Manual Mine Sight Geoestadistica

MineSight for Modelers
Geostatistics Workbook
E005 Rev. B
2002, 2001, 1994, and 1978 by MINTEC, inc. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from MINTEC, inc. All terms mentioned in this document that are known to be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies have been appropriately identified. MineSight is a registered trademark of MINTEC, inc. acQuire is a registered trademark of Metech Pty Ltd
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc.
Table of Contents
MineSight for Modelers Geostatistics Table of Contents

Using This MineSight Workbook......... ..............................................................Intro-1 MineSight Overview............................................................................................Over-1 Geostatistics Overheads.........................................................................................1 Classical Statistics.................................................................................................1-1 Variograms..............................................................................................................2-1 Point Validation/Cross Validation for Variogram Evaluation..............................3-1 Declustering............................................................................................................4-1 Model Interpolation (Inverse Distance Weighting and Ordinary Kriging)..........5-1 Debugging Interpolation Runs.............................................................................. 6-1 Point Validation/Cross Validation of Estimation Methods and/or Search Parameters...............................................................................................................7-1 Model Statistics/Geologic Reserves......................................................................8-1 Model Calculations..................................................................................................9-1 Quantifying Uncertainty........................................................................................10-1 Change of Support.................................................................................................11-1 Outlier Restricted Kriging......................................................................................12-1 Indicator Kriging to Define Geologic Boundary Above a Cutoff........................13-1 Muliple Indicator Kriging.......................................................................................14-1 Other Non-Kriging Interpolation Methods...........................................................15-1
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page TOC-1
Table of Contents
Page TOC-2
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Using this Mintec Workbook

The objective of this workbook is to provide hands on training and experience with the MineSight Operations package. This workbook does not cover all the capabilites of MineSight, but concentrates on typical mine geologists duties using a given set of data.
Notes:
Introduction to the Course

To begin, we would like to thank you for taking the opportunity to enrich your understanding of MineSight through taking this training course offered by Mintec Technical Support. Please start out by reviewing this material on workbook conventions prior to proceeding with the training course documentation. This workbook is designed to present concepts clearly and then give the user practice through exercises to perform the stated tasks and achieve the required results. All sections of this workbook contain a basic step, or series of steps, for using MineSight with a project. Leading off each workbook section are the learning objectives covered by the subject matter within the topic section. Following this is an outline of the process using the menu system, and finally an example is presented of the results of the process. MineSight provides a large number of programs with wide ranges of options within each program. This may seem overwhelming at times, but once you feel comfortable with the system, the large number of programs becomes an asset because of the flexibility it affords. If you are unable to achieve these key tasks or understand the concepts, notify your instructor before moving on to the next section in the workbook.
What You Need to Know

This section explains for the student the mouse actions, keyboard functions, and terms and conventions used in the Mintec workbooks. Please review this section carefully to benefit fully from the training material and this training course.
Using the Mouse

The following terms are used to describe actions you perform with the mouse: Click -press and release the left mouse button Double-click - click the left mouse button twice in rapid succession Right-click - press and release the right mouse button Drag - move the mouse while holding down the left mouse button Highlight - drag the mouse pointer across data, causing the image to reverse in color Point - position the mouse pointer on the indicated item
Terms and Conventions
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page Intro-1
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. The following terms and conventions are used in the Mintec workbooks: Actions or keyboard input instructions - are printed in Times New Roman font, italics, embedded within arrow brackets and keys are separated with a + when used in combination, for example, to apply bold face to type is indicated by <ctrl+shift+b>. Button/Icon - are printed in bold with the initial letter capitalized, in Times New Roman font, for example Print, on a button, indicates an item you click on to produce a hard copy of a file; or polyline you need to edit. Menu Commands - are printed in Arial font, bold, with a vertical bar, as an example File I Open means access the File menu and choose Open. Parameters - are printed in Arial font, lower case, in bullet format, as an example, , the Query icon, is clicked on to determine which
Notes:
the project coordinate units (metric or imperial) the project type (3-D, GSM, BHS, SRV).
Select - highlight a menu list item, move the mouse over the menu item and click the mouse.
Questions or Comments?
Note: if you have any questions or comments regarding this training documentation, please contact the Mintec Documentation Specialist at (520) 795-3891 or via e-mail at market@mintec.com.
Page Intro-2
Part #: E005 Rev. B
MineSight Overview
MineSight Overview
Learning Objectives When you have completed this section, you will know: A. The basic structure and organization of MineSight. B. The capabilities of each MineSight module. C. Ways to run MineSight programs. What Is MineSight? MineSight is a comprehensive software package for the mining industry containing tools used for resource evaluation and analysis, mine modeling, mine planning and design, and reserves estimation and reporting. MineSight has been designed to take raw data from a standard source (drillholes, underground samples, blastholes, etc.) and extend the information to the point where a production schedule is derived. The data and operations on the data can be broken down into the following logical groups. Digitized Data Operations Digitized data is utilized in the evaluation of a project in many ways. It can be used to define geologic information in section or plan, to define topography contours, to define structural information, mine designs and other information that is important to evaluate the ore body. Digitized data is used or derived in virtually every phase of a project from drillhole data through production scheduling. Any digitized data can be triangulated and viewed as a 3-D surface in MineSight. Drillhole Data Operations A variety of drillhole data can be stored in MineSight, including assays, lithology and geology codes, quality parameters for coal, collar information (coordinates and hole orientation), and down-the-hole survey data. Value and consistency checks can be performed on the data before it is loaded into MineSight. After the data has been stored in the system, it can be listed, updated, geostatistically and statistically analyzed, plotted in plan or section and viewed in 3-D. Assay data can then be passed on to the next logical section of MineSight which is compositing. Compositing Operations Composites are calculated by benches (for most base metal mines) or mineral seams (for coal mines) to show the commodity of interest on a mining basis. Composites can be either generated in MineSight or generated outside the system and imported. Composite data can be listed, updated, geostatistically and statistically analyzed, plotted in plan or section and viewed in 3-D. Composite data is passed on to the next phase of MineSight, ore body modeling. Modeling Operations Within MineSight, deposits can be represented by a computer model of one of two types. A 3-D block model (3DBM) is generally used to model base metal deposits, such as porphyry copper or other non-layered deposits. A gridded seam model (GSM) is used for layered deposits, such as coal or oil sands. In both models, the horizontal components of a deposit are divided into blocks that are usually related to a production unit. In a 3DBM, the deposit is also divided horizontally into benches, whereas in a Part#: E005 Rev B
Notes:
Page Over-1
MineSight Overview
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. GSM the vertical dimensions are a function of the seam and interburden thicknesses. For each block in the model, a variety of items may be stored. Typically, a block in a 3DBM will contain grade items, geological codes, and a topography percent. Many other items may also be present. For a GSM, the seam top elevation and seam thickness are required. Other items, such as quality parameters, seam bottom, partings, etc. can also be stored. A variety of methods can be used to enter data into the model. Geologic and topographic data can be digitized and converted into codes for the model, or they can be entered directly as block codes. Solids can also be created in the MineSight 3-D graphical interface for use in coding the model directly. Grade data is usually entered through interpolation techniques, such as Kriging or inverse distance weighting. Once the model is constructed, it can be updated, summarized statistically, plotted in plan or section, contoured in plan or section, and viewed in 3-D. The model is a necessary prerequisite in any pit design or pit evaluation process. Economic Pit Limits & Pit Optimization This set of routines works on whole blocks from the 3-D block model, and uses either the floating cone or Lerchs-Grossmann technique to find economic pit limits for different sets of economic assumptions. Usually one grade or equivalent grade item is used as the economic material. The user enters costs, net value of the product, cutoff grades, and pit wall slope. Original topography is used as the starting surface for the design, and new surfaces are generated which reflect the economic designs. The designs can be plotted in plan or section, viewed in 3-D, and reserves can be calculated for the grade item that was used for the design. Simple production scheduling can also be run on these reserves. Pit Design The Pit Design routines are used to geometrically design pits that include ramps, pushbacks, and variable wall slopes to more accurately portray a realistic open pit geometry. Manually designed pits can also be entered into the system and evaluated. Pit designs can be displayed in plan or section, can be clipped against topography if desired, and can be viewed in 3-D. Reserves for these pit designs are evaluated on a partial block basis, and are used in the calculation of production schedules. Production Scheduling This group of programs is used to compute schedules for long-range planning based upon pushback designs (or phases), and reserves computed by the mine planning programs. The basic input parameters for each production period include mill capacity, mine capacity, and cutoff grades. Functions provided by the scheduling programs include:
Notes:
Calculation and reporting of production for each period, including mill production by ore type, mill head grades and waste Preparation of end-of-production period maps Calculation and storage of yearly mining schedules for economic analysis Evaluation of alternate production rates and required mining capacity
Page Over-2
Part#: E005 Rev. B
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Ways to Run MineSight Programs MineSight consists of a large group of procedures and programs designed to handle the tasks of mineral deposit evaluation and mine planning. Each procedure allows you to have a great amount of control over your data and the modeling process. You decide on the values for all the options available in each procedure. When you enter these values into a procedure to create a run file, you have a record of exactly how each program was run. You can easily modify your choices to rerun the program. To allow for easier use, the MineSight Compass menu system has been developed. Just select the procedure you need from the menu. Input screens will guide you through the entire operation. The menu system builds run files behind the scenes and runs the programs for you. If you need more flexibility in certain parts of the operations, the menus can be modified according to your needs, or you can use the run files directly. The MineSight 3-D graphical interface provides a Windows-style environment with a large number of easy-to-use, intuitive functions for CAD design, data presentation, area and volume calculations and modeling.
MineSight Overview
Notes:
Basic Flow of MineSight

The following diagram shows the flow of tasks for a standard mine evaluation project. These tasks load the drillhole assays, calculate composites, develop a mine model, design a pit, and prepare long-range schedules for financial analysis. There are many other MineSight programs which can be used for geology, statistics, geostatistics, displays, and reserves.
Part#: E005 Rev B
Page Over-3
MINESIGHT OVERVIEW
Flow of Tasks for a Standard Mine Evaluation Project
PCF
Initialize Update List
Drillhole Assays
Enter Scan Load Edit List Dump Rotate Add Geology Statistics Variograms Plot Collars Plot Sections Special Calculations 3-D Viewing and Interpretation Load Edit List Dump Add Geology Add Topography Statistics Variograms Variogram Validation Plot Sections Plot Plans Special Calculations Sort 3-D Viewing and Interpretation Initialize Interpolate Add Geology Add topography List Edit Statistics Reserves Special Calculations Plot Sections Plot Plans Contour Plots Sort 3-D Viewing & Solids Construction Creat Pit Optimization Model Run Pit Optimization Pit Optimization Reserves Pit Optimization Plots Run Pit Design Pit Design Reserves Pit Design Plots Reserves 3-D Views
Composites
Digitized Data
Digitize Load Edit List Dump Plot 3-D Viewing
Mine Model
Pit Designs
Planning & Scheduling
Long Range Short Range
Page Over-4
Part# E005 Rev B
MineSight Overview
MineSight Capacities
Drillholes No limit to the number of drillholes; only limited by the total number of assays in the system 99 survey intervals per drillhole 524,285 assay intervals per file 8,189 assay intervals per drillhole 99 items per interval Multiple drillhole files allowed (usually one is all that is required) Composites 524,285 assay intervals per file 8,189 composites per drillhole 99 items per composite interval Multiple composite files allowed (usually one is all that is required) Geologic Model 3-D block model limit of 1000 columns, 1000 rows and 400 benches Gridded seam model limit of 1000 columns, 1000 rows and 200 seams 99 items per block Multiple model files allowed (usually one is all that is required) Digitized Point Data 4,000 planes per file - either plan or section 20,000 features (digitized line segments) per plane 100,000 points per plane 99 features with the same code per plane and a unique sequence number Multiple files allowed Pit Optimization (Floating cone/Lerchs-Grossman programs) 600 row by 600 column equivalent (rows * columns < 360000) Multiple files are allowed Reserves 20 material classes 20 cutoff grades for each material class 10 metal grades Multiple reserves files allowed Slice Files for Interactive Planning and Scheduling 2,000,000 blocks containing one item (the number of blocks allowed drops as the number of items per block rises) Unlimited benches and sections 30 items per block
Notes:
Part#: E005 Rev B
Page Over-5
MineSight Overview
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Blastholes 524,285 blastholes per file with standard File 12 8,189 blastholes per shot with standard File 12 4,194,301 blastholes per file with expanded limit File 12 1,021 blastholes per shot with expanded limit File 12 99 items per blasthole Multiple blasthole files allowed (usually one is all that is required)
Notes:
Page Over-6
Part#: E005 Rev. B
Introduction to Geostatistics
Objective: To make you familiar with the basic concepts of statistics, and the geostatistical tools available to solve problems in geology and mining of an ore deposit
Classical Statistics
Sample values are realizations of a random variable Samples are considered independent Relative positions of the samples are ignored Does not make use of the spatial correlation of samples
Geostatistics
Sample values are realizations of random functions Samples are considered spatially correlated Value of a sample is a function of its position in the mineralization of the deposit Relative position of the samples is taken under consideration.
Topics
Basic Statistics Data Analysis and Display Analysis of Spatial Continuity (variogram)
Basic Statistics
Definitions Statistics Geostatistics Universe Sampling Unit Support Population Random Variable
Statistics
The body of principles and methods for dealing with numerical data Encompasses all operations from collection and analysis of the data to the interpretation of the results
Geostatistics
Throughout this workbook, geostatistics will refer only to the statistical methods and tools used in ore reserve analysis
Universe
The source of all possible data (for example, an ore deposit can be defined as the universe; sometimes a universe may not have well defined boundaries)
Sampling Unit
Part of the universe on which a measurement is made (can be a core sample, channel sample, a grab sample etc.; one must specify the sampling unit when making statements about a universe)
Support
Characteristics of the sampling unit Refers to the size, shape and orientation of the sample (for example, drillhole core samples will not have the same support as blasthole samples)
Population
Like universe, population refers to the total category under consideration It is possible to have different populations within the same universe (for example, population of drillhole grades versus population of blasthole grades; sampling unit and support must be specified)
Random Variable
A variable whose values are randomly generated according to a probabilistic mechanism (for example, the outcome of a coin toss, or the grade of a core sample in a diamond drill hole)
F requency Distribution
Probability Density Function (pdf) Discrete: 1. f(xi) 0 for xiR (R is the domain) 2. f(xi) = 1 Continuous: 1.f(x) 0 2.f(x)dx = 1
F requency Distribution
Cumulative Density Function (cdf) Proportion of the population below a certain value: F(x) = P(Xx) 1. 0F(x) 1 for all x 2. F(x) is non decreasing 3. F(-)=0 and F()=1
Example
Assume the following population of measurements: 1, 7, 1, 3, 2, 3, 11, 1, 7, 5
PDF
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
CDF
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Descriptive Measures
Measures of location: Mean Median Mode Min, Max Quartiles Percentiles
Mean
m = 1/n xi i=1,...,n Arithmetic average of the data values
Mean
What is the mean of the example population: 1, 7, 1, 3, 2, 3, 11, 1, 7, 5 m =?
Mean
m= (1+ 7+ 1+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 11+ 1+ 7+ 5)/10= = 41/10= = 4.1
Mean
What is the mean if we remove highest value?
Mean
m= (1+ 7+ 1+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 1+ 7+ 5)/9= = 30/9= = 3.33
Median
M = x(n+1)/2 if n is odd M = [x n/2+x(n/2)+1]/2 if n is even Midpoint of the data values if they are sorted in increasing order
Median
What is the median of example population? M=?
Median
Sort data in increasing order: 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7 ,11 M=3
Other
Mode Minimum Maximum Quartiles Deciles Percentiles Quantiles
Mode
The value that occurs most frequently In our example: Mode=?
Mode
1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7 ,11 Mode = 1
Quartiles
Split data in quarters Q1 = 1st quartile Q3 = 3rd quartile In example: Q1=? Q3=?
Quartiles
1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7 ,11 Q1= 1 Q3= 6
Deciles, Percentiles,Quantiles 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7 ,11 D1= 1 D3= 1 D9= 7
Mode on the PDF
Mean on the PDF
Mode (also min) Mean(=4.1) Max
Median on the CDF
Measures of spread: Variance Standard Deviation Interquartile Range
Variance
S2 = 1/(n-1) (xi-m)2 i=1,...,n
Variance
Example:
1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7 ,11 M=4.1 S2= 1/9 {(1-4.1)2+ (1-4.1)2+ (1-4.1)2+ (2-4.1)2+ (3-4.1)2+ (3-4.1)2+ (5-4.1)2+ (7-4.1)2+ (7-4.1)2+ (11-4.1)2 } = = 1/9 (9.61+ 9.61+ 9.61+ 4.41+ 1.21+ 1.21+ 0.81+ 8.41+ 8.41+ 47.61) = = 100.9/9 = = 11.21
Sensitive to outlier high values Never negative
Variance
Remove high value:
1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7 M=3.33 S2= 1/8 {(1-3.33)2+ (1-3.33)2+ (1-3.33)2+ (2-3.33)2+ (3-3.33)2+ (3-3.33)2+ (5-3.33)2+ (7-3.33)2+ (7-3.33)2 = = 1/8 (5.43+ 5.43+ 5.43+1.769+ 0.109+ 0.109+ 2.789+ 13.469+ 13.469) = = 48/8 = =6
Standard Deviation
s = s2 Has the same units as the variable Never negative
Standard Deviation
Example: S2= 11.21 S = 3.348 S2 = 6 S =2.445
Interquartile Range
IQR = Q3 - Q1 Not used in mining very often
Measures of shape: Skewness Peakedness (kurtosis) Coefficient of Variation
Skewness
Skewness = [1/n (xi-m)3] / s3 Third moment about the mean divided by the cube of the std. dev. Positive - tail to the right Negative - tail to the left
Skewness
Example:
1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7 ,11 M=4.1 Sk= 1/10 {(1-4.1)3+ (1-4.1)3+ (1-4.1)3+ (2-4.1)3+ (3-4.1)3+ (3-4.1)3+ (5-4.1)3+ (7-4.1)3+ (7-4.1)3+ (11-4.1)3 } = = 1/10 (-29.79-29.79-29.79-8.82-1.33 1.33+ 0.73+ 24.39+ 24.39+328.51) = = 277.2/10 = = 27.72
Skewness
Remove high value:
1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7 M=3.3 Sk= 1/10 {(1-3.3)3+ (1-3.3)3+ (1-3.3)3+ (2-3.3)3+ (3-3.3)3+ (3-3.3)3+ (5-3.3)3+ (7-3.3)3+ (7-3.3)3 } = = 1/10 (-12.17- 12.17- 12.17- 2.2- 0.03- 0.03+ 4.91+ 50.65+ 50.65) = = 67.44/9 = = 7.49
Positive Skewness
Peakedness
Peakedness = [1/n (xi-m)4] / s4 Fourth moment about the mean divided by the fourth power of the std. dev. Describes the degree to which the curve tends to be pointed or peaked Higher values when the curve is peaked Usefulness is limited
Coefficient of Variation
CV = s/m No units Can be used to compare relative dispersion of values among different distributions CV > 1 indicates high variability
Coefficient of Variation
In our example: CV = 3.348/4.1 =0.817 Remove high value: CV = 2.445/3.33=0.743
Normal Distribution
f(x) = 1 / (s 2) exp [-1/2 ((x-m)/s)2] symmetric, bell-shaped 68% of the values are within one std. dev. 95% of the values are within two std. dev.
Normal Distribution curve
Std. normal distribution

mean = 0 and s = 1 standardize any variable using: z = (x-m) / s
Normal Distribution Tables

