SECTION 5 COLUMNS

Page 1 of 18
DESIGN PROBLEMS

334. A round steel rod made of structural steel, AISI C1020, as rolled, is to be used as
a column, centrally loaded with 10 kips; 3 = N . Determine the diameter for (a)
. 25 in L = , (b) . 50 in L = (c) The same as (a) and (b) except that the material is
AISI 8640, OQT 1000 F. Is there any advantage in using this material rather than
structural steel?

Solution:
For AISI C1020,as rolled
ksi s
y
48 =
kips F 10 =
3 = N

(a) . 25 in L L
e
= =
Consider first J.B. Johnson
(
(
(
(

\
|
= =
E
k
L
s
A s NF F
e
y
y c 2
2
4
1

4
2
D
A

=
4
D
k =
ksi E
3
10 30 =
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

|
|
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
=
3 2
2
2
10 30 4
4
25
48
1
4
48 10 3

D
D

|

\
|
=
2 2
2
4
1 12 30
D
D

48
12 30
2
= D
in D 096 . 1 =
say in in D 0625 . 1
16
1
1 = =
SECTION 5 COLUMNS
Page 2 of 18
< =
|

\
|
= 120 94
4
0625 . 1
25
k
L
e
o.k.
(b) . 50 in L L
e
= =
Consider Eulers Equation
2
2
|

\
|
= =
k
L
EA
NF F
e
c

( )( )
( )
2
2
3 2
4
50
4
10 30
10 3
|
|
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

=
D
D

4 3
1875 . 0 30 D =
in D 507 . 1 =
say in in D 5 . 1
2
1
1 = =
> =
|

\
|
= 120 133
4
5 . 1
50
k
L
e
o.k.

(c) For AISI 8640, OQT 1000 F
ksi s
y
150 =
2
1
2
2
|
|

\
|
=
y
e
s
E
k
L

( )
83 . 62
150
10 30 2
2
1
3 2
=
(

=

k
L
e

For (a) . 25 in L L
e
= =
Consider first J.B. Johnson
(
(
(
(

\
|
= =
E
k
L
s
A s NF F
e
y
y c 2
2
4
1

SECTION 5 COLUMNS
Page 3 of 18
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

|
|
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
=
3 2
2
2
10 30 4
4
25
150
1
4
150 10 3

D
D

|

\
|
=
2 2
2
5 . 12
1 5 . 37 30
D
D

75 . 468
5 . 37 30
2
= D
in D 23 . 1 =
say in D 25 . 1 =
> =
|

\
|
= 83 . 62 80
4
25 . 1
25
k
L
e
use Eulers equation
2
2
|

\
|
= =
k
L
EA
NF F
e
c

( )( )
( )
2
2
3 2
4
25
4
10 30
10 3
|
|
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

=
D
D

4 3
75 . 0 30 D =
in D 0657 . 1 =
say in in D 0625 . 1
16
1
1 = =
> =
|

\
|
= 83 . 62 94
4
0625 . 1
25
k
L
e
ok
For (b) . 50 in L L
e
= =
Consider Eulers Equation
2
2
|

\
|
= =
k
L
EA
NF F
e
c

SECTION 5 COLUMNS
Page 4 of 18
( )( )
( )
2
2
3 2
4
50
4
10 30
10 3
|
|
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

=
D
D

4 3
1875 . 0 30 D =
in D 507 . 1 =
say in in D 5 . 1
2
1
1 = =
> =
|

\
|
= 83 . 62 133
4
5 . 1
50
k
L
e
o.k.
There is no advantage.

335. A hollow circular column, made of AISI C1020, structural steel, as rolled, is to
support a load of 10,000 lb. Let in L 40 = ,
o i
D D 75 . 0 = , and 3 = N . Determine
o
D by (a) using either Eulers or the parabolic equation; (b) using the straight-
line equation. (c) What factor of safety is given by the secant formula for the
dimensions found in (a)?

