Name: ________________________ Class: ___________________ Date: __________

ID: A

Physics 2012 Exam Review

Short Answer 1. Describe the difference between "scalar" and "vector" quantities. 2. Explain what is meant by the term "uniform motion". 3. Describe the difference between "speed" and "velocity". 4. Give an example where two objects could have the same average velocity but different average speeds. 5. Describe what a position-time graph would look like for an object travelling with uniform motion. 6. Describe what a position-time graph would look like for an object travelling with uniform acceleration. 7. If a person drives a car 40 km [N] from X to Y and then 30 km [W] from Y to Z, what is the displacement of the original position from the final position. (Assume 2 significant digits.) 8. Sketch position-time, velocity-time, and acceleration-time graphs for an object which has just begun to "free fall". 9. Sketch position-time, velocity-time, and acceleration-time graphs for an object that is uniformly slowing to rest. 10. Define "inertia". 11. Give an example that clearly illustrates Newton's third law. 12. Why does the gravitational field strength at the surface of Earth vary from location to location? 13. Why is it not correct to refer to orbiting objects as being "weightless"? 14. Even though the coefficient of friction is a physical quantity, there are no units associated with it. Why? 15. Write an energy transformation equation for each example below. (a) The nuclear core heats up the heavy water which turns a generator. (b) A spring with a mass attached is pulled down and when released continues to move up and down. (c) A person playing an electric organ presses a key and we hear the note played. (d) A match is struck on a matchbox and ignites. 16. A child pushes a toy truck with a constant force. The truck moves at a constant velocity. (a) Sketch a graph of the work done on the object versus the magnitude of the displacement. (b) What does the slope of the graph represent? 17. What is the difference between positive and negative work? 18. In zero work a force is applied and the object travels a certain distance. Why is zero work done? 19. A satellite in a geosynchronous orbit is boosted to a higher geosynchronous orbit by a force applied by its boosters. Compare the kinetic energy of the satellite after it attains its new orbit with its kinetic energy at the previous lower altitude orbit. 20. (a) List the variables that would affect the gravitational potential energy of an object on the surface of Mars. (b) Explain each of these variables.

Name: ________________________

ID: A

21. Assume for a moment that you are an astronaut and have landed on a planet X. You and your fellow astronauts and cosmonauts are colonizing this planet. On planet X, g = 45 N/kg. (a) Give three examples to explain how this change would affect any of your everyday tasks. (b) What factors determine the gravitational field strength of planet X? (c) How will this change affect the take-off and landing of any spacecraft? 22. Sketch a graph to show the relationship between speed and gravitational potential energy of a cannon ball being fired vertically upward. Place gravitational potential energy on the y-axis and speed on the x-axis. 23. Describe the power output of the motor in the sketch below.

24. For each of the following, calculate the frequency, in hertz, and the period, in seconds: (a) a bee beating its wings 3000 times in 30 s (b) a tuning fork completing 2048 oscillations in 8.0 s 25. For the wave shown below, measure the wavelength and amplitude using a ruler.

26. A water wave travels from shallow water (slower medium) into deeper water (faster medium). What happens to the wavelength and frequency of the water wave? 27. Sketch the resultant wave form when the following two pulses meet. (Assume the meeting point corresponds to the centre of each pulse.)

28. Describe how the principle of superposition can be used to find the resultant wave form when two or more waves interfere. 29. Which wave property allows the formation of standing waves to occur? Explain your answer. 30. Draw a scale diagram of a standing wave with five nodes, created using a rope that is 25 m long and is fixed at both ends. What is the wavelength of the wave?

Name: ________________________

ID: A

31. Headphones can be very damaging to the ear even if they are not very loud. Explain why. 32. Explain how the tines of a tuning fork create sound waves. 33. Why would it be difficult to experimentally calculate the speed of sound in the classroom with a stopwatch and metre stick? 34. Long ago, soldiers would place their ears on the ground to give them advance warning of an enemy's approach by listening for the footsteps of the enemy's horses. Why did this provide the soldiers with an advanced warning? 35. The intensity of a sound received by humans depends on what two factors? 36. A tuning fork produces a signal of 512 Hz. What frequency is (a) two octaves below this frequency? (b) three octaves above this frequency? 37. What happens to the wavelength of a wave on a string if (a) its length is doubled? (b) its diameter is doubled? (c) both the length and the diameter are doubled? 38. An organ pipe plays a certain fundamental frequency when the pipe is open at both ends. If one end of the pipe is then covered, what happens to the pitch of the note emitted? Explain. 39. A violin is tuned indoors to play the proper frequencies. A musician then uses this violin to play outdoors where the temperature is considerably colder. Will the violin be playing notes that are too sharp (high) or too flat (low)? Ignore temperature effects on length and density. 40. What is the current in an electrical circuit if 20.0 C of charge pass a point in 45 s? 41. Two light bulbs are connected to a source in an electrical circuit. Explain what would happen if one of the bulbs burned out, if the bulbs were connected (a) in parallel with one another (b) in series with one another 42. How much energy can a 9.0-V battery provide to a load in a 3.0-A circuit in 1.0 min? 43. State Kirchoff's laws for electric circuits. 44. Draw a complete circuit containing three lamps that allows the other two lamps to stay lit if any one of them is turned off. 45. A particular circuit contains three lamps. Lamp A turns off when lamp B is turned off, but stays on when lamp C is turned off. Lamp C stays on when either lamp A or lamp B is turned off. Draw a circuit diagram to show the arrangement of the lamps. 46. Explain why ammeters and voltmeters are connected differently to electrical circuits.

Name: ________________________

ID: A

47. This graph shows the relationship between measurements of V and I for two different loads. Which load has the greater resistance? Explain.

48. Examine the following circuit diagram and state the value of (a) V2 (b) I2 (c) R1 (d) R2 (e) RT

49. A stove has a power rating of 8000 W. Yet, measurements of the energy transferred to water being heated on the stove showed that the power output was only 4000 W. Explain this observation. 50. What is the power of an iron that uses 1.4 106 J in 30 min? 51. How long could you leave 60-W light bulb on, for the same cost as leaving a 100-W light bulb on for 24 h? Problem 52. Two friends plan to meet at a cottage for a weekend retreat. One person must drive a distance of 1.5 102 km at an average speed of 85 km/h. The other person has only 90.0 km to travel and averages a speed of 1.0 102 km/h. If they both depart at the same time, how much earlier does the one friend arrive than the other. (Give your answer in minutes.) 53. A driver is travelling at 25 m/s when she spots a sign that reads "BRIDGE OUT AHEAD." It takes her 1.0 s to react and begin braking. The car slows down at a rate of 3.0 m/s2. Luckily, she stops 5.0 m short of the washed-out bridge. (a) How much time was required to stop the car once the brakes were applied? (b) How far was the driver from the bridge when she first noticed the sign? 54. A jogger runs 6.0 km [E], then 4.0 km [N], and finally 2.0 km [W]. The entire trip takes 2.0 h to complete. Calculate the jogger's (a) average speed (b) average velocity

Name: ________________________

ID: A

55. A boat sets out from the north shore of a 200 m wide east-flowing river. The boat always faces due south but the current carries it 300 m downstream while crossing. The trip takes 2.0 min. Assume three significant digits. (a) What is the boat's displacement during the trip? (b) What is the boat's average velocity during the trip? (c) If the boat's velocity relative to the water is 1.7 m/s [S], what is the velocity of the current? 56. A car pulls away from an intersection when the light turns green. After uniformly accelerating for the next 4.0 s, the car has travelled a distance of 50 m. The car then proceeds at constant speed. (a) What was the car's acceleration? (b) How fast was the car travelling when it finished accelerating? (c) How long will it take for the car to travel another 50 m at this constant speed? (d) Plot the corresponding position-time graph for the car over its 100-m drive. (e) Plot the corresponding speed-time graph for the car over its 100-m drive. 57. A sprinter who is competing in a 100-m race accelerates from rest to a top speed of 10.0 m/s over a distance of 15 m. The remainder of the race is run at a constant speed. (a) What length of time is required for the sprinter to reach top speed? (b) What is the sprinter's acceleration? (c) What is the sprinter's time for the entire race? 58. Within 4.0 s of lift-off, a space shuttle reaches an altitude of 4.50 102 m, uniformly accelerating during the entire time. (a) What is its acceleration? (b) At what speed is the shuttle travelling when it reaches this altitude? (c) How long would it take the shuttle to travel the next 450 m if it stops accelerating after 4.0 s? 59. A car is travelling at 20 m/s when it pulls out to pass a truck that is travelling at only 18 m/s. The car accelerates at 2.0 m/s2 for 4.0 s and then maintains this new velocity. (Assume 2 significant digits.) (a) What distance does the car travel during the period of acceleration? (b) What is the car's speed at the end of the period of acceleration? (c) If the car was originally 8.0 m behind the truck when it pulled out to pass, how far in front of the truck is the car 10.0 s later? (d) On the same set of axes, sketch what the position-time graph would look like for both the car and the truck. 60. An object is pushed from rest across a sheet of ice, accelerating at 5.0 m/s2 over a distance of 80 cm. The object then slides at a constant speed for 4.0 s until it reaches a rough section that causes the object to stop in 2.5 s. (Assume 2 significant digits.) (a) What is the speed of the object when it reaches the rough section? (b) At what rate does it slow down once it reaches the rough section? (c) What is the total distance that the object slides? 61. A bowling ball of mass 2.0 kg strikes a stationary pin of mass 5.00 102 g. The collision lasts for 0.60 s after which the pin moves off with a velocity of 12.0 m/s [W]. Calculate (a) the acceleration of the pin during the collision (b) the force exerted by the bowling ball on the pin (c) the acceleration of the bowling ball during the collision

