defects to which such valves are susceptible and state how these defects are avoided. d. State why a leaky valve should receive immediate attention.

143. Electrical power is provided from an alternator driven by a main engine, which is coupled to a controllable pitch propeller. [8/05], a. Using a sketch to illustrate your answer, describe a suitable governor for the main engine. b. Give an account of the governor action to increase the power delivered by the engine in response to a large electrical load increase while also restoring and maintaining the correct frequency. c. The electrical load is transferred to auxiliary diesel driven alternators when necessary, by paralleling. Explain the necessity for droop being incorporated in governors and how this is effected. 144. Complete replenishment of the main engine lubricating oil is to be carried out due to contamination. As second engineer write a report to head office justifying this heavy expenditure explaining the temporary steps taken to avoid further trouble on voyage and suggesting permanent measures to avoid repetition. [8/05], OR It has been found necessary to completely replenish all of the oil in the lubricating system of a large motor ship ( or steam turbine ship). Write a detailed report to the superintendent engineer justifying this heavy expenditure, the expendiencies required to prevent further trouble during the voyage, and suggestions for permanent measures to avoid a recurrence of the initial problem. [1/11], 145. Sketch and describe a pneumatic control system for controlling temperature of main engine lubricating oil at outlet of the cooler and :- [8/05], a. Explain why air supplied to a pneumatic control system must be free from dust and water b. Describe how above impurities are removed; c. State the possible consequences if the air supply is contaminated. [9/10,6/11] 146. With reference to the cylinder lubrication of a large slow speed engine: a. Explain with the aid of sketch, the operation of a cylinder lubricator, indicating how quantity adjustments may be conducted; b. State the advantages and disadvantages of the relative vertical positions of cylinder lubricating quills used by different engine manufacturers; c. Describe two features that assist the speed of the oil; d. describe how you as second engineer would assess liner wear and decide when renewal is necessary. e. State the effect of low sulphur fuels on cylinder lubrication. [8/05],[10/07], [10/08], [Em08-09] 147. Severe engine vibration has recently become evident when the main engine for which you responsible operates within a certain speed range. a. State, with reasons, the possible causes of such vibration; b. State the consequences of operating the engine under such vibratory conditions; c. Describe the procedure you, as second engineer, would implement in order to investigate and rectify the problem. [8/05], [Em10-11]

148. Sketch the profiles of cams for each of the following duties, stating the type of engine concerned and giving reasons in each case for the particular profile shown. [8/05], [Em10-11] a. Jerk type fuel pump; b. Exhaust valve; c. Mechanically operated fuel valve; d. Starting air valve. 149. Assume you are instructed to submit to the superintendent engineer a complete indicator cards together with relevant data. Give full account of your work in taking the cards and preparing them for submission. Tabulate the data you forward, both that extracted from the cards and otherwise obtained, giving typical figures taken from a motor ship. [7/05], [3/09], [8/09] 150. Recent experience has shown persistent damage occurring on seating faces of main engine exhaust valves which is not confined to any particular cylinder unit. [7/05], [3/09], [8/09] a. State with reasons, the possible causes; b. State the short term action to be taken in order to minimize engine operational problems. c. State, with reasons, how feature incidents of this nature could be minimized. 151. Inspection of an engine indicates an unexpected increase in cylinder liner wear rate. State with reasons the possible causes if: [7/05], [12/08], [1/09] a. The problem is confined to a single cylinder; b. The problem is common to all cylinders. 152. a. State why bottom end bolts of 4 stroke engines are susceptible to failure. [7/05], [12/08], [1/09] b. Sketch a bottom end bolt of suitable design. c. Explain how good design reduces possibility of failure. d. State how the possibility of failure is reduced by good maintenance. a. State, with reasons, four possible causes of a propulsion engine falling to start when operating on bridge control; [7/05], [12/08], [1/09] b. Explain how the causes stated in (a) may be determined. c. Explain the procedure for changing over to local control in the event of failure of the remote control system of a marine diesel propulsion engine. d. State the procedure involved in achieving manual reversal of a marine diesel engine. a. Draw a schematic diagram of a hydraulic governor used for diesel generator engines. [7/05], b. Describe each component briefly. c. Explain the use of droop & its function in paralleling generators. a. State the possible causes of tie rod breakage. [7/05], [8/10], [Em08-09] b. Suggest a method for the removal of a broken tie rod. c. State the inspections that are necessary before returning the engine to service after tie rod replacement. d. Effects of running engine with broken tie rod. [8/10]

153.