Solution:
For AISI C1020, as rolled
ksi s
y
48 =

in L L
e
40 = =
kips lb F 10 000 , 10 = =
3 = N
o i
D D 75 . 0 =

A
I
k =
( )
( ) [ ]
4 4 4
4 4
033556 . 0 75 . 0
64
o o o
i o
D D D
D D
I = =

( ) ( ) [ ]
2
2 2 2 2
343612 . 0
4
75 . 0
4
o
o o i o
D
D D D D
A =

=


o
o
o
D
D
D
k 3125 . 0
343612 . 0
033556 . 0
2
4
= =


SECTION 5 COLUMNS
Page 5 of 18
(a) Consider parabolic equation
(
(
(
(

\
|
= =
E
k
L
s
A s NF F
e
y
y c 2
2
4
1

( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

|
|
|
|

\
|
=
3 2
2
2
10 30 4
4
3125 . 0
25
48
1 343612 . 0 48 10 3

o
o
D
D
9519 . 10 493376 . 16 30
2
=
o
D
in D
o
576 . 1 =
say in in D
o
5625 . 1
16
9
1 = =
( )
< = = 120 82
5625 . 1 3125 . 0
40
k
L
e
o.k.

(b) Straight-line equation
k
L
A
F
70 000 , 16 =
|
|

\
|
=
o o
D D 3125 . 0
40
70 000 , 16
343612 . 0
000 , 10
2

o o
D D 3078 5498 000 , 10
2
=
in D
o
6574 . 1 =
say in in D
o
625 . 1
8
5
1 = =
( )
< = = 120 8 . 78
625 . 1 3125 . 0
40
k
L
e
o.k.

(c) Secant formula
(
(

|
|

\
|
+ =
EA
NF
k
L
k
ec
A
NF
s
e
y
2
sec 1
2

in D
o
5625 . 1 =
in D k
o
4883 . 0 3125 . 0 = =
2 2
8389 . 0 343612 . 0 in D A
o
= =
SECTION 5 COLUMNS
Page 6 of 18
25 . 0
2
=
k
ec
, (i7.8)

( )
( ) ( )( )

)

+ =
8389 . 0 10 30
10
4883 . 0 2
40
sec 25 . 0 1
8389 . 0
10
48
3
N N

( ) [ ] N N 81645 . 0 sec 25 . 0 1 92 . 11 48 + =
289 . 2 = N

336. A column is to be built up of -in., AISI C1020, rolled-steel plates, into a square
box-section. It is 6 ft long and centrally loaded to 80,000 lb. (a) Determine the
size of section for 74 . 2 = N . (b) Compute N from the secant formula for the
size found and compare with 2.74.

Solution:
For AISI C1020, rolled-steel plate
ksi s
y
48 =

( ) ( )
12
1
12
1
12
4 4 4 4

=

=
b b b b
I
( )
2 2
1 = b b A
( )
( ) [ ]
2 2
4 4
1 12
1


= =
b b
b b
A
I
k
in ft L L
e
72 6 = = =
kips lb F 80 000 , 80 = =

(a) 74 . 2 = N
Consider J.B. Johnson
(
(
(
(

\
|
=
E
k
L
s
A s NF
e
y
y 2
2
4
1

( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
(
(
(
(

\
|
=
3 2
2
10 30 4
72
48
1 48 80 74 . 2

k
A
2
085 . 10
48 2 . 219
k
A
A =


SECTION 5 COLUMNS
Page 7 of 18
try in b 23 . 3 =
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
in k 1331 . 1
1 23 . 3 23 . 3 12
1 23 . 3 23 . 3
2 2
4 4
=


=
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2
46 . 5 1 23 . 3 23 . 3 1 in b b A = = =
( )
( )
( )
2 . 219
1331 . 1
46 . 5 085 . 10
46 . 5 48 2 . 219
2
= = ok
Therefore use in b 23 . 3 =
< = = 120 54 . 63
1331 . 1
72
k
L
e
o.k.
in b 23 . 3 = or in b
4
1
3 =

(b)
(
(

|
|

\
|
+ =
EA
NF
k
L
k
ec
A
NF
s
e
y
2
sec 1
2

25 . 0
2
=
k
ec
, (i7.8)

( )
( ) ( )( )

)

+ =
46 . 5 10 30
80
1331 . 1 2
72
sec 25 . 0 1
46 . 5
80
48
3
N N

( ) [ ] N N 70214 . 0 sec 25 . 0 1 652 . 14 48 + =
74 . 2 2 . 2 < = N

337. A column is to be made of -in structural steel plates (AISI 1020, as rolled),
welded into an I-section as shown in Table AT 1 with H G = . The column, 15 ft
long, is to support a load of 125 kips. (a) Determine the cross-sectional
dimensions from the straight-line equation. (Using either Johnsons or Eulers
equation, compute the equivalent stress and the factor of safety. (c) Compute N
from the secant formula.

