Mapeh Vii

Leila Jorg C. Barbosa Vii- Charity (4) Mrs. Marilou Moralde

Different Tribes of Mindanao Maranao People

The native Maranao have a fascinating culture that revolves around kulintang music, a specific type of gong music, found among both Muslim and nonMuslim groups of the Southern Philippines. Biyula is another Instrument for the Maranao people to use, Biyula is a string instrument. In 2005, the Darangen Epic of the Maranao people of Lake Lanao was selected by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.

TBoli People
The Tboli are one of the indigenous peoples of South Cotabato in Southern Mindanao. The Tboli have a musical heritage consisting of various types of agung ensembles ensembles composed of large hanging, suspended or held, bossed/knobbed gongs which act as drone without any accompanying melodic instrument.

Tausug
The Tausg or Suluk people are an ethnic group of the Philippines and Malaysia. The

term Tausg was derived from two words tao and sg (or suluk) meaning "people of the current", referring to their homelands in the Sulu Archipelago.

Badjao
The Bajau are traditionally from the islands of the Sulu Archipelago, as well as parts of the coastal areas of Mindanao and northern Borneo. In the last fifty years, many of the Filipino Bajau have migrated to neighboring Malaysia and the northern Philippines, due to thecontinuing conflict in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.

Functions of Mindanao music - Some of their songs are dedicated for Allah - Praise Songs :D

Common Instruments

Tumpong - bamboo flute Agung Gandingan - set of four large hanging knobbed gongs Kubing - jaw's harp (Maranao) Kulintang - set of gongs in a row (Maguindanaon, Maranao) Guitar Luntang - wooden beams hanging from a frame (Maguindanaon) Gabbang - bamboo blades on a frame (Yakan, Batak, B'laan, Badjao, Taus) Kulintang a tiniok - eight tuned knobbed metal plates strung over a wooden frame (Maguindanaon) Saronay - eight tuned knobbed metal plates strung over a wooden frame (Maranao) Dabakan - goblet drum (Maranao) Gandang - double-headed barrel drum (Maranao) Sulibao - conical drum (Ibaloy) Agung a tamlang - bamboo slit drum Kagul - scraper Bandurria Kutiyapi Buktot-an instrument made from coconut shell w/ 4 strings

Examples of Their Songs

Katebonan Oman ko katademan A kiyatebonan o taw, Na rabayin ako a lo.

Tabon Eggs As I recall the time that People searched for tabon eggs, My tears run down my cheeks.

Historically, famines have occurred in the Lanao area and have driven people far and wide in search of food, including the eggs of the bird tabon, along the sea coastal towns. "My tears" reflects a sad recollection of the famine which brought hardships including the demeaning occupation of searching for tabon eggs.

kanditagawnan Adaw Ditagawnan, Na pamola ka sa obi Na gawnen ta imanto Na itinda ta bo amay A ken o madakel a taw.

Chums Hey Chum, Plant camote which Today we shall harvest And cook tomorrow For the people to eat.

A joke between two friends, a young woman and a young man, exaggerates the short time of planting, harvesting, cooking, and eating camote. The woman suggests raising camote for service to their people.

Kapelawlawd Melawdlawd ako Ka da kawanan da diwang; Miyangarodan ako Ka da diwang da kawanan.

Neutrality

Far I sail into the ocean Neither choosing right nor left; Farther I go into the depth To have neither enemy nor friend.

This poem portrays the customary neutrality of a Maranao, when his friends or relatives are in conflict. He avoids partisan involvement by figuratively going into the "ocean" or "depth" away from the quarreling parties.

Kapmotantang Karam o tantangi ko So ama motantang iyan O di ko kapagomani Sa mikalitantang yan A mikalitantang yan Sa kalilimodan sa taw.

Revenge Never will I forgive One who does me wrong Without heavily adding To his repentance To really shame him Before the public eyes.

This song depicts the Maranao matarabat (pride), which demands that he avenges any wrong done him and requires the restoration by his enemy of his respectable public image.