154.

155.

156. With reference to the scavenge spaces of main engines give reasons for the following fault: [7/05], [Em08-09] a. Lubricating oil accumulation; b. Scavenge fire; c. Water accumulation; d. High air temperature. 157. a. Describe, with aid of sketches, either an electronic governor or a hydraulic governor. [4/05], b. Explain how the governor, described in (a), functions in order to increase fuel to the engine in the event of a load increase. c. State the defects which can impair operation of the governor described in (a).

158. During a routine crankcase inspection, a main engine top end bearing is found to be wiped and subsequent inspection shows that the pin is badly scored. a. Explain in detail the action, which should be taken to enable the engine to be safely operated so that the vessel may reach a port where effective repair facilities are available. b. State with reasons, the factors which influence the speed at which the engine may be safely operated. [4/05], [4/04], 159. State how each of the following defects becomes apparent, Describe its effect on engine operation or safety and indicate the corrective action required to restore normal engine conditions. a. Leaking air inlet and exhaust valves; b. Leaking air start valve; c. Cracked cylinder liner; d. Broken piston rings. [5/05], [3/08], [1/10] 160. a. With reference to crankshafts and piston crowns outline the main stresses to which those parts are subjected. [5/05], [4/08] b. In each case explain how the stresses are generated and how they vary in magnitude and direction during one cycle. c. With respect to the whole engine describe how stresses may be accommodated by good design and influenced by poor maintenance. a. Describe using sketches a top end bearing arrangement designed to minimize or prevent the risk of oil film overload. b. Explain why successful lubrication of top end bearings is difficult to achieve in practice. [5/05], [4/08] a. Explain why cleanliness throughout the turbochargers system is critical to engine performance. b. Describe an in-service cleaning procedure gas and air sides of a turbocharger indicating safety precautions to be observed. [5/05], [4/08] a. Values of some main engine exhaust temperatures displayed in the engine control room differ from those displayed on the engine for the same cylinders. [5/05], [6/08] i. Explain how it might be determined which readings are inaccurate. ii. State possible reasons for these inaccurate readings. iii. Explain how the location of the faults may be detected. b. State the periodic checks which should be under taken to ensure that remote engine instrumentation is reading accurately. a. Describe how it is determined whether a crank shaft was twisted during a major smash up in a main engine. [5/05], [6/08] b. Explain where twisting is most likely to occur. c. Specify with reasons the degree of twisting that might be accommodated without correction. d. Explain briefly what adjustments and precautions should be instituted when putting an engine with a twisted crankshaft back into service.

161.

162.

163.

164.

165. As the second engineer of a ship on a five year time charter answer the following in the form of a report to your company superintendent: [4/05], [8/04], a. You received complaints after four weeks of a see voyage that the ship was not maintaining charter speed. Explain how you investigated and attempted to remedy the situation. b. The charter has requested the use of a lower quality fuel as his costs for bunkers are excessive. Offer you advice to owners on this request. 166. Enumerate the causes of vibration in main propulsion diesel machinery shafting. Describe the procedure by which it may be reduced by operating personnel suitable design and devices. State the possible effects of vibration on machinery and crew members. [3/05](74),

167. Write a report to your companys superintendent engineer outlining the breakdown of a diesel generator engine suggest remedial measures to prevent a recurrence of similar trouble. [2/05],[9/07], [8/08], [2/09] 168. a. i. Describe with the aid of a sketch, one section of a large slow speed engine crankshaft which has been assembled by shrinkage of webs onto journal pins. ii. Explain how a five degree twist might be caused to a shaft assembled by shrinkage. b. State the possible effects of a five degree twist in the crankshaft assembly and draw conclusion as to whether the engine should be operated and any adjustment that may be necessary for continued operation. Assume that the incident has occurred at a port with no repair faculties. [1/05],