Solution:
For AISI C1020, as rolled
ksi s
y
48 =

in ft L L
e
180 15 = = =
kips F 125 =





SECTION 5 COLUMNS
Page 8 of 18
Table AT 1.



H G =
( )( ) ( ) ( ) 1 3 5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 1 5 . 0 5 . 1 1 5 . 0
2 2 2
= = + = = = H H H H H H H H gh GH A
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( ) 1 3 6
1 5 . 0
1 3 5 . 0
1 5 . 0
12
1
12
1
3 4 3 4 3 3

=
(

=
|
|

\
|

=
H
H H H
H
H H H
gh GH
gh GH
k

(a) Straight-line equation
|

\
|
=
k
L
A F 0044 . 0 1 000 , 16
( )
(

=
k
A
180
0044 . 0 1 000 , 16 000 , 125
|

\
|
=
k
A
792 . 0
1 8125 . 7
use in H 37 . 7 =
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
in k 04527 . 3
1 37 . 7 3 6
1 37 . 7 5 . 0 37 . 7 37 . 7
3 4
=

=
( ) [ ] in A 555 . 10 1 37 . 7 3 5 . 0 = =
81 . 7
04527 . 3
792 . 0
1 555 . 10 8125 . 7 =
|

\
|

Therefore use in H 37 . 7 =
Or in in H 375 . 7
8
3
7 = =
(b) Consider J.B. Johnson, 120 59
04527 . 3
180
< = =
k
L
e

N
s
s
y
e
=
( )
( )
ksi
E
k
L
s
A
F
s
e
y
e
8 . 13
10 30 4
04527 . 3
180
48
1 555 . 10
125
4
1
3 2
2
2
2
=
(
(
(
(

\
|

=
(
(
(
(

\
|

=


SECTION 5 COLUMNS
Page 9 of 18
48 . 3
8 . 13
48
= = =
e
y
s
s
N

(c) From secant formula
(
(

|
|

\
|
+ =
EA
NF
k
L
k
ec
A
NF
s
e
y
2
sec 1
2

25 . 0
2
=
k
ec
, (i7.8)

( )
( ) ( )( )

)

+ =
555 . 10 10 30
125
04527 . 3 2
180
sec 25 . 0 1
555 . 10
125
48
3
N N

( ) [ ] N N 5872 . 0 sec 25 . 0 1 843 . 11 48 + =
8 . 2 = N

338. The link shown is to be designed for 5 . 2 = N to support an axial compressive
load that varies from 0 to 15 kips; in L 20 = ; Material AISI 1030, as rolled. (a)
Determine the diameter considering buckling only. (b) Determine the diameter
considering varying stresses and using the Soderberg line (perhaps too
conservative). Estimate an appropriate strength-reduction factor (see Fig. AF 6).
(c) Keeping in mind that the stress is always compressive, do you think that the
answer from (a) will do? Discuss.

Problem 338.
Solution:
For AISI C1030, as rolled
ksi s
y
51 =
ksi s
u
80 =

( )
108
51
10 30 2 2
2
1
3 2 2
1
2
=
(

=
|
|

\
|
=

y
e
s
E
k
L

in L 20 =
5 . 2 = N
(a) kips F 15 =
Consider J.B. Johnson
SECTION 5 COLUMNS
Page 10 of 18
(
(
(
(

\
|
=
E
k
L
s
A s NF
e
y
y 2
2
4
1

4
D
k =
4
2
D
A

=
in L L
e
20 = =
( )( ) ( )
( )
( )
(
(
(
(
(
(

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
=
3 2
2
2
10 30 4
4
20
51
1
4
51 15 5 . 2

D
D

(

=
2 2
2
72 . 2
1 75 . 12 5 . 37
D
D

68 . 34
75 . 12 5 . 37
2
= D
in D 101 . 1 =
say in in D 1875 . 1
16
3
1 = =
< = = 108 68
4
1875 . 1
20
k
L
e
o.k.