The cumulative distribution function F(x) is not easily computed for the normal distribution. Extensive tables have been prepared to simplify calculation Most statistics books include tables for the std. normal distribution
Example of cdf (normal)

Find the proportion of sample values above 0.5 cutoff in a normal population that has m =0.3, and s = 0.2
Solution: First, transform the cutoff, x0 , to unit normal. z = (x0 - m) / s = (0.5 - 0.3) / 0.2 = 1 Next, find the value of F(z) for z = 1. The value of F(1) = 0.8413 from Table Calculate the proportion of sample values above 0.5 cutoff, P(x > 0.5), as follows: P(x > 0.5) = 1 - P(x
Lognormal Distribution
Logarithm of a random variable has a normal distribution
f(x) = 1 / (x 2 ) e -u for x > 0, > 0 where u= (ln x - ) 2 / 2 2 = mean of logarithms = variance of logarithms
0.5) = 1 - F(1) = 1 -0.8413 = 0.16
Therefore, 16% of the samples in the population are > 0.5
Conversion Formulas
Conversion formulas between the normal and lognormal distributions:
Lognormal to normal: = exp (+ 2 /2) 2 = 2 [exp( 2) - 1] Normal to lognormal: = log - 2 /2 2 = log [1 + (2 / 2)]
Lognormal Distribution Curve
Three-Parameter LN Distribution Logarithm of a random variable plus a constant, ln (x+c) is normally distributed Constant c can be estimated by: c = (M2 - q1 q2 ) / (q1 + q2 + 2M)
Bivariate Distribution
Joint distribution of outcomes from two random variables X and Y: F(x,y) = Prob {Xx, and Yy} In practice, it is estimated by the proportion of pairs of data values jointly below the respective threshold values x, y.
10
Statistical analysis
To organize, understand, and/or describe data To check for errors To condense information To uniformly exchange information
E rror Checking
Avoid zero for defining missing values Check for typographical errors Sort data; examine extreme values Plot sections and plan maps for coordinate errors Locate extreme values on map; Isolated? Trend?
Data Analysis and Display Tools

Frequency Distributions
Data Analysis and Display Tools Correlation Correlation Coefficient Linear Regression Data Location Maps Contour Maps Symbol Maps Moving Window Statistics Proportional Effect
Histograms Cumulative Frequency Tables Probability plots Scatter Plots Q-Q plots
Histograms
Visual picture of data and how they are distributed Bimodal distributions show up easily Outlier high grades Variability
Histogram in text file

# CUM. UPPER FREQ. FREQ LIMIT 0 20 40 60 80 100 ------------+......... +......... +. ........ +. ........ + ......... + 86 .093 .100 +*****. + 34 .130 .200 +** . + 48 .182 .300 +*** . + 73 .261 .400 +**** . + 86 .354 .500 +***** . + 80 .440 .600 +**** . + 84 .531 .700 +***** . + 74 .611 .800 +**** . + 70 .686 .900 +**** . + 60 .751 1.000 +*** . + 43 .798 1.100 +** . + 28 .828 1.200 +** . + 29 .859 1.300 +** . + 31 .893 1.400 +** .+ 25 .920 1.500 +* .+ 19 .941 1.600 +* . 16 .958 1.700 +* . 8 .966 1.800 + . 9 .976 1.900 + . 3 .979 2.000 + . 6 .986 2.100 + . 4 .990 2.200 + . 1 .991 2.300 + . 3 .995 2.400 + . 3 .998 2.500 + . 1 .999 2.600 + . 0 .999 2.700 + . 0 .999 3.500 + . 0 .999 3.600 + . 0 .999 3.700 + . 1 1.000 3.800 + . -----------+ .........+ .........+ ......... + .........+ . ........ + 925 1.000 0 20
11
Histogram Plot
Histograms with skewed data

Data values may not give a single informative histogram One histogram may show the entire spread of data, but another one may be required to show details of small values.
Histograms with skewed data
Cumulative Frequency Tables

CUTOFF CU .000 .200 .400 .600 .800 1.000 1.200 1.400 1.600 1.800 2.000 2.200 2.400 2.600 2.800 3.000 3.200 3.400 3.600 SAMPLES ABOVE 2399.00 1717.00 1240.00 840.00 522.00 310.00 205.00 133.00 72.00 35.00 21.00 11.00 6.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 PERCENT ABOVE 100.00 71.57 51.69 35.01 21.76 12.92 8.55 5.54 3.00 1.46 .88 .46 .25 .08 .08 .08 .08 .08 .08 MEAN ABOVE .5129 .6858 .8365 1.0025 1.1917 1.4012 1.5682 1.7165 1.9206 2.1697 2.3614 2.6118 2.8667 3.6550 3.6550 3.6550 3.6550 3.6550 3.6550 C.V. .8782 .6133 .4809 .3889 .3229 .2663 .2266 .2106 .2002 .1966 .1947 .2006 .2134 .0174 .0174 .0174 .0174 .0174 .0174
Min. data value = .0000 Max. data value = 3.7000 Std. Deviation = .450 C.V. = Coeff. of variation = Standard deviation / mean 2399 Intervals used out of 2412
Probability Plots
Shows if distribution is normal or lognormal Presence of multiple populations Proportion of outlier high grades
Probability Plot
12
Scatter Plots
Simply an x-y graph of the data It shows how well two variables are related Unusual data pairs show up For skewed distributions, two scatter plots may be required to show both details near origin and overall relationship.
Scatter Plot
L inear Regression
y = ax + b a = slope, b = constant of the line a = r (y/x) b = my - amx
L inear Regression
Different ranges of data may be described adequately by different regressions Cu<5, Mo<0.5 y= 6.526x +0.127
L inear Regression
Q-Q Plots
Quantile-Quantile plots Straight line indicates the two distributions have the same shape 45-degree line indicates that mean and variance are the same.
Cu<0.5, Mo<0.05 y= 8.363x +0.049
13
Q-Q plot
Covariance
Covxy= 1/n (xi-mx)(yi-my) i=1,...,n Where mx = mean of x values and my = mean of y values
High Positive Covariance

x-mx<0 x-mx>0 y-my>0
my
Covariance Near Zero
y-my<0 mx
Large Negative Covariance
Covariance
It is affected by the magnitude of the data Values: Multiply x and y values by C, then covariance increases be C2.
14
Covariance
C = 2097.5
Correlation
Three scenarios between two variables: Positively correlated Negatively correlated Uncorrelated
C=20.975
Correlation Coefficient
r = Covxy / xy r = 1, straight line, positive slope r = -1, straight line, negative slope r = 0, no correlation May be affected by a few outliers It removes the dependence on the magnitude of the data values.
= 0.99
= -0.03
= -0.97
15
It measures linear dependence = -0.08
Data Location Map
Contour Maps
Symbol Maps
Each grid location is represented by a symbol that denotes the class to which the value belongs Designed for the line printer Usually not to scale
Moving Window Statistics

Divide area into several local areas of same size Calculate statistics for each smaller area Useful to investigate anomalies in mean and variance
Proportional Effect
Mean and variability are both constant Mean is constant, variability changes Mean changes, variability is constant Both mean and variability change
16
Proportional Effect Plot
17
Spatial continuity
H- scatter plots Plot the value at each sample location versus the value at a nearby location
Spatial continuity
A series of h-scatter plots for several separation distances can show how the spatial continuity decays with increasing distance. You can further summarize spatial continuity by calculating some index of the strength of the relationship seen in each h-scatter plot.
Spatial continuity
Moment of inertia
For a scatter plot that is roughly symmetric about the line x=y, the moment of inertia about this line can serve as a useful index of the strength of the relationship. = moment of inertia about x=y = average squared distance from x=y =1/n [1/2 (xi-yi)2] =1/2n (xi-yi)2
Moment of inertia
Variogram
Measures spatial correlation between samples
Y
(X-Y)/2
X-Y
(h) = 1 / 2n [Z(xi) - Z(xi+h)]2 Semi-variogram will be referred as variogram for convenience
(X,Y)
18
Variogram
Function of distance Vector Depends on distance and direction
Variogram parameters
Range Sill Nugget Effect
Sample variogram output

TYPE: NORMAL TRANSFORMATION: NONE VARIABLE: CU MEAN .7488E+00 .8056E+00 .7981E+00 .7652E+00 .7419E+00 .7286E+00 .7417E+00 .7270E+00 .7113E+00 .6915E+00 FROM TO PAIRS DISTANCE DRIFT V(H) 1 0 - 50 2666 30.9 .2536E-01 .1030E+00 2 50 - 100 9734 79.2 -.8209E-03 .2186E+00 3 100 - 150 23036 126.4 -.2306E-01 .2490E+00 4 150 - 200 32117 175.6 -.1505E-01 .2560E+00 5 200 - 250 45989 225.4 .2757E-02 .2601E+00 6 250 - 300 47351 275.1 -.2589E-01 .2508E+00 7 300 - 350 51794 324.7 -.2560E-01 .2505E+00 8 350 - 400 46522 373.8 -.3154E-01 .2434E+00 9 400 - 450 40313 424.5 -.4489E-01 .2448E+00 10 450 - 500 32113 473.7 -.4401E-01 .2270E+00 .2790E+00 + .2647E+00 + X .2504E+00 + XX XXXX .2361E+00 + .2218E+00 + X X .2075E+00 + .1932E+00 + .1789E+00 + .1645E+00 + .1502E+00 + .1359E+00 + .1216E+00 + .1073E+00 + X .9300E-01 + .7869E-01 + .6439E-01 + .5008E-01 + .3577E-01 + .2146E-01 + .7154E-02 + - - - - - - - + - - - - - - - - -+ 250. 500
Data for computation
Computation 1
For the first step (h=15), there are 4 pairs: 1. x1 and x2 , or .14 and .28 2. x2 and x3 , or .28 and .19 3. x3 and x4 , or .19 and .10 4. x4 and x5 , or .10 and .09 Therefore, for h=15, we get (15)=1/(2*4)[(x1-x2)2+(x2-x3)2+(x3-x4)2+(x4-x5)2 ] = 1/8 [ (.14-.28)2 + (.28-.19)2 + (.19-.10)2 + (.10-.09)2] = 0.125 [(-.14)2 + (.09)2 + (.09)2 + (.01)2 ] = 0.125 ( .0196 + .0081 + .0081 + .0001 ) = 0.125 ( .0359 ) (15) = 0.00448
Computation 2
For the second step (h=30), there are 3 pairs: 1. x1 and x3 , or .14 and .19 2. x2 and x4 , or .28 and .10 3. x3 and x5 , or .19 and .09 Therefore, for h=30, we get (30) = 1/(2*3) [(x1-x3)2 + (x2-x4) 2 + (x3-x5)2 ] = 1/6 [(.14-.19)2 + (.28-.10)2 + (.19-.09)2 ] = 0.16667 [(-.05)2 + (.18)2 + (.10)2 ] = 0.16667 ( .0025 + .0324 + .0100 ) = 0.16667 ( .0449 ) (30) = 0.00748
19
Computation 3
For the third step (h=45), there are 2 pairs: 1. x1 and x4 , or .14 and .10 2. x2 and x5 , or .28 and .09 Therefore, for h=45, we get (45) = 1/(2*2) [(x1-x4 )2 + (x2-x5)2] = 1/4 [(.14-.10)2 + (.28-.09)2 ] = 0.25 [(.04)2 + (.19)2 ] = 0.25 ( .0016 + .0361 ) = 0.25 ( .0377 ) (45) = 0.00942
Computation 4
For the fourth step (h=60), there is only one pair: x1 and x5 . The values for this pair are .14 and .09, respectively. Therefore, for h=60, we get (60) = 1/(2*1) (x1 - x5 ) 2 = (.14-.09)2 = 0.5 (.05)2 = 0.5 ( .0025 ) (60) = 0.00125 If we take another step (h=75), we see that there are no more pairs. Therefore, the variogram calculation stops at h=60.
Class Size
Three possible options: Lag distance = 50 0-50, 51-100, 101-151 etc.. Lag = 50, tolerance = 25 0-75, 75-125, 125-175 etc.. Lag = 50, strict tolerance = 25 0-25, 25-75, 75-125 etc..
Windows and Band Widths
Fitting a Theoretical Model

Draw the variance as the sill (c + c0 ) Project the first few points to the y-axis. This is an estimate of the nugget (c0 ). Project the same line until it intercepts the sill. This distance is two thirds of the range for spherical model. Using the estimates of range, sill, nugget and the equation of the mathematical model under consideration, calculate a few points and see if the curve fits the sample variogram. If necessary, modify the parameters and repeat Step Four to obtain a better fit.
Variogram models
Spherical Linear Exponential Gaussian Hole-Effect
20
Variogram Models
Variogram Models
Sample Variogram Plot
Types of Anisotropy
Geometric same sill and nugget, different ranges Zonal same nugget and range, different sills
Anisotropy
Modeling Anisotropy
Geometric
21
Modeling Anisotropy
Zonal
Modeling Geometrical Anisotropy: a recipe
Calculate variograms in different directions Keeping nugget and sill the same, fit onedimensional models to the sample variograms in all directions Make a rose diagram of ranges and find the direction of the longest range If diagram looks like a circle, no anisotropy. If diagram looks like an ellipse, there is anisotropy. Use ellipse pattern in search parameters.
Rose diagram
45o 0o 90o
Variogram Contours
135o
Length of axes correspond to variogram ranges
Nested Structures
Variogram types
Normal Relative Logarithmic Covariance Function Correlograms Indicator Variograms Cross Variograms
22
Relative Variogram
R (h) = (h) / [m(h) + c]2 c is a constant parameter used in the case of a three- parameter lognormal distribution. Pairwise Relative Variogram: PR (h) = 1/(2n) [(vi -vj ) 2 /((vi +vj )/2)2 ] vi and vj are the values of a pair of samples at locations i and j, respectively.
Logarithmic Variogram
Variogram using the logarithms of the data instead of the raw data y = ln x or y = ln (x + c) for 3-parameter lognormal Reduces or eliminates the impact of extreme data values on the variogram structure
T ransformation from Logs

To transform log parameters back to normal values: 1. Ranges stay the same 2. Estimate the logarithmic mean () and variance (2). Use the sill of the logarithmic variogram as the estimate of 2 3. Calculate the mean, () and the variance ( 2 ) of the normal data: = exp ( + 2 /2) 2 = 2 [exp (2 ) - 1] 4. Set the sill of the normal variogram = the variance ( 2 ) 5. Compute c (sill-nugget) and c0 (nugget) of the normal variogram: c = 2 [exp (clog ) - 1] c0 = sill - c
Covariance Function Variograms C(h) = 1/N [vi vj - m-h . m+h ] v1 ,...,vn are the data values m-h is the mean of all the data values whose locations are -h away from some other data location. m+h is the mean of all the data values whose locations are +h away from some other data location. (h) = C(0) - C(h)
Correlograms
(h) = C(h) / ( -h . +h ) -h is the standard deviation of all the data values whose locations are -h away from some other data location: 2-h = 1/N (vi2 - m2-h ) +h is the standard deviation of all the data values whose locations are +h away from some other data location: 2+h = 1/N (vj 2 - m 2+h )
Indicator Variogram
1, if z(x) < zc i(x;zc) ={ 0, otherwise where: x is location, zc is a specified cutoff value, z(x) is the value at location x.
23
Cross Variograms
CR (h) = 1/2n [u(xi)-u(xi+h)]2 * [v(xi)-v(xi+h)]2
Cross Validation
Predicts a known data point using an interpolation plan Only the surrounding data points are used to estimate this point, while leaving the data point out. Other names: Point validation, jack-knifing
Used to describe cross-continuity between two variables Necessary for co-kriging and probability kriging
Cross Validation
The least amount of average estimation error Either the variance of the errors or the weighted square error (or variance) is closest to the average kriging variance. The weighted square error (WSE) is given by the following equation: WSE = [(1/i 2) (ei)2 ] / (1/i2)
Cross Validation Report

Variable : CU ACTUAL Mean Std. Dev. Minimum = = = 0.6991 0.5043 0.0000 3.7000 1.0641 2.0532 KRIGING 0.7037 0.3870 0.0200 2.1000 0.5634 -0.0214 0.3890 0.0815 DIFF -0.0045 0.2869 -0.9400 2.2100 1.3559 7.0010
Maximum = Skewness = Peakedness=
Ave. kriging variance = Weighted square error =
24
T he Necessity of Modeling
Suppose we have the data set below It provides virtually no information about the entire profile
Deterministic Models
Depend on: Context of data Outside information (not contained in data)
Probabilistic Models
The variables of interest in earth science data are typically the end result of vast number of processes whose complex interactions cannot be described quantitatively. Probabilistic random function models recognize this uncertainty and provide tools for estimating values at unknown locations once some assumptions about the statistical characteristics of the phenomenon are made.
Probabilistic Models
In a probabilistic model, available sample data are viewed as the result of a random process. Data are not generated by a random process; rather, their complexity appears as random behavior
Random Variables
A random variable is a variable whose values are randomly generated according to some probabilistic mechanism. The result of throwing a die is a random variable. There are 6 equally probable values of this random variable: 1,2,3,4,5,6
Functions of Random Variables

Since the outcomes of a R.V. are numerical values, we can define another random variable by performing mathematical operations on the outcome of a random variable. Example: if D is the variable defined as the result of throwing a die, 2D can be the variable defined as the result of throwing the die and doubling the result.
25
Parameters of a Random Variable
The set of outcomes and their corresponding probabilities is sometimes referred to as the probability distribution of a random variable. These probability distributions have parameters that can be summarized. Example: Min, Max etc
The complete distribution can not be determined from the knowledge of only a few parameters. Two random variables may have the same mean and variance but their distributions may be different.