Name: ________________________

ID: A

62. A hockey puck of mass 3.50 102 g is sliding along the ice at 6.0 m/s [N] when it hits a rough patch that exerts a frictional force of 0.42 N [S]. (a) Draw the free-body diagram of the puck while it slides on the rough section. (b) Determine the puck's acceleration. (c) Determine how far the puck will slide before stopping once it hits the rough section. 63. An object of mass 3.8 kg is pushed directly from rest along a horizontal surface, a distance of 1.2 m, and reaches a speed of 2.6 m/s by the end of the push. The frictional force acting is 6.7 N. (a) Determine the acceleration of the object while being pushed. (b) Determine the value of the applied force that is acting. 64. A stationary box of mass 4.2 kg is given a push of 8.2 N [S] along a surface where the frictional force acting is 5.8 N [N]. The push lasts for 3.6 s and then the box is allowed to slide on its own until it comes to rest. (a) Draw free-body diagrams to show the box being pushed and sliding on its own. (b) Determine the acceleration of the box as it is being pushed. (c) Calculate the speed of the box just as the push ceases. (d) Determine the acceleration of the box as it is sliding on its own. 65. A 2.0-kg object is sliding across a smooth surface at 4.0 m/s when it collides with a stationary 3.0-kg object. The collision lasts for 0.80 s after which the smaller object has slowed to a speed of 1.0 m/s. Using the diagram below, (a) Determine the acceleration of the smaller object. (b) Determine the force that the smaller object exerts on the larger one. (c) Determine the speed of the larger object immediately following the collision.

66. An elevator and its contents have a combined mass of 6000 kg. It is suspended by a single cable. (Assume 4 significant digits.) (a) Draw a free-body diagram of the elevator. (b) What force must the cable exert on the elevator when it is at rest? (c) What force must the cable exert on the elevator when it is moving upward at 2.0 m/s2? (d) What force must the cable exert on the elevator when it is moving downward at 2.0 m/s? (e) If the cable snapped, what is the elevator's motion as it falls. Include a new free-body diagram. 67. A model rocket of mass 4.80 102 g accelerates vertically upward at 34.0 m/s2 during launch, overcoming both gravity and air resistance. (a) Draw a free-body diagram of the rocket during launch once it has departed from the launch pad. (b) Calculate the thrust force applied by the rocket engine during launch if the air resistance acting on the rocket is 2.40 N.

Name: ________________________

ID: A

68. A stationary elevator and its contents have a combined mass of 2000 kg. The elevator is suspended by a single cable. (Assume 3 significant digits.) (a) Draw a free-body diagram of the elevator and calculate the values of all the forces that are acting on it when at rest. (b) If the elevator is ascending at a speed of 4.0 m/s, what are the values of the forces acting at this point? (c) If the elevator is descending at 4.0 m/s2, what are the values of all the forces acting at this point? 69. A wagon of mass 2.4 kg is pushed along the ground at 1.2 m/s2 against a frictional force of 1.22 N. What is the applied force that is acting? Draw a free-body diagram. 70. Looking from above, three ropes are tied to a 8.0-kg object with forces being exerted as indicated. What is the object's acceleration?

71. An applied force of 6.2 N acts on a 2.1-kg object, pushing it horizontally across a surface where the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.15. (a) Determine the frictional force acting. (b) Determine the object's acceleration. 72. A hockey puck of mass 200 g slides along the ice with a speed of 1.2 m/s when it reaches a rough section where the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.25. How long will it take the puck to stop sliding? Include a free-body diagram. (Assume 2 significant digits.) 73. A box of mass 4.5 kg is pushed across a rough surface (K = 0.18) for a distance of 2.0 m by a constant force of 10 N. If the object reaches a speed of 2.0 m/s by the end of the push, what was its speed at the beginning of the push? (Assume 2 significant digits.) 74. How much force would be required to start a 1.0-kg object sliding along a horizontal surface if the coefficient of starting friction is 0.20? 75. An object of mass 40.0 kg rests on the surface of a planet with a mass of 8.2 1022 kg and radius 3.6 105 m. (a) Calculate the force of gravity acting on the object. (b) Determine the gravitational field strength "g" at the planet's surface. (c) Calculate the force of gravity acting on the object if it is placed at a position 6.4 105 m above the planet's surface. 76. An object of mass 50.0 kg rests at the surface of a planet with a mass of 6.2 1020 kg and a radius of 3.8 104 m. What would the object weigh at an altitude equivalent to the planet's radius? 77. The gravitational field strength on the surface of Mars is 3.7 N/kg. (a) What would a person weigh on Mars if this person weighs 637 N on Earth? (b) What is the mass of Mars if its radius is 3.4 106 m?

Name: ________________________

ID: A

78. The gravitational field strength on the surface of the Moon is 1.6 N/kg. The radius of the Moon is 1.7 106 m. (a) How much would a 60.0-kg astronaut weigh in orbit around the Moon at an altitude of 2.0 102 km above the lunar surface? (b) If an object is thrown vertically upward from the lunar surface with a speed of 10 m/s, what maximum height will it reach? 79. A person stands on a set of bathroom scales which have been calibrated in newtons. The scales read 500 N. (Assume three significant digits.) (a) What would the reading be if the same person stood on the scales on a planet where the gravitational field strength, g, is 14 N/kg? (b) If this planet had a mass of 7.0 1024 kg, what would its radius be? (c) What would this person weigh at an altitude of 2.8 106 m above the planet's surface? 80. A worker lays a rubber-handled 0.500-kg hammer down on a sloped roof. It slides down the roof to a level portion of the roof where it slides another 2.00 m along this horizontal surface. The coefficient of friction between the rubber handle and the shingles is 0.850. (a) Draw a free body diagram of the hammer as it slides across the level portion of the roof. (b) Calculate the amount of kinetic friction acting on the hammer. (c) Calculate the work done by the kinetic friction. 81. A large electromagnet is lifting a 2000-kg minivan by doing 3.0 104 J of work. How high is the minivan being lifted? 82. A air-hockey paddle hits a 48.0 g stationary puck with a force of 12.0 N. The puck travels 50 cm on the frictionless surface while the force is applied to the puck. Calculate the final speed of the mass at the end of the 50 cm. 83. A 140-kg barrel that is initially at rest is pushed by a constant net force of 40.0 N. The barrel travels 200 cm in 5.0 s. The acceleration of the barrel is 0.25 m/s2. Calculate the increase in kinetic energy during the 5.0 s. 84. A 200.0 N force moves a 120.0-kg crate on a frictionless surface from rest to a final speed of 9.6 m/s. What is the displacement of the crate at the time it reaches this speed? 85. A 2.0-kg bag is held by a string to the ceiling as shown in the diagram below. A 10-g bullet travelling at 200 m/s strikes the stationary bag. The height of the bag after the collision is 10.0 cm. Assuming there is no friction, determine the speed, in metres per second, of the bag after the collision.

86. A mechanic uses a chain and block pulley to lift a 875-kg engine 4.0 m to the top of the garage. The downward force on the chain over the 4.0 m distance is 5.0 104 N. (a) Calculate the work done in raising the motor. (b) How much useful work was done? (c) What is the efficiency of the chain and block pulley in raising the motor?