(b) Variable stresses
( ) ksi s s
u n
40 80 5 . 0 5 . 0 = = =
Size factor = 0.85
( ) ksi s
n
34 40 85 . 0 = =
8 . 2 =
f
K (Figure AF 6)
n
a f
y
m
s
s K
s
s
N
+ =
1

F = 0 to 15 kips
kips F F
a m
5 . 7 = =
ea em
s s =
( )
34
8 . 2
51 5 . 2
1
em em
s s
+ =
ksi s
em
923 . 3 =
SECTION 5 COLUMNS
Page 11 of 18
(
(
(
(

\
|
=
E
k
L
s
A s F
e
em
em m 2
2
4
1

( )
( )
( )
(
(
(
(
(
(

|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
=
3 2
2
2
10 30 4
4
20
51
1
4
923 . 3 5 . 7

D
D

(

=
2 2
2
72 . 2
1 98 . 0 5 . 7
D
D

67 . 2
98 . 0 5 . 7
2
= D
in D 65 . 1 =
say in in D 625 . 1
8
5
1 = =
< = = 108 49
4
625 . 1
20
k
L
e
o.k.

(c) The answer in (a) will not do because it is lower than (b)

339. The connecting link for a machine (see figure) is subjected to a load that varies
fro + 450 (tension) to 250 lb. The cross section is to have the proportions
H G 4 . 0 = , H t 1 . 0 = , fillet radius H r 05 . 0 ; in L 10 = ; material, AISI C1020,
as rolled. (a) Considering buckling only, determine the dimensions for a design
factor of 2.5. (b) For the dimension found compute the factor of safety from the
Soderberg criterion.

Problems 339, 340
Solution:
For AISI C1030, as rolled
ksi s
y
48 =
ksi s
u
65 =
SECTION 5 COLUMNS
Page 12 of 18
Table AT 1


H G 4 . 0 =
H t 1 . 0 =
H r 05 . 0

gh GH A =
H H H t G g 3 . 0 1 . 0 4 . 0 = = =
( ) H H H h 8 . 0 1 . 0 2 = =
( )( ) ( )( )
2
16 . 0 8 . 0 3 . 0 4 . 0 H H H H H A = =
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
H
H
H H H H
gh GH
gh GH
k 35824 . 0
16 . 0
8 . 0 3 . 0 4 . 0
12
1
12
1
2
3 3 3 3
=
(

=
|
|

\
|

=

(a) Consider J.B. Johnson
(
(
(
(

\
|
=
E
k
L
s
A s NF
e
y
y 2
2
4
1

kip lb F 35 . 0 350 = =
in L
e
10 =
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
(
(
(
(
(

|
|

\
|
=
3 2
2
2
2
10 30 4
35824 . 0
10
48
1 16 . 0 48 35 . 0 5 . 2

H
H
2425 . 0 68 . 7 875 . 0
2
= H
in H 3815 . 0 =
( )( )
< = = 120 73
3815 . 0 35824 . 0
10
k
L
e
ok
say in in H 46875 . 0
32
15
= =
in in H G
16
3
1875 . 0 4 . 0 = = =
in in H t
64
3
046875 . 0 1 . 0 = = =
SECTION 5 COLUMNS
Page 13 of 18
(b) with in H 46875 . 0 =
( )
2 2
0352 . 0 46875 . 0 16 . 0 in A = =
( ) in k 1679 . 0 46875 . 0 35824 . 0 = =
( )
ksi psi
E
k
L
s
A
F
s s
e
y
e
6 . 11 600 , 11
10 30 4
1679 . 0
10
48
1
0352 . 0
350
4
1
3 2
2
2
2
min
min
= =
(
(
(
(

\
|

=
(
(
(
(

\
|

= =


psi psi
A
F
s 8 . 12 800 , 12
0352 . 0
450
max
max
+ = + =
+
= =
( ) ksi s
m
6 . 0 6 . 11 8 . 12
2
1
= =
( ) ksi s
a
1 . 12 6 . 11 8 . 12
2
1
= + =
( ) ksi s s
n u
5 . 32 65 5 . 0 5 . 0 = = =
Size factor = 0.85
( ) ksi ksi s
u
62 . 27 5 . 32 85 . 0 = =
Figure AF 9, ( ) 023 . 0 46875 . 0 05 . 0 05 . 0 = = = H r
( ) in H h 7031 . 0 46875 . 0 . 15 5 . 1 = = =
in H d 4688 . 0 = =
05 . 0
05 . 0
= =
H
H
d
r