Kandagoong

Rain cloud

Kawto so dagoong There's storm rain sounds A baden datem sa lawd Darkening the sea horizon Na da ontawar ko Reaching not the mountains. palaw "Rain sounds" represents a young man's declared intention to ask for a maiden's hand in marriage even if he cannot meet the required royal family's ("mountains") dowry. These lines are also intended to touch the pride of a young suitor, so he will strive to marry the maiden in a pompous celebration which he may afford with the help of friends and relatives.

Kapematatar Matatar ayi matatar? Na toba ako matatar Na asar a so tangkolo A tangkolo a binaning A tingki aken ko inged.

Compensation What of disgrace? I care not for my disgrace Provided it be by a noble Of true noble blood My equal in this land.

A maiden's rationalization that losing her virginity is compensated for by the fact that the disgracer is her royal equal in the community is rooted in the Maranao value of equality in social status for marriage and sex partnership. Kandayo-dayo Friendship Dayo, dayo kapita, Dayo somong ta sa ig. Dayo, di ako ron song, Ka ana ikelek aken, A babareka a nipay, A torisan a bowaya. My maiden (morning) friend, To the water place let's go. Maiden friend, I won't go, I'm afraid of A multi-colored snake, A blemished crocodile.

Dayo, di ka pekelek Maiden friend, don't fear Kakawto si laki ngka For there's your brother A nggogoma'an sa kitab With a holy scripture A kekelong sa Kora'an. And the Quran for protection.

The fear of a maiden to bathe in the river is assuaged by her friend who insists they will be protected by the Holy Quran, serving as amulet in her brother's

possession. As a holy man, the brother goes early every morning to the water for his abedas (ablutions) before he enters the mosque. His holiness is a protection against evil

Sculpture

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions, and one of the plastic arts. Durable sculptural processes originally used carving (the removal of material) and modelling (the addition of material, as clay), in stone, metal, ceramics, wood and other materials but, since modernism, shifts in sculptural process led to an almost complete freedom of materials and process. A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by weldingor modelling, or molded, or cast.

Types of sculpture
A basic distinction is between sculpture in the round, free-standing sculpture, such as statues, not attached (except possibly at the base) to any other surface, and the various types of relief, which are at least partly attached to a background surface. Relief is often classified by the degree of projection from the wall into low orbasrelief, high relief, and sometimes an intermediate midrelief. Sunk-relief is a technique restricted to Ancient Egypt. Relief is the usual sculptural medium for large figure groups and narrative subjects, which are difficult to accomplish in the round, and is the typical technique used both for architectural sculpture, which is attached to buildings, and for small-scale sculpture decorating other objects, as in much pottery, metalwork and jewellery. Reliefs may also decorate steles, upright slabs, usually of stone, which contain sculpture or sometimes just inscriptions. Another basic distinction is between subtractive carving techniques, which remove material from an existing block

or lump, for example of stone, and modelling techniques which shape or build up the work from the material. Techniques such as casting, stamping and moulding use an intermediate matrix containing the design to produce the work; many of these allow the production of several copies. Sculpture is often used mainly to describe large works, which are sometimes called monumental sculpture, meaning either or both of sculpture that is large, or that is attached to a building. But the term properly covers many types of small works in three dimensions using the same techniques, including coins and medals, hardstone carvings, a term for small carvings in stone that can take detailed work. The very large or "colossal" statue has had an enduring appeal since antiquity; the largest on record at 128 m (420 ft) is the 2002 Chinese Spring Temple Buddha. Another grand form of portrait sculpture is the equestrian statue of a rider on horse, which has become rare in recent decades. The smallest forms of life-size portrait sculpture are the "head", showing just that, or the bust, a representation of a person from the chest up. Small forms of sculpture include the figurine, normally a statue that is no more than say 18 inches tall, and for reliefs the plaquette, medal or coin. Modern and contemporary art have added a number of nontraditional forms of sculpture, including: Sound sculpture, Light sculpture, Environmental art,Environmental sculpture, Kinetic sculpture, involving aspects of physical motion, Land art and Site-specific art.

Sculpture is an important form of public art. A collection of sculpture in a garden setting can be called a sculpture garden.