Name: ________________________

ID: A

87. A person uses a rope and pulley to lift an 75-kg sack 2.0 m onto a truck. The downward force on the rope over the 2.0 m distance is 2.5 103 N. (a) Calculate the work done in raising the sack. (b) How much useful work was done? (c) What is the efficiency of the rope and pulley in raising the sack onto the truck? 88. Calculate the temperature rise if 3.2 104 J of heat was added to a 5.0 kg piece of brass with a specific heat capacity of 3.8 102 J/kgC. 89. Determine the heat lost when 140 kg of water cools from 45.0C to 15.0C. (cw = 4.18 103 J/kgC) 90. Find the specific heat capacity of a 24-kg substance whose temperature rises from 2C to 33C when 4.72 105 J of heat is added. Convert the answer to units of J/gC. 91. A 10.0-kg toy motorized boat uses 2.0 W of power, has a constant acceleration from rest and reaches a certain speed in 10 s on a horizontal surface. What was that final speed? 92. The amplitude of vibration of a monarch butterfly's wings is 1.5 cm. If the frequency of vibration of the wings is 9.0 Hz, through what distance, in metres, do the wing tips travel in 1.0 min? 93. Calculate the period and frequency of a pendulum that completes 150 vibrations in 1.5 min. 94. A sound wave with a frequency of 1.25 104 Hz travels at 344 m/s. What is its wavelength? 95. A wave on a coiled spring travels at 6.2 m/s with successive crests separated by a distance of 1.25 m. What is the period of the waves? 96. The distance between the first and fourth nodes in a standing wave is 30.0 cm. If the waves travel at 2.50 m/s, what is the frequency of the waves? 97. Standing waves are produced in a string that is 4.0 m long. If the waves are travelling at 125 cm/s and the distance between the first and fifth nodes is 80.0 cm, find the wavelength and frequency of the waves. 98. You are standing 2.5 102 m from a cliff wall and you clap your hands. The echo of your clap returns 1.45 s after you clap your hands. What is the speed of sound in the air? 99. A student performs a lab using an ultrasonic probe to measure the distance to a wall located some distance away. If the air temperature is 25C and the sound signal returns 3.0 s after it was sent, how far away is the wall? 100. During a fireworks demonstration, an observer measures the time difference between the flash of light emitted and the sound heard from the explosion to be 1.50 s. If the air temperature is 20C, how far away is the fireworks explosion from the observer? (Assume that the flash is seen instantly.) 101. Sound is produced in a steel rail with a frequency of 2.5 102 Hz and a wavelength of 20.0 m. (a) Find the speed of sound in the rail. (b) How long would it take the sound to travel 15 km? 102. A train with a blowing whistle that has a frequency of 550 Hz is travelling at a speed of 80 km/h towards a railway crossing where a car waits behind the barrier. If the speed of sound is 345 m/s, what is the frequency of the sound that reaches the car as the train approaches the crossing? 103. The "standard" note (A4 = 440 Hz) on a harp has a string length of 75 cm. How long would the same string have to be to produce middle C (261.6 Hz)? 9

Name: ________________________

ID: A

104. An air column closed at on end, with a length of 25.3 cm, resonates in the first overtone. If the frequency of the sound wave is 1024 Hz, find the air temperature inside the column. Include a diagram. 105. A vocal tract acts as an air column closed at one end. The vocal tract of a singer is 25.0 cm long and is vibrating in the second overtone. If the speed of sound is 352 m/s, what frequency is the singer producing? Include a diagram. 106. Certain pipe organs act like air columns closed at one end. If the speed of sound is 343 m/s, how long does a pipe need to be to produce a fundamental frequency of 75.0 Hz? Include a diagram. 107. Certain pipe organs can act like air columns that are open at both ends. If the speed of sound is 343 m/s, how long must a pipe be to produce a frequency of 25 Hz (the lower hearing range of most adults)? 108. In a circuit, 150 C of charge passed the source in 45 s. What was the current in the circuit? 109. A circuit has a current of 10.0 A. Calculate the number of electrons that pass a point in the circuit in 1 s. 110. An oven operates on a 15.0-A current from a 120-V source. How much energy will it consume in 3.0 h of operation? 111. A radio operated from a 120 V source. If it consumed 840 J of energy, what total charge passed through it? 112. Immersion heaters are placed into liquids to warm them up. If 250 g of water in a cup is heated from 15C to 97 C in 5.0 m, what current must the heater draw from a 12.0-V battery? (cw = 4.184 J/gC) 113. A flashlight operates with a 6.0-V battery, using a current of 1.75 A. How much charge passes through the bulb in 15.0 min? 114. A 10.0-A circuit has a potential difference of 120 V. Calculate the resistance in the circuit. 115. A 120-V circuit contains a 10.0- resistor, a 20.0- resistor, and a 30.0- resistor in series. What is the current in the circuit? 116. A 125-V circuit contains a 10.0- resistor. What resistance must be added in series for the circuit to have a current of 5.00 A? 117. A 120-V circuit contains a 20.0- resistor and a 40.0- resistor connected in parallel. (a) What is the current through the 40.0- resistor? (b) What is the total current in the circuit? 118. An 100-W light bulb burned for 25 h. How much energy did it use during this time? 119. A string of lights has ten lamps connected in series. If each lamp has a resistance of 25 and the string is connected to a 120-V source, calculate (a) the total resistance in the string (b) the current drawn by the string 120. How many 100-W light bulbs connected to a 120-V supply can be turned on at the same time without blowing a 15.0-A fuse? 121. What is the resistance of a 650-W microwave oven that has a potential difference of 110 V? 122. A 725-W hair dryer operates on a current of 6.5 A. Calculate (a) the potential difference (b) the resistance

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Physics 2012 Exam Review Answer Section

SHORT ANSWER 1. ANS: Scalar quantities only have magnitude, whereas vector quantities have both magnitude and direction. REF: K/U OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.01 2. ANS: An object that is travelling with uniform motion has a constant velocity. Both the object's speed and direction of travel are unchanging. REF: K/U OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.01 3. ANS: Speed is a scalar quantity which measures the rate of change of distance. Velocity is a vector quantity which measures the rate of change of displacement. REF: C OBJ: 1.2 LOC: FM1.01 4. ANS: A plane flies directly from Toronto to Vancouver in a given time. A second plane also flies from Toronto to Vancouver, but has a short stop in Calgary en route (a greater total distance). Both planes take equal times for displacement , but the second plane will the entire trip. Both planes will have the same average velocity time distance have the greater average speed time because it travelled a greater distance in the same length of time. REF: C OBJ: 1.2 5. ANS: The graph would be a straight line. REF: C OBJ: 1.2 6. ANS: The graph would be a smooth curve. REF: C 7. ANS: 50 km [37 W of N] REF: K/U OBJ: 1.4 LOC: FM1.01

LOC: FM2.03

LOC: FM2.03

OBJ: 1.3

LOC: FM1.03

ID: A 8. ANS:

REF: C 9. ANS:

OBJ: 1.4

LOC: FM2.03

REF: C OBJ: 1.4 LOC: FM2.03 10. ANS: Inertia is the tendency for an object to stay at rest or continue travelling with uniform motion. REF: K/U OBJ: 2.2 LOC: FM1.01 11. ANS: When you stand beside a wall and exert a force on it, you are "pushed" away from the wall. REF: K/U OBJ: 2.5 LOC: FM1.07 12. ANS: The gravitational field strength is dependent on the distance from the centre of Earth. Since Earth is not perfectly spherical, the gravitational field strength is greater at the poles because the distance to the centre of Earth is the least at these locations. REF: K/U OBJ: 3.1 LOC: FM1.05 13. ANS: Objects in orbit only appear to be weightless because they are in free fall. They are still within Earth's gravitational field and, as such, are subject to the force of gravity, defined as weight. REF: K/U OBJ: 3.1 LOC: FM1.05 14. ANS: The coefficient of friction is simply a ratio of the magnitudes of two forcesfrictional and normaland, therefore, it has no units. REF: K/U OBJ: 3.4 LOC: FM1.01 2

ID: A 15. ANS: (a) (b) (c) (d) nuclear thermal electrical kinetic elastic potential kinetic gravitational potential kinetic electrical sound kinetic chemical potential thermal and radiant OBJ: 4.1 LOC: EW1.01

REF: K/U 16. ANS: (a)

(b) The slope of the graph represents the applied force as in W slope = d

applied force =

W d

REF: I OBJ: 4.2 LOC: EW1.02 17. ANS: When positive work is done the force applied is in the same direction of the object's displacement, whereas when negative work is done the force is applied in the opposite direction of the object's displacement. REF: K/U OBJ: 4.2 LOC: EW1.01, EW1.02 18. ANS: Zero work is done because the object travels perpendicularly to the applied force. W = Fd cos