5 . 1
5 . 1
= =
H
H
d
h

65 . 2 =
t
K
70 . 0
023 . 0
01 . 0
1
1
01 . 0
1
1
=
+
=
+
=
r
q
( ) 2 . 2 1 1 65 . 2 70 . 0 = + =
f
K
n
q f
y
m
s
s K
s
s
N
+ =
1

( )( )
62 . 27
1 . 12 2 . 2
48
6 . 0 1
+ =
N

024 . 1 = N

CHECK PROBLEMS

341. The link shown is subjected to an axial compressive load of 15 kips. Made of
AISI C1030, as rolled, it has sectional length of 20 in. Assume a loose fit with the
SECTION 5 COLUMNS
Page 14 of 18
pins. What is (a) the critical load for this column, (b) the design factor, (c) the
equivalent stress under a load of 15 kips? What material does the secant formula
indicate as satisfactory for the foregoing load, when (e) 25 . 0
2
= k ec , (f)
400
e
L
e = .

Problem 341, 342
Solution:
For AISI C1030, as rolled
ksi s
y
51 =

in b 75 . 0 =
in h 75 . 1 =
( )( )
2
3125 . 1 75 . 1 75 . 0 in bh A = = =
For loose fit
12
3
bh
I =
in
h
bh
bh
A
I
k 5052 . 0
12
75 . 1
12 12
3
= = = = =
108 6 . 39
5052 . 0
20
< = =
k
L
e
for AISI C1030, as rolled
use J.B. Johnson equation

(a) ( )( )
( )
kips
E
k
L
s
A s F
e
y
y c
42 . 62
000 , 30 4
5052 . 0
20
51
1 3125 . 1 51
4
1
2
2
2
2
=
(
(
(
(

\
|
=
(
(
(
(

\
|
=


(b) NF F
c
=
16 . 4
15
42 . 62
= = =
F
F
N
c

(c) ksi
N
s
s
y
e
26 . 12
16 . 4
51
= = =
(d) Actual ksi
A
F
s 43 . 11
3125 . 1
15
= = =
SECTION 5 COLUMNS
Page 15 of 18

Secant Formula
(
(

|
|

\
|
+ =
EA
NF
k
L
k
ec
A
NF
s
e
y
2
sec 1
2

(e) 25 . 0
2
=
k
ec

( ) ( )( )
ksi s
y
4 . 64
3125 . 1 10 30
42 . 62
5052 . 0 2
20
sec 25 . 0 1
3125 . 1
42 . 62
3
=

+ =
use AISI C1020, cold drawn, ksi s
y
66 =

(f) in
L
e
e
05 . 0
400
20
400
= = =
in
h
c 875 . 0
2
75 . 1
2
= = =
( )( )
( )
1714 . 0
5052 . 0
875 . 0 05 . 0
2 2
= =
k
ec

( ) ( )( )
ksi s
y
12 . 59
3125 . 1 10 30
42 . 62
5052 . 0 2
20
sec 1714 . 0 1
3125 . 1
42 . 62
3
=

+ =
use AISI C1045, cold drawn, ksi s
y
59 =

343. A schedule-40, 4-in. pipe is used as a column. Some of its properties are:
in D
o
5 . 4 = , in D
i
026 . 4 = , . . 174 . 3 in sq I = , ft L 15 = ; material equivalent to
AISI C1015, as rolled. The total load to be carried is 200 kips. (a) What
minimum number of these columns should be used if a design factor of 2.5 is
desired and the load evenly distributed among them? For the approximately fixed
ends, use L L
e
65 . 0 = as recommended by AISC. (b) What is the equivalent stress
in the column?

Solution:
For AISI C1015, as rolled
ksi s
y
5 . 45 =

( )
114
5 . 45
10 30 2 2
2
1
3 2 2
1
2
=
(

=
|
|

\
|
=

y
e
s
E
k
L

in ft L 180 15 = =
( ) in L L
e
117 180 65 . 0 65 . 0 = = =
114 5 . 77
509 . 1
117
< = =
k
L
e

SECTION 5 COLUMNS
Page 16 of 18
Use J.B. Johnson equation
(a)
( )( ) ( )
( )
kips
E
k
L
s
N
A s
F
e
y
y
4 . 44
000 , 30 4
5 . 77 5 . 45
1
5 . 2
174 . 3 5 . 45
4
1
2
2
2
2
=
(