Materials used
Stone Stone sculpture is an ancient activity where pieces of rough natural stone are shaped by the controlled removal of stone. Owing to the permanence of the material, evidence can be found that even the earliest societies indulged in some form of stone work, though not all areas of the world have such abundance of good stone for carving as Egypt, Greece, India and most of Europe. Metal Bronze and related copper alloys are the oldest and still the most popular metals for cast metal sculptures; a cast bronze sculpture is often called simply a "bronze". Common bronze alloys have the unusual and desirable

property of expanding slightly just before they set, thus filling the finest details of a mold. Glass Glass may be used for sculpture through a wide range of working techniques, though the use of it for large works is a recent development.

Pottery Pottery is one of the oldest materials for sculpture, as well as clay being the medium in which many sculptures cast in metal are originally modelled for casting. Woo Carving Wood carving has been extremely widely practiced, but survives much less well than the other main materials, being vulnerable to decay, insect damage.

Prominent sculptors in the Philippines <3 1. Solomon saprid- Tikbalang 2. Kiuko ang- the crucifixion 3. Napoleon abueva- Alergoorical harpoon

4. Guillermo tolentino- oblation and bonifacio monument

Printmaking
Printmaking is the process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper. Printmaking normally covers only the process of creating prints with an element of originality, rather than just being a photographic reproduction of a painting
Woodcut, a type of relief print, is the earliest printmaking technique, and the only one traditionally used in the Far East. It was probably first developed as a means of printing patterns on cloth, and by the 5th

century was used in China for printing text and images on paper. Engraving The process was developed in Germany in the 1430s from the engraving used by goldsmiths to decorate metalwork. Engravers use a hardened steel tool called aburin to cut the design into the surface of a metal plate, traditionally made of copper. Engraving using a burin is generally a difficult skill to learn. Etching is part of the intaglio family (along with engraving, drypoint, mezzotint, and aquatint.) Lithography is a technique invented in 1798 by Alois Senefelder and based on the chemical repulsion of oil and water. Screenprinting (occasionally known as "silkscreen", or "serigraphy") creates prints by using a fabric stencil technique; ink is simply pushed through the stencil against the surface of the paper, most often with the aid of a squeegee Digital prints refers to images printed using a digital printer instead of a traditional printing press. These images can be printed to a variety of substrates including paper, cloth, or plastic canvas.

Brief History :D
Badminton :
The modern form of the sport was invented in the 1870's by British army officers who played it in India and at Badminton, the estate of the Duke of Beaufort in Gloucestershire. The game became known as "that Badminton game", and was probably derived from the ancient game of battledore and shuttlecock. In 1893, the Badminton Association of England was formed and the first all-England championships were played in 1899. One of the oldest badminton club in the world is the Badminton Club of the City of New York, which was formed in 1878. In 1934, the International Badminton Federation, the world-governing organization for the sport was formed in England.

Arnis:
The History of Arnis dates back before the colonization of the Spaniards, during those periods it was called Kali and the techniques of the art is focused on bladed weapons fighting. Kali was widely practiced throughout the archipelago; both nobleman and commoners were enthusiast and practitioners of the said art. Also during those days Kali is being taught in a school like training

grounds, which was called Bothoan along with military tactics, Alibata (Native Alphabet), and herbal medicines. On the dawn of April 27, 1521 the Portuguese navigator and warrior named Ferdinand Magellan was defeated by a native warrior chief named Lapu-lapu this was the recorded incident which Kali was used against foreign invaders. Forty years after that event, on April of 1564 another warrior navigator from Spain named Miguel De Legaspi landed in Abuyog Leyte Philippines. He was aware of the unfortunate fate of Magellan so took a non-hostile approach to avoid battle with the native. He befriend the warrior chief Malitik, it is at this point he witnessed the deadly fighting skills of the natives through a demo to entertain them. Afterwards he traveled to the nearby island of Sugbo and met another warrior chief named Tupas, he took a non-hostile approach to again avoid confrontation. For the second time he witnessed the formidable fighting techniques of the natives through a demo. Years have passed by Spain was able to colonize the Archipelago thru the use of religion and what was then regarded as modern weapons such as Muskets and cannons. The Spaniards claimed the Archipelago and named it Philippines in honor of the King Philip of Spain. This was the start of the dark age of Kali, in the year 1764 the Spanish overlords banned the practice of Kali to the natives. Using the alibi that the natives were wasting time practicing it instead of tilling the fields. However the natives knew too well that their colonizers were just afraid that such skills would be used in a revolution against them because due to oppression the revolutionaries were gaining support from the natives. The natives, hidden from the watchful eyes of their colonizers, practiced Kali secretly. Due to some cultural influence of the Spaniards the term Escrima, Estoque, Fraile, and Kaliradman were used to regard the native fighting system. It was also during these period when the natives were able to develop the stick fighting techniques of the art, which was proven to be as versatile as the bladed weapons technique. Even the Moro-Moro stage play to entertain the colonizers was utilized as an excuse to practice the fighting system.