The parameters can not be calculated by observing the outcomes of a random variable. From a sequence of observed outcomes all we can calculate is sample statistics based on that set of data. Different set of data will produce different statistics. As the number of outcomes increases, the sample statistics becomes more similar to their model parameters. In practice, we assume that the parameters of our random variable are the same as the sample statistics.
The two most commonly parameters used in probabilistic approaches to estimation are the mean or expected value of the random variable and its variance.
Expected value
Expected value of a random variable is its mean or average outcome. = E(x) E(x) refers to expectation: E(x) = - x f(x) dx where f(x) is the probability density function of the random variable x.
Variance of a Random Variable The variance of a random variable is the expected squared difference from the mean of the random variable. 2 = E (x-)2 = - (x-)2 f(x) dx Std. dev. is
26
Expected value
Example: Define R.V. L=outcome of throwing two dice and taking the larger of the two values. What is the expected value of L? E(L)=1/36 (1)+3/36 (2)+5/36 (3) +7/36(4)+9/36 (5)+11/36 (6) = = 4.47
Joint Random Variables

Random variables may also be generated in pairs according to some probabilistic mechanism; the outcome of one of the variables may influence the outcome of the other.
Covariance
The dependence between two random variables is described by covariance Cov(x1 ,x2) = E {[x1 - E(x2)] [x2 - E(x2)]} = E(x1 x2) - [E(x1)] [E(x2)]
Independence
Random variables are considered independent if the joint probability density function satisfies: p(x1 ,x2 ,...,xn) = p(x1) p(x2) ... p(xn) i.e., probability of two event happening is the product of each events probability
Expectation and variance

Properties: C is a constant, then E(Cx) = C E(x) If x1 , x2 , ..., xn have finite expectation, then E(x1 +x2 ...+xn ) = E(x1) + E(x2) + ... + E(xn) If C is a constant, then Var(Cx) = C2 Var(x) If x1 , x2 , ..., xn are independent, then Var(x1 +x2 ...+xn) = Var(x1)+Var(x2)+...+Var(xn) Var(x+y) = Var(x) + Var(y) + 2 Cov(x,y)
Weighted Linear Combinations of Random Variables
Estimate is an outcome of a random variable that is created by a weighted linear combination of other random variables. Expected value and Variance (same definition as before)
27
Random Functions
R.F. is a set of random variables that have some spatial locations and whose dependence on each other is specified by some probabilistic mechanism.
Parameters of R F
The set of realizations of a random function and their corresponding probabilities are often referred as the probability distribution Like the histograms of sample values, these probability distributions have parameters that summarize them
Random Functions
Parameters commonly used to summarize the behavior of the random function: Expected value Variance Covariance Correlogram Variogram
Reality vs Model
Reality: sample values summary statistics Model: possible outcomes with corresponding probabilities of occurrence parameters It is important to recognize the distinction between a model and the reality
L inear Estimators
all estimation methods involve weighted linear combinations: estimate = z* = wi z(xi) i = 1,...,n The questions: What are the weights, wi ? What are the values, z(xi) ?
Desirable Properties
Desirable properties of an estimator: Average error = 0 (unbiased) E (Z - Z * ) = 0 where Z * is the estimate and Z is the true value of the random variable Error variance (spread of errors) is small Var (Z - Z * ) = E (Z - Z * )2 = small Robust Question: How to calculate the weights so that they satisfy the required properties?
28
Random Process Assumptions Strong stationarity Second order stationarity Intrinsic hypothesis
Stationarity
The independence of univariate and bivatiate probability laws from the location x is referred as stationarity. (They may depend on separation distance h)
Strong Stationarity
In order for a random function Z(x) to meet the strong stationarity requirement, the following properties must be satisfied: E[Z(x)] = m, m = finite and independent of x No gradual increase or decrease in grade for some specified direction (no drift). Var[Z(x)]= 2 , 2 = finite and independent of x Constant parameter value of the underlying density functions.
Second Order Stationarity

E[Z(x)] = m, m = finite and independent of x E[Z(x+h). Z(x)] - m2 = C(h) = finite and independent of x For each pair of random variables Z(x+h) and Z(x), the covariance exists and depends only on the separation distance h. The covariance does not depend on the particular location x within the deposit. The stationarity of covariance implies the stationarity of the variance as well as the variogram. Under this assumption, the relationship between the variogram and the covariogram is: (h) = C(0) - C(h) = Var[Z(x)] - C(h)
Intrinsic Hypothesis
The intrinsic hypothesis of order zero: E[Z(x)] = m, m = finite and independent of x E[Z(x+h)- Z(x)]2 = 2(h) = finite and independent of x (variogram function) We assume no drift , and the existence and the stationarity of the variogram only. If condition of no drift in a deposit cannot be satisfied, the intrinsic hypothesis of order one is invoked.
Intrinsic Hypothesis
Intrinsic hypothesis of order one: E[Z(x+h)-Z(x)]=m(h)=finite and independent of x E[Z(x+h)-Z(x)]2=2(h) = finite and independent of x The difference in the mean must be finite, independent of the support point x, and depend only on the separation distance h. In performing local estimation using ordinary kriging, the intrinsic hypothesis of order zero is invoked. Universal kriging may be employed under the first order hypothesis.
29
En suring Unbiasednes s
Estimated value: Z* = i Z(xi) Estimated error: R* = Z*-Zo = iZ(xi) - Zo Average error: r = 1/n R* Set expected value of average error to zero: E{r} = E{1/n R*} = 1/n E{R*} = 0 To guarantee that E{r} = 0, make E{R*} = 0 E{R*} = E{i Z(xi) - Zo} = iE{Z(xi)} - E{Zo} Using the strong stationarity requirement: E{Z(xi)} = E{Zo} = E{Z} Therefore, E{R*} =iE{Z} - E{Z} = 0 => (i -1) E{Z} = 0 => i -1 = 0 => i =1
En suring Unbiasednes s
Sum of weights, wi = 1 Two limitations: The average error is not guaranteed to be zero, only the expected value The result is valid only if the linear combination belongs to the same statistical population
E stimation methods
Traditional: Polygonal Triangulation Inverse distance Geostatistical: Kriging
Polygonal
Assigns all weight to nearest sample. Advantages: Easy to understand Easy to calculate manually Fast Declustered global histogram Disadvantages: Discontinuous local estimates Edge effect No anisotropy No error estimation
T riangulation
Weight at each triangle is proportional to the area of the opposite sub triangle. Advantages: Easy to understand and calculate manually Fast Disadvantages: Not unique solution Only three samples receive weights Extrapolation? 3d? No anisotropy No error control
Inverse Distance
Each sample weight is inversely proportional to the distance between the sample and the point being estimated: z* = [ (1/dip) z(xi ) ] / (1/ dip) i = 1,...,n where z* is the estimate of the grade of a block or a point, z(xi) refers to sample grade, p is an arbitrary exponent, and n is the number of samples
30
Inverse Distance
If p tends to zero =>local mean sample If p tends to => nearest neighbor method (polygonal) Traditionally, p = 2
Inverse Distance
Advantages: Easy to understand Easy to implement Flexible in adapting weights to different estimation problems Can be customized Disadvantages: Susceptible to data clustering p? No anisotropy No error control
Ordinary kriging
Definition: Ordinary kriging is an estimator designed primarily for the estimation of block grades as a linear combination of available data in or near the block, such that estimate is unbiased and has minimum variance.
Ordinary kriging
B.L.U.E. for best linear unbiased estimator. Linear because its estimates are weighted linear combinations of available data Unbiased since the sum of the weights adds up to 1 Best because it aims at minimizing the variance of errors.
Kriging Estimator
z* = wi z(xi ) i = 1,...,n where z* is the estimate of the grade of a block or a point, z(xi) refers to sample grade, wi is the corresponding weight assigned to z(xi), and n is the number of samples.
Kriging Estimator
Desirable Properties: Minimize 2 = F (w1, w2, w3,,wn) r = average error = 0 (unbiased) wi = 1
31
E rror variance
Using R. F. model, you can express the error variance as a function of R.F. parameters: 2R= 2z + (i j Ci,j ) - 2 i C i,o where 2z is the sample variance Ci,j is the covariance between samples Ci,o is the covariance between samples and location of estimation. See Isaaks and Srivastava pg 281-284
E rror variance
2R= 2z + (i j Ci,j ) - 2 i C i,o Error increases as variance of data increases Error variance increases as data become more redundant Error variance decreases as data are closer to the location of estimation
Ordinary Kriging
Minimize error 2R= 2z + (i j Ci,j ) - 2 i C i,o i = 1 Use Lagrange method (Isaaks and Srivastava, pg 284-285). Result: Ci,o = (i Ci,j) + i = 1
Kriging System (point)

Previous equation in matrix form:
Point Kriging (cont.)

Matrix C consists of the covariance values Cij between the random variables Vi and Vj at the sample locations. Vector D consists of the covariance values Ci0 between the random variables Vi at the sample locations and the random variable V0 at the location where an estimate is needed. Vector consists of the kriging weights and the Lagrange multiplier.
Kriging System (block)
32
Block Kriging (cont.)

In point kriging, the covariance matrix D
consists of point-to-point covariances. In block kriging, it consists of block-to-point covariances. Covariance values CiA no longer a point-to-point covariance like Ci0 , but the average covariance between a particular sample and all of the points within A: CiA = 1/A Cij In practice, the A is discretized using a number of points in x, y and z directions to approximate CiA .
Kriging Variance
2ok = CAA - [(i CiA) + ] Data independent
Block Discretization
To be considered: Range of influence of the variogram used in kriging. Size of the blocks with respect to this range. Horizontal and vertical anisotropy ratios.
Advantages of kriging
Takes into account spatial continuity characteristics Built-in declustering capability Exact estimator Calculates the kriging variance for each block Robust
Disadvantages of kriging
computer required prior variography required more time consuming smoothing effect
Assumptions
No drift is present in the data (Stationarity hypothesis) Both variance and covariance exist and are finite. The mean grade of the deposit is unknown.
33
E ffect of scale
E ffect of shape
Nugget Effect
E ffect of range
E ffect of Anisotropy
Search Strategy
Define a search neighborhood within which a specified number of samples is used
If anisotropy, use an ellipsoidal search Orientation of this ellipse is important If no anisotropy, search ellipse becomes a circle and the question of orientation is no longer relevant
34
Search Strategy
Include at least a ring of drill holes with enough samples around the blocks to be estimated Dont extend the grades of the peripheral holes to the undrilled areas too far Increasing vertical search distance has more impact on number of samples available for a given block, than increasing horizontal search distance (in vertically oriented drillholes) Limit the number of samples used from each individual drillhole
Search strategy (cont.)
Octant or Quadrant Search
Importance of kriging plan

An easily overlooked assumption in every estimate is the fact the sample values used in the weighted linear combination are somehow relevant, and that they belong to the same group or population, as the point being estimated. Deciding which samples are relevant for the estimation of a particular point or a block may be more important than the choice of an estimation method.
Declustering
Clustering in high grade area:
Nave mean= (0+1+3+1+7+6+5+6+2+4+0+1)/ 12 = 3 Declustered mean= [(0+1+3+1+2+4+0+1) + (7+6+5+6)/4] /9 = =2
Declustering
Clustering in mean grade area:
Nave mean= (7+1+3+1+0+6+5+1+2+4+0+6)/ 12 = 3 Declustered mean= [(7+1+3+1+2+4+0+6) + (0+6+5+1)/4] /9 = =3
35
Declustering
Clustering in low grade area:
Nave mean= (7+1+6+1+0+3+4+1+2+5+0+6)/ 12 = 3 Declustered mean= [(7+1+6+1+2+5+0+6) + (0+3+4+1)/4] /9 = =3.33
Declustering
Data with no correlation, do no need declustering (pure nugget effect model) If variogram model has a long range and low nugget, you may need to decluster.
Declustering
Cell declustering Polygonal
Cell Declustering
Each datum is weighted by the inverse of the number of data in the cell
Polygonal
Declustered Global Mean

DGM = (wi . vi ) / wi i=1,...,n where n is the number of samples, wi are the declustering weights assigned to each sample, and vi are the sample values. The denominator acts as a factor to standardize the weights so that they add up to 1.
36
Cross Validation
To check how well the estimation procedure can be expected to perform. Temporarily discard the sample value at a particular location and then estimate the value at that location using the remaining values.
Cross validation
It may suggest improvements It compares, does not determine parameters Reveals weaknesses/shortcomings
Cross validation
Check: Histogram of errors Scatter plots of actual versus estimate
Cross validation
Remember: All conclusions are based on observations of errors at locations were we do not need estimates. We remove values that, after all, we are going to use.
Quantifying Uncertainty
One approach: Assume that the distribution of errors is Normal Assume that the ordinary kriging estimate provides the mean of the normal distribution Build 95 percent confidence intervals by taking 2 standard deviations either of the OK estimate
Kriging Variance 2ok = CAA - [(i CiA) + ] Advantages Does not depend on data It can be calculated before sample data are available (from previous/know variography) Disadvantages Does not depend on data If proportional effect exists, previous assumptions are not true
37
Other approach Incorporate the grade in the error variance calculation: Relative Variance = Kriging Variance /Square of Kriged Grade
Same Kriging Variance!!!
Combined Variance = sqrt (local variance * kriging variance)
where local variance of the weighted average (2w ) is: 2w = w2i * (Z0- zi )2 i = 1, n (n>1) where n is the number of data used, wi are the weights corresponding to each datum, Z0 is the block estimate, and zi are the data values.
Relative Variability Index(RVI) = SQRT(Combined Variance) / Kriged Grade
Change of Support
N=4 M = 8.825
Change of Support
N = 16 M = 8.825
38
Change of Support
>10 N = 2 = 50% M = 11.15
Change of Support
>10 N = 5 = 31% M =18.6
Change of Support
The mean above 0.0 cutoff does not change with a change in support The variance of block distribution decreases with larger support The shape of the distribution tends to become symmetrical as the support increases Recovered quantities depend on block size
Affine Correction
Assumptions: The distribution of block or SMU grades has same shape as the distribution of point or composite samples. The ratio of the variances, i.e., variance of block grades (or the SMU grades) over that of point grades is non-conditional to surrounding data used for estimation.
Kriges Relation
2p = 2b + 2 pb 2p = Dispersion variance of composites in the deposit (sill) 2b = Dispersion variance of blocks in the deposit 2 pb = Dispersion variance of points in blocks This is the spatial complement to the partitioning of variances which simply says that the variance of point values is equal to the variance of block values plus the variance of points within blocks.
Kriges Relation (contd)

Total 2 = between block 2 + within block 2 2p = calculated directly from the composite or blasthole data 2 pb = calculated by integrating the variogram over the block b 2b = calculated using the Kriges relation: 2b = 2p - 2 pb
39
Kriges Relation (contd)

How to calculate 2 pb ? Integrating the variogram over a block provides variance of points within the block 2 pb = block = 1/n2 (hi,j)
Calculation of A.C.
K2 = 2b / 2p 1
(from the variogram averaging): K2 = [ (D,D) - (smu,smu) ] / (D,D) = 1 - [ (smu,smu) / (D,D) ] 1 Affine correction factor, K = K2 1
Affine Correction (cont.)