= Fd cos 90 = Fd (0) =0J

REF: K/U OBJ: 4.2 LOC: EW1.01, EW1.02

ID: A 19. ANS: To stay at the same point over Earth, the speed of the satellite will have to increase to cover the greater circumference of the higher orbit. A higher speed means greater kinetic energy. In summary, in a higher orbit a satellite has greater kinetic energy than in a lower orbit. REF: MC 20. ANS: OBJ: 4.3 LOC: EW1.03

(a) The variables that would affect the gravitational potential energy of an object on the surface of Mars are height above the reference point and the gravitational field strength of Mars. (b) Eg= mgh The only variables that affect Eg are g and h. The variables g and h change, but m is constant since it is the amount of matter of the object. REF: K/U 21. ANS: OBJ: 4.3 LOC: EW1.01, EW1.03

(a) The gravitational field strength of planet X is 45 N/kg, while Earth's gravitational field is 9.80 N/kg. This g value is approximately 4.5 times larger than that of Earth's. -Everyday activities would be very tiring. For example, every step taken would be against the gravitational field and thus more work would be needed to raise your foot. Since more work (W = Fd) is required to raise the foot the same displacement, more force would be required. On the other hand, when returning your foot to the ground, less work would be required since the Eg value (Eg = mgh) of the foot would be larger than on Earth. -More examples may include any activity that occurs vertically (either up or down). (b) The factors that determine the gravitational field strength of a planet are its mass and radius. (c) Take-off will require more work and thus more force must be applied and more fuel used. Landing would require some method of slowing down the spacecraft so that it isn't moving too fast when it lands. REF: MC 22. ANS: OBJ: 4.3, 4.4 LOC: EW1.01, EW1.02, EW1.03

REF: I OBJ: 4.4 LOC: EW1.03 23. ANS: The motor uses energy at a rate of 18.75 J/s or, in other words, generates 18.75 W of power. REF: I OBJ: 4.6 LOC: EW1.04

ID: A 24. ANS: For each solution, the following formulas were used: number of cycles frequency (Hz) = time interval (s)

period (s) =

1 frequency (Hz)

(a) frequency = 100 Hz, period = 0.010 s (b) frequency = 256 Hz, period = 0.0039 s REF: C OBJ: 6.1 LOC: WS1.01 25. ANS: (Answer may vary depending on size of print out.) wavelength = 2.0 cm amplitude = 1.0 cm REF: K/U OBJ: 6.2 LOC: WS2.01 26. ANS: The wavelength increases (according to the wave equation, v ). The frequency is unchanged, as frequency is determined only by the source. REF: K/U OBJ: 6.3 27. ANS: Use the principle of superposition. LOC: WS2.01

REF: K/U OBJ: 6.6 LOC: WS1.04 28. ANS: The resultant displacement of the final wave form can be determined by simply adding the individual displacements for each wave at that point. This can be done manually by choosing several key reference points and drawing the resultant wave form, or electronically by feeding the data into a processor and having the result displayed on a monitor (oscilloscope, computer screen, etc.). REF: C OBJ: 6.6 LOC: WS1.04 29. ANS: The wave property of interference allows standing waves patterns to form. Constructive interference allows the standing wave to form antinodes (or loops), while destructive interference allows the standing wave to form nodes. The interfering waves must have identical frequencies and wavelengths in order to produce standing waves. REF: C OBJ: 6.8 LOC: WS1.06 5

ID: A 30. ANS:

The wavelength of the wave is 12.5 m. REF: K/U OBJ: 6.8 LOC: WS2.01 31. ANS: Since headphones are placed very close to the ear, and in many cases inside the ear, most of the energy they create is transmitted directly into the ear. Even this small amount of energy, when placed close to the ear, can damage hearing. REF: C OBJ: 7.5 LOC: WS3.02 32. ANS: The tines, when struck, vibrate back and forth in the air. As the tines move outward, they cause the air particles on the outside of the tines to be compressed, creating a compression (a region with higher air pressure). As they move inward, they cause the air particles on the outside to be pulled apart, creating a rarefaction (a region with lower air pressure). The repeated motion of the tines continually creates successive compressions and rarefactions that travel outward creating sound. [The opposite pattern is created between the tines as they vibrate.] REF: C OBJ: 7.2 LOC: WS3.01 33. ANS: The speed of sound is too fast to measure in the short time interval it would take to echo off of the walls in a typical classroom. A person's reaction time is larger than the time of the echo and our ears are not sensitive enough to distinguish the echo from the original sound since they would occur so closely together. (You need at least a 17 m distance to distinguish an echo from the source.) REF: I OBJ: 7.3 LOC: WS2.02 34. ANS: Sound travels more quickly through solid objects, such as the ground, than through the air. The sound of the horses' footsteps would be heard sooner through the ground than through the air. REF: MC OBJ: 7.3 LOC: WS3.01 35. ANS: The intensity of a sound depends on the power of the source and the distance the observer is from the source. REF: K/U OBJ: 7.4 LOC: WS1.01

ID: A 36. ANS: (a)

512 Hz 2
2

= 128 Hz

3 (b) (512 Hz) 2 = 4096 Hz

REF: K/U 37. ANS: (a) Since f OBJ: 8.1 LOC: WS1.01

1 L 1 d

and f

, then

1 L 1 d

or L, then the wavelength is also doubled.

(b) Since f

and f

, then

or d , then the wavelength is also doubled.

(c) If both the length and the diameter are doubled, the changes are multiplied, thus the wavelength is quadrupled. REF: K/U OBJ: 8.2 LOC: WS2.03 38. ANS: Since one end is now covered, the first resonant length changes from half a wavelength to one-quarter of a wavelength, effectively increasing the wavelength of the sound by a factor of two. Since the speed did not change, and frequency and wavelength are inversely related, if wavelength increases by a factor of two, then frequency decreases by a factor of two. Thus, the pitch is half of the original value. REF: K/U OBJ: 8.4 LOC: WS1.08 39. ANS: Since the length of the string hasn't changed, the wavelength of the sounds produced are also unchanged. (Ignore negligible temperature effects on the tension and diameter of the string.) The speed of sound is slower in cold air than in warm air. Since frequency varies directly with speed (if wavelength is constant), a slower speed leads to a lower frequency. Therefore, the violin will sound flat outdoors. REF: MC 40. ANS: 0.44 A REF: I 41. ANS: OBJ: 8.5 LOC: WS3.01

OBJ: 12.3

LOC: EM1.01

(a) The electrons in the circuit would still have a complete path to follow. The second bulb would stay lit and would burn brighter, since the other load has been removed. (b) The path of electrons in the circuit would be interrupted. The second bulb would go out as well. REF: I OBJ: 12.5 LOC: EM1.01

ID: A 42. ANS: 1.6 103 J REF: I OBJ: 12.4 LOC: EM1.01 43. ANS: In any complete circuit, the total increase in electric potential is equal to the total decrease in electric potential. The total current entering a junction in an electric circuit must be equal to the total current leaving the junction. REF: K/U 44. ANS: OBJ: 12.5 LOC: EM1.01

REF: MC 45. ANS:

OBJ: 12.5

LOC: EM1.01

REF: C OBJ: 12.5 LOC: EM1.01 46. ANS: An ammeter is connected in series to a load in a circuit since it must measure the flow of charge through the load and, therefore, all the charge must flow through it. A voltmeter is connected in parallel to a load since it must compare the electric potential of the charge before and after it passes through the load. REF: K/U OBJ: 12.5 LOC: EM1.01 47. ANS: Load 1 has the greater resistance. The slope of the line for load 1 is greater, indicating a larger potential difference for the same current. REF: I OBJ: 12.6 LOC: EM1.01

ID: A 48. ANS: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 30.0 V 5.0 A 1.0 6.0 4.0

REF: I OBJ: 12.6 LOC: EM1.01 49. ANS: The power rating of the stove indicates the power used by the stove. However, not all of the energy transferred during its operation goes into the watersome is lost to the air and other elements of the stove. REF: MC 50. ANS: 7.8 102 W REF: I 51. ANS: 40 h REF: MC OBJ: 12.7 LOC: EM1.01

OBJ: 12.7

LOC: EM1.01

OBJ: 12.7

LOC: EM1.01

ID: A

PROBLEM 52. ANS: time to arrive for person A d t = v

150 km 85 km/h

= 1.76 h
time to arrive for person B d t = v

90 km 100 km/h

= 0.90 h
time difference 1.76 h 0.90 h = 0.86 h

= 52 min
Person B arrives 52 min earlier than person A. REF: K/U OBJ: 1.1 LOC: FM1.03