In 1873 the fighting system was renamed Arnis derived from the word Arnes which means colorful trapping on defensive armors used on the Moro-Moro plays. Some of the heroes of the Philippine revolution were also practitioners of Arnis namely Andres Bonifacio, the spouses Diego and Gabriela Silang, and the young General Gregorio Del Pilar. The National Hero Jose Rizal was also reported to practice the fighting system. As well as the founder of Aglipayan Church Rev. Gregorio Aglipay was also recorded as a practitioner of the art. After hundreds of years with Spanish colonization the Japanese invaders took their place to invade the Philippines during the World War II, again experts of the native fighting arts were called upon to fight for the countrys freedom. Kali, Escrima or Arnis whichever term the individual prefer to use was once again employed on the battlefield. Its efficiency was put to a test again but this time against the Japanese invaders. The Filipinos fought side by side with the Americans. Natives with skills in the fighting art signed up to be freedom fighters known as Guerillas. It is also these Guerillas who were usually front liners during the encounter and they were usually sent on a commando mission for reconnaissance against the Japanese. After the war ended and peace took its path in 1975 then Major Favian Ver also noted enthusiast and practitioners of Arnis formed the National Arnis Association of the Philippines (NARAPHIL) with the objective to unite all Arnis group in the Philippines, but unfortunately according to records the Generals effort was futile, some claimed that the association that the General led tends to favor only one group and ignored the request for recognition of the majority of the existing Arnis clubs. After the Historical EDSA revolution General Favian Ver was exiled and NARAPHIL as a dominant Arnis grouped ceased, eventually another brotherhood of Arnis was formed by a group of great Masters on Arnis. July of 1986 Arnis Philippines (ARPHI) was established with the same objective as NARAPHIL, at present time the government sanctioned groups NARAPHIL and ARPHI exist together with a non-governmental organization PIGSAI, these

organizations share a common goal which is to promote, preserve, propagate, and regain the popularity of Arnis throughout the country because economically even though the Filipino Martial Arts be it Arnis, Escrima, or Kali earned its popularity in the different parts of the world. It is less popular in the Philippines. Its birthplace, probably due to strong colonial mentality influence or just plain negligence of the Filipinos to their Cultural Heritage, but these noble groups are striving to ensure that the next generations of Filipinos will be able to claim their cultural heritage and once again have these Filipino Martial Arts as the national system of fighting art.

Table Tennis:
Early Origins of Table Tennis/Ping-Pong

12th Century AD - The game of table tennis probably descended from the the game of "Royal Tennis" (also known as Real Tennis or Court Tennis), which was played in the medieval era. 1880's - Some sources claim that the sport was once known as indoor tennis, and was played in the early 1880's by British army officers stationed in India and South Africa. These officers are supposed to have used cigar box lids as paddles, rounded wine bottle corks as balls, and books for an improvised net. 1880's - The game had become fashionable among the upper classes in England. 1887 - According to the ITTF website, the first use of the name "Table Tennis" appeared on a board and dice game made by J.H.Singer of New York. 1890 - The earliest existing evidence of a table tennis game is a set made by David Foster, patented in England, which included table versions of Lawn Tennis, Cricket and Football. 1891 - John Jacques of London introduce their "Gossima" game, which used drum-type paddles, a 50mm web wrapped cork ball, and a 30cm high net. 1890's - By this time, several patents with basic rules had been registered. 1890's - Parker Brothers begin making an indoor tennis kit which included a portable net, a small ball covered in netting, and paddles. 1900 - Englishman James Gibb is credited with bringing hollow celluloid balls back to England from the USA, although some other sources claim they were plastic balls. Previously most balls were solid rubber or cork, often covered in material. Some sources also credit Gibb with inventing the name "ping pong", which was supposed to have been derived from the sound of the ball bouncing off the drum battledores (paddles), each of which had a different sound.

