Andrs Bonifacio y de Castro (November 30, 1863 May 10, 1897)

was a Filipino nationalist and revolutionary. He was one of several founders and later the supreme leader of the Katipunan movement which sought the independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule [1][2] and started the Philippine Revolution. He is considered a de facto national hero of the [3] Philippines. Bonifacio is also considered by some Filipino historians to be the firstpresident of the Philippines, but he is not officially recognized as such.

Katipunan
Main article: Katipunan On July 7, 1892, the day after Rizal's deportation was announced, Bonifacio and others founded the Katipunan, or in full, Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang[14] Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan("Highest and Most Respected Society of the Children[15] of the Country[16]").[17] The secret society sought independence from Spain through armed revolt.[13][18] It was influenced by Freemasonry through its rituals and organization, and several members aside from Bonifacio were also Freemasons.[12] Within the society Bonifacio used the pseudonym May pag-asa ("There is Hope").[1] For a time, Bonifacio worked with both the Katipunan and La Liga Filipina. But La Liga Filipina eventually split because less affluent members like Bonifacio lost hope for peaceful reforms, and stopped their monetary aid.[12] Wealthier, more conservative members who still believed in peaceful reforms set up the Cuerpo de Compromisarios, which pledged continued support to the reformists in Spain. The radicals were subsumed into the Katipunan.[13] From Manila, the Katipunan expanded into several provinces, including Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija.[19] Most of its members, called Katipuneros, came from the lower and middle classes, with many of its local leaders being prominent figures in their municipalities.[20] At first exclusively male, membership was later extended to females, with Bonifacio's wife Gregoria de Jess as a leading member.[21] From the beginning, Bonifacio was one of the chief Katipunan officers, though he did not become its Supremo (supreme leader) or Presidente Supremo (Supreme President)[22] until 1895. Bonifacio was the third head of the Katipunan after Deodato Arellano and Romn Basa. Prior to this, he served as the society's comptroller and then its fiscal.[23][24] The society had its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership. For each province it involved, the Katipunan Supreme Council coordinated provincial councils in charge of public administration and military affairs and local councils in charge of affairs on the district or barrio level. Bonifacio was a member and eventually head of the Katipunan Supreme Council.[5][25] Within the society, Bonifacio developed a strong friendship with Emilio Jacinto who served as his adviser and confidant, as well as a member of the Supreme Council. Bonifacio adopted Jacinto's Kartillaprimer as the official teachings of the society in place of his own Decalogue which he judged as inferior. Bonifacio, Jacinto and Pio Valenzuela collaborated on the society's organ Kalayaan (Freedom), which had only one printed issue. Bonifacio wrote several pieces for the paper, including the poem Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lup (roughly, "Love for the homeland[26]) under the pseudonym AgapitoBagumbayan. The publication of Kalayaan in March 1896 led to a great increase in membership. The Katipunan spread throughout Luzon, to Panay in the Visayas and even as far as Mindanao.[27]From less than 300 members in January 1896,[19] it had about 30,000 to 40,000 by August

Isinilang si Emilio Jacinto noong Disyembre 15, 1875 sa Trozo, Maynila. Ang mga magulang niya ay sina Mariano Jacinto at Josefa Dizon. Nag-aral siya sa kolehiyo ng San Juan de Letran at kumuha ng abogasya sa UST ngunit ito ay natigil nang siya ay sumapi sa Katipunan noong 1893. sa gulang na 19 siya ay isa sa mga magagaling na pinuno ng Katipunan. Kinilala siyang Utak ng Katipunan. Gumamit siya ng sagisag-panulat na Pingkian sa Katipunan. Itinatag niya ang pahayagang Kalayaan, ang pahayagan ng katipunan. Ito'y pinamatnugutan katulong si Pio Valenzuela. ang sagisag-panulat na kanyang ginamit ay Dimas Ilaw. Siya ang sumulat ng Kartilya ng Katipunan. Si Jacinto ay lubhang nasugatan ngunit pinakawalan dahil sa sakit na malaria at disenterya. siya ay binawian ng buhay sa Sta. Cruz, Laguna noong abril 16, 1899 sa edad na 24.

Apolinario 'Lumpo' Mabini y Maranan (July 23, 1864 May 13, 1903) was a Filipino political philosopher and revolutionary who wrote a constitutional plan for the first Philippine republic of 18991901, and served as its first prime minister in 1899. In Philippine history texts, he is often referred to as "the Sublime Paralytic", and as "the Brains of the Revolution." To his enemies and detractors, he is referred to as the "Dark Chamber of the President."