169. With reference to the automatic combustion system for an auxiliary boiler, describe in detail how all safety checks are carried out. [Em03/04], 170. Explain the term cascade control and sketch such a system suitable for use with a main engine jacket cooling water system. Show the variation of pressure and temperature at the major points of the system. [Em03/04], [4/04], 171. Sketch and describe the construction of a piston for a large 2-stroke marine propulsion engine and show how the piston rod is attached. What provision is made for keeping the piston cool and why should this be necessary? How are the piston rings fitted and what clearances are provided? Specify the engine make. [Em03/04], 172. With the aid of a block diagram describe the operation of an electronic governor for an internal combustion engine. [Em03/04], [10/07], [10/08], a. State three problems to which such a governor is prone and explain how each becomes evident. b. In the event of the governor on a direct drive engine becoming inoperative state the action you, as chief engineer, would take in order to ensure safe operation of the engine. [Em08-09] 173. Enumerate the reasons why main engine crankshaft bearing may overheat and explain the possible consequences of continued operation with an overheated bearing. State the methods by which an engineer may become aware of such overheating and describe suitable procedures following detection. [Em03/04], 174. With reference to the turbocharger for a medium speed engine: [Em03/04], a. Explain why ball or roller bearing are renewed periodically; b. State the important considerations when removing and replacing turbocharger bearings; c. List the checks that are carried out when a turbocharger is opened for routine replacement of bearings. 175. A number of exhaust valves on a large cross head type main engine have shown signs of excessive damage at seating faces during the preceding year. a. State, with reasons, the possible causes of such damage. b. Explain the action you, as second engineer, would take to determine the actual cause of the damage. c. State the procedure you, as second engineer, would institute to ensure that future valve damage was reduced. [7/04], 176. With reference to main transmission shaft alignment: [7/04](ekg13), a. State the various factors which affect shaft alignment during the service life of ship; b. State the principle of the fair curve method of alignment; c. Describe the fair curve alignment method.

177. Identify with reasons those factors governing clearance in each of the following bearings: [7/04], a. Crosshead guides; b. Top ends; c. Bottom ends. State why these clearances should neither be too coarse or too fine. 178. What design improvement was made to older, cross-scavenged two-stroke cycle engines to increase the power developed? [7/04], 179. With reference to the burning of residual fuel state, with reasons, each of the following: [7/04], a. Five main problems associated with burning residual fuel oil in medium speed engines; b. The procedure you as second engineer would adopt in order to ensure that bunkers of the correct quantity and specification were ordered and accepted on board. 180. After prolonged full power operation of a main engine it is noticed that the temperature of the coolant returning from one piston is appreciably higher than the reminder. Describe how the cause is traced and corrected. [7/04], 181. With respect to auxiliary boiler water level maintenance and indication, describe, with the aid of sketches, the sensing devices for: [6/04](ekg21), i. A feed pump control; ii. Local water level; iii. Remote water level; iv. Low and high water level alarms. 182. Write a report to your companys superintendent engineer outlining the breakdown of a turbocharger at sea and suggest remedial measures to prevent a recurrence of similar trouble. [5/04], 183. You have been appointed as the second engineer of an eight years old vessel, recently purchased by your shipping company. The vessel was laid up for a period of one year, draw out a list of essential item covering the inspection of main propulsion machinery carried out by you to ensure its trouble free operation and compliance with statutory certification. [5/04](110), [3/11], [3/08ekg], 184. a. Describe the overhaul of a boiler safety valve and explain, using sketches where necessary, those parts, which require particularly close attention. b. Describe the setting of the boiler safety valve s to comply with classification society requirements. [5/04](mep14), a. Sketch a main engine shaft driven generator arrangement with an electronic system for frequency correction. b. Describe the operation of the generator arrangement sketched in (a). [4/04](elc10),

185.

186. The analysis of oil may be used as a method of monitoring the condition of the equipment that it lubricates. a. Explain briefly how shore analysis might test the oil. b. State the type of information that would be expected. c. Give possible reasons for an excess of: i. iron; ii. Copper; iii. Antimony; iv. Tin ; v. silica. [4/04], 187. A diesel generator when fitted in a machinery space which is periodically unmanned may be equipped with monitoring alarms of the exhaust temperatures. Discuss the relative merits of : [4/04], [3/11] a. Individual cylinder maximum temperature alarms; b. Individual cylinder maximum and minimum temperature alarms; c. Individual cylinder maximum temperature alarm and an alarm for any two cylinders exhaust temperatures deviating more than 35oc. Explain how arrangement (c) can be provided for.