1901 - John Jacques register "Ping Pong" as a trade name in England. The American rights to the name are sold to Parker Brothers. 1901 - On the 12th December 1901, "The Table Tennis Association" is formed in England. Four days later, "The Ping Pong Association" is also formed in England. 1901 - Table tennis is first brought to China via western settlements. (Guide note - Thanks guys - now look what you've done!) 1902 - Englishman E.C.Goode is credited with putting pebbled rubber on his wooden blade, allowing him to put more spin on the ball. This is the forerunner of the ordinary pimpled rubber racket, which will dominate table tennis until 1952. 1903 - On the 1st May 1903, "The Table Tennis Association" and "The Ping Pong Association" amalgamate, forming "The United Table Tennis and Ping Pong Association". This association will later revert its name to "The Table Tennis Association", before becoming defunct in 1904.

1920's - 1950's - Classic Hard Bat Era - Europe Dominates the Sport

1920's - In the early 1920's the game began to revive in England and Europe. 1922 - "The Table Tennis Association" is reconstituted, with the name "English Table Tennis Association" being adopted in 1927. 1926 - The International Table Tennis Federation is formed. 1926-1931 - Maria Mednyanszky of Hungary wins the Women's Singles event at the World Championships five times in a row. 1930-1935 - Victor Barna of Hungary wins five of the six Men's Singles events at the World Championships (and was runner up in 1931). 1935 - The American Ping Pong Association, US Amateur Table Tennis Association, and National Table Tennis Association merge to form the US Table Tennis Association (which was renamed USA Table Tennis in 1994). 1936 - Repainted tables (which made the playing surface very slow) and a high net (6 inches high) combine to make attacking play very difficult at the World Championships in Prague, Czechoslovakia. This results in the longest rally ever in a World Championships taking place, lasting over two hours. 1938 - The ITTF lowers the net from 6 inches to 6 inches, and bans the fingerspin serves which had been used with devasting effect by American players. 1940-1946 - No World Championships held due to World War II. 1950-1955 Angelica Rozeanu-Adelstein of Romania wins six Women's Singles titles in a row at the World Championships. Since her last title win in 1955, every World Champion in Women's Singles has been an Asian player.

1950's - 1970's - Sponge Bat Era, Rise of Japan and China

1952 - Hiroji Satoh of Japan becomes notorious for his use of a wooden racket covered in thick foam sponge rubber, which produces much more speed and spin than conventional pimpled rubber rackets. He wins the 1952 World Championships over Jozsef Koczian of Hungary, and begins a period of Asian male domination in the sport which will last until Sweden rises to supremacy from 1989 into the early 1990's. 1957 - The World Championships changes to a biennial event (once every two years), due to the logistics of hosting an event of such size, and difficulty in finding suitable venues. 1958 - The first European Championships is conducted in Budapest, Hungary, and sees the USSR's debut in international table tennis. 1959-1960 - The ITTF standardizes the thickness of ordinary pimpled rubber and sponge rubber. 2000's - In the early 2000's, frictionless long pimples become popular among many players, in an attempt to negate the the power and spin produced by modern technology and speed glue.

Equipments
Badminton
Racquets
Badminton racquets are lightweight, with top quality racquets weighing between 70 and 95 grams (2.4 to 3.3 ounces) not including grip or strings

Strings
Badminton strings are thin, high performing strings in the range of about 0.62 to 0.73 mm thickness. Thicker strings are more durable, but many players prefer the feel of thinner strings. String tension is normally in the range of 80 to 160 N (18 to 36 lbf). Recreational players generally string at lower tensions than professionals, typically between 80 and 110 N (18 and 25 lbf). Professionals string between about 110 and 160 N (25 and 36 lbf). Some string manufacturers measure the thickness of their strings under tension so they are actually thicker then than specified when slack. Ashaway Micropower is actually 0.7mm but Yonex BG-66 is about 0.72mm.

Grip

The choice of grip allows a player to increase the thickness of his racquet handle and choose a comfortable surface to hold. A player may build up the handle with one or several grips before applying the final layer.

