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Introduction Oxygen Saturation Biochemical Oxygen Demand Reaeration Streeter-Phelps Equation Nitrification Sediment Oxygen Demand Photosynthesis and Respiration Expanded Streeter-Phelps Equation Artificial Re-aeration
Dissolved Oxygen
Important for aquatic health
DO standards typically 5 to 6 mg/L
Redox chemistry
Affects release of chemicals bound to sediments Anaerobic conditions => H2S
Oxygen Saturation
c s (T , S ) = exp{1.3934411x10 2 + 1.575701x10 5 /(T + 273.15) 6.642308 x10 7 /(T + 273.15) 2 + 1.243800 x1010 /(T + 273.15) 3 8.621949 x1011 /(T + 273.15) 4 S [1.7674 x10 2 10.754 /(T + 273.15) + 2.1407 x10 3 /(T + 273.15) 2 ]}
(1 p wv / p)(1 p) c s (T , S , p) = c s (T , S ) (1 p wv )(1 )
p wv = exp[11.8575 3.8407 x10 3 /(T + 273.15) 2.16961x10 5 /(T + 273.15) 2 ]
Cs (T, S, p)
T=0o Effect of p (S=0)
p = 1 atm (z=0) p = 0.89 (1000m) p = 0.79 (2000m) 14.6 12.9 11.4 14.6 13.6 11.4 11.3 19.9 8.8 11.3 10.6 9.0 9.1 8.0 7.1 9.1 8.6 7.4 7.6 6.7 5.9 7.7 7.2 6.2
10
20
30
Effect of S (p=0)
S = 0 PSU S = 10 S = 35
Processes affecting DO
Re-aeration (+/-) BOD (-) P(+)/R(-)
Inflow (+/-)
SOD (-)
NO2
1 + O2 = NO3 2
Issues
Different types of wastes Some not labile Rates vary (nitrification)
COD
Easy to measure
TOC
State variable in WQ models
Traditional BOD
Practical measure of O2 debt
How much DO would decrease due to respiration of organic wastes
[DO]
time
0 5 days
y = L(1 e K1t )
L5 L= 1 e 5 K1
In rivers
Kr = Kd + Ks
K 1 = K 1 (20) T 20
K s = ws / h
TOC
State variable in WQ models
Stream Reaeration
z w h
H c cs
F=kL(cs-c)
Theories
Stagnant Film Surface Renewal
Stream Reaeration
Stagnant Film
z w h
H c cs
kL = D/zw
Surface Renewal
F=kL(cs-c)
T=20o
50 40 30 20
O'Connor
.05 0.1
Depth (ft.)
5.0u K a = 1.67 h
5.3u 0.67 Ka = h1.85
0.5 1 Churchill 5 10
50
100
Owens 2 3 4 5 6
Kovar, 1976
Figure by MIT OCW.
Other formulations
Rate of Energy Dissipation (Tsivoglou LS H = & Wallace, 1972) T L / u = uS
Pool and Riffle Q < 0.56 Q > 0.56 Channel Control Q < 0.56 Q > 0.56 88(uS)0.313H-0.353 142(uS)0.333H-0.66W0.243
0.59 0.60
(Streeter-Phelps, 1925)
Continuity
A + ( Au ) = q l t x
1-D Analysis
Mass Transport
c ( Ac ) + ( Auc ) = ( E L A ) + A(ri + re ) x x t x
BOD (c = L)
ri = K r L
re = ql Ll / A
q ( L L) dL u = K r L + l l A dx
dL = K r L + ( Ll L) d
dx = u ( x) 0
L( ) = Lo exp[ ( K r + ) ] +
(K r + )
Ll
{1 exp[( K r + ) ]}
DO (c = c)
ri = K d L
re = ql cl / A + K a (cs c)
u q (c c ) dc = K d L + K a (c s c ) + l l A dx
dc = K r L + K a (c s c ) + (c l c ) d
( ) = o exp[( K a + ) ] + +
= cs c
Kd Ll Lo {exp[( K r + v) ] exp[( K a + ) ]} (K a K r ) (K r + )
Streeter-Phelps-additional comments
cmin and xmin can be calculated analytically Multiple sources handled by superposition or re-initialization at stream confluences Procedures for anoxic conditions Neglect of longitudinal dispersion? Additional terms
Nitrification
C n H a Ob N c Pd + (n + + dH 3 PO4 a b 3c 5d a 3c 3d + )O2 = nCO2 + ( ) H 2 O + cNH 3 4 2 4 4 2 2 2
3 NH 3 + O2 = NO2 + H + + H 2 O 2
1 NO2 + O2 = NO3 2
[DO]
CBOD
NBOD 0 0
time Time scale for NBOD ~ 10 days => often insignificant in rivers If important, separate CBOD & NBOD analyses required May be better to include nitrogen species as state variables
SOD (contd)
Measured
in situ with benthic flux chambers
in lab with core
Calculated from organic carbon content of settled solids Calibrated from oxygen model Complication: extraneous sources
Zebra Mussels
P/R (contd)
Limitations on primary production:
Light Temperature Nutrients
P(t)
Pm Pa 0
2f Pm 24
24 h
Pa =
f = photoperiod (hrs)
13
12
Curve A
11
10
9 Curve B 8 River Ivel, England May 31, 1959 Average 10.4 MG/L
7 0600
0900
1200N
1500
1800
2100
2400
0300
0600
Hours
Figure by MIT OCW.
EPA (1985)
Estimation of P/R
In situ measurements w/ Light & Dark Bottles
c o ct R= Kd L t dark
ct c o ct c o P (t ) = t light t dark
P(t) is averaged over time t. t = 24 hrs => Pa; t< 24 h => fit to diurnal variation using f
Pm Pa 0 f 24 h t
P = 0.25Chl a
R = 0.025Chl a
L( ) = Lo exp[ ( K r + ) ] +
(K r + )
Ll
{1 exp[( K r + ) ]}
L N ( ) = L No exp[( K N + v) ]
q l Ll Lrd = A
=0
= x/u
K L = o exp( K a x / u ) + d o [exp( K r x / u ) exp( K a x / u )] Ka Kr K N L No {exp( K N x / u ) exp( K a x / u )} + (K a K N ) + K d Lrd [1 exp( K a x / u )] K d Lrd [exp( K r x / u ) exp( K a x / u )] Kr Ka (K a K r )K r
P R SB H [1 exp( K a x / u )] Ka
Artificial Reaeration
Open water bodies (direct transfer, turnover, fountains) Hydropower stations (inject to turbine intake, downstream aeration)