188. With reference to the behavior of fabricated bed plates & frames in service: [4/04], a. Identify the various forces imposed simultaneously upon them. b. Explain how engine structure withstands these forces? c. State how these forces are transferred to ships structure? 189. Describe the process of inspecting the running gear of a main diesel engine. What is the purpose of such an inspection and what defects may be found? [4/04], 190. Draw a line diagram of a complete feed water system for an auxiliary boiler labeling all the principal items and showing the direction of flow in all lines. Explain how the feed supply to the boiler is regulated. State what means are provided to prevent oil contamination of the feed water. [4/04], 191. With reference to large main engine structures: [3/04], a. Point out two areas of apparent weakness; b. State how the weaknesses commonly manifest themselves; c. Give a reason for the weaknesses in the areas identified; d. Suggest how resultant faults may be avoided or corrected. 192. a. Sketch a commonly employed method of attachment between crosshead and slippers. [3/04], b. Explain why guide clearance is strictly limited. c. Give reasons why lubricant is usually fed to the slippers and not the guides.

193. Suggest with reasons, how one or combination of the following conditions is likely to contribute most to design of piston rings with the objective of preventing from breaking. [3/04], a. Engine overload; b. Engine coolant pump stalled; c. Turbo charger fouled on gas side; d. Partially chocked air intake filter; e. Worn cylinder liner; f. Inadequate cylinder lubrication. 194. a. Explain the need for cylinder head relief valves. [3/04], b. Describe the circumstances under which they would operate. c. State, why they need regular attention. a. Draw a line diagram of a complete main engine starting air system from reservoir to cylinder valve labeling all the principal components and indicating the direction of flow in all lines. b. Explain how the system functions. c. State with reasons what protection devices are incorporated. [3/04],

195.

196. With reference to turbocharging explain: [3/04], a. Why removable element air filters need to be cleaned. b. Why air coolers are used in conjunction with turbochargers and why appreciable amounts of oil might be found in the air system. c. Why excessive cooling of the air should be avoided. 197. Sketch a crankcase explosion relief valve. With reference to such safety devices state: [3/04], a. The dynamics of their function; b. Why is the location so crucial? c. How the area of relief valve is calculated. 198. a. Explain why, when overhauling air compressors, bumping clearances need checking. Explain b. Why, bottom end adjustment does not affect bumping clearance. c. Explain why in multi-stage, single crank compressors it is not sufficient to simply adjust the bumping clearance in one stage alone. [3/04],

199. Describe how to blow down and open up the primary side of a double evaporation boiler for inspection. Identify with reasons those parts, which normally require close examination during internal inspection, on the secondary side. [3/04],

200. It is reported that the vessel you are about to join as second engineer has recently suffered number of top end bearing failures. State, with reasons for your answer, each of the following: a. The information and documents you would require in order to enable you to assess the cause of such failures; [10/07], [10/08], [12/08], [1/09] b. Possible causes of top end bearing failures; c. the procedures you would institute in order to minimize the risk of future failures. 201. During morning inspection after an overnight period of UMS operation the following changes were detected: [10/07], [10/08], [12/08], [1/09] 1. A slight but perceptible change in engine noise. 2. An alteration in engine speed. 3. A change in exhaust temperature spread pattern. a. Explain with reasons possible causes of such changes b. Indicate how normal operations might be restored. 202. Crankshaft deflections taken from a large slow speed engine show an apparent alignment problem. A. (1) Describe the investigation to find the actual degree of misalignment. (2) State four possible causes of the misalignment B. State the influence of changes of hull loading, sea water temperature and the temperature of the deck on crankshaft alignment. [10/07], [10/08], [12/08], [1/09] C. State why bearing wear may be a result of misalignment rather than a cause. 203. With reference to large turbochargers state: [10/07], [10/08], [3/09], [12/09] a. Why the blades are loosely attached to the turbine rotors, b. How the axial movement of the blade is prevented. c. How blade vibration is damped over a wide range of speeds d. With reasons what materials are used for rotor and blades of turbines and compressors. 204. Inspection of the main engine shows that a number of cylinders are suffering from burning and cracking of the piston crowns and burning of the upper parts of the liner. a. State with reasons the possible causes of such damage. b. Explain the action a chief engineer officer should take in order to determine the actual cause of such damage. c. State the standing instructions which a chief engineer officer should issue with respect to operation and maintenance of the engine in order to ensure that similar damage may be avoided. [10/07], [10/08], [3/09], [12/09] 205. a. Explain how an incident of bacterial attack on the main lubricating oil charge of a crosshead engine may be assessed. [10/07], [10/08], [3/09], [12/09] b. Describe the procedure for returning a main engine lubricating oil system to service following a bacterial attack.