Shuttlecock
A shuttlecock (often abbreviated to shuttle; also called a birdie) is a high-drag projectile, with an open conical shape: the cone is formed from sixteen overlapping feathersembedded into a rounded cork base. The cork is covered with thin leather or synthetic material.

Arnis
Facilities and Equipment The game is played by using prescribed padded stick in delivering artistic and legal blows, strikes, thrusts, and disarming the opponent to gain scores. COMPETITION AREA Shall refer to the area by which the conduct of the competition shall be set or held including the free zone around it. Dimensions The playing area is a square measuring 8.0 meters by 8.0 meters with a two (2) meters minimum free zone around it, and a clear space without any obstruction up to a height of not less than 5 meters from the playing surface. Lines of the Playing Area All lines of the playing surface are 5.08 cm. (2 inches) and must be of different color from that of the floor and other lines previously drawn for other purposes. Boundary Lines Four lines mark the boundary of the playing area. The free zone distance measuring 2.0 meters are drawn outside of the playing area. Match Lines Two lines of 1.0 meter long and 2.0 meters apart mark the horizontal match line. The horizontal match lines are drawn 3 meters from the boundary lines that run perpendicularly to the official's table, and 3.5 meters from the boundary line that run parallel to the official's table. Weapon The padded stick shall be the official weapon of the player. The specifications of which shall be in accordance with the i-ARNIS standard. No other similar material will be allowed to be used in any local, national or international

competitions. Each padded stick shall be properly foam-cushioned and shall have a maximum grip diameter of not more than 3.81 cm. (1 1/2 inch) and length of 76.20 cm (30 inches for men and women). The length of padded stick shall be 27 inches for boys and girls. Both padded stick shall be color-coded, one red and the other blue. Head Protector Refers to a pair of protective head gear to include an impact-worthy face mask, the specifications of which shall be in accordance with the i-ARNIS standard. Both headgears must be color-coded, one red and the other blue, to match the padded stick of the player. Body Protector Refers to a pair of protective body protector, properly cushioned, the specifications of which shall be in accordance with the i-ARNIS standard. Male and female player must both wear body protector and groin protector. Body protectors and groin protectors specifications shall be in accordance with the i-ARNIS standard. Both body protectors and groin protectors shall be color coded to match the color of the player. Forearm and shin guards are compulsory. The specifications shall be in accordance with i-ARNIS standard. Both shin & forearms guards must be color coded to match the color of the player. Scoreboards A pair of scoreboards, either manually or electronically operated, the specifications of which shall be in accordance with the i-ARNIS standards. Two score boards per contest area shall be placed at diagonally opposite corners outside the playing area, inside the competition area within the free zone, right where the judges are positioned. Flags Two sets of red and blue flags, the size of which is 30 cm by 25 cm, are used by the judges in declaring decisions or asking for consultations. One yellow flag, size 30 cm by 25 cm. for timer's use to signal the start and the end of each round and to declare a time-out and resumption of the game. Other Equipment Stopwatch is use to keep the two-minutes per round. This excludes interruptions such as injury, changing of broken padded stick. A gong and

mallet or other similar audible substitutes such as whistle, bell or buzzer shall be provided for the Timer to indicate the start and end of the round. A table shall be provided for the Timer and Recorder which shall be situated one (1) meter in front of the playing area so that time signals are audible enough to both players and referee.

Table tennis
Ball
The international rules specify that the game is played with a light 2.7 gram, 40 mm diameter ball. The rules say that the ball shall bounce up 2426 cm when dropped from a height of 30.5 cm on to a standard steel block thereby having a coefficient of restitution of 0.89 to 0.92. The 40 mm ball was introduced after the 2000 Olympic Games.

Table
The table is 2.74 m (9 ft) long, 1.52 m (5 ft) wide, and 76 cm (30 inch) high with a Masonite (a type of hardboard) or similarly manufactured timber, layered with a smooth, low-friction coating.

Racket
Players are equipped with a laminated wooden racket covered with rubber on one or two sides depending on the grip of the player. The official ITTF term is "racket", though "bat" is common in Britain, and "paddle" in the U.S.