Use affine correction if: (2p -2b) /2 p 30%
Affine correction of Variance
Indirect Lognormal method

Assumption: all distributions are lognormal; the shape of distribution changes with changes in variance. Transform: znew = azbold a = Function of (m, new ,old ,CV) b = Function of (new,old,CV), see the notes CV: coefficient of variation = old / mold
Indirect Lognormal method

Disadvantage: If the original distribution departs from log normality, the new mean may require rescaling: znew = (mold/mnew) zold
40
Change of Support (other)

Hermite Polynomials: Declustered composites are transformed into a Gaussian distribution Volume-variance correction is done on the Gaussian distribution Then this distribution is back transformed using inverse Hermite Polynomials
Change of Support (other)

Conditional Simulation: Simulate a realization of the composite (or blasthole) grades on a very closely spaced grid (for example, 1x1) Average simulated grades to obtain simulated block grades
Change of Support (applications)

Design a search strategy: Decluster composites/variogram Define SMU units Apply change of support from composites to SMU Calculate the SMU GT curves. Guess at a search scenario Krige blocks => create GT curves Compare GT curves of block estimates to GT curves of SMUs Adjust search scenario etc.. GT: grade tonnage curves
Change of Support (applications) Reconciliation between BH model and Exploration model: Calculate GT curves of exploration model Apply change of support from BH model to Exploration model Calculate the adjusted BH model GT curves. Compare GT curves of block estimates to GT of adjusted BH model estimates.
C. of S. for Ore Grade/Tonnage Estimation
Equivalent Cutoff Calculation

(zp - m) / p = (zsmu - m) / smu
zp = the equivalent cutoff grade to be applied to the point (or composite) distribution m = mean of composite and SMU distribution p = square root of composite dispersion variance zsmu = the cutoff grade applied to the SMU m = mean of composite and SMU distribution smu = square root of SMU dispersion variance
41
Equivalent Cutoff Calculation

zp = ( p / smu ) zsmu + m [1 - ( p / smu )] The ratio p / smu is basically the inverse of the affine correction factor K. This ratio is 1.
Numeric Example
Let the mean of composites = 0.0445, and the specified cutoff grade zsmu = 0.055 If the ratio p / smu = 1.23, what is the equivalent cutoff grade? zp=1.23 (0.055) + 0.0445 (1 - 1.23) =0.0574 Therefore, the equivalent cutoff grade to be applied to the composite distribution is 0.0574.
Equivalent Cutoff
if the specified cutoff grade is less than the
Change of Support (applications) Other: Almost required in MIK
mean, the equivalent cutoff grade becomes less than the cutoff if the specified cutoff grade is greater than the mean, the equivalent cutoff grade becomes greater than the cutoff.
42
Simple Kriging
Z*sk = i [Z(xi ) - m] + m i = 1,...,n
Cokriging
Suitable when the primary variable has not been sampled sufficiently. Precision of the estimation may be improved by considering the spatial correlations between the primary variable and a better-sampled variable. Example: extensive data from blastholes as the secondary variable - Widely spaced exploration data as the primary variable.
Z*sk - estimate of the grade of a block or a point Z(xi ) - refers to sample grade i - corresponding simple kriging weights assigned to Z(xi ) n - number of samples m = E{Z(x)} - location dependent expected value of Z(x).
Cokriging
....................................... [Cov{dibj}] [1] [0] [Cov{didi}] ....................................... [Cov{bjbj}] [0] [1] [Cov{dibj}] ....................................... [ 1 ] [ 0 ] 0 0 ....................................... [ 0 ] [ 1 ] 0 0 ....................................... ..... ........... [8i] [Cov{x0di}] ..... ........... [*j] [Cov{x0bj}] x ..... = ........... 1 d ..... ........... 0 b ..... ...........
Cokriging-steps for Drill and Blasthole data Regularize blasthole data into a specified block size. Block size could be the same as the size of the model blocks to be valued, or a discreet sub-division of such blocks. A new data base of average blasthole block values is thus established. Variogram analysis of drillhole data. Variogram analysis of blasthole data. Cross-variogram analysis between drill and blasthole data. Pair each drillhole value with all blasthole values. Selection of search and interpolation parameters. Cokriging.
[Cov{didi}] = drillhole data (dhs) covariance matrix, i=1,n [Cov{bjbj}] = blasthole data (bhs) covariance matrix, j=1,m [Cov{dibj}] = cross-covariance matrix for dhs and bhs [Cov{x0di}] = drillhole data to block covariances [Cov{x0bj}] = blasthole data to block covariances [8i] = Weights for drillhole data [*j] = Weights for blasthole data d and b = Lagrange multipliers
Universal Kriging
Outlier Restricted Kriging

Determine the outlier cutoff grade Assign indicators to the composites based on the cutoff grade 0 if the grade is below the cutoff 1 otherwise Use OK with indicator variogram, or simply use IDS , or any other method to assign the probability of a block to have grade above the outlier cutoff. Modify Kriging matrix.
43
ORK matrix
Nearest Neighbor Kriging

Utilize nearest samples (assign more weight)
Non-Linear kriging methods

kriging Probability kriging Lognormal kriging Multi-Gaussian kriging Lognormal short-cut Disjunctive kriging Parametric (assumptions about distributions) or non-parametric (distribution-free)
Indicator
Why Non-Linear
To overcome problems encountered with outliers To provide better estimates than those provided by linear methods To take advantage of the properties on nonnormal distributions of data and thereby provide more optimal estimates To provide answers to non-linear problems To provide estimates of distributions on a scale different from that of the data (the change of support problem)
Indicator Kriging
Suppose that equal weighting of N given samples is used to estimate the probability that the grade of ore at a specified location is below a cutoff grade. The proportion of N samples that are below this cutoff grade can be taken as the probability that grade estimated is below this cutoff grade. Indicator kriging obtains a cumulative probability distribution at a given location in a similar manner, except that it assigns different weights to surrounding samples using the ordinary Kriging technique to minimize the estimation variance.
Indicator Kriging
The basis of indicator kriging is the indicator function: At each point x in the deposit, consider the following indicator function of zc defined as: 1, if z(x) < zc i(x;zc ) = 0, otherwise where: x is location, zc is a specified cutoff value, z(x) is the value at location x.
44
Indicator Kriging
Examples: Separate continuous variables into categories: I(x) = 1 if k(x) 30, 0 if k(x) >30 Characterize categorical variables and differentiate types: I(x) = 1 for heterozygote, 0 for homozygote
Indicator Kriging (applications)

Some drill holes have encountered a particular horizon, some were not drilled deep enough, some penetrated the horizon but the core or the log is missing: Use I(x) = 1 for drill hole assays above the horizon and I(x) = 0 for assays below the horizon. Use indicator kriging and calculate the probability of the missing assays to be 1 or 0.
Indicator Kriging (applications)

Some data may represent a spatial mixture of two or more statistical populations (for example, clay and sand. Separate populations: I(x) = 1 for clay, 0 for sand. Then calculate the probability of an unsampled location to be clay or sand. Krige (local estimates) unsampled locations using only data belonging to that population Final estimate can be a weighted (by probabilities) average of the local estimates.
Indicator Kriging (applications) Extreme values: Separate population to 1 and 0 based on outlier cutoff. Proceed then as though you are dealing with two spatially mixed populations.
Multiple Indicator Kriging

Same as indicator kriging but instead of one cutoff, we use a series of cutoffs.

THE INDICATOR FUNCTION: At each point x in the deposit, consider the following indicator function of zc defined as: 1, if z(x) < zc i(x;zc ) = 0, otherwise where: x is location, zc is a specified cutoff value, z(x) is the value at location x.
45
Indicator Function at point x
T he (A;zc) function
(A;zc ) = 1/AA i(x;zc ) dx [0,1]
Proportion of Values z(x) zc within area A
Local Recovery Functions

Tonnage point recovery factor in A: t*(A;zc) = 1 - (A;zc) Quantity of metal recovery factor in A: q*(A;zc) = zc u d (A;u) A discrete approximation of this integral is given by q*(A;zc) = 1/2 (zj + zj-1) [*(A;zj) -*(A;zj-1) ] j=2,...,n
Local Recovery Functions

This approximation sums the product of median cutoff grade and median (A;zc) proportion for each cutoff grade increment. The mean ore grade at cutoff zc gives the mean block grade above the specified cutoff value. Mean ore grade at cutoff zc : m*(A;zc) = q*(A;zc) / t*(A;zc)
E stimation of (A;zc)
(A;zc) proportion of grades z(x) below cutoff zc within panel A. (unknown since i(x;zc) known at only a finite number of points). (A;zc) = 1/n i(xj ;zc) j=1,...,n or (A;zc) = j i(xj ;zc) xj D j=1,...,N where n is the number of samples in the panel A, N is the number of samples in search volume D, j are the weights assigned to the samples, j = 1, and usually N >> n. Ordinary kriging is used to estimate (A;zc) from the indicator data i(xj ;zc). We use a random function model for i(xj ;zc), which will be designated by I(xj ;zc).
46
Indicator Variography
I(h;zc ) = 1/2 E [ I(x+h);zc ) - I(x;zc ) ]2
Median Indicator Variogram

Indicator variogram where cutoff corresponds to median of data m(h;zm ) = 1/2n [ I(xj+m+h);zm ) - I(xj;zm ) ]2
j=1,,n
Order Relations
Advantages of MIK
It estimates the local recoverable reserves within each panel or block. It provides an unbiased estimate of the recovered tonnage at any cutoff of interest. It is non-parametric, i.e., no assumption is required concerning distribution of grades. It can handle highly variable data. It takes into account influence of neighboring data and continuity of mineralization.
Disadvantages of MIK
It may be necessary to compute and fit a variogram for each cutoff. Estimators for various cutoff values may not show the expected order relations. Mine planning and pit design using MIK results can be more complicated than conventional methods. Correlation between indicator functions of various cutoff values are not utilized. More information becomes available through the indicator cross variograms and subsequent cokriging. These form the basis of the Probability Kriging technique.
Change of Support
Function *(A;zc) and grade-tonnage relationship for each block is based on distribution point samples (composites). Selective mining unit (SMU) volume is much larger than sample volume, therefore, one must perform a volume-variance correction to the initial grade-tonnage curve of each block.
47
Affine Correction
Equation for affine correction of any panel or block is given by *v (A;z) = * (A;zadj) where zadj=adjusted cutoff grade = K(z - ma)+ma Use affine correction if: (2p -2b) /2 p 30%
Grade Zoning
Grade zoning is usually applied to control the extrapolation of grades into statistically different populations Often grade zones or mineralization envelopes correspond to different geologic units
Grade Zoning (contd)

Determine how the grade populations are separated spatially Is there a reasonably sharp discontinuity between the grades of the different populations? Or is there a larger transition zone between the grades of the different populations?

Discontinuity between grade populations:

Transition zone between grade populations:

Discontinuity between the grade populations is best modeled using a deterministic model, i.e., digitized the outlines Transition zone between the grade populations is best modeled using a probabilistic model, i.e., indicator kriging
48

Characterizing the contact between different spatial populations: Calculate the difference between the average grades within each population as a function of distance from the contact: Dzi = zi - z(-i)

If the average difference in grade Dzi vs distance from the contact is more or less constant, then there is probably a discontinuity between the different populations :

If the average difference in grade Dzi vs distance from the contact is small for small distances but increases with increasing distance, then there is likely a transition zone between the different populations:
Grade Zone Bias Check

Often mineralization envelopes lead to biased ore reserve models. To check:
Interpolate using the nearest neighbor (polygonal) method) Use the search parameters corresponding to the model of spatial continuity Disregard all grade zoning Compare at 0.0 cutoff grade, the tons and grade of the polygonal model to those of the mineralization envelope model.
49
Geostatistics Overheads
Notes:
Page -50
Part #:E005 Rev. B
Prior to this section you loaded the drillhole data to MineSight. If you are calculating statistics on the composites, you calculated the composites. In this section you can compute classical statistics on the assays and composites. This is not required for later work.
Notes:
Learning Outcome
In this section you will learn:
How to calculate general statistics How to produce a histogram How to produce probability plots How to produce scatter plots How to calculate insitu statistics How to calculate proportional effect
The most commom statistical operations available within MineSight are:
Mean and standard deviation Histograms Cumulative frequency plots Correlations Cumulative probability plots
Use classical statistics to:
Analyze data to determine descriptive parameters Make inferences about an entire population based on samples
Some difficulties involved with the application of classical statistics to mineral projects are:
Mineral deposit data is generally not independent. It is for this reason that geostatistics was developed. Different geologic zones may have different statistical populations. Mixing zones may produce incorrect statistics. Different types of samples have different volumes and should be kept separate for analysis, e.g., drillhole assays and bulk samples.
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 1-1
Notes:
Although samples may be equal in size, they may not have an equal volume of influence. Drilling tends to be closer spaced in higher grade areas so the statistics may be indicating a higher proportion of ore than actually exists.
General Statistics
On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p40101.dat - Statistics (assays)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - Assay Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides input for the items to be analyzed, an optional weighting item and associated multiplier, and an optional selection item for limiting the data to be analyzed. <Enter Cu as the base assay for cutoffs and also report the MO values. Weight the statistics by -AI- (the assay length)>. Panel 2 - Assay Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides input for the basic statistical analysis parameters. A frequency interval of .1 will be used and all values below 0 will be ignored. Well report 40 frequency intervals in this example, and use cu as the run and report file extensions. Panel 3 - Optional Data Selection for Assay Statistics This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. There are also titling options for the resulting histogram plot; enter a title such as Assay statistics weighted by length. Panel 4 - 3D Coordinate Limits for Data Selection This panel provides the option of limiting the area of data selection, either through project coordinates or through the use of a boundary file. Panel 5 - Histogram Plot Attributes This panel provides options for setting up your histogram display and plot. Results and Histogram Plot The results of the statistical analysis are presented in the report file (rpt401.cu) in tabular form and as a symbolic histogram.
Page 1-2
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Notes:
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 1-3
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. There is also information provided regarding the number of intervals excluded based on the selection criteria input through the procedure panels:
Notes:
Finally, a plottable histogram is also generated; this can be plotted using the M122MF program, which is controlled with the MPLOT panel. The MPLOT panel can also be used to create deferred plot files from the histogram.
Page 1-4
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Exercise 1 Use procedure p40201.dat to generate composite statistics. Use the same parameters as in the assays. Use item length as the weighting item. Compare histograms and statistics. Exercise 2 Generate composite statistics for those composites that have ALTR = 1 and 2 only. Hint: this can be done with a change to Panel 3. Exercise 3 Repeat the exercise for those composites that have ROCK = 1 and 2 only. Exercise 4 1. Generate lognormal composite data statistics for those composites that have ROCK =
Notes:
Statistics within Geology Types

From the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p40201.dat - Statistics (comps)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - 3-D Composite Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides input for the file type, items for analysis, and optional weighting and selection items. Using File 9, enter ROCK as the first item. This item will be used to determine the cutoffs. Enter CU as the second item, which will be used for statistical analysis. Keep item length as a weighting item. Panel 2 - 3-D Composite Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides input for the basic statistical analysis parameters. A frequency interval of 1 will be used because the CU statistics will be reported at cutoffs of ROCK item. Also <check the box Dont report the first items?. Use rck as the filename extension for both the run and report files>. Panel 3 - Optional Data Selection for Assay Statistics This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. There are also titling options for the resulting histogram plot; enter a title such as 15-m bench composites by rock type. Panel 4 - 3D Coordinate Limits for Data Selection This panel provides the option of limiting the area of data selection, either through project coordinates or through the use of a boundary file. Panel 5 - Histogram Plot Attributes This panel provides options for setting up your histogram display and plot. Results and Histogram Plot The results of the statistical analysis are presented in the report file (rpt402.rck) in tabular form and as a symbolic histogram. Since the first item for analysis was ROCK, the histogram is by rock type; thus, there are only two frequency intervals in the histogram. The report file tabulates the bench by bench mean and standard deviation for CU.
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 1-5
Notes:
There is also information provided regarding the number of intervals excluded based on the selection criteria input through the procedure panels:
The MPLOT panel will come up, allowing you the option of plotting the resulting histogram. <Click the Exit button to exit without displaying the plot preview>. Exercise Generate composite Cu statistics within ALTR codes.
Probability Plots
On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Page 1-6 Part #: E005 Rev. B
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Operation Plot; from the procedure list, select procedure p41201.dat - Probability Plot (Assays or Composites)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 Select File or Drillholes to Use <Select File 11 Assays to do the cumulative probability plot, and leave the First and last survey ref# windows blank to use all assays>. Panel 2 Parameters for Probability Plot <Enter Cu for the item to be plotted, with a minimum value of 0.01 and a maximum value of 10. Generate the first plot with lognormal transformation. Specify cu as the filename extension for both the run and report files>. There are also titling options for the resulting probability plot; enter a title such as CU probability plot - rock types 1 and 2. Panel 3 Optional Data Selection This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. There are also options for a selection item and/or boundary file for further data limiting. <Select ROCK item values 1 and 2 for plotting by using the RANGE command>. Panel 4 Optional Plot Files This panel provides inputs for the overlay of existing plot files. Leave this panel blank. Panel 5 Optional Plot Parameters This panel provides options for setting up your probability plot features. You can try out different parameters until you get a display you like. Results and Probability Plot The MPLOT panel will appear, giving you the option to preview, plot directly to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use. <Preview the plot, then close the preview with the X and Exit the MPLOT panel>.
Notes:
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 1-7
Notes:
Exercise 1 Generate probability plots for those assays that have ALTR = 1 and 2 only. Hint: this can be done with a change to Panel 3. Exercise 2 Repeat the exercises using the composites. Exercise 3 Overlay the composite probability plot on the assay probability plot and compare. Hint: Output only the cumulative probability curve for composites and overlay it on the full assay probability plot.
Page 1-8
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Notes:
Exercise 4 Generate probability plots without using log transformation.
In situ Data Statistics

On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p40301.dat - In-situ Statistics (Composites)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - In-Situ Data Statistical Analysis <Enter 9 for the file selection, and leave the First and last survey ref# windows blank to use all assays>. Panel 2 - In-Situ Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides input for the basic statistical analysis parameters. <Enter Cu for the composite grade to analyze. Accept the defaults for the other parameters, but specify cu as the filename extensions for both the run and report files>. Panel 3 - Optional Data Selection for Statistical Analysis This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the Part #: E005 Rev. B Page 1-9
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. analysis based on item values. You can also specify an optional boundary file in this panel. <Use the RANGE command to specify ROCK Types 1 and 2 only>. Panel 4 - Parameters for in-Situ Statistical Analysis <Specify the parameters of the 3-D grid for the statistical analysis of Cu. Also specify plot parameters for the selected slice to be plotted>.
Notes:
Results and Contour Data Plot The results of the in-situ statistical analysis are presented in the report file (rpt403.cu) in tabular form.
When you close the report file, the MPLOT panel will come up, giving you the opportunity to preview the contour data plot, send it to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use. Page 1-10 Part #: E005 Rev. B
Notes:
Exercise Generate In-situ statistics for assays in elevation range 2500 to 3000.
Correlation and Scatter Plots