10

ID: A 53. ANS: (a) time to stop vf vi t = a

0.0 m/s 25 m/s 3.0 m/s

2

= 8.3 s
The time required to stop is 8.3 s. (b) distance travelled while reacting d = vt

= 25 m/s(1.0 s) = 25 m
distance travelled while braking (v i + v f)t d = 2

(25 m/s + 0.0 m/s)8.33 s 2

= 104 m
distance to bridge when stopped: d= 5.0 m total distance: 25 m + 104 m + 5.0 m = 1.3 102 m The driver was 1.3 102 m from the bridge when she first noticed the sign. REF: I OBJ: 1.6 LOC: FM2.04

11

ID: A 54. ANS: (a) distance ran d = 6.0 km + 4.0 km + 2.0 km

= 12.0 km
average speed d v= t

12.0 km 2.0 h

= 6.0 km/h
The jogger's average speed is 6.0 km/h. (b) jogger's displacement

average velocity

v = =

t 5.66 km [NE] 2.0 h

= 2.8 km/h [NE]

The jogger's average velocity is 2.8 km/h [NE]. REF: K/U OBJ: 1.3 LOC: FM1.03

12

ID: A 55. ANS: (a) boat's displacement

The boat's displacement is 360 m [56 E of S]. (b) average velocity

v = =

t 360 m [56 E of S] 120 s

= 3.00 m/s [56 E of S]

The boat's average velocity is 3.00 m/s [56 E of S]. (c) velocity of current

The velocity of the current is 2.5 m/s [E]. REF: K/U OBJ: 1.3 LOC: FM1.03

13

ID: A 56. ANS: (a) a =

2d t
2

2(50 m) (4.0 s)
2

= 6.2 m/s (b) v f = v i + at

= 0.0 m/s + 6.25 m/s (4.0 s) = 25 m/s d (c) t = v
2

50 m 25 m/s

= 2.0 s
(d)

(e)

14

ID: A

REF: C 57. ANS: (a) t =

OBJ: 1.4

LOC: FM2.03

2d vi + vf 2(15 m) 0.0 m/s + 10.0 m/s

= 3.0 s
The time required is 3.0 s. vf vi (b) a = t

10.0 m/s 0.0 m/s 3.0 s

2

= 3.3 m/s

The acceleration is 3.3 m/s2. d (c) time to run 85 m: t = v

85 m 10 m/s

= 8.5 s
total time: t = 3.0 s + 8.5 s = 11.5 s The sprinter's time for the race is 11.5 s. REF: I OBJ: 1.6 LOC: FM2.04

15

ID: A 58. ANS: (a) a =

2d t
2

2(450 m) (4.0 s)
2

= 56 m/s

The acceleration is 56 m/s2. (b) v f = v i + at

= 0.0 m/s + 56.2 m/s (4.0 s) = 2.2 10 m/s

The shuttle is travelling at 2.2 102 m/s. d (c) t = v
2

450 m 225 m/s

= 2.0 s
It would take another 2.0 s to travel the next 450 m. REF: I OBJ: 1.6 LOC: FM2.04

16

ID: A 59. ANS:

(a) d = v i t +

a(t) 2

= 20 m/s(4.0 s) + = 96 m
The car travels 96 m. (b) v f = v i + at

2.0 m/s (4.0 s) 2

= 20 m/s + 2.0 m/s (4.0 s) = 28 m/s

The car's speed is 28 m/s. (c) car: d = vt = 28 m/s(6.0 s) = 168 m total: d = 96 m + 168 m = 264 m truck: d = vt = 18 m/s(10.0 s) = 180 m Car's lead after 10.0 s: d = 264 m 180 m 8.0 m = 76 m (d)

REF:

OBJ: 1.6

LOC: FM2.04

17

ID: A 60. ANS:

1

(a) v f = (v i 2 + 2ad)

(0.0 m/s) 2 + 2(5.0 m/s 2 )(0.80 m) 2 = = 2.8 m/s

The object's speed is 2.8 m/s. vf vi (b) a = t

0.0 m/s 2.83 m/s 2.5 s

2

= 1.1 m/s

The rate of acceleration is 1.1 m/s2. (c) accelerating: d = 0.80 m uniform motion: d = vt

= 2.83 m/s(4.0 s) = 11.3 m (v i + v f)t

decelerating: d =

2 (2.83 m/s + 0.0 m/s)(2.5 s) 2

= 3.5 m
total distance: d = 0.80 m + 11.3 m + 3.5 m = 16 m REF: I OBJ: 1.6 LOC: FM2.04

18

ID: A 61. ANS:

(a) a =

vf vi t

12.0 m/s [W] 0.0 m/s 0.60 s

2

= 20 m/s [W]
The acceleration is 20 m/s2 [W].

(b) F

net

= ma

2 = 0.500 kg 20.0 m/s [W] = 10 N [W]

The force exerted on the pin is 10 N [W].

(c) F

net

= 10 N [E]

a = =

net

m 10 N [E] 2.0 kg
2

= 5.0 m/s [E]

The acceleration is 5.0 m/s2 [E]. REF: I OBJ: 2.5 LOC: FM2.04

19

ID: A 62. ANS: (a)

(b) F

net

=F

= 0.42 N [S]

a = =

net

m 0.42 N [S] 0.350 kg

2

= 1.2 m/s [S]

The puck's acceleration is 1.2 m/s2 [S]. (c) d =

v f2 v i 2 2a (0.0 m/s) (6.0 m/ s) 2(1.2 m/s )

2 2 2

= 15 m
The puck slides for 15 m. REF: I OBJ: 2.4 LOC: FM2.04

20

ID: A 63. ANS: (a) a =

v f2 v i 2 2d (2.6 m/s) (0.0 m/s)

2 2

2 (1.2 m)
2

= 2.8 m/s

The object's acceleration is 2.8 m/s2. (b) Let [fwd] be "positive" and [bkwd] be "negative".

net

= ma

2 = 3.8 kg 2.82 m/s = 10.7 N

net f

=F

= 10.7 N (6.7 N) = 17 N
The applied force acting is 17 N [fwd]. REF: I OBJ: 2.4 LOC: FM2.04

21

ID: A 64. ANS: (a)

(b) F

net

=F

+F

= 8.2 N [S] + 5.8 N [N] = 2.4 N [S]

a= =

net

m 2.4 N [S] 4.2 kg

2

= 0.57 m/s [S]

The acceleration of the box is 0.57 m/s2 [S]. (c) v f = v i + at

= 0.0 m/s + 0.571 m/s (3.6 s) = 2.1 m/s

The speed of the box is 2.1 m/s.
f

(d) F

net

=F

= 5.8 N [N]

a = =

net

m 5.8 N [N] 4.2 kg

2

= 1.4 m/s [N]

The acceleration of the box is 1.4 m/s2 [N]. REF: I OBJ: 2.4 LOC: FM2.04 22

ID: A 65. ANS: (a) a =

vf vi t 1.0 m/s 4.0 m/ s 0.80 s

2

= 3.8 m/s

The acceleration of the smaller object is 3.8 m/s2. (b) F

net

on smaller object:

net

= ma

2 = 2.0 kg 3.75 m/s = 7.5 N

The force acting is 7.5 N [right].

(c) F

net

on larger object = +7.5 N (no friction)

a = =

net

m 7.5 N 3.0 kg
2

= 2.5 m/s

v f = v i + at = 0.0 m/s + 2.5 m/s (0.80 s) = 2.0 m/s

The object's speed is 2.0 m/s. REF: I OBJ: 2.5 LOC: FM2.04
2

23

ID: A 66. ANS: (a)

(b) When at rest, the net force is zero (no acceleration). The cable exerts a force equivalent in magnitude to the gravitational force acting on it.

net

=0

a = 0

= F

= m g

= 6000 kg 9.8 N/kg 4 = 5.9 10 N The force exerted is 5.9 104 N [up].

(c) F

net

=Fg+F =F
net

= ma mg

2 = 6000 kg 2.0 m/s 6000 kg 9.8 N/kg 4 = 7.1 10 N The force exerted is 7.1 104 N [up].

(d) When moving at a constant speed (regardless of direction) the net force acting is zero since there is no acceleration. Like part (a),

24

ID: A

net

=0

a = 0

= F

= m g

= 6000 kg 9.8 N/kg 4 = 5.9 10 N The force exerted is 5.9 104 N[up].
(e) If the cable snaps, the only force acting on the elevator is gravity.

net

=F

ma = mg a =g

2 = 9.8 m/s The elevator will fall at a rate of 9.8 m/s2 [down].

