Section 06: Exercise Training to Improve Performance

Chapter 21 Training for Anaerobic and Aerobic Power Chapter 22 Muscular Strength: Training Muscles to Become Stronger Chapter 23 Special Aids to Exercise Training and Performance

HPHE 6710 Exercise Physiology II Dr. Cheatham

Chapter 21
Training for Anaerobic and Aerobic Power

Chapter Objectives
Understand the concepts of overload, specificity, reversibility Understand the metabolic adaptations associated with anaerobic training Understand the metabolic adaptations associated with aerobic training Understand the cardiovascular and pulmonary adaptations to aerobic training

Training Principles

Training Principles
Overload Principle
Regular application of a specific exercise overload enhances physiologic function to induce a training response

Overload may be achieved using a combination of:

Intensity Duration Frequency

Training Principles
Specificity Principle
Adaptations in metabolic and physiologic functions that depend upon the type and mode of overload imposed. Specific exercise elicits specific adaptations to create specific training effects

Training Principles
Specificity Principle (contd)
Specificity of VO2max

Training Principles
Specificity Principle (contd)
Specificity of local changes
Overloading specific muscle groups with endurance training enhances exercise performance and aerobic power by facilitating oxygen transport AND use at the local level of the trained muscle Example:
Vastus lateralis muscle of well-trained cyclists has greater oxidative capacity than that of endurance runners Greater regional blood flow in active tissues Increases microcirculation More effective distribution of Q Combined effects of both factors

Training Principles

Training Principles
Specificity Principle (contd)
Individual differences principle
Many factors contribute to individual variation in the training response
A persons relative fitness values at the start of training (i.e. initial value) Genetic factors

Training Principles

Training Principles
Reversibility Principle
Loss of physiologic and performance training adaptations occurs rapidly when a person terminates participation in regular exercise

Training Principles

Training Principles

Physiologic Consequences of Training

Quick Metabolism Review

Quick Metabolism Review

Quick Metabolism Review

Anaerobic System Changes with Training Increases in resting muscle levels of

ATP PCr Free creatine Glycogen Glycolytic enzymes

Resulting in increased capacity to generate blood lactate

Anaerobic System Changes with Training

Anaerobic System Changes with Training

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Aerobic System Changes with Training Metabolic Adaptations

Metabolic Machinery
Number and size of mitochondria Aerobic system enzymes
Nearly two-fold increase within 5 to 10 days

Increased mitochondrial capacity to generate ATP aerobically

Aerobic System Changes with Training Metabolic Machinery

Number and size of mitochondria
Example:
Exercise at the LT for 30 min/day, 5 days/week, 6 weeks increased mitochondrial density by 40%.

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Number and Size of Mitochondria

Aerobic System Changes with Training Metabolic Machinery (contd)

Aerobic system enzymes
Nearly two-fold increase within 5 to 10 days

94%

117%

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Aerobic System Enzymes

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Capillary Density
Increase perfusion of active muscle with blood Greater delivery of O2 and points for diffusion Aerobic training increases the number of overall capillaries and the capillary-to-fiber ratio

7% higher # of capillaries 38% higher c-to-f ratio

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Capillary Density

29%

26%

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Capillary Density

30

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Capillary Density

31

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Metabolic Adaptations (contd)
Fat Metabolism
Endurance training increases the oxidation of fatty acids for energy during submaximal exercise Increases in training-induced lipolysis occur due to:
Greater blood flow within trained muscle More fat-mobilizing and fat-metabolizing enzymes Enhances muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity Decreases catecholamine release for the same absolute power output

Why is an increase in fat metabolism beneficial for endurance performance?

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Fat Metabolism

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Metabolic Adaptations (contd)
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Trained muscle exhibits enhanced capacity to oxidize carbohydrate during maximal exercise

Muscle Fiber Type and Size

Aerobic training elicits metabolic adaptations in each type of muscle fiber Basic fiber type probably doesnt change much Selective hypertrophy occurs in the different muscle fiber types with specific overload training

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Metabolic Adaptations (contd)
Myoglobin
Slow twitch fibers contain relatively large quantities of myoglobin In animals, amount of myoglobin relates to their physical activity Unclear in humans whether regular exercise exerts any meaningful effect on myoglobin levels

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Cardiovascular Adaptations

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Cardiovascular Adaptation (contd)
Cardiac Hypertrophy: The Athletes Heart
Long-term aerobic training generally increases the hearts mass and volume with greater left-ventricular enddiastolic volumes noted during rest and exercise.
Eccentric hypertrophy: Size of the left ventricular cavity Concentric hypertrophy: Modest thickening of the walls

Increases sensitivity to calcium

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Cardiovascular Adaptations (contd)
Plasma Volume
A 12 to 20% increase in PV occurs after 3 to 6 aerobic training sessions
Measurable change within 24 hours

Increases synthesis and retention of albumin Hemoglobin mass and blood volume averaged 35% higher in endurance athletes compared to untrained subjects.

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Role of albumin in controlling plasma volume
Interstitial Space

Blood Vessel

Aerobic System Changes with Training

10

Change in PV (mL/kg) from Baseline

8 6 4 2 0 -2

CON EX EXSAL

CON EX EXSAL

0.4% 12.3% 13.3%

30 min REC

150 min REC

24 hrs REC

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Change in Albumin Content (g/kg) from Baseline
0.20 CON 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 -0.05 -0.10
30 min REC 150 min REC 24 hrs REC

EX

EXSAL

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Cardiovascular Adaptations (contd)
Heart Rate
Resting and submaximal exercise HRs are decreased
Increased vagal tone Decrease in intrinsic firing rate of SA node Relationship with SV Chicken or the egg

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Cardiovascular Adaptations (contd)
Stroke Volume
Increased at rest, submaximal exercise, and maximal exercise
Increased leftventricular volume PV and mass Reduced cardiac and arterial stiffness Increased diastolic filling time Improved cardiac contractility

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Cardiovascular Adaptations (contd)
Cardiac Output
Most significant adaptation Maximal cardiac output increases with endurance training Submaximal cardiac output may be the same or slightly decreased at a given submaximal exercise intensity
If it is lower, what does that mean (i.e. what other variable must be higher?)

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Cardiovascular Adaptations (contd)
Oxygen Extraction (a-vO2 diff)
Increases the quantity of oxygen extracted from circulating blood.

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Cardiovascular Adaptations (contd)
Blood Flow Distribution
Submaximal Exercise
Lower Q but greater and unchanged or slightly lower muscle blood flow Increase in blood flow to muscles with high percentage of Type I fibers at the expense of blood flow to muscles with high percentage of Type II fibers Rapid training-induced changes in the vasoactive properties of large arteries and local resistance vessels Changes that enhance oxidative capacity

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Cardiovascular Adaptations (contd)
Blood Flow Distribution (contd)
Maximal Exercise
Increase in total blood flow with training Larger maximal Q Greater reductions in blood flow to non-active areas Enlargement of vascular cross-sectional area

Myocardial Blood Flow

Increases

Blood Pressure
Decreases

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Pulmonary Adaptations with Training
Maximal exercise
Increases ventilation (tidal volume and frequency)

Submaximal exercise
Reduces the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen Tidal volume increases and breathing frequency decreases

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Pulmonary Adaptations (contd)
Training may benefit ventilatory endurance
Reduces overall exercise energy demands because of less respiratory work Reduces lactate production by ventilatory muscles Enhances how ventilatory muscles metabolize circulating lactate as metabolic fuel
Explain this

Aerobic System Changes with Training

Blood Lactate Concentration

Aerobic System Changes with Training