<On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p41101.dat - Correlations (Assays or Composites)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - Bivariate Analysis - Scatter Graph and Q-Q Plot This panel provides inputs for the file type, interval selection and other options. We will use File 11 assays and all the drillhole assay intervals; specify cu as the filename
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 1-11
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. extension for both the run and report files. Leave the titling options blank for this exercise. Panel 2 - Bivariate Analysis - Scatter Graph and Q-Q Plot This panel provides input for the items to be analyzed; <enter CU for the y-axis, and MO for the x-axis of the plot. Specify zero as the minimum for both items, five as the maximum for CU, and 0.5 as the maximum for MO>. Panel 3 - Bivariate Analysis - Optional Plot Parameters This panel provides input for the basic plot parameters; <enter a title such as copper vs moly values, and specify a symbol type of 3 and pen number of 4. Specify a dashed linetype for both the best fit and 45 degree reference lines>. Panel 4 - Q-Q (Quantile-Quantile) Plot Options This scatter plot exercise does not use the Q-Q options; leave this panel blank. Panel 5 - Optional Data Selection This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. You can also specify an optional boundary file and/or selection item in this panel. Use the RANGE command to specify ROCK Types 1 and 2 only. Results and Scatter Plot The report file shows a summary of correlation statistics for CU and MO grades.
Notes:
There are also symbol plots for the scatter plot and histograms for each of the specified analysis items.
Page 1-12
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Notes:
When you close the Part #: E005 Rev. B report file, the MPLOT panel will come up, giving you the
Page 1-13
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. opportunity to preview the scatter plot, send it to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use.
Notes:
Plot Proportional Effect

On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p40301.dat - In-Situ Statistics (Composites)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - In-Situ Data Statistical Analysis <Enter 9 for the file selection, and leave the First and last survey ref# windows blank to use all assays>. Panel 2 - In-Situ Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides input for the basic statistical analysis parameters. <Enter Cu for the composite grade to analyze. Accept the defaults for the other parameters, but specify cu as the filename extensions for both the run and report files>. Panel 3 - Optional Data Selection for Statistical Analysis Page 1-14 Part #: E005 Rev. B
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. You can also specify an optional boundary file in this panel. Use the RANGE command to specify ROCK Types 1 and 2 only. Panel 4 - Parameters for in-Situ Statistical Analysis Specify the parameters of the 3-D grid for the statistical analysis of Cu. Also specify plot parameters for the selected slice to be plotted.
Notes:
Panel 5 - Generate Contours for Selected Level In this panel, <check the Contour Std Dev? box, use 0.1 as the minimum and 1.0 as the maximum, with a 0.1 contour increment. Specify three digits to the right of the decimal, pen number one, and a smoothing factor of zero. Accept the defaults for the rest of the panel>. Exit MPLOT Panel Plot the correlation between the std and mean. On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select Group Statistics, Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p41102.dat.> Panel 1 <Enter dat403.cu as the ASCII input file. Use std (min 0, max 1) for the y axis and the mean (min 0, max 0.8) for the x axis. Check the apply limits to input data and free format switches. Use cu as the file extensions for the run and report file 7.> Panel 2 <Std (y-axis) is the 4th column and mean (x-axis) is the 5th column in input ASCII DATA, therefore, enter 4 and 5 respectively.> Panel 3 <Enter a title (Mean vs. Std). Use a dash line for both best-fit and 45 degree line.> Panel 4 Leave this panel blank. Results and Scatter Plot Preview plot:
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 1-15
Notes:
Page 1-16
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Variograms
Variograms
Prior to this section you calculated the composites. In this section you can develop variograms of the composites. Following this, you can initialize the mine model and do Kriging.
Notes:
Learning Outcome
How to make an h-scatterplot Types of variograms within MineSight Procedure for creating variograms
The Variogram
In geostatistics, geologic samples such as assays or thickness values are not independent samples. Samples in proximity to one another are usually correlated to some degree. As the distance between samples increases this degree of correlation declines until the samples are far enough apart where they can be considered to be independent of one another. The variogram is a graph that quantifies the spatial correlation between geologic samples. It is a plot with the average squared assay difference between all pairs of samples h distance apart plotted along the y-axis (h), and the distance h plotted along the x-axis. Logically you would expect this squared difference (h) to increase as the distance h between the sample pairs increases. Once you reach a distance where the sample pairs are independent, the average squared difference is not related to the distance h anymore and the curve levels off. This distance where the samples are no longer correlated is called the range of the variogram and the value of (h) where it levels off is called the sill. Theoretically the sill is equal to the variance of samples. The distance over which the samples are correlated can be and usually is different in different directions. This is called Anisotropy and simply states that mineralization may be more continuous in one direction than another. Therefore, variograms are computed in different directions. At DISTANCE h=0 (i.e., 2 samples at the same location) the sample values should be identical. In reality they usually are not. This is described in geostatistics as the Nugget effect. Its value should be small if correct sampling and assaying procedures are used. Variogram Models The variogram model is the equation of a curve that best fits the variogram generated with your data. Variogram models (singel or nested) available in MineSight are:
Spherical Exponential
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 2-1
Variograms
Notes:
Linear
H - Scatter Plots
On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Plot; from the procedure list, select procedure p31101.dat - H-Scatter Plot>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - H-Scatter Plot This panel provides input for the file type and item to be analyzed, as well as some data selection parameters. <Select Cu as the item, using zero as the minimum grade and three as the maximum grade to be plotted. Specify cu as the filename extension for both the run and report files>. Panel 2 - H-Scatter Plot Parameters This panel provides the input for a number of plot parameters such as the plot title, symbol type and size. <Enter a title such as Rock type 1 and specify 3 as the symbol type, 0.05 as the symbol size, and 3 as the pen type>. Leave the rest of this panel blank. Panel 3 - Optional Data Selection This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. There is also an optional selection item available for further data limiting. Select only ROCK item value 1 for plotting by using the RANGE command. Panel 4 - Coordinate Limits This panel allows you to limit the data further, either by specifying coordinates or a boundary file. Leave this panel blank. Panel 5 - Parameters to Determine Data Pairs This panel provides input for the data pair selection parameters. <Specify a Horizontal direction of 0 and a windowing angle of 90 degrees. Specify a vertical direction of -90 and a windowing angle of 15 degrees. Select 0 and 15 as the minimum and maximum pair distances, respectively>. Results and H-Scatter Plot The results of the data pair statistical analysis are presented in the report file (rpt311.cu) in tabular form. There are also symbolic plots for H-Scatter and frequency distribution histograms.
Page 2-2
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Variograms
Notes:
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 2-3
Variograms
Notes:
When you close the report file, the MPLOT panel will come up, giving you the opportunity to preview the H-Scatter data plot, send it to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use.
Page 2-4
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Variograms
Notes:
Exercise Generate h-scatter plots for pairs 0-50m apart in different horizontal directions.
Calculating Variograms and Modeling

On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p30302.dat Variograms of composite data>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - Experimental Variograms for 3-D Composites This panel provides input for file type selection, analysis item and variogram type. Use File 9 and normal variogram type to compute the initial variograms for the item CU. Appropriate values for the minimum and maximum are zero and five, respectively. Specify a filename extension of 001 for the report and output files Panel 2 - Optional Variogram Parameters This panel provides input for optional parameters such as title and selection item. Specify a title such as Horizontal Variograms Rock type 1. Leave the rest of the panel blank. Part #: E005 Rev. B Page 2-5
Variograms
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Panel 3 - Optional Data Selection This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. Select only ROCK item value 1 by using the RANGE command. Panel 4 - 3D Coordinate Limits for Data Selection This panel allows you to limit the data further, either by specifying coordinates or a boundary file. Leave this panel blank. Panel 5 - Parameters for Multi-Directional Variograms This panel is used to enter the specific variogram parameters. Compute 4 normal variograms (4x1), starting at horizontal angle 0.0 with 45 degree increments and at a vertical angle 0.0. Use 10 intervals with 50m lag distance. Use 22.5 degree horizontal windowing angle and 10 degree vertical angle. Results and Variogram Plot In the report file (rpt303.001), a summary appears for each variogram calculated. The variogram value is under the column V(H). It is plotted along the y-axis on the graph. The distance h is under the column DISTANCE. It is plotted along the x-axis on the graph.
Notes:
Page 2-6
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Variograms
Modeling Variograms
On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p30002.dat Variogram Modeling>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - Variogram File Input This panel provides input for the MineSight variogram data file for modeling. Specify the file we just created, dat303.001. Results and Variogram Plot Program M300V1 will display on the screen a list of the 4 directional variograms plus the 2-D Global variogram and the 3-D Global variogram. <Click on 3-D Global and then on Exit Panel>.
Notes:
Exercise 1 Interactively fit a spherical variogram model to the experimental variogram by following these steps: 1. <Select New Model from menu. Part #: E005 Rev. B Page 2-7
Variograms
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. 2. Using the mouse, select Nugget location on y axis (Point 1). 3. Using the mouse, select Sill & Range Values which are defined by the second point that you specify. 4. Click right to display Model Parameter Values based on your selection>. Exercise 2 Interactively modify the spherical variogram model you just created by following these steps: 1. <Select Edit Model from the menu 2. Click on your Nugget Value (Point 1) and move it around with the mouse to a new location. Click right to store the new location. 3. Select Edit Model again. Click on your Sill/Range Value (Point 2) and move it around with the mouse to a new location. Click right to store the new location. 4. Select Edit Model and Fix Range 5. Point to the desired value for range on the X-axis (e.g., 500) and click. 6. Click on Point 2 and move it around. (Note that only the Sill Value is changing.) Click right to store the new Sill. 7. Select Edit Model and Fix Sill (Make sure Fix Range is off) 8. Point to the desired value for Sill on the y-axis (e.g., .1) and click. 9. Click on Point 2 and move it around. (Note that only the Range is changing.) Click right to store the new Range 10. Click on X to exit Variogram Modeling Program>. Exercise 3 Try an exponential model and compare the fit (visually) with the spherical. Exercise 4 Try to model the directional variogram at 0, 45, 90, and 135 degrees. Exercise 5 If the directional variograms are difficult to model, add an absolute lag tolerance of 25. Dont use composite values above 3. Use extension 002. Exercise 6 Try a different horizontal angle increment (30). Use extension 003. Exercise 7 Try to compute variograms using different vertical angle orientations. Compare horizontal variograms to the vertical ones. Use extension 004. Exercise 8 Compute variograms using different variogram type options, such as correlogram. Use extension 005.
Notes:
Page 2-8
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Exercise 9 Run variograms (as in Exercise 5) for rock type 2. Use extension 006. Exercise 10 Run variograms for different windowing angles and/or band widths. Check reports and see how the number of pairs used changes.
Variograms
Notes:
Calculating Down-hole Variograms

On the MS Compass Menu tab, select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p30101.dat - Down-hole Variograms. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - File and Variogram Type Selection This panel provides input for the source file; you have the option to use the assay or composite files. You can also specify the variogram type in this panel. Use the assay file 11 for analysis with variogram type 1 for a normal variogram. Panel 2 - Input Parameters In this panel you can specify the item for analysis and optional minimum and maximum values. Use Cu for variogram analysis, with the default values for min and max. Specify the filename extension cu for the report and output files. Panel 3 - Optional Variogram Parameters This panel provides titling and selection item options. Specify a title such as Downhole variogram - Rock type 1 Panel 4 - Optional Data Selection for Down-hole Variograms This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. Select only ROCK item value 1 by using the RANGE command. Panel 5 - 3D Coordinate Limits for Data Selection This panel allows you to limit the data further, either by specifying coordinates or a boundary file. Leave this panel blank. Panel 6 - Parameters for Down-hole Assay Variograms This panel provides input for the variogram parameters. Compute variograms for each hole with horizontal direction 0, windowing angle 90, and vertical direction -90, windowing angle 15. Use 20 intervals with 5m lag distance. In the report file, a summary appears for each variogram calculated, as well as a summary for a combined variogram. The variogram value is under the column V(H). It is plotted along the y-axis on the graph. The distance h is under the column DISTANCE. It is plotted along the x-axis on the graph. On the following page is the plot of the variogram points of the combined variograms.
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 2-9
Variograms
Notes:
Exercise 1 Model the combined down-hole variogram. Pick up a nugget value. Exercise 2 Calculate and model a down-hole variogram for rock type 2. Pick up a nugget value. Exercise 3 Generate down-hole variograms using composite data.
Variogram Data Contouring

On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Plot; from the procedure list, select procedure pvgctr.dat - Contour Variogram Data>. Fill out the panels as described.
Page 2-10
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Panel 1 - GNV2CN Parameters for Variogram Data Contouring This panel provides inputs for the source and destination files. Use the variogram data file generated for ROCK1 (dat303.002), and specify the output file pts303.002. <Check the box to Transform variogram values to percent of variance? and leave the rest of the panel blank>. Panel 2 - Setup Plot Parameters This panel provides input for the plot parameters; <enter the values shown in the following table>. Leave the remainder of the panel blank.
Variograms
Notes:
2250 5250 1000 0.7 250
Minimum Easting Minimum Northing
2750 5750
Maximum Easting Maximum Northing
Pl ot Scal e (RF Scal e, eg, 1000=1:1000) Label Height for Grid Coordinates (CMs) Grid Spacing (Metres)
Panel 3 - Generate Contours from Variogram Data This panel provides input for the contouring parameters. <Use a minimum contour value of 10, maximum 100, with a contour increment of 10. Display no digits to the right of the decimal, using a pen number of four and smoothing factor of five. An annotation size of 0.5, frequency of 20 and a Max triangle size of 200 are appropriate, and dont check the box to overlay an ellipse>. Panel 4 - Pen Specification and Optional User Plot Files This panel provides inputs for the overlay of existing plot files. Leave this panel blank. Panel 5 Standard Title Box Set up This panel provides inputs for titling your plot. Fill in appropriate title block information. Results and Contour Plot The MPLOT panel will appear, giving you the option to preview, plot directly to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use. <Preview the plot, then close the preview with the X and Exit the MPLOT panel>.
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 2-11
Variograms
Notes:
Exercise 1 Overlay an ellipse to the variogram contours using a 200m major axis and a 125m minor axis. What is the major axis orientation? Adjust lengths until the ellipse fits the contours. If you find an orientation for which you dont have variograms, rerun the variograms programs for the new orientation. Exercise 2 Repeat for rock type 2.
Variogram Parameter File

On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Edit; from the procedure list, select procedure pvgpar.dat - Variogram Parameter File>. Fill out the panels as described. Having studied the individual variograms, down-the-hole variograms, and the contour maps for each rock type, decide on one set of variograms.
Page 2-12
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. For example:
Variograms
Notes:
Range (major) 70 (10 )
o
Rock typ e 1 2
Nugget Sil l 0.014 0.007 0.240 0.085
Range (minor)
o
Model type
40 (100 ) Exponential 60 (135 ) Exponential

o
80 (45 )
o
Assume for the vertical axis the same ranges as the minor axis. If you use an exponential model, use three times the range as search distances in the interpolation programs. Panel 1 - Variogram Parameter File This panel provides input for the name of the variogram parameter file to set up and an optional description line. <Write the variogram parameters to the output file vario.rk1 and enter the description Variogram for rock type 1>. Panel 2 Variogram Parameters This panel provides entry for the variogram parameters: model type, nugget, sill, range, and direction of major axis. <Enter the values for Rock type 1 from the table above>, recalling that the sill in the table includes the nugget effect. Results The resulting variogram file will be brought up in the screen.
Exercise 1 Set up variogram parameter file for Rock Type 2. Exercise 2 Set up variogram parameters for both Rock Types 1 and 2 in the same file. Hint: specify the geology label as ROCK in the first panel.
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 2-13
Variograms
Notes:
Page 2-14
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Point Validation/Cross Validation for Variogram Evaluation

Prior to this section, you calculated the variograms and modeled them. In this section you can use the Kriging method to determine the error between the estimated and the actual known value of composite data at selected locations, using different variograms. The theoretical variogram that produces the smallest error can be assumed as the better fit.
Notes:
Learning Outcome
In this section you will learn how to use point validation for variogram evaluation
Interpolation Controls
There is a large range of parameters for controlling the point interpolation.
Search distance N-S, E-W, and by elevation 3-D ellipsoidal search Minimum and maximum number of composites to use Maximum distance to the nearest composite Use or omit geologic control Inverse distance powers and variogram parameters
Point interpolation program M524V1 outputs the results for each composite used to an ASCII file. These results are evaluated using program M525TS and the statistical summaries are output to the report file. In this case we will assume search parameters as indicated by the variograms. If a specific search scenario has been determined for the model interpolation, it should be used instead.
Point Validation
From the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p52401.dat - Point Validation>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - File and Area Selection This panel provides input for the composite file type, area specifications, and optional filename extensions. <Specify file 9, and accept the defaults for the rest of the panel>. Panel 2 - Point Interpolation This panel provides input for the item and search parameters to be used in interpolation. <Interpolate the CU item using a search distance of 210 meters in all directions and a minimum and maximum number composites of 3 and 15, respectively>. Panel 3 - Optional Ellipsoidal Search Parameters Ellipsoidal Search and use of anisotropic distances are optional. For this run, <enter Part #: E005 Rev. B Page 3-1
Notes:
major, minor, and vertical search distances of 210, 120, and 120, respectively. Enter MEDS for the rotation angle specification and check the box to Use anisotropic distances?> Panel 4 - Optional Data Selection This panel will only come up if you choose the anisotropic distances option on the previous panel. The angles for this example are ROT = 10, DIPN = 0 and DIPE = 0. Panel 5 - Optional Parameters <Enter the name of the previously prepared variogram parameter file (vario.rk1)>. If the variogram parameter file is not entered in this panel, you will be prompted to enter the variogram parameters on subsequent panels. Panel 6 - Optional Data Selection for Point Interpolation This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. There is also an optional selection item and geologic matching item available for further data limiting. <Select only ROCK item value 1 for plotting by using the RANGE command, and specify ROCK as the geologic matching item>. Panel 7 - Optional IDW powers and Other Parameters <Use the default IDW powers for each case; generate a detailed report for case 3, using a 0.1 frequency interval and 40 intervals>. Results This section of the report shows summary statistics for actual composite grades versus the results from different interpolations.
This section of the report (on the next page) shows the statistics of the differences between actual and kriging values The histogram is the histogram of the errors.
Page 3-2
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Notes:
This section of the report file (on the next page) shows correlation statistics between the actual and kriging values.
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 3-3
Notes:
Exercise Modify the variogram parameter file. Use nugget of 0.02. Rerun the point validation procedure. Compare results (you should get a lower correlation and a higher standard error).
Page 3-4
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Declustering
Declustering
Prior to this section you calculated the composites and sorted statistics. In this section you will use cell declustering technique to decluster the composite data. This is not required for later work.
Notes:
Learning Outcome
How to decluster composite values How to produce a histogram of declustered composite values
Declustering
There are two declustering methods that are generally applicable to any sample data set. These methods are the polygonal method and the cell declustering method. In both methods, a weighted linear combination of all available sample values is used to estimate the global mean. By assigning different weights to the available samples, one can effectively decluster the data set. In this section you will be using the cell declustering method which divides the entire area into rectangular regions called cells. Each sample received a weight inversely proportional to the number of samples that fall within the same cell. Clustered samples will tend to receive lower weights with this method because the cells in which they are located will also contain several other samples. The estimate one gets from the cell declustering method will depend on the size of the cells specified, If the cells are very small, then most samples will fall into a cell of its own and will therefore receive equal weights of 1. If the cells are too large, many samples will fall into the same cell, thereby causing artificial declustering of samples.
Declustering Composite Data