REF:

OBJ: 2.4

LOC: FM2.04

25

ID: A 67. ANS:

(a) F

= thrust (applied force) = air resistance

F g = gravity

(b) Let [up] be "negative" and [down] be "positive."

=F

net

FgF

= m a m g 2.40 N 2 = 0.480 kg 34.0 m/s 0.480 kg 9.8 N/kg 2.40 N = 23.4 N

The thrust force is 23.4 N [up]. REF: I OBJ: 2.4 LOC: FM2.04

26

ID: A 68. ANS: (a) F T = tension force (applied)

F g = gravity

Let [up] be "negative" and let [down] be "positive."

F g = mg

= 2000 kg(9.8 N/kg)

= 2.0 10 N
net

Since a = 0, F

= 0 and F T = 2.0 10 N
net

(b) The elevator is moving with constant speed, a = 0, F

= 0.

Therefore, the dynamics are identical to part (a).

(c) Let [up] be "negative" and let [down] be "positive."
net g

FT= F

F g = 2.0 10 N

= ma mg

2 = 2000 kg 4.0 m/s 2000 kg 9.8 N/kg = 1.2 10 N

REF: I OBJ: 2.4 LOC: FM2.04
4

27

ID: A 69. ANS: Let [fwd] be "positive" and [bkwd] be "negative".

=F

net

= ma F

2 = 2.4 kg 1.2 m/s (1.22 N) = 2.88 N + 1.22 N = 4.0 N

The applied force is 4.0 N [fwd]. REF: I 70. ANS:

OBJ: 2.4
3

LOC: FM2.04

net

= F1+F2+F

= 4.0 N [W] + 8.0 N [E] + 3.0 N [S] = 4.0 N [E] + 3.0 N [S] = 5.0 N [37 S of E]

a = =

net

m 5.0 N [37 S of E] 8.0 kg

2

= 0.62 m/s [37 S of E]

The acceleration is 0.62 m/s2 [37 S of E]. REF: I OBJ: 2.4 LOC: FM2.04

28

ID: A 71. ANS: (a) F N F g = mg

= 2.1 kg 9.8 N/kg = 20.6 N F f = F N

= 0.15 (20.6 N) = 3.1 N
The frictional force is 3.1 N [bkwd].
A f

(b) F

net

=F

+F

= 6.2 N + (3.09 N) = 3.11 N

a = =

net

m 3.11 N 2.1 kg
2

= 1.5 m/s

The object's acceleration is 1.5 m/s2 [fwd]. REF: I OBJ: 3.4 LOC: FM2.04

29

ID: A 72. ANS:

F f = F N = F g = mg = 0.25 0.20 kg 9.8 N/kg = 0.49 N (this is acting opposite the motion)

net

=F

= 0.49 N

a = =

net

m 0.49 N 0.20 kg
2

= 2.45 m/s

t = =

vf vi a 0.0 m/s 1.2 m/s 2.45 m/s

2

= 0.49 s
The puck will slide for 0.49 s before stopping. REF: I OBJ: 3.4 LOC: FM2.04

30

ID: A 73. ANS: F f = F N

= F g = mg

= 0.18 4.5 kg 9.8 N/kg

= 7.94 N (this is acting opposite the motion)

net

=F

+F

= 10 N + (7.94 N) = 2.1 N

a = =

net

m 2.1 N 4.5 kg
2

= 0.46 m/s

v i = v f 2 2ad 2 (2.0 m/s) 2 2 0.46 m/s 2 (2.0 m) 2 =

1

= 1.8 m/s
The speed at the beginning of the push was 1.8 m/s. REF: I 74. ANS: F f = s F N OBJ: 3.4 LOC: FM2.04

= s F g = s mg = 0.20 1.0 kg 9.8 N/kg = 2.0 N

An applied force of 2.0 N [fwd] would be required to get this object sliding. REF: I OBJ: 3.4 LOC: FM2.04

31

ID: A 75. ANS: (a) F g =

Gm1 m2 d
2

6.67 10

11

N m /kg (8.2 10 (3.6 10 m)

5 2

22

kg)(40.0 kg)

= 1.7 10 N
The force of gravity acting is 1.7 103 N. Fg (b) g = m

1.69 10 N [down] 40.0 kg

= 42 N/kg [down]
The gravitational field strength is 42 N/kg [down]. (c) F 2 =

F1 d 1 2 d2 2 1.69 10 N(3.6 10 m) (1.0 10 m)

2 6 2 3 5 2

= 2.2 10 N
The force of gravity acting is 2.2 102 N. REF: I OBJ: 3.2 LOC: FM2.04

32

ID: A 76. ANS: weight of object at the planet's surface: Gm1 m2 Fg = 2 d

6.67 10

11

N m /kg (6.2 10 (3.8 10 m)

4 2

20

kg)(50.0 kg)

= 1.4 10 N
at position d2 = 2r (r = radius): F1 d 1 2 F2 = d2 2

1.43 10 N(r) (2r)

2 2

= 3.6 10 N
The object's weight would be 3.6 102 N. REF: I OBJ: 3.2 LOC: FM2.04

33

ID: A 77. ANS: (a) on Earth: m =

Fg g 637 N 9.8 N/kg

= 65 kg
on Mars: m = 65 kg

F g = mg = 65 kg(3.7 N/kg) = 2.4 10 N

The person would weigh 2.4 102 N.
2

(b) m1 =

Fg d

Gm2 2.40 10 N(3.4 10 m) 6.67 10

11 2 2 2 6 2

N m /kg (65 kg)

= 6.4 10

23

kg

The mass of Mars is 6.4 1023 kg. REF: I OBJ: 3.2 LOC: FM2.04

34

ID: A 78. ANS: (a) weight at the surface: F g = mg

= 60.0 kg(1.6 N/kg) = 96 N

new position: d 2 = 1.7 10 m + 2.0 10 m
6 5

= 1.9 10 m F1 d 1 2 new weight: F 2 = d2 2

96 N(1.7 10 m) (1.9 10 m)
6 2

= 77 N
The astronaut would weigh 77 N. (b) Let [up] be negative and [down] be positive. v f2 v i 2 d = 2a

(0.0 m/s) (10 m/s) 2(1.6 m/s )

2

= 31 m
The object will reach a maximum height of 31 m above the surface. REF: I OBJ: 3.2 LOC: FM2.04

35

ID: A 79. ANS: (a) Scales read the force of gravity. Fg m= g

500 N 9.8 N/kg

= 51 kg on new planet: F g = mg = 51.0 kg(14 N/kg) = 7.1 10 N

The scales would read 7.1 102 N.
1
2

Gm m 2 1 2 (b) d = F g
1

6.67 10 11 Nm2 /kg 2 (51.0 kg)(7.0 10 24 kg) 2 = 714 N = 5.8 10 m

The planet's radius is 5.8 106 m. (c) F 2 =
6

F1 d 1 2 d2 2 714 N(5.77 10 m) (8.57 10 m)

2 6 2 6 2

= 3.2 10 N
This person would weigh 3.2 102 N. REF: I OBJ: 3.2 LOC: FM2.04

36

ID: A 80. ANS: (a)

(b) m = 0.500 kg

| g | = 9.80 N/kg | |

k = 0.850
F k =? F k = k F N
| | = k | F g | | | | | = k m | g | | |

= (0.850) 0.500 kg 9.80 N/kg = 4.16 N

The amount of kinetic friction is 4.16 N. (c) W = Fd

= (4.16 N)(2.00 m) = 8.32 N m = 8.32 J

The work done by the kinetic friction is 8.32 J, since the force of friction is opposite to the direction of the displacement. REF: K/U OBJ: 4.2 LOC: EW1.02

37

ID: A 81. ANS: m = 2000 kg

W = 3.0 10 J | g | = 9.8 N/kg | | = ? d

W = F d = | g | d |F | = m| g | | | d
4 3.0 10 J = (2000 kg)(9.8 N/kg)( d )

= d

3.0 10 J (2000 kg)(9.8 N/kg)

= 1.5 m
The minivan is lifted 1.5 m by the large electromagnet. REF: K/U OBJ: 4.2 LOC: EW1.02

38

ID: A 82. ANS: m = 48.0 g = 0.048 kg F = 12.0 N d = 50 cm = 0.50 m v1 = 0 m/s v2 = ?