The 1896 Revolution

Believing that the Reform Movement still had a chance to achieve success, Mabini did not immediately support the revolution of 1896. When Jos Rizal was executed in December that year, however, he changed his mind and gave the revolution his wholehearted support.
[2]

In 1898, while vacationing in Los Baos, Laguna, Emilio Aguinaldo sent for him. It took hundreds of men taking turns carrying his hammock to portage Mabini to Kawit. Aguinaldo, upon seeing Mabini's physical condition, must have entertained second thoughts in calling for his help. Mabini was most active in the revolution in 1898, when he served as the chief adviser for General Aguinaldo. He drafted decrees and crafted the first ever constitution in Asia for the First Philippine Republic, including the framework of the revolutionary government which was implemented in Malolos in 1899.

Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy

[1][2]

(March 22, 1869

[n 1]

February 6, 1964) was a Filipino general, politician,

[3]

and independence leader. He played an instrumental role during the Philippines' revolution against Spain, and the subsequent Philippine-American War or War of Philippine Independence resisted American occupation. Aguinaldo became the Philippines' first President. He was also the youngest (at age 29) to have become the country's president,and one of the country's greatest generals to age 94).
[4]

that

and the longest-lived (having survived

Philippine Revolution
Main article: Philippine Revolution

The flag of the K.K.K.

In 1894, Aguinaldo joined the Katipunan or the K.K.K., a secret organization led by Andrs Bonifacio, dedicated to the expulsion of the Spanish and independence of the Philippines through armed force.
[12] [13]

Aguinaldo used the nom de guerre Magdalo, in honor of Mary Magdalene.

His local chapter of

[14]

the Katipunan, headed by his cousin Baldomero Aguinaldo, was also called Magdalo.

The Katipunan revolt against the Spanish began in the last week of August 1896, in San Juan del Monte (now part of Metro Manila).
[15]

However, Aguinaldo and other Cavite rebels initially refused to join

[14]

in the offensive due to lack of arms. Their absence contributed to Bonifacio's defeat.
[14]

While Bonifacio

and other rebels were forced to resort to guerrilla warfare, Aguinaldo and the Cavite rebels won major victories in set-piece battles, temporarily driving the Spanish out of their area.

On February 17, 1897, Aguinaldo and group of katipuneros defeated Spanish forces led by General Camilo de Polavieja at the Battle of Zapote Bridge in Cavite. General Edilberto Evangelista, civil

engineer, revolutionary and trench builder, was killed in the battle. The province of Cavite gradually emerged as the Revolution's hotbed and the Aguinaldo-led katipuneros had a string of victories there. However, conflict between the Magdalo and another Cavite Katipunan faction, the Magdiwang, led to Bonifacio's intervention in the province.
[16]

The Cavite rebels then made overtures about establishing a

[17]

revolutionary government in place of the Katipunan.

Though Bonifacio alreadyconsidered the

Katipunan to be a government, he acquiesced and presided over elections held during the Tejeros Convention in Tejeros, Cavite on March 22, 1897. Due to Bonifacio's failure to win any battles against the Spaniards,
[citation needed]

Bonifacio lost the leadership to Aguinaldo, and was elected instead to the office of
[18]

Secretary of the Interior.

Even this was questioned by Daniel Tirona, claiming Bonifacio had not the

necessary schooling for the job. Insulted, Bonifacio (drew out his gun and would have killed Tirona on the spot had he not been stooped) declared the Convention null and void, and sought to return to his power base in Morong (present-day Rizal).
[19]

Bonifacio refused to recognize the revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo and attempted to reassert his authority, accusing the Aguinaldo faction of treason and by issuing orders contravening orders issued by the Aguinaldo faction.
[20]

At Aguinaldo's orders, Bonifacio and his brothers were arrested

[21]

and, in a mock trial which lasted one day, convicted of treason, and sentenced to death.

After some

vacillation, Aguinaldo commuted the death sentence, but canceled his commutation order after being convinced by Generial Manuel Noriel, President of the Council of War the death sentence, and others prominent in his government that the sentence must stand. Andrs and Procopio were executed by firing squad on May 10, 1897 at Mount Hulog, about four kilometers west ofMaragondon, Cavite

Independence Proclamation, Dictatorship and Revolutionary Government

After the outbreak of Spanish American War. Aguinaldo return to the Philippines from Hong Kong, arriving on May 19, 1898.
[29]

On 12 June 1898, at Aguinaldo's ancestral home in Cavite, Philippine independence was proclaimed and The Act of Declaration of Philippine Independence was read. The act had been prepared and written in Spanish by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, who also read its proclamation.
[30]

On 18 June, Aguinaldo issued a decree proclaiming a Dictatorial Government headed by himself.

[31]

On

June 23, another decree signed by Aguinaldo was issued, replacing the Dictatorial Government with a Revolutionary Government, with himself as President.