On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p52301.dat Decluster Data>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - Declustering Composite Data This panel provides input for the item to decluster and an optional selection item. <Enter Cu as the composite data item to be used with zero as the minimum value; use 40 intervals with a 0.1 frequency interval. Enter 50 as the filename extension for both the run and report files>. Panel 2 - Optional Data Selection for Composite Declustering This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. Leave this panel blank to use all the values of Cu. Panel 3 - Declustering Composite Data This panel allows you to adjust the grid size for declustering. <Specify x, y, and z cell sizes as 50, 50, and 15, respectively>.
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 4-1
Declustering
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Results The report file shows summary statistics for the original and the declustered samples.
Notes:
Exercise 1 Obtain declustered data using cell sizes 45 x 45 and 40 x 40. Exercise 2 Create a graph of the cell sizes vs mean values. The cell size that gives the lowest value should be the best choice. Exercise 3 Try declustering using Rock Type 1 only.
Histogram of Declustered Data

On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p40204.dat - ASCII Data Stats>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - ASCII Data Statistical Analysis <Enter ASCII output (for cell size equal to 45 - file dat523.45) from the previous procedure. Use CU as Grade item label, and check the box for Free format read>. Panel 2 - ASCII Data Statistical Analysis <Enter column number for item to analyze from the ASCII file - in this example, it is column 6>. Panel 3 - ASCII Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides input for the analysis parameters. <Use a minimum value of zero, frequency interval of .1 with 40 intervals. Enter 45 as the filename extension for both the run and report files, and enter a title such as Declustered data (cell size 45)>. Page 4-2 Part #:E005 Rev. B
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Panel 4 - Histogram Plot Attributes Set up the Histogram Plot Attributes as desired. Results and Histogram Plot The report file presents the declustered data analysis in tabular and symbolic histogram form.
Declustering
Notes:
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 4-3
Declustering
Notes:
When you exit the report file, the MPLOT panel will appear, giving you the option to preview, plot directly to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use. <Preview the plot, then close the preview with the X and Exit the MPLOT panel>.
Page 4-4
Part #:E005 Rev. B
Model Interpolation
Model Interpolation
Prior to this section you calculated and sorted the composites. You initialized the mine model and added any necessary geology. In this section you can use inverse distance weighting to add grades to the mine model. This is required before displaying the model, calculating reserves or creating pit designs.
Notes:
Learning Objective
The types of interpolations available The use of controls on the interpolation How to interpolate grades with MineSight
Types of Interpolations
There are several methods of interpolation provided to you.
Polygonal assignment Inverse distance weighting Relative elevations Trend plane Gradients Kriging
Interpolation Controls There is a large range of methods for controlling the interpolation available.
Search distance N-S, E-W, and by elevation Minimum and maximum number of composites to use for a block Maximum distance to the nearest composite Use or omit geologic control
IDW Interpolation
On the MineSight CompassMenu tab and <select the Group 3D Deposit Modeling, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select the procedure p62001 IDW Interpolation.> Fill out the panels as described.
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 5-1
Model Interpolation
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Panel 1 - M620V1/V2 IDW Search Parameters This panel provides input for the composite files to use, the area to interpolate, and optional filename extensions. For this example, use model 15, composite file 9, and specify idl as the filename extension for both the run and report files. Panel 2 - M620V1/V2 IDW Search Parameters <Specify a 3-D search to use all composites within 210m horizontally (based on variograms) horizontally and 50m vertically of a block. Use an inverse distance power of 2, specify the closest composite is within 100 meters, and allow a minimum of 3 composites and a maximum of 16>. Panel 3 - Interpolation Control Items This panel lets you to specify the items and methods for interpolation. <Interpolate the CU and MO composites using inverse distance weighting to the model items CUID and MOID respectively. Also, interpolate the CU composites to the model item CUPLY using polygonal assignment. Store the distance to the nearest composite in item DISTP, and the maximum number of data in item NCMPI. Use the RESET option for this first interpolation pass; for multiple passes, use the OMIT option>. Panel 4 - Store Local Error This panel provides options for the stroage of local interpolation error values. Leave this panel blank for this example. Panel 5 - Optional Search Parameters Ellipsoidal Search and use of anistropic distances are optional. <Use an ellipsoidal search of 210 by 120 by 120. Enter MEDS for the rotation angle specification and check the box to Use anistropic distances?>. Panel 6 - Optional Data Selection This panel will only come up if you choose the anistropic distatncces option on the previous panel. The angles for this example are ROT = 10, DIPN = 0 and DIPE = 0. Panel 7 - Optional Geologic Codes This panel provides options for up to three block limiting items and two code matching items. Use only Rock Type 1 by specifying Rock as a block limiting item and entering the value 1 as the corresponding integer code. Also use ROCK as a code matching item. Panel 8 - Optional Data Selection Since we have already limited the interpolation through block and code matching, we can leave this panel blank. Results The results of the interpolation are saved to the model file 15; to view the results, create a model view in MineSight 3-D.
Notes:
Exercise
Rerun for Rock Type 2. Change search distances and use option omit. Change the following panels: Panel 1 - M620V1/V2 IDW Search Parameters <Change the filename extensions for both the run and report files to id2>. Page 5-2 Part #: E005 Rev. B
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Panel 2 - M620V1/V2 IDW Search Parameters <Specify a 3-D search to use all composites within 240m (based on variograms) horizontally and 50m vertically of a block>. Panel 3 - Interpolation Control Items Use the OMIT option for this second interpolation pass. Panel 5 - Optional Search Parameters <For this run, change the major, minor, and vertical search distances of 240, 180, and 180 respectively>s. Panel 6 - Optional Data Selection The angles for this example are ROT = 45, DIPN = 0 and DIPE = 0. Panel 7 - Optional Geologic Codes Use only Rock Type 2 by specifying ROCK as a block limiting item and entering the value 2 as the corresponding integer code. Again, the results for the interpolation of Rock type 2 can be checked by creating a Model View in MineSight 3-D.
Model Interpolation
Notes:
Ordinary Kriging
Ordinary kriging is an estimator designed primarily for the local estimation of block grades as a linear combination of the available data in or near the block, such that the estimate is unbiased and has minimum variance. It is a method that is often associated with the acronym B.L.U.E. for best linear unbiased estimator. Ordinary kriging is linear because its estimates are weighted linear combinations of the available data, unbiased since the sum of the weights is 1, and best because it aims at minimizing the variance of errors. The conventional estimation methods, such as inverse distance weighting method, are also linear and theoretically unbiased. Therefore, the distinguishing feature of ordinary kriging from the conventional linear estimation methods is its aim of minimizing the error variance.
Kriging with MineSight

Before producing an interpolation using kriging, you developed a variogram. Three types of variograms are allowed:
Spherical Linear Exponential
On the MineSight CompassMenu tab, <select the Group 3D Deposit Modeling, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p62401.dat Ordinary Kriging>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - M624V1: Kriging Search Parameters This panel provides input for the model and composite files to use, the area to interpolate, and optional filename extensions. For this example, use model file 15, composite file 9, and specify kr1 as the filename extension for both the run and report Part #: E005 Rev. B Page 5-3
Model Interpolation
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. files. Panel 2 - M624V1: Kriging Search Parameters <Specify a 3-D search to use all composites within 210m (based on variograms) horizontally and 50m vertically of a block. Specify that the closest composite must be within 100 meters, and allow a minimum of 3 composites and a maximum of 16>. Panel 3 - Interpolation Control Items This panel allows you to specify the items and method for interpolation. Interpolate the CU composites using kriging to the model item CUKRG. Use the RESET option for this first interpolation pass; for multiple passes, use the OMIT option. Panel 4 - Optional Input Parameters/Composite Type Use this panel to specify the variogram parameter file (if used), and optional block discretization parameters. Specify the storage of the kriging variance in item CUKVR. Panel 5 - Variogram Parameters This panel provides entry for the variogram parameters: model type, nugget, sill, range, and direction of major axis. <Enter the values for Rock type 1 from the table in the Variograms section of the workbook,> recalling that the sill in the table includes the nugget effect. Panel 6 - Optional Search Parameters Ellipsoidal Search and use of anisotropic distances are optional. For this run, <enter major, minor, and vertical search distances of 210, 120, and 120, respectively. Enter MEDS for the rotation angle specification and check the box to Use anisotropic distances?> Panel 7 - Optional Data Selection This panel will only come up if you choose the anisotropic distances option on the previous panel. The angles for this example are ROT = 10, DIPN = 0 and DIPE = 0. Panel 8 - Optional Block Limiting and Geologic Matching This panel provides options for up to three block limiting items and two code matching items. Use only Rock Type 1 by specifying ROCK as a block limiting item and entering the value 1 as the corresponding integer code. Also use ROCK as a code matching item. Panel 9 - Optional Data Selection Since we have already limited the interpolation through block and code matching, we can leave this panel blank. The results of the interpolation are saved to the file 15 - you can check the results visually by creating a Model View in MineSight 3-D.
Notes:
Exercise
Repeat calculations for Rock Type 2. Use variograms calculated in Section 2. Change search distances as you did for IDW.
Page 5-4
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Debugging Interpolation Runs

Learning Outcome
In this section you will learn how to debug your interpolation runs. You will learn how to:
Notes:
make a list of the composites used for interpolating a block, make a visual representation of your search parameters, and find out how small changes in search parameters affect your interpolation.
Kriging Debug Procedure

Exercise 1 <Run procedure p624db.dat (M624V1 procedure with debug option built in).> Fill panels as described in the following: Panel 1 M624V1: Kriging Search Parameters This panel allows you to select the desired model file (file 15, msop15.dat), the desired composite file (file 9, msop09.dat), the area to interpolate (for this example, bench 35, row 75, column 85) and filename extensions (well use dbg for this example). Panel 2 M624V1: Kriging Search Parameters This panel accepts input for the search distances and parameters for this and subsequent examples, well use the search parameters and variogram parameters used for rock type 2. <Enter a search distance of 240m in the x and y directions. Use 240m as well as for maximum distance, 50m in the z direction and a maximum 3D distance for closest composite of 100m. Specify a minimum of 3 composites and a maximum of 16 composites to interpolate a block.> Leave the rest of the panel entries blank. Panel 3 Interpolation Control Items This panel provides input for the items to be interpolated. For this example, well interpolate the composite CU values into the model item CUKRG, using the kriging option (calc type 0). Accept the defaults for the rest of the panel. Panel 4 Optional Input Parameters/Composite Type This panel provides input for the variogram parameter file, if you have one if not, the variogram parameters are entered on a subsequent panel. This panel also provides other optional interpolation parameters; leave this panel blank for this example. Panel 5 Variogram Parameters This panel accepts the variogram parameters if no variogram parameter file has been previously entered. Use the following parameters:
Sill (without nugget) 0.078 Directions (MEDS) 45/0/0
model EXP
nugget 0.007
Ranges 80/60/60
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 6-1
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Panel 6 Optional Limiting and Search Parameters This panel accepts a number of optional search parameters relating to block limiting, anisotropic distances and search ellipses. <Enter rock type 2, use geologic matching for rock type, enter en ellipsoidal search of 240m by 180m by 180m. Use MEDS rotation angles and turn on the anisotropic distances option.> Panel 7 Optional Data Selection <Define the ellipsoidal orientation. Enter 45 degrees for first rotation and 0 degrees for the other two.> Panel 8 Optional Composite Data Selection This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values, and outlier definition options. Select all available data by leaving this panel blank. Panel 9 Input Parameters for ellipsoid generation. You can type in the names of the output files and objects. Leave blank for this exercise. Examine Results <Open file rpt624.dbg.> This is a list of the composites used:
Notes:
DIST 84.24 86.58 93.25 93.25 103.42 103.42 103.69 132.10 133.60 133.60 138.02 138.02 145.09 145.09 158.24 159.50
EAST 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2728.30 2618.80 2618.80 2618.80 2618.80 2618.80 2618.80 2618.80 2829.60 2829.60
NORTH 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5439.10 5558.90 5558.90 5558.90 5558.90 5558.90 5558.90 5558.90 5537.40 5537.40
ELEV 2435.0 2450.0 2465.0 2405.0 2390.0 2480.0 2480.0 2435.0 2420.0 2450.0 2465.0 2405.0 2390.0 2480.0 2435.0 2420.0
VALUE 0.6300 0.3700 0.3100 0.4700 0.6100 0.4100 0.7300 0.0100 0.0000 0.0100 0.0000 0.0100 0.0000 0.0000 0.3300 0.2300
DH 53 53 53 53 53 53 54 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 62 62
Block (75, 75) Calculated = 0.3906 Note all of the composites are well inside the 240m maximum search distance. Distances reported are adjusted by anisotropy. If you want to see the real distances, rerun procedure without the anisotropic option on. You should now notice that the order of the composites has changed. Exercise 2 <Rerun procedure. This time apply a max distance of 120m. Change the ellipsoidal search distances to 120x90x90.> What do you notice?
Page 6-2
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Exercise 3 <Rerun procedure. This time apply a max distance to the closest composite equal to 50m.> What do you notice? Exercise 4 <Rerun procedure. Change max distance to the closest composite back to 100m. This time apply max number of composites to be used equal to 7.> Check report and study results:
Notes:
DIST 77.99 84.20 85.52 89.38 89.38 95.47 95.47
EAST 2728.30 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40
NORTH 5439.10 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60
ELEV 2480.0 2435.0 2450.0 2465.0 2405.0 2390.0 2480.0
VALUE 0.7300 0.6300 0.3700 0.3100 0.4700 0.6100 0.4100
DH 54 53 53 53 53 53 53
Exercise 5 <Rerun procedure using the outlier options from the last panel. Use an outlier value of 0.70. Use max distance for outliers equal to 75.> Open report:
DIST 84.20 85.52 89.38 89.38 95.47 95.47 EAST 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 NORTH 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 ELEV 2435.0 2450.0 2465.0 2405.0 2390.0 2480.0 VALUE 0.6300 0.3700 0.3100 0.4700 0.6100 0.4100 DH 53 53 53 53 53 53
It seems like there are no more composites available. <To add one more (7 total) increase max distance to 240m as well as the ellipsoidal searches to 240x180x180:
DIST 84.20 85.52 89.38 89.38 95.47 95.47 99.08
EAST 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2628.40 2618.80
NORTH 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5432.60 5558.90
ELEV 2435.0 2450.0 2465.0 2405.0 2390.0 2480.0 2435.0
VALUE 0.6300 0.3700 0.3100 0.4700 0.6100 0.4100 0.0100
DH 53 53 53 53 53 53 61
Exercise 6 Rerun procedure using the octant/quadrant search options.>
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 6-3
Notes:
Ellipsoidal Search
Exercise <Run procedure p624db.dat to build some ellipses and view them in MineSight 3-D.> Do not use octant/quadrant options. In MineSight 3-D, you can import ellipse as a MineSight object (import file ellips.msr). Adjust properties of object if needed.
Page 6-4
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Pt Validation/Cross Validation of Est Methods - Search Parameters
Point Validation/Cross Validation of Estimation Methods and/or Search Parameters

In this section you will use inverse distance weighting and Kriging methods to determine the error between the estimated and the actual known value of composite data at selected locations. Then, you will decide which method is more appropriate. You will also validate search parameters.
Notes:
Learning Outcome
The types of interpolations available in point validation The use of controls on the interpolation How to interpolate point grades with MineSight
Types of Point Interpolations

Each composite is interpolated using different powers of inverse distance weighting method and Kriging. The results are then summarized showing the differences between the estimated and actual known data values. The following interpolations are done by default by the program.
Inverse distance weighting (IDW) of power 1.0 IDW of power 1.5 IDW of power 2.0 IDW of power 2.5 IDW of power 3.0 Kriging
Interpolation Controls
There is a large range of parameters for controlling the point interpolation.
Search distance N-S, E-W, and by elevation 3-D ellipsoidal search Minimum and maximum number of composites to use Maximum distance to the nearest composite Use or omit geologic control Inverse distance powers and variogram parameters Page 7-1
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Notes:
Point interpolation program M524V1 outputs the results for each composite used to an ASCII file. These results are evaluated using program M525TS and the statistical summaries are output to the report file.
Point Validation
On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p52401.dat - Point Validation>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - File and Area Selection This panel provides input for the composite file to use, and for the area of the model to validate. <Select the composite file 9 and leave the rest of the panel blank>. Panel 2 - Point Interpolation This panel provides input for the validation item and search parameters. <Enter the Rock type 1 search parameter values for the CU item (210m horizontal, 50m vertical, 210m 3D). Use 3 as the minimum number of composites and 16 as the maximum.> Panel 3 - Optional Ellipsoidal Search Parameters Ellipsoidal Search and use of anisotropic distances are optional. For this run, <enter major, minor, and vertical search distances of 210, 120, and 120, respectively. Enter MEDS for the rotation angle specification and check the box to Use anisotropic distances? > Panel 4 - Optional Data Selection This panel will only come up if you choose the anisotropic distances option on the previous panel. The angles for this example are ROT = 10, DIPN = 0 and DIPE = 0. Panel 5 - Optional Parameters <Enter the name of the previously prepared variogram parameter file (vario.rk1)>. If the variogram parameter file is not entered in this panel, you will be prompted to enter the variogram parameters on subsequent panels. Panel 6 - Optional Data Selection for Point Interpolation This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. There is also an optional selection item and geologic matching item available for further data limiting. <Select only ROCK item value 1 for plotting by using the RANGE command, and specify ROCK as the geologic matching item>. Panel 7 - Optional Parameters Use the default IDW powers for each case; generate a detailed report for case 3, using a 0.1 frequency interval and 40 intervals. Results This report (on the next page) shows summary statistics for actual composite grades versus the results from different interpolations.
Page 7-2
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Notes:
This section of the report shows the statistics of the differences between actual and kriging values The histogram is the histogram of the errors.
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 7-3
Notes:
This section of the report file shows correlation statistics between the actual and Kriging values.
This section of the report file shows correlation statistics between the actual and inverse distance values.
Exercise Change some of the search parameters and rerun the above procedure. What do you observe?
Page 7-4
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Model Statistics/Geologic Reserve
Model Statistics/Geologic Reserves