W = Fd = (12.0 N)(0.50 m) = 6.0 J

W = E = 6.0 J = 1 2 1 2 mv 2 2 1 2 mv 1 2

(0.048 kg)v 2 2 0
2

v 2 2 = 2.50 10 J/kg v 2 = 1.58 10 m/s

The final speed of the puck at the end of the 50 cm is 1.58 101 m/s. REF: K/U OBJ: 4.3 83. ANS: m = 140 kg Fnet = 40.0 N d = 200 cm = 2.00 m a = 0.25 m/s2 t = 5.0 s LOC: EW1.03
1

F net = ma 2 = (140 kg) 0.25 m/s = 3.5 10 N

1

E k = Fd = (3.5 10 N)(2.00 m) = 7.0 10 J

The increase in kinetic energy during the 5.0 s is 7.0 101 J. REF: K/U OBJ: 4.3 LOC: EW1.03 39
1 1

ID: A 84. ANS: F = 2.00 102 N m = 1.20 102 kg v1 = 0 m/s v2 = 9.6 m/s d=?

E k = =

1 2 1 2

mv 2 2

1 2

mv 1 2
2 2

(1.20 10 kg) (9.6 m/s) 0

3

= 5.5 10 J

E k = W 5.5 10 J = Fd d= 5.5 10 J 2.00 10 N

1 2 3 3

= 2.8 10 m
The displacement of the crate at the time it reaches this speed is 2.8 101 m. REF: K/U OBJ: 4.3 LOC: EW1.03

40

ID: A 85. ANS: mass of bag (M) = 2.0 kg mass of bullet (m) = 10 g = 0.010 kg speed of bag before collision (V) = 0 m/s speed of bag after collision (V') = ? speed of bullet before collision (v) = 200 m/s speed of bullet after collision (v') height of bag after collision (h) = 10.0 cm = 0.100 m

E g = E k E g2 E g1 = (E k1 E k2 ) 1 2 Mgh 0 J = 0 J MV 2 Mgh =
2

1 2

MV

V = 2gh 2 = 2 9.8 m/s (0.100 m) V = 1.4 m/s

The speed of the bag after the collision is 1.4 m/s. REF: K/U OBJ: 4.4 LOC: EW1.03

41

ID: A 86. ANS: m = 875 kg d = 4.0 m F = 5.0 104 N (a) E in =?

E in = W = Fd = (5.0 10 N)(4.0 m) = 2.0 10 J

The work done in raising the motor is 2.0 104 J. (b) E out =?
5 4

E out = W = mgh = (875 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(4.0 m) = 3.4 10 J

The useful work done was 3.4 104 J. (c) efficiency =?
4

efficiency =

E out E in

100%
4

3.4 10 J 2.0 10 J
5

100%

= 17%
The efficiency of the chain and block pulley in raising the motor to the top of the garage was 17%. REF: K/U OBJ: 4.4 LOC: EW1.05

42

ID: A 87. ANS: m = 75 kg d = 2.0 m F = 2.5 103 N (a) E in =?

E in = W = Fd = (2.5 10 N)(2.0 m) = 5.0 10 J

The work done in raising the sack is 5.0 103 J. (b) E out =?
3 3

E out = W = mgh = (75 kg)(9.8 N/kg)(2.0 m) = 1.5 10 J

The useful work was 1.5 103 J. (c) efficiency =?
3

efficiency =

E out E in

100%
3

1.5 10 J 5.0 10 J
3

100%

= 30%
The efficiency of the rope and pulley in raising the sack onto the truck was 30%. REF: K/U OBJ: 4.4 LOC: EW1.05

43

ID: A 88. ANS: Q = 3.2 104 J m = 5.0 kg c = 3.8 102 J/kgC t = ?

Q = mct t = Q mc 3.2 10 J (5.0 kg)(3.8 10 J/kg C)

2 4

= 17C
The temperature rise is 17C. REF: K/U OBJ: 4.5 89. ANS: m = 140 kg tinitial = 45.0C tfinal = 15.0C c = 4.18 103 J/kgC Qlost = ? LOC: EW1.03

Q lost = mct = (0.140 kg)(4.18 10 J/kg C)(45C 15C) = 1.76 10 J

The heat lost is 1.76 104 J. REF: K/U OBJ: 4.5 LOC: EW1.03
4 3

44

ID: A 90. ANS: m = 24 kg tinitial = 2C tfinal = 33C Qgained = 4.72 105 J c=?

Q gained = mct c= Q gained mct 4.72 10 J (24 kg)(33C 2C)

2 5

= 6.3 10 J/kg C = 6.3 10 J/kg C = 6.3 10

1 2

1 kg 1.0 10 g
3

J/g C

The specific heat capacity is 6.3 101 J/g C. REF: K/U OBJ: 4.5 LOC: EW1.03

45

ID: A 91. ANS: m = 10.0 kg P = 2.0 W V1 = 0 m/s t = 10 s V2 = ?

E k = =

1 2 1 2

m(V)

m(V 2 V 1 )

P=

E k t 1 2 1 m(V 2 V 1 ) t 2 (10.0 kg)(V 2 0) 10 s (2.0 W)(10 s) 5.00 kg

2 2 2 2

2.0 W = V2 2 =

V 2 2 = 4.0 m /s V 2 = 2.0 m/s

The final speed of the toy boat was 2.0 m/s. REF: K/U OBJ: 4.6 LOC: EW1.04

46

ID: A 92. ANS: In one cycle, the tips move through four amplitudes. d cycle = 4 amplitude = 4 1.5 cm = 6.0 cm

f = 9.0 Hz t = 1.0 min = 60 s N =? d total =?

f= N t

N = f t = (9.0 Hz) (60 s) = 540 cycles

d total = d cycle N = 6.0 cm 540 cycles = 3240 cm = 32.4 m
The wing tips move through a distance of 32 m. REF: K/U OBJ: 6.1 LOC: WS1.01

47

ID: A 93. ANS: N = 150 vibrations

t = 1.5 min = 90 s T =? f =?

T= =

t N 90 s 150 vibrations

= 0.60 s f= = 1 T 1 0.60 s

= 1.6667 Hz
The period is 0.60 s and the frequency is 1.7 Hz. REF: K/U 94. ANS: OBJ: 6.1
4

LOC: WS1.01

f = 1.25 10 Hz v = 344 m/s

=?
v = f

=
=

v f 344 m/s 1.25 10 Hz

4

= 0.02752 m
The wavelength is 2.75 102 m. REF: C OBJ: 6.3 LOC: WS1.02

48

ID: A 95. ANS: v = 6.2 m/s

= 1.25 m
T =?

v = f = T= =

v 1.25 m 6.2 m/s

= 0.20161 s
The period is 0.20 s. REF: K/U OBJ: 6.3 96. ANS: 3 loops = 30.0 cm = 0.300 m LOC: WS1.02

v = 2.50 m/s f =? 1 loop = 0.100 m

1 2

= 0.100 m = 0.200 m

v = f f= = v

2.50 m/s 0.200 m

1

= 12.5 s

= 12.5 Hz
The frequency is 12.5 Hz. REF: K/U OBJ: 6.8 LOC: WS1.06

49

ID: A 97. ANS: 4 loops = 80.0 cm

v = 125 cm/s

=?
f =?

1 loop = 20.0 cm
1 2

= 20.0 cm = 40.0 cm

The wavelength is 40.0 cm.

v = f f= = v

125 cm/s 40.0 cm

1

= 3.125 s

= 3.125 Hz
The frequency is 3.12 Hz. REF: K/U 98. ANS:
2

OBJ: 6.8

LOC: WS1.06

d wall = 2.5 10 m = 250 m t echo = 1.45 s (there and back) t wall = 0.725 s v sound = ?

v sound = =

d wall t wall 250 m 0.725 s

= 344.83 m/s
The speed of sound in air is 3.4 102 m/s. REF: I OBJ: 7.3 LOC: WS2.02

50

ID: A 99. ANS: T = 25C

t echo = 3.0 s (there and back) t wall = 1.5 s (one way) d wall = ?
First calculate the speed of sound using the equation: m/s T v sound = 332 m/s + 0.59 C m/s (25C) = 332 m/s + 0.59 C

= 332 m/s + 14.75 m/s = 346.75 m/s

d The simple speed formula v = can be used to find the distance. t d wall v sound = t wall

d wall = v sound t wall = (346.75 m/s)(1.5 s) = 520.125 m

The distance to the wall is 5.2 102 m. REF: I OBJ: 7.3 LOC: WS2.02

51

ID: A 100. ANS: T = 20C

t sound = 1.50 s d explosion = ?