206. How does the timing of the air inlet and exhaust valves differ between naturally aspirated and pressure charged four stroke engines? What is the reasons for differences? [Em/07] 207. a. State why inlet and exhaust valves invariably open into the cylinders. [Em/07] b. Explain why some head valves are water cooled and others are not. c. Define with reasons the materials used in valve production. d. State why clearance is generally provided between cams and followers.

208. With reference to charge air coolers; [1/08] a. Describe with the aid of a sketch a charge air cooler. b. Describe the procedure for cleaning both air and water sides of a charge air cooler; c. State the importance of maintaining correct charge air temperature.

209. With reference to exhaust valves for large slow speed engines; [1/08] A. 1. Describe with the aid of a sketch a hydraulically operated main engine exhaust valve; 2. Explain the operation of this valve, stating how the design allows for expansion of the valve stems and ensures that the valve closes B. State the materials used for exhaust valves, seats and cages. 210. With reference to fuel storage [1/08] a. Explain the meaning of the term flash point b. State the reasons for the minimum flash point stipulation for fuel in storage, stating the permitted figure; c. 1. Describe with the aid of a sketch, an approved closing device for double bottom fuel tank sounding pipes which situated in the machinery space 2. Explain why this type of device is necessary. 211. With reference to U.M.S operation: [2/08], [9/09], [10/09] a. State with reasons the essential requirements for unattended machinery spaces; b. As chief engineer describe how you would respond to the irretrievable failure of the machinery space fire alarm system whilst the ship is on voyage. 212. a. Explain how static and dynamic imbalance of crankshafts can be overcome. [2/08], [9/09], [10/09] b. Discuss the methods employed to obtain primary reciprocating balance in an engine and plain why they are not completely successful. c. Describe engine additions which may be fitted to overcome problems resulting from primary or secondary imbalance.

213. Discuss the importance of correct cylinder lubrication in a large diesel engine, explaining the possible consequences of both over and under lubrication. Describe the qualities required in a cylinder lubricant for use in an engine burning high viscosity (heavy) fuel oil. Comment on the timing of the injection of the lubricant in relation to the working cycle of the engine. [2/08], [10/09], [12/09] 214. It is common practice to plot in a graphical form the wear of a cylinder liner against the number of hours it has been in operation. When this is done it is often noticed that some scatter exists between the plotted points after a few wear figures have been recorded. What is the reason for the scatter and how can the wear rate be shown in a more acceptable form? How would you forecast the length of life for a cylinder liner? [2/08], [8/09], [10/09] 215. a. State the indications during engine operation that good cylinder combustion is taking place. b. State the indications during engine operation that defective cylinder combustion is taking place c. List with reasons five possible causes of defective cylinder combustion giving the rectifying action in each case. [2/08], [8/09], [10/09] a. State the indications of a leaking cylinder starting air valve. [2/08], [8/09], [10/09] b. Suggest with reasons the possible consequences of permitting a leaking starting air valve to remain in this condition for an extended period of time c. Identify those factors leading to such leakage. d. State how leakage can be largely avoided in practice. a. Briefly describe any one of the manufacturing process involved in semi-built or welded construction of crank shaft of large marine engine. b. give a composition of material used. c. Draw a stress diagram for stresses in web of a crankshaft. [7/10],

216.

217.

218. What are the design aspects of the following components to improve injection atomization and penetration of fuel in marine diesel engines? a. Injector nozzle; b. Piston crown; c. Cylinder head [7/10]

219. Write short notes on the following giving reasons and remedies: [7/10] a. Air starting line explosion ; b. Scavenge fire 220. 221. a. Describe briefly the defects of main bearing & their causes. [7/10] b. Give a typical composition of bearing metal and importance of each component. a. Sketch & describe a 2-stage reciprocating air compressor. [7/10] b. Explain why compression is carried out in stages & inter-cooling is required between stages.