Prior to this section you added the grades, topography, and necessary geology into the mine model. In this section you will summarize the mine model data with frequency distributions and calculated the geologic resources.
Notes:
Learning Outcome
How to calculate grade and tonnages above different cutoffs How to calculate grade and tonnages between cutoffs How to produce a histogram plot of model values How to generate reserves by bench or geological resources How to generate probability plots from the model
Model Statistics
From the MS Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p60801.dat - Statistics (Model)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - 3D Model Data Statistical Analysis This panel is used to specify the model file for analysis - file 15 in this example. Panel 2 - 3D Model Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides input for the item(s) to be analyzed, along with optional weighting and selection items. For this example, <use CUID as the first (base) item; also enter the items CUKRG, CUPLY, and MOID. Weight the results by the TOPO item with a multiplier of 0.01>. Panel 3 - 3D Model Data Statistical Analysis This panel is used to enter the frequency analysis parameters; use a minimum of zero, and 40 intervals with an interval size of 0.1. <Enter cu1 as the filename extension for both the run and report files>. Panel 4 - Optional Data Selection This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values.< Select ROCK item values 1 and 2 by using the RANGE command. Enter 16.2 as multiplier for resource calculation>. This is the Ktonnage/ block for our project. Panel 5 - 3D Model Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides the opportunity to limit the data selection based on model parameters, as well as titling options. Let the area selection default to the entire model, but enter a title such as Inverse Distance Weighting. Panel 6 - Histogram Plot Attributes Set up the Histogram Plot Attributes as desired.
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 8-1
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Results and Histogram Plot This section of the report file (rpt608.cu1) shows the grade and tonnage of CUID, CUKRG, CUPLY and MOID values at specified cutoffs.
Notes:
This section of the report file shows the tonnage and grade of CUID values at each bench. The grade is reported at whatever the minimum value specified on Panel 3.
Page 8-2
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Notes:
When you close the report file, the MPLOT panel will come up, giving you the opportunity to preview the contour data plot, send it to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use.
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 8-3
Notes:
Exercise Generate model statistics for items from IDW, polygonal and Kriging methods separately. Use the same cutoff intervals. We will use the data output files from each run to make grade tonnage plots. Use filename extensions cui, cup, and cuk respectively.
Grade/Tonnage Plots
From the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Plot; from the procedure list, select procedure pgtplt.dat - Grade/Tonnage Plots>. Fill out the panel as described. Panel 1 Select Files or Parameters We will plot grade/tonnage curves from polygonal, IDW and kriging methods on the same graph. Specify the data files produced in the previous section for each of these options: dat608.cup, dat608.cui,and dat608.cuk. Differentiate between the curves with contrasting symbol and linetypes, and enter an appropriate title such as Polygonal vs IDW (+) vs Kriging (#). Results and Grade/Tonnage Plot The MPLOT panel will appear, giving you the option to preview, plot directly to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use. <Preview the plot, then close the preview with the X and Exit the MPLOT panel>.
Page 8-4
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Notes:
Plot IDW and Kriging Histograms Together

On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Plotting, and the Operation Plot; from the procedure list, select procedure anyplt.dat - Grade/Tonnage Plots>. Fill out the panel as described. Panel 1 Plotting panel <Enter scale and x, y limits (plotting units, not project units)>. Plotting files are USERF. Use appropriate shift commands, as shown in the figure on the next page.
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 8-5
Notes:
Results and Histogram Plot The plot is opened in program M122MF. <To exit, click the X>.
Page 8-6
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Model Statistics At and Between Cutoffs

On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p60802.dat - Statistics at User Cutoffs (Model)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - 3D Model Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides input for file selection - use file 15 for this example. Panel 2 - 3D Model Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides input for the item(s) to be analyzed, along with optional weighting and selection items. For this example, use CUID as the first (base) item; weight the results by the TOPO item with a multiplier of 0.01. Panel 3 - 3D Model Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides input for the item parameters and cutoff grades. <Enter zero as the first interval and minimum, check the box to not accumulate intervals, and enterci2' as the filename extension for both the run and report files>. The CU cutoffs for this example are 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.5. Panel 4 - Optional Data Selection for Model Statistics This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. <Select ROCK item values 1 and 2 by using the RANGE command. In addition, enter 16.2 as multiplier for resource calculation>. This is the Ktonnage/block for our project. Panel 5 - 3D Model Data Statistical Analysis Calculate the statistics for all benches by accepting the default values, and enter a title such as IDW at user cutoffs/non cumulative. Panel 6 - Histogram Plot Attributes Set up the Histogram Plot Attributes as desired.
Notes:
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 8-7
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Results and Histogram Plot This section of the report file shows the grade and tonnage of CUID values at user specified cutoffs. Note that the figures are for between the cutoffs. The results are presented in a tabular form and as a symbolic histogram. This section of the report file has a bench-by-bench breakdown of CUID values.
Notes:
Page 8-8
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Notes:
Model Correlations
<On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p61801.dat - Correlations (Model)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - 3-D Model Data Correlation Analysis This panel provides input for file selection, filename extensions, and titling options. <Select the 3D model file (file 15), and specify a filename extension of cu for both the run and report files>. Panel 2 - 3-D Model Data Correlation Analysis This panel provides input for model item selection and axis values. <Enter CUID for the y-axis and CUKRG for the x-axis of the plot. Use a minimum of zero and a maximum of three for both axes>. Panel 3 - 3D Model Data Correlation Analysis <Calculate the statistics for all benches by accepting the default values, and enter a title such as IDW vs Kriging>. Panel 4 - Optional Data Selection for Model Correlations This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. There is also an option for a selection item for further data limiting. <Select only ROCK item value 1 by using the RANGE command>. Results and Correlation Plot This section of the report file (rpt618.cu) shows the summary of correlation statistics between CUID and CUKGR values.
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 8-9
Notes:
Page 8-10
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Exercise Calculate the correlations between polygonal and Kriging grades. What do you observe?
Notes:
Probability Plots
On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Plot; from the procedure list, select procedure p61901.dat - Probability Plot (Model)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - 3D Model Cumulative Probability Plot This panel provides input for file selection, area specification, and filename extensions. Select the 3D model file (file 15), and allow the rest of the panel to default. Panel 2 - 3D Model Cumulative Probability Plot This panel provides input for the model item and limits and titling options. <Select the item CUKRG, using a minimum value of zero and a maximum value of three. Enter a title such as Probability plot for kriging estimate>. Panel 3 - Optional Data Selection for the Probability Plot This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. There is also an option for a selection item for further data limiting. Select all model data by leaving this panel blank. Panel 4 - Pen Specification and Optional User Plot Files This panel provides the opportunity to overlay other plotfiles on this plot. Leave this panel blank for this exercise. Panel 5 - Optional Plot Parameters This panel provides input for various plot parameters; fill this panel out as desired. Results and Probability Plot The MPLOT panel will appear, giving you the option to preview, plot directly to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use. <Preview the plot, then close the preview with the X and Exit the MPLOT panel>.
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 8-11
Notes:
Exercise Create separate probability plots for Rock Types 1 and 2. Compare results.
Page 8-12
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Model Calculations
Model Calculations
In this section you will calculate block values for item EQCU and store them in the model.
Notes:
Learning Outcome
In this section you will learn how to perform calculations using information stored in the model.
Model Calculations
<From the MineSight Compass Menu tab, select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Plot; from the procedure list, select procedure p61201.dat - User-Calcs (Model)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - Mine Model/Surface File Data Items to be Used This panel provides input for the model file type, area specification and filename extensions. <Specify file 15, and leave the rest of the panel blank.> Panel 2 - Mine Model/Surface File Data Items to be Used This panel provides input for the model items to use in the calculation. Since we will calculate EQCU values from values stored for CUID and MOID, we need to enter these three items. <Enter zeros for optional values to substitute for undefined values.> Panel 3 - Optional Data Selection for M612RP Calculations This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. You can also specify an optional boundary file in this panel. <Use the RANGE command to specify ROCK Types 1 and 2, and CUID values between 0 and 99.> Panel 4 - Define Special Project Calculations for M612RP In this panel the model calculation(s) are defined; if more than ten calculations are required, check the box at the bottom of the panel. For this exercise, we will <define EQCU = CUID + MOID * 5 and leave the box unchecked.> Panel 5 - Optional Storage of Items Back to the Model This panel provides input for specifying the item(s) in the model where the result is to be stored. For this exercise, well <store only the EQCU item.> The results are stored directly to the specified item in the model file. To check the results visually, simply create a Model View in MineSight 3-D.
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 9-1
Model Calculations
Notes:
Page 9-2
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Prior to this section you calculated the distance to the closest composite and the Kriging variance.
Notes:
Learning Outcome
In this section, you will learn how to quantify your confidence in the results of the block model calculations. We will use different approaches:
distance to the closest composite, Kriging variance, combined Kriging variance, and Relative Variability Index.
Distance to the Closest Composites Calculations

<Assign the value of 1 to model item ZONE, when DISTP = 0 to 39 > (since we used the same search distances for IDW and Kriging, item DISTP represents the distance to the closest composite for both methods). Distance of 39m corresponds more or less to 25% of the model. Fifty percent of the model was assigned distances up to 57m, and 75% up to 77m. Distances are not true (they are anisotropic). On the MS Compass Menu tab, <select the Group 3D Deposit Modeling, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p61201.dat - UserCalcs (Model)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - Mine Model/Surface File Data Items to be Used This panel provides input for the model file type, area specification and filename extensions. Specify file 15, and leave the rest of the panel blank. Panel 2 - Mine Model/Surface File Data Items to be Used This panel provides input for the model items to use in the calculation. Since we are not actually doing any calculation this run, leave this panel blank.. Panel 3 - Optional Data Selection for M612RP Calculations This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. You can also specify an optional boundary file in this panel. <Use the RANGE command to specify DISTP values between 0 and 39, and CUID values between 0 and 99>. Panel 4 - Define Special Project Calculations for M612RP In this panel the model calculation(s) are defined; if more than ten calculations are required, check the box at the bottom of the panel. For this exercise, we will <define ZONE = 1 and leave the box unchecked>.
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 10-1
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Panel 5 - Optional Storage of Items Back to the Model This panel provides input for specifying the item(s) in the model where the result is to be stored. For this exercise, well store only the ZONE item. Repeat the procedure for: Zone = 2 when DISTP = 40 to 57 Zone = 3 when DISTP = 57 to 77 Zone = 4 when DISTP >77 These values for ZONE will be used to define proven ore (ZONE =1 or 2), probable ore (ZONE =3) and possible ore (ZONE =4). Exercise Make a model view of item ZONE in MS2 to check the results of the code assignment.
Notes:
Kriging Variance
Make a model view of the item CUKVR as it was calculated by running procedure P62401.DAT. Use cutoffs of 0.039, 0.055 and 0.087 (quartiles).
Page 10-2
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Notes:
Combined Kriging Variance Rerun the Kriging procedure for each rock type. Calculate combined variance instead of Kriging variance. Store in item CUKCV. Make a model view. Use cutoffs of 0.005, 0.010, and 0.021 (quartiles).
Relative Variability Index Rerun the Kriging procedure for each rock type. Calculate RVI instead of Combined variance. Store in item RVI. Make a model view. Use cutoffs of 0.22, 0.34, and 0.65 (quartiles). What do you notice?
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 10-3
Notes:
Page 10-4
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Change of Support
Change of Support
Prior to this section you had the composite and 3-D model files initialized and loaded. You also calculated the classical statistics and the grade variograms of the composites.
Notes:
Learning Outcome
What change of support means How to determine indicator cutoffs How to calculate block variance for different size blocks What is Kriges relationship of variance How to determine change of support correction factor How to do global change of support correction Change of support methods
Change of Support
The term support at the sampling stage refers to the characteristics of the sampling unit, such as the size, shape and orientation of the sample. For example, channel samples and diamond drillcore samples have different supports. At the modeling and mine planning stage, the term support refers to the volume of the blocks used for estimation and production. It is important to account for the effect of the support in our estimation procedures, since increasing the support has the effect of reducing the spread of data values. As the support increases, the distribution of data gradually becomes more symmetrical. The only parameter that is not affected by the support of the data is the mean. The mean of the data should stay the same even if we change the support.
Global Correction
There are some methods available for adjusting an estimated distribution to account for the support effect. The most popular ones are affine correction and indirect lognormal correction. All of these methods have two features in common: 1. They leave the mean of the distribution unchanged. 2. They change the variance of the distribution by some adjustment factor.
Kriges Relationship of Variance

This is the special complement to the partitioning of variances, which simply says that the variance of point values is equal to the variance of block values plus the variance of points within blocks. The equation is given below:
sp2 = sb2 + s2pgb
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 11-1
Change of Support
Notes:
Calculation of Block Variance

<On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure psblkv.dat - Block Variance>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 Block Variance Calculation This panel provides input for the variogram parameter file, block size and discretization factors. Use the existing variogram parameter file vario.rk1 and discretize by a factor of four in both horizontal directions, and a factor of three vertically. Results The output report file summarizes the following:
Exercise 1 Change block size to 10x10 and re-run the procedure. What change do you see in the block variance? Exercise 2 Change block discretization to 10x10x5 and see the effect on the block variances of 20x20 blocks. Exercise 3 If you have another variogram parameter file, try running the procedure with it. What do you observe? Page 11-2 Part #: E005 Rev. B
Change of Support
Change of Support on Composite Values

On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p40201.dat - Statistics (Composites)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - 3-D Composite Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides input for the composite file type and item to analyze. Enter composite file 9 and specify CU as the base assay for analysis and histogram generation. Panel 2 - 3-D Composite Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides input for the histogram frequency parameters and filename extensions. Use a minimum value of zero, and report 40 intervals with an interval of 0.1. Enter a filename extension of cu for the run and report files, and check the change of support option. Panel 3 - Change of Support Parameters This panel provides input for the output data file and the block variance. Send the results of this run to file block.dat, and use the block variance from our earlier kriging run (0.177). Panel 4 - Optional Data Selection for Composite Statistics This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. Titling options are also provided on this panel. Select only ROCK item value 1 by using the RANGE command, and enter a title such as 15m bench composites - rock type 1'. Panel 5 - 3-D Coordinate Limits for Data Selection This panel allows you to limit the data further, either by specifying a portion of the project area or a boundary file. Leave this panel blank. Panel 6 - Histogram Plot Attributes This panel provides options for setting up your histogram display. Set up the Histogram Plot Attributes as desired. Results Look into the file BLOCK.DAT using Notepad or another text editor. The first column in this file displays the theoretical block grades after the change of support correction is made. The second column contains the original data as input.
Notes:
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 11-3
Change of Support
Notes:
Distribution of Theoretical Blocks

On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure p40204.dat - ASCII Data Stats> . Fill out the panels as described. Panel - 1 ASCII Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides input for the source data file, item label, an optional weighting item, and other parameters. Use Block.dat as the input file, BLK as the grade item label, and check the box to read as free format. Panel 2 - Free Format Specs This panel accepts the position of the input item(s) by column. Select Column #1 to read the grade item. Panel - 3 ASCII Data Statistical Analysis This panel provides input for the statistical analysis parameters, filename extensions, and titling options. Use a minimum value of zero with 40 frequency intervals, size 0.1. Enter the filename extension blk for both the run and report files, and specify a title such as Theoretical blocks. Panel 4 - Histogram Plot Attributes This panel provides options for setting up your histogram display. Set up the Histogram Plot Attributes as desired.
Page 11-4
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Results and Histogram Plot The report file presents the ASCII data analysis in tabular and symbolic histogram form. When you exit the report file, the MPLOT panel will appear, giving you the option to preview, plot directly to the plotter, or generate a deferred plot file for later use. Preview the plot, then close the preview with the X and Exit the MPLOT panel.
Change of Support
Notes:
Volume-Variance Correction on Composite Data

On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select the Group Statistics, and the Operation Calculation; from the procedure list, select procedure pcmpvc.dat - VolumeVariance (Composites)>. Fill out the panels as described. Panel 1 - Volume-Variance Correction on Composite Grades This panel provides input for the source composite file, interval specification, and filename extension naming options. Accept the default file 9, and check the box to bypass file 12. Panel 2 - Volume-Variance Correction on Composite Grades This panel provides input for the analysis item, destination item, and an optional selection item. Use the CU item as the source, and store the results in item CUBLK. Check the box to store results, and select the affine correction option (default). Panel 3 - Optional Data Selection for Composites This panel allows you to define portions of the data to include or exclude from the analysis based on item values. Titling and boundary file options are also provided on this panel. Select only ROCK item value 1 by using the RANGE command. Panel 4 - Volume-Variance Correction Parameters The Volume-Variance Correction factor will be block to point variance ratios: 0.17699/0.257 = 0.689; also enter the average grade of the composites (0.7053). Part #: E005 Rev. B Page 11-5
Change of Support
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Results The report file (rpt508.lvc) contains a summary of the Volume-variance correction results.
Notes:
Exercise 1 Run stats on item CUBLK to look at the new distribution. Use extension AFF. Exercise 2 Run the Volume-Variance Correction using the indirect lognormal method. Use 0.72 for the coefficient of variation. (Store back to CUBLK, run statistics, use extension ILM.) Exercise 3 Combine all histograms in one plot: original data (plt402.cu) hermite polynomials transformation (plt402.blk) affine correction (plt402.aff), and indirect lognormal method (plt402.ilm) On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, select the Group Plotting, and the Operation Plot; from the procedure list, select procedure anyplt.dat - Plot any USERF/DATAF. Fill out the panels as described. Plotting Panel Enter scale and x,y limits (plotting units, not project). Plotting files are USERF. Use appropriate shift commands. Results The plot should look like this: Page 11-6 Part #: E005 Rev. B
Change of Support
Notes:
Volume Variance Correction on Model Data

