Switchgear and Substations

121 Siemens Energy Sector Power Engineering Guide Edition 7.0

3
3.3 Low-Voltage Switchgear
3.3.1 Requirements to Electrical Power
Systems in Buildings
The efciency of electrical power supply rises and falls with
qualied planning. Especially in the rst stage of planning, the
nding of conceptual solutions, the planner can use his cre-
ativity for an input of new, innovative solutions and technolo-
gies. They serve as a basis for the overall solution which has
been economically and technically optimized in terms of the
supply task and related requirements.
The following stages of calculating and dimensioning circuits and
equipment are routine tasks which involve a great effort. They can
be worked off efciently using modern dimensioning tools like
SIMARIS design, so that there is more freedom left for the creative
planning stage of nding conceptual solutions (g. 3.3-1).
When the focus is limited to power supply for infrastructure
projects, useful possibilities can be narrowed down. The fol-
lowing aspects should be taken into consideration when
designing electric power distribution systems:
Simplication of operational management by transparent,
simple power system structures
Low costs for power losses, e.g. by medium-voltage-side
power transmission to the load centers
High reliability of supply and operational safety of the
installations even in the event of individual equipment failures
(redundant supply, selectivity of the power system protection,
and high availability)
Easy adaptation to changing load and operational conditions
Low operating costs thanks to maintenance-friendly
equipment
Sufcient transmission capacity of equipment during normal
operation and also in the event of a fault, taking future
expansions into account
Good quality of the power supply, i.e. few voltage changes due
to load uctuations with sufcient voltage symmetry and few
harmonic distortions in the voltage
Compliance with applicable standards and project-related
stipulations for special installations
Standards
To minimize technical risks and / or to protect persons involved in
handling electrotechnical components, essential planning rules
have been compiled in standards. Standards represent the state
of the art; they are the basis for evaluations and court decisions.
Technical standards are desired conditions stipulated by profes-
sional associations which are, however, made binding by legal
standards such as safety at work regulations. Furthermore, the
compliance with technical standards is crucial for any approval of
operator granted by authorities or insurance coverage. While
decades ago, standards were mainly drafted at a national level
and debated in regional committees, it has currently been
agreed that initiatives shall be submitted centrally (on the IEC
Fig. 3.3-1: Power system planning tasks
Concept nding:
Analysis of the supply task
Selection of the network
conguration
Selection of the type
of power supply system
Denition of the technical
features
Calculation:
Energy balance
Load ow (normal / fault)
Short-circuit currents
(uncontrolled / controlled)
Dimensioning:
Selection of equipment,
transformers, cables,
proleclive and swilching
devices, elc.
8uilding lype | perimeler
8uilding use
8uilding managemenl
Power oulage reserve
elc.
Lisls ol power consumers
Forecasls ol expansions
Temperalures
Lquipmenl dala
elc.
Lquipmenl dala
Electrical data
Dimensions etc.
Seleclivily lables
- Seleclivily limil lables
- Characlerislic curves,
setting data, etc.
elc.
Compilation of
boundary conditions
Inuencing factors
level) and then be adopted as regional or national standards.
Only if the IEC is not interested in dealing with the matter of if
there are time constraints, a draft standard shall be prepared at
the regional level.
The interrelation of the different standardization levels is illus-
trated in table 3.3-1. A complete list of the IEC members and
further links can be obtained at www.iec.ch > Members &
Experts >List of Members (NC); http://www.iec.ch/dyn/
www/f?p=103:5:0.
Table 3.3-1: Representation of national and regional standards in
electrical engineering
Regional America
PAS
Europe
CENELEC
Australia Asia Africa
National USA: ANSI D: DIN VDE AUS: SA CN: SAC SA: SABS
CA: SCC I: CEI NZ: SNZ J: JISC
BR: COBEI F: UTE
GB: BS
ANSI American National Standards Institute
BS British Standards
CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
(Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique)
CEI Comitato Ellettrotecnico Italiano Electrotechnical Committee Italy
COBEI Comit Brasileiro de Eletricidade, Eletrnica, Iluminao e
Telecomunicaes
DIN VDE Deutsche Industrie Norm Verband deutscher Elektrotechniker
(German Industry Standard, Association of German Electrical
Engineers)
JISC Japanese Industrial Standards Committee
PAS Pacic Area Standards
SA Standards Australia
SABS South African Bureau of Standards
SAC Standardisation Administration of China
SCC Standards Council of Canada
SNZ Standards New Zealand
UTE Union Technique de lElectricit et de la Communication Technical
Association for Electrical Engineering & Communication