222. Due to wiping, main engine main bearing needs emergency repairs. Describe: [8/10], [7/10MEP], a. How the repair to the bearing may be carried out. b. Explain how the repaired bearing would be fitted. 223. In a turbocharger, explain the effects of following: [8/10], [8/10MEP], a. Deposits on impeller; b. Deposits on turbine nozzles; c. Damaged labyrinth seals 224. Boiler automatic combustion control has failed during operation of boiler. Explain: [8/10] a. procedure to operate boiler in emergency. b. Action plan to investigate, rectify and bring system to normal. 225. What are the effects of following on the sluggishness of steering gear operation: [8/10] a. Air entrapped in hydraulic oil; b. Worn pins and weak springs in hunting gear; c. Shock valves leaking 226. Your ship is due for dry-docking. Prepare repair specifications for the following: [8/10] a. Main engine cooling sea water overboard valve. b. Aft winch hydraulic oil pressure line, holed at deck penetration in steering compartment c. Deck seal of a IG system used in an oil tanker. 227. Explain reasons and remedial actions for fall off in heat exchanger performance if this is a. Gradually; b. Suddenly [8/10], [8/10MEP], 228. Briefly describe your action plan on following exigencies: a. Leaky economizer tube, while at sea b. Leaky intercooler of main air compressor, while maneuvering. [8/10], [9/08], [4/10MEP], [7/10MEP], [8/10MEP], [11/10], 229. Main engine #2 unit decarburization was carried out. On piston inspection, following faults were observed. [7/10MEP], a. Cracking and burning of upper part of crown [see Q.no 18 and 86] b. Cracking in piston ring grooves Explain the causes and how it can be minimized in future. [8/10] 230. Fuel injector needle valves are found to be seizing frequently. Explain: [8/10], [8/10MEP], a. The effects on engine operation b. The probable causes and remedial actions to be taken 231. Give a considered and reasoned account for the types of failure to the main engine turbo charger listed below. [12/10] a. a fractured turbine casing b. the rapid development of a severe vibration problem c. the abrupt stopping of the engine during normal operation while accompanied by a great deal of noise.

232.

a. What are the most influential physical characteristics required of the main bearings for high speed, medium speed and slow speed diesel engines. b. Write short notes on following: 1. thin bearing shells; 2. Fluid film lubrication; 3. Surface finish 4. Alignment [12/10]

233. Describe with aid of sketches the following types of bedplates as used for a large I.C engine. [12/10] a. bedplate cast in section; b. fabricated steel bedplate State the stresses to which these bedplates are subjected and explain how bedplates are secured to the hull of the ship. 234. Discuss the principal forces a large diesel engine crankshaft must withstand while in service and how the stresses resulting from these forces are kept within acceptable limits by good design and operation criteria. Discuss the manner in which the crankshaft may be overstressed and the difficulties arising there from. [12/10] 235. Sketch and describe the action of any type of oil separator you are familiar with. What is the difference in operation in a separator and a clarifier? Why is the oil preheated? What is the reason for priming with fresh water? [12/10] 236. Sketch and describe a common rail fuel system as fitted to a diesel engine. How is delivery of the fuel controlled? [12/10] 237. 1. What factors govern the power output developed by a large diesel engine? Would it not be possible to just inject more fuel into the cylinder in order to obtain more horse power? 2. State the necessary alterations required to convert a diesel engine to burn high viscosity bunker fuel from low viscosity fuel. State advantages and disadvantages of high viscosity fuels. [12/10] 238. Draw an out of phase diagram for a large 2-stroke slow speed cycle engine. Describe in detail the part of the cycle showing on this diagram. By the help of a diagram explain the effects of burning high and low grade fuels ( when fuel injection timing is not altered). Explain how good ignition and combustion can be obtained when using low grade fuel. [12/10] 239. Sketch and describe a flywheel that would be fitted to a large marine diesel engine. Show in the sketches how it is fitted and secured. What is the purpose of the flywheel? Recently some engine makers have considerably reduced the size of the flywheel. Explain how this can be done. [12/10]