<From the MineSight Compass menu set Select Group Name = STATISTICS, Operations Type = Calculation, and Procedure Desc. = Volume-variance - pmodvc.dat> Panel 1 Select the File to Use Leave this panel blank. Panel 2 Select Items to be Used Select indirect lognormal correction option. Use item CUKRG. Store back to item CUKGG. Panel 3 Optional Data Selection Select Rock Type 1. Panel 4 Volume-Variance Correction Parameters Use a correction factor of 1.08. Assume that your SMU unit is 10 x 10 x 15. If you
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 11-7
Change of Support
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. run procedure psblkv.dat for this size of a block, you should get a block variance of 0.19157; therefore the correction factor should be 0.19157/0.17699 = 1.08. The average model grade for Rock Type 1 is 0.6917 and the c.v. is 0.5025. Results
Notes:
Exercise 1 Run stats on item CUKGG to lookat the new distribution. Exercise 2 Plot grade tonnage curves of CUKGG and CUKRG items to compare the original and adjusted grade distribution.
Page 11-8
Part #: E005 Rev. B

Learning outcome
In this section you will learn about outlier restricted kriging and how to set it up in MineSight.
Notes:
Outlier Restricted Kriging (ORK)

ORK requires two major steps. The first step consists of assigning to each block the probability P(x) or the proportion of the outlier data within the block. This value is between 0 and 1. The second step involves the assignment of the weights to each data point within the search volume of the block. These weights are assigned in such a way that the sum of the weights for the outlier data is equal to the probability or proportion which is determined from the first step. The weights for the other data add up to 1 P(x). Thus, the sum of all the weights is 1, as it should be for an unbiased estimator.
Determine the outlier cutoff grade

<Select Group Statistics, Operations Plot. Run procedure p41201.dat - Probability Plot (assays or composites). Make a CU probability plot and determine the outlier value. Use only benches 2540 to 2600.> For the next steps we are going to assume a cut off grade for outlier equal to 1.2 (there seem to be a deviation from a straight line in the probability plot around this grade).
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 12-1
Notes:
Calculate indicators
In order to calculate the probability of each block to be above grade 1.2, we are going to assign indicator values to the composites: 0 if the grade is below 1.2, 1 if otherwise. This step requires that you have an additional item in file 9 to store the indicators with min =0, max =1 (or more) and precision = 1. <Select Group Composites, Operations Calculations. Run procedure p50801.dat User Calcs (Composites) Use item ROCKX. For benches 2540 to 2600 assign value zero to item ROCKX (use rock types 1 and 2). Then assign value ROCKX=1 for Cu>1.2>
Calculate probabilities
Assign the probability of occurrence of outlier grades to the blocks. This step requires that you have an additional item in file 15 to store the probabilities. The item should be initialized with min =0, max =1, precision = 0.01 or 0.001. Use Inverse Distance Weighting to assign the probabilities. <Select Group 3D-Modeling, Operations Calculations. Run procedure p62001.dat IDW interpolation Use the same search parameters used in previous runs. Add one more item to interpolate (CUIND using ROCKX). Interpolate only benches 24 to 28. Use OR1 and OR2 as extensions for run files and reports.>
Perform ORK
<Select Group 3D-Modeling, Operations Calculations. Run procedure p62401.dat Ordinary Kriging Use the same search parameters used in previous runs. Replace model item to interpolate to CUPLY. Interpolate only benches 24 to 28. Use OR1 and OR2 as extensions for run files and reports. Add the ORK options in the last panel (use item ROCKX from composite file and item CUIND from model).>
Compare results with regular kriging

Compare results from ordinary kriging and outlier restricted kriging. Run model statistics and create grade-tonnage curves.
Page 12-2
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Indicator Kriging to Define Geologic Boundary above a Cutoff

Learning outcome
In this section you will learn: - How to calculate the indicator function (0 or 1) based on a grade cutoff - How to calculate the probability of a block having a grade value above the Cutoff - How to view the probabilities (from block model) in MineSight
Notes:
Indicator Kriging
The basis of the technique is transforming the composite grades to a (0 or 1) function. All composite grades above cutoff can be assigned a code of 1 whereas all the composites below can be assigned a code of 0. Then a variogram can be formed from the indicators which can be used for Kriging the indicators. The resulting Kriging estimate represents the probability of each block having a grade value above the cutoff.
Assign Indicators
On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select Group Composites, Operation Type Calculations. Run procedure p50801.dat -User-Calcs (comps) to assign indicators to item altrx.> Panel 1 Labels of Composite Items to use <Enter item altrx as the item to store the indicators.> Panel 2 Optional Data Selection <Enter a RANGE for the calculation on rock type 1 and 2 and cu grade 0 to 99.> Panel 3 Limits for Data Selection Leave this panel blank. Panel 4 Special Project Calculations <In this panel you need to assign an initial code of 0 to item altrx.Repeat the procedure, but this time enter a range for cu from 0.3 to 99, and use altrx =1.>
Variogram of Indicators
On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, <select Group Composites, Operation type Calculation. Run Procedure p30302.dat-Variograms (comp).> Panel 1 Experimental Variograms for 3-D Composites <Enter ALTRX as the item to use. Create a normal variogram. Use extension alt.> Panel 2 Optional Variogram Parameters Leave this panel blank
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 13-1
Notes:
Panel 3 Optional Data Selection <Use both rock types.> Panel 4 3-D Coordinate Limits for Data Selection Leave this panel blank Panel 5 Parameters for Multi-Directional Variograms <Compute 4 normal variograms (4x1), starting at horizontal angle 0.0 with 45 degree increments and at a vertical angle of 0.0. Use 10 intervals with 50 m lag distance. Use 22.5 degree horizontal windowing angle and 10 degree vertical windowing angle.>
Model the Indicator Variogram

On the MineSight Menu tab, <select Group Composites,Operation Type Calculations. Run procedure p30002.dat- Variogram Modeling. Pick the 3-D global variogram from the list and exit panel. Make a new model (nugget = .068, sill = .234, range = 370).>
Page 13-2
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Krige Indicators
On the MineSight Menu tab, <select Group 3D Deposit Modeling I Operations Type Calculations. Run procedure p62401.dat - Ordinary Kriging.> Panel 1 Files and Model Specification Area <Use extension alt.> Panel 2 Krige Search Parameters <Enter a search distance of 370m in the x and y directions as well as a maximum distance. Enter 50m in the z direction and a maximum 3D distance for closest composite of 100m. Specify a minimum of 3 composites and a maximum of 16 composites to interpolate a block.> Panel 3 Interpolation Control Items <Use composite item ALTRX to interpolate item CUIND.> Panel 4 Optional Input Parameters Leave this panel blank. Panel 5 Variogram Parameters <Use figures from previous exercise.> Panels 6, 7, 8 Leave those panels blank.
Notes:
View Results in MineSight

<Create a view of item CUIND. Set up intervals of 0 to 1 with an increment of 0.1. Black out all cutoffs except 0.5. What you will see is a probabilistic boundary of model values above 0.3.>
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 13-3
Notes:
Page 13-4
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Multiple Indicator Kriging (M.I.K.)

Prior to this section, you must have initialized and loaded the composite and 3-D model files. You must also have calculated the classical statistics and the grade variograms of the composites.
Notes:
Learning Outcome
In this section you will learn: How to determine indicator cutoffs How to calculate indicator variograms How to model indicator variograms How to determine indicator class means How to assign indicators to composite data How to setup indicator variogram parameter files How to calculate affine correction How to do multiple indicator Kriging run How to calculate indicator Kriging reserves
Overview
Multiple Indicator Kriging (M.I.K.) is a technique developed to overcome the problems with estimating local recoverable reserves. The basis of the technique is the indicator function which transforms the grades at each sampled location into a [0,1] random variable. The indicator variograms of these variables are estimated at various cutoff grades. The technique consists of estimating the distribution of composite data. The distribution is then corrected to account for the actual selective mining unit (SMU) size. This yields the distribution of SMU grades within each block. From that distribution, recoverable reserves within the block can be retrieved. Accumulation of recoverable reserves for these blocks over a volume gives the global recoverable reserves for that volume.
Uses of Indicators
Indicators can be used to:
deal with outliers model multiple populations estimate categories (descriptive or qualitative variables) estimate distributions estimate confidence intervals
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 14-1
Notes:
Incremental Statistics
<On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, select Group Statistics, and the operation Calculation. Run procedure p40201.dat - Statistics (composites). Run statistics on item CU, using 100 increments of 0.02. Use extension IK1 for reports and run files. Check the option not to accumulate the intervals. Do that only for rock type 1.> Results:
Page 14-2
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Notes:
Determine M.I.K Cutoffs

<On MineSight Compass Menu tab, Select Group MIK, operations calculations. Run procedure pikcut.dat - MIK Cutoff Analysis.> This procedure is used to analyze where the M.I.K. cutoffs should be for a given grade distribution and the number of M.I.K. cutoffs specified. The basis of analysis is the metal contained in each indicator class. It is possible that the user may try this procedure several times until he or she is satisfied with the results. Panel 1 M.I.K. Cutoff Grade Determination <Enter the histogram file output from M402V1 for composites (dat402.ik1).> This file must have been generated using statistics within cutoff option. <Enter 10 as the number of M.I.K. cutoffs desired.>
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 14-3
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. Results:
Notes:
Calculating Indicator Variograms

<On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, select Group MIK and Operations Type Calculation. Run procedure p30303.dat- Indicator Variograms> Panel 1 Compute Indicator Variograms <Use Composite item CU to compute the variograms. Use extension MIK.> Panel 2 Optional Variogram Parameters Specify the cutoffs at which indicator variograms are to be computed:
Cutoffs 0.42
0.56
0.68
0.78
0.88
0.98
1.12
1.30
1.46 1.66
Panel 3 Optional Data Selection Limit the data input to Rock Type 1 only. Panel 4 Optional Coordinate Limits You have the option of limiting the area of data selection. Leave this panel blank. Panel 5 Parameters for Multi-Directional Composite Variograms <Compute 2 indicator variograms (2x1), starting at horizontal angle 0.0 with 90 degree increments and at vertical angle 0.0. Use 10 intervals with 50m lag distance.> There will be a set of indicator variograms for each of the 10 cutoffs. There will also be a set of variograms for the grade item. This is the last set. In the report file, a summary Page 14-4 Part #: E005 Rev. B
Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc. appears for each variogram calculated. This is a 3-D omni-directional variogram for the first indicator cutoff (IND1).
Notes:
Modeling Indicator Variograms

<On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, select Group MIK,Operations Type Calculation. Run Procedure p30002- Variogram Modeling. Use the output from previous procedure as input (dat303.mik). Program M300V1 will display on the screen a list of the 2 directional variograms plus the 2-D Global variogram and the 3-D Global variogram for each indicator. Click on 3-D Global on each of the 10 indicators and then on Exit Panel. Model the 10 variograms.>
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 14-5
Notes:
Variogram Parameter File

<On the MineSight Menu tab, select Group MIK , Operations Type Edit. Run Procedure pvgmik.dat - MIK Variogram Parameter File.> Panel 1 Output and Description File Variogram parameters will be written to the output file specified (vario.mik). Use 10 cutoffs. The mean beyond the last cutoff is 2.0 whereas the max value is 3.7. Affine correction factor must be equal to or greater than 1 (use 1.15). Panel 2 Variogram Parameters <Enter the parameters for the first cutoff. Continue to set up the variogram parameters for the other indicator cutoffs.> You can use the figures from the table.
Page 14-6
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Notes:
Cutoff 0.42 0.56 0.68 0.78 0.88 0.98 1.12 1.30 1.46 1.66 Mean 0.1907 0.4802 0.6132 0.7241 0.8232 0.9199 1.0279 1.2050 1.3727 1.5539 Variogram type 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 Nugget 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 Sill-nugget 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.18 0.17 0.15 0.13 0.10 0.06 0.03 Range 75 75 63 63 57 51 41 41 41 32

<Select Group Name MIK I Operations Type Calculations. Run procedure p62402.dat - Multiple Indicator Kriging.> Panel 1 Select Files / Area <Use MIK as file extensions.> Panel 2 M24IK Search Parameters <Specify a 3-D search to find all composites within 400m horizontally and 50m vertically of a block. Use 100m as maximum distance to the closest composite. Use a minimum of 3 and a maximum of 16 composites.> Panel 3 MIK Interpolation Control Items The program computes the grade and the percent of ore above the specified cutoff for each block and stores them into the 3-D block model. <Use zero as cutoff grade. Store grade to item CUPCT. Store block% to item PCT. Specify that the block% item is a percent item. Use composite item CU.> Panel 4 MIK Input Parameters MIK variogram parameters file must be specified (vario.mik). <Use 5 as min number of composites in a class interval for the program to use local means.> Panel 5 Optional Data Selection Include Rock Type 1 data only. Panel 6 Optional Search Parameters Leave this panel blank. Panel 7 Optional Geologic Codes Kriging will be done in Rock Type 1 blocks only. Use geologic matching (item ROCK).
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 14-7
Notes:
MIK Reserves
<On the MineSight Compass Menu tab, select Group MIK, Operations Calculations. Run procedure p60801.dat - Statistics (model).> Panel 1 3-D Model Data Statistical Analysis <Use file 15.> Panel 2 Model Data Statistical Analysis Since MIK computes ore percent in each block, a second weighting item is necessary for MIK cutoffs greater than 0. <Use item CUPCT with items TOPO and PCT as weighting items (0.01 multipliers).> Panel 3 Model Data Statistical Analysis <Use 40 increments of 0.1. Use extension IK0.> Panel 4 Optional Data Selection <Enter 16.2 as multiplier for resource calculation.> This is the Ktonnage/block for our project. <Limit statistics on rock type 1.> Panel 5 Mine Model Statistical Analysis <Calculate the statistics for the whole model.> Panel 6 Histogram Plot Attributes Report:
Page 14-8
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Other Non-Kriging Interpolation Methods

Learning Outcome
In this section you will learn: How to use the Trend Planes method of interpolation How to use the Gradient interpolation technique
Notes:
Trend Plane Search Interpolation

M621V1 uses a similar interpolation scheme to M620V1. However, the search is along the dip and strike of a trend plane specified by a mine model code associated with a certain plane strike azimuth and plane dip angle as well as with certain distances along the strike, dip and off the plane. The program can be run from procedure p62101.dat. The procedure can be found in MineSight Compass Menu, under Group 3d modeling I Operations Calculations. Exercise <Run procedure p62101.dat.> Try to use the same interpolation parameters as you did with Inverse distance and Kriging methods.
Gradient Interpolation Technique

M625V1 uses gradients to neighboring points for weighting the sorted composites during interpolation of mine model values. M625V1 uses the tangent plane or gradient method to interpolate block values in a mine model. Tangent planes are calculated between all composites and a specified number of neighboring composites. Each plane must satisfy the following conditions:
the plane must pass through the function value at the point in question (i.e., through the Z (grade) value), and the angles the plane makes with vectors or lines to all of the various points in the neighborhood must be minimized.
The angles are weighted by a function of how far or near the various neighboring points are from the point of interest. After the tangent planes are generated, block values are calculated from neighboring composites (now with gradients). User needs to specify how many neighbors are used in this calculation. The gradient information for each composite is evaluated at the block location and the calculation of the block value is weighted by the distance from the block to each composite. Exercise <Run procedure p62501.dat under Group 3D Modeling I Operation Calculations.> Try to use the same search parameters as in previous methods.
Part #: E005 Rev. B
Page 15-1
Notes:
Page 15-2
Part #: E005 Rev. B

Manual Mine Sight Geoestadistica

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Manual Mine Sight Geoestadistica

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MineSight for Modelers

Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc.

MineSight for Modelers Geostatistics Table of Contents

Part #: E005 Rev. B

Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc.

Part #: E005 Rev. B

Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc.

Using this Mintec Workbook

Using this Mintec Workbook

Introduction to the Course

What You Need to Know

Using the Mouse

Terms and Conventions

Part #: E005 Rev. B

Using this Mintec Workbook

Part #: E005 Rev. B

Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc.

Part#: E005 Rev. B

Basic Flow of MineSight

Part#: E005 Rev B

Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc.

Flow of Tasks for a Standard Mine Evaluation Project

Initialize Update List

Planning & Scheduling

Long Range Short Range

Part# E005 Rev B

Proprietary Information of Mintec, inc.

Part#: E005 Rev B

Part#: E005 Rev. B

Deciles, Percentiles,Quantiles 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 7, 7 ,11 D1= 1 D3= 1 D9= 7

Mode on the PDF

Mean on the PDF

Mode (also min) Mean(=4.1) Max

Median on the CDF

Sensitive to outlier high values Never negative

Normal Distribution curve

Std. normal distribution

Normal Distribution Tables

Example of cdf (normal)

0.5) = 1 - F(1) = 1 -0.8413 = 0.16

Therefore, 16% of the samples in the population are > 0.5

Lognormal Distribution Curve

Data Analysis and Display Tools

Histogram in text file

Histograms with skewed data

Histograms with skewed data

Cumulative Frequency Tables

Cu<0.5, Mo<0.05 y= 8.363x +0.049

High Positive Covariance

Covariance Near Zero

Large Negative Covariance

Data Location Map

Moving Window Statistics

Proportional Effect Plot

(h) = 1 / 2n [Z(xi) - Z(xi+h)]2 Semi-variogram will be referred as variogram for convenience

Sample variogram output

Data for computation

Windows and Band Widths

Fitting a Theoretical Model

Sample Variogram Plot

Modeling Geometrical Anisotropy: a recipe

Length of axes correspond to variogram ranges

T ransformation from Logs