Diseases
A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. Disease The term disease broadly refers to any condition that impairs normal function, and is therefore associated with dysfunction of normal homeostasis.[3]Commonly, term disease is used to refer specifically to infectious diseases, which are clinically evident diseases that result from the presence of pathogenicmicrobial agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa,

multicellular organisms, and aberrant proteins known as prions. An infection that does not and will not produce clinically evident impairment of normal functioning, such as the presence of the normal bacteria and yeasts in the gut or of a passenger virus, is not considered a disease; by contrast, an infection that is asymptomatic during its incubation period, but expected to produce symptoms later, is usually considered a disease. Non-infectious diseases are all other diseases, including most forms of cancer, heart disease, and genetic disease. Illness Illness and sickness are generally used as synonyms for disease.[4] However, this term is occasionally used to refer specifically to the patient's personal experience of their disease.[5][6] In this model, it is possible for a person to be diseased without being ill (to have an objectively definable, but asymptomatic, medical condition), and to be ill without being diseased (such as when a person perceives a normal experience as a medical condition, or medicalizes a non-disease situation in his or her life). Illness is often not due to infection but a collection of evolved responses, sickness behavior, by the body which aids the clearing of infection. Such aspects of illness can

include lethargy, depression, anorexia, sleepiness, hyp eralgesia, and inability to concentrate.[7][8][9] Disorder In medicine, a disorder is a functional abnormality or disturbance. Medical disorders can be categorized into mental disorders, physical disorders, genetic disorders, emotional and behavioral disorders, and functional disorders. The term disorder is often considered more value-neutral and less stigmatizing than the terms disease or illness, and therefore is preferred terminology in some circumstances. In mental health, the term mental disorder is used as a way of acknowledging the complex interaction of biological, social, and psychological factors in psychiatric conditions. However, the term disorder is also used in many other areas of medicine, primarily to identify physical disorders that are not caused by infectious organisms, such as metabolic disorders. Medical condition A medical condition is a broad term that includes all diseases and disorders. While the term medical condition generally includes mental illnesses, in some contexts the term is used specifically to denote any illness, injury, or disease except for mental illnesses.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the widely used psychiatric manual that defines all mental disorders, uses the term general medical condition to refer to all diseases, illnesses, and injuries except for mental disorders.[10] This usage is also commonly seen in the psychiatric literature. Some health insurance policies also define amedical condition as any illness, injury, or disease except for psychiatric illnesses.[11] As it is more value-neutral than terms like disease, the term medical condition is sometimes preferred by people with health issues that they do not consider to be deleterious. On the other hand, by emphasizing the medical nature of the condition, this term is sometimes rejected, such as by proponents of the autism rights movement. The term medical condition is also used as a synonym for medical state, in which case it describes an individual patient's current state, as seen from a medical standpoint. This usage is seen in statements that describe a patient as being "in critical condition", for example. Morbidity Morbidity (from Latin morbidus, meaning "sick, unhealthy") is a diseased state, disability, or poor

health due to any cause.[12] The term may be used to refer to the existence of any form of disease, or to the degree that the health condition affects the patient. Among severely ill patients, the level of morbidity is often measured by ICU scoring systems. Comorbidity is the simultaneous presence of two or more medical conditions, such as schizophrenia and substance abuse. In epidemiology and actuarial science, the term morbidity rate can refer to either the incidence rate, or the prevalence of a disease or medical condition. This measure of sickness is contrasted with the mortality rate of a condition, which is the proportion of people dying during a given time interval. Syndrome A syndrome is the association of several medical signs, symptoms, and or other characteristics that often occur together. Some syndromes, such as Down syndrome, have only one cause; others, such as Parkinsonian syndrome, have multiple possible causes. In other cases, the cause of the syndrome is unknown. A familiar syndrome name often continues to be used even after an underlying cause has been found, or when there are a number of different possible primary causes.

Predisease Predisease is a type of disease creep or medicalization in which currently healthy people with risk factors for disease, but no evidence of actual disease, are told that they are sick. Prediabetes and prehypertension are common examples. Labeling a healthy person with predisease can result in overtreatment, such as taking drugs that only help people with severe disease, or in useful preventive measures, such as motivating the person to get a healthful amount of physical exercise.[13] Communicable diseases-disease that can communicate or can pass Examples: Cough and Colds Non Communicable- cant be passed Examples: Cancer