First calculate the speed of sound using the equation: m/s T v sound = 332 m/s + 0.59 C 0.59 m/s (20C) = 332 m/s + C

= 332 m/s + 11.8 m/s = 343.8 m/s

v = d can be used to find the distance. The simple speed formula t d explosion v sound = t sound

d explosion = v sound t sound = (343.8 m/s)(1.5 s) = 515.7 m

The fireworks exploded 5.2 102 m away. REF: I OBJ: 7.3 LOC: WS2.01

52

ID: A 101. ANS: (a) f = 2.5 10 Hz = 250 Hz

2

= 20.0 m
v=? v = f = (250 Hz)(20.0 m) = 5000 m/s
The speed of sound in the rail is 5.0 103 m/s. (b) v = 5000 m/s

d = 15 km = 15 000 m t=?

v=

d t

d = vt = (15 000 m)(5000 m/s) =3s

The sound takes 3.0 s to travel 15 km. REF: C OBJ: 7.3 LOC: WS1.03

53

ID: A 102. ANS: v sound = 345 m/s

v source = 80 km/h = 22.22 m/s (approaching) f 1 = 550 Hz f 2 =?

f2 =f1

v sound v sound v source

345 m/s = 550 Hz 345 m/s 22.22 m/s = 550 Hz (1.06885) = 587.87 Hz
The frequency of the sound that reaches the car is 5.9 102 Hz. REF: K/U 103. ANS: f 1 = 440 Hz OBJ: 7.10 LOC: WS1.07

f 2 = 261.6 Hz L 1 = 75 cm L 2 =?

f1 f2

L2 L1

f 1 L2 = L1 f 2 440 Hz = (75 cm) 261.6 Hz = 126.15 cm

The length of the string would be 1.3 102 cm. REF: C OBJ: 8.2 LOC: WS1.06

54

ID: A 104. ANS: mode = first overtone

L 1 = 25.3 cm f 1 = 1024 Hz t =?

L1 = 4 25.3 cm = 4
3

= 33.733 cm
= 0.33733 m
v = f = (1024 Hz) (0.33733 m) = 345.429 m/s

m/s t v sound = 332 m/s + 0.59 C m/s t 345.429 m/s = 332 m/s + 0.59 C m/s t 13.429 m/s = 0.59 C t = 22.762C
The air temperature inside the column is 23C REF: K/U OBJ: 8.4 LOC: WS1.08

55

ID: A 105. ANS: mode = second overtone

L 2 = 25.0 cm v sound = 352 m/s f 2 =?

L2 = 4 25.0 cm = 4
5

= 20 cm
= 0.200 m
v = f f= f= v

352 m/s 0.200 m

= 1760 Hz
The frequency the singer is producing is 1.76 103 Hz. REF: K/U OBJ: 8.4 LOC: WS1.08

56

ID: A 106. ANS: mode = fundamental mode

f 0 = 75.0 Hz v sound = 343 m/s L 0 =?

v = f

=
=

v f 343 m/s 75.0 Hz

= 4.5733 m
L0 = 4 =
1 4 1

(4.5733 m)

= 1.1433 m
The length of the pipe must be 1.14 m. REF: K/U OBJ: 8.4 LOC: WS1.08

57

ID: A 107. ANS: f 0 = 25 Hz

v sound = 343 m/s L 0 =?

v = f

=
=

v f 343 m/s 25 Hz

= 13.72 m
L0 = 2 =
1 2 1

(13.72 m)

= 6.86 m
The pipe would need to be 6.9 m long. REF: K/U 108. ANS: Q = 150 C t = 45 s I=? OBJ: 8.4 LOC: WS1.08

I= =

Q t 150 C 45 s

= 3.3 A
The current was 3.3 A. REF: I OBJ: 12.3 LOC: EM1.01

58

ID: A 109. ANS: I = 10.0 A t = 1.00 s e = 1.60 1019 C N=?

Q = Ne N= Q e
It e

I=

Q t

Q = It

N= =

(10.0 A)(1.00 s) 1.60 10

19

= 6.25 10

19

6.25 1019 electrons pass the point in 1 s. REF: I OBJ: 12.3 110. ANS: I = 15.0 A V = 120 V t = 3.0 h = 1.08 104 s E=? LOC: EM1.01

V=

E Q

I=

Q t

E = QV

Q = It

E = VIt = (120 V)(15.0 A)(1.08 10 s) = 1.944 10 J

The oven will use 1.9 107 J of energy. REF: I OBJ: 12.4 LOC: EM1.01
7 4

59

ID: A 111. ANS: V = 120 V E = 840 J Q=?

V= Q= =

E Q E V 840 J 120 V

= 7.0 C
A total charge of 7.0 C has passed through the radio. REF: I OBJ: 12.4 LOC: EM1.01

60

ID: A 112. ANS: m = 250 g T = 97C 15C = 82C cw = 4.184 J/gC V = 12.0 V t = 5.0 min = 3.00 102 s I=?

V= Q=

E Q E V
(Note: Qw refers to the heat transferred to the water.)

E = Qw Q w = mCT = (250 g)(4.184 J/g C)(82C) = 8.6 10 J

I= = Qw t E Vt 8.6 10 J (12.0 V)(3.00 10 s)
2 4

= 23.9 A
The current is 24 A. REF: MC OBJ: 12.4 LOC: EM1.01

61

ID: A 113. ANS: V = 120 V I = 1.75 A t = 15.0 min = 9.00 102 s Q=?

I=

Q t

Q = It = (1.75 A)(9.00 10 s) = 1.58 10 C

A total charge of 1.58 103 C passed through the bulb. REF: I 114. ANS: I = 10.0 A V = 120 V R=? OBJ: 12.4 LOC: EM1.01
3 2

R= =

V I 120 V 10.0 A

= 12.0
The resistance is 12.0 . REF: I OBJ: 12.6 LOC: EM1.01

62

ID: A 115. ANS: V = 120 V R1 = 10.0 R2 = 20.0 R3 = 30.0 IT = ?

R= IT = =

V I V RT 120 V 60.0

RT = R1 + R2 + R3 = 10.0 + 20.0 + 30.0 = 60.0

= 2.0 A
The current is 2.0 A REF: I 116. ANS: VT = 125 V IT = 5.00 A R1 = 10.0 R2 = ? OBJ: 12.6 LOC: EM1.01

RT = R1 + R2 R2 = RT R1 = 24.0 10.0 = 14.0

A resistance of 14.0 must be added. REF: I OBJ: 12.6

RT = =

VT IT 120 V 5.00 A

= 24.0

LOC: EM1.01

63

ID: A 117. ANS: (a) VT = 120 V R1 = 20.0 R2 = 40.0 I2 = ?

VT = V1 = V2 V2 = VT

R= I2 = = =

V I V2 R2 VT R2 120 V 40.0

= 3.0 A
The current through the 40.0- resistor is 3.0 A. (b) VT = 120 V R1 = 20.0 R2 = 40.0 I2 = 3.0 A IT = ?

I1 = =

V1 R1

V1 = VT

120 V 20.0

= 6.0 A
IT = I1 + I2 = 6.0 A + 3.0 A = 9.0 A
The current in the circuit is 9.0 A. REF: I OBJ: 12.6 LOC: EM1.01 64

ID: A 118. ANS: P = 100 W t = 25 h = 9.0 104 s E = ?

P=

E t

E = Pt = (100 W)(9.0 10 s) = 9.0 10 J

The light bulb used 9.0 106 J of energy. REF: I 119. ANS: (a) Rn = 25 V = 120 V RT = ? OBJ: 12.7 LOC: EM1.01
6 4

R T = 10(R n ) = 10(25 ) = 250

The total resistance is 2.5 102 . (b) R = 250 V = 120 V I=?

R= I= =

V I V R 120 V 250

= 0.48 A
The current is 0.48 A. REF: I OBJ: 12.6 LOC: EM1.01

65

ID: A 120. ANS: Pn = 100 W V = 120 V I = 15.0 A number of bulbs = ?

P = VI = (120 V)(15.0 A) = 1.8 10 W

3

number of bulbs = =

power available power per bulb P Pn 1.8 10 W 100 W

3

= 18
Eighteen bulbs can be turned on at once. REF: MC 121. ANS: P = 650 W V = 110 V R=? OBJ: 12.7 LOC: EM1.01

P=

R V
2

R=

P (110 V) 650 W
2

= 18.6
The resistance is 19 . REF: I OBJ: 12.7 LOC: EM1.01

66

ID: A 122. ANS: (a) P = 725 W I = 6.5 A V=?

P = VI V= = P I 725 W 6.5 A

= 112 V
The potential difference is 1.1 102 V. (b) P = 725 W I = 6.5 A R=?

P=I R R= = P I
2

725 W (6.5 A)
2

= 17.2
The resistance is 17 . REF: I OBJ: 12.7 LOC: EM1.01

67