=
(
(
(
(

\
|
=


No. of columns
5 . 4
4 . 44
200
= = say 5 columns

(b)
(
(
(
(

\
|

=
E
k
L
s
A
F
s
e
y
e
2
2
4
1

kips F 40
5
200
= =
( )
ksi
k
s
e
4 . 16
000 , 30 4
5 . 77
5 . 45
1
174 . 3
40
2
2
=
(
(
(
(

\
|

344. A generally loaded column is a 10-in. x 49 lb., wide-flange I-beam whose
properties are (see figure); in k
x
35 . 4 = , in k
y
54 . 2 = , area . . 4 . 14 in sq A = ,
4
9 . 272 in I
x
= ,
4
0 . 93 in I
y
= ; length ft L 30 = , material AISI 1022, as rolled. Let
the ends be a little fixed with L L
e
8 . 0 = and determine the critical load (a)
according to the Johndon or the Euler equation; (b) according to the secant
formula if
2
k ec is assumed to be 0.25.



SECTION 5 COLUMNS
Page 17 of 18
Solution:
For AISI C1022, as rolled
ksi s
y
52 =

( )
107
52
10 30 2 2
2
1
3 2 2
1
2
=
(

=
|
|

\
|
=

y
e
s
E
k
L

(a) in k 54 . 2 =
4
0 . 93 in I =
( )( ) in L
e
288 12 30 8 . 0 = =
107 4 . 113
54 . 2
288
> = =
k
L
e

Use Eulers Equation
( )( )
( )
kips
k
L
EA
F
e
c
332
4 . 113
4 . 14 000 , 30
2
2
2
2
= =
|

\
|
=



(b) Secant formula
(
(

|
|

\
|
+ =
EA
NF
k
L
k
ec
A
NF
s
e
y
2
sec 1
2

( )( )

)

+ =
4 . 14 10 30 2
4 . 113
sec 25 . 0 1
4 . 14
52
3
c c
F F

[ ] { }
c
c
F
F
0863 . 0 sec 25 . 0 1
4 . 14
52 + =
kips F
c
273 =

348. A 4 x 3 x -in. angle is used as a flat-ended column, 5 ft. long, with the resultant
load passing through the centroid G (see figure); in k
x
25 . 1 = , in k
y
86 . 0 = ,
in k
u
37 . 1 = , in k
v
64 . 0 = , . . 25 . 3 in sq A = Find the safe load if 8 . 2 = N and the
material is (a) structural steel, (b) magnesium alloy AZ 91C (i7.12.\, Text), (c)
magnesium alloy AZ 80A, (d) magnesium alloy AZ 80A as before, but use the
Johnson formula and compare.

SECTION 5 COLUMNS
Page 18 of 18
Solution:
( )( )
in
L
L
e
30
2
12 5
2
= = =
in k k 64 . 0
min
= =
875 . 46
64 . 0
30
= =
k
L
e

(a) Structural steel, ksi s
y
48 =
120 875 . 46 < =
k
L
e

use J.B. Johnson
( )( ) ( )
( )
kips
E
k
L
s
N
A s
F
e
y
y
75 . 50
000 , 30 4
875 . 46 48
1
8 . 2
25 . 3 48
4
1
2
2
2
2
=
(

=
(
(
(
(

\
|
=


(b) magnesium alloy AZ 91C
6
2
10 4 . 64
1

\
|
+
=
k
L
C
C
A
NF
e

000 , 57 = C
( )( )
( )
psi
F
6
2
10 4 . 64
875 . 46 000 , 57
1
000 , 57
25 . 3
8 . 2

+
=
kips lb F 467 . 22 467 , 22 = =
(c) magnesium alloy AZ 80A
900 , 82 = C
( )( )
( )
psi
F
6
2
10 4 . 64
875 . 46 900 , 82
1
900 , 82
25 . 3
8 . 2

+
=
kips lb F 134 . 25 134 , 25 = =

(d) By J.B. Johnson

For magnesium alloy AZ 80A, ksi s
y
36 =
( )( ) ( )
( )
kips kips
E
k
L
s
N
A s
F
e
y
y
134 . 25 39
000 , 30 4
875 . 46 36
1
8 . 2
25 . 3 36
4
1
2
2
2
2
> =
(

=
(
(
(
(

\
|
=


- end -