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SWITCHMODEt Power Supplies

Reference Manual and Design Guide

SMPSRM/D Rev. 3B, July-2002

SCILLC, 2007 Previous Edition 2002 All Rights Reserved''

SMPSRM

ON Semiconductor and are registered trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC (SCILLC). SCILLC reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. SCILLC makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does SCILLC assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation special, consequential or incidental damages. Typical parameters which may be provided in SCILLC data sheets and/or specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters, including Typicals must be validated for each customer application by customer's technical experts. SCILLC does not convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others. SCILLC products are not designed, intended, or authorized for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or other applications intended to support or sustain life, or for any other application in which the failure of the SCILLC product could create a situation where personal injury or death may occur. Should Buyer purchase or use SCILLC products for any such unintended or unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify and hold SCILLC and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, and distributors harmless against all claims, costs, damages, and expenses, and reasonable attorney fees arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim alleges that SCILLC was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part. SCILLC is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. This literature is subject to all applicable copyright laws and is not for resale in any manner.

PUBLICATION ORDERING INFORMATION

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SMPSRM

Forward
Every new electronic product, except those that are battery powered, requires converting off-line 115 Vac or 230 Vac power to some dc voltage for powering the electronics. The availability of design and application information and highly integrated semiconductor control ICs for switching power supplies allows the designer to complete this portion of the system design quickly and easily. Whether you are an experienced power supply designer, designing your first switching power supply or responsible for a make or buy decision for power supplies, the variety of information in the SWITCHMODE Power Supplies Reference Manual and Design Guide should prove useful. ON Semiconductor has been a key supplier of semiconductor products for switching power supplies since we introduced bipolar power transistors and rectifiers designed specifically for switching power supplies in the mid-70's. We identified these as SWITCHMODE products. A switching power supply designed using ON Semiconductor components can rightfully be called a SWITCHMODE power supply or SMPS. This brochure contains useful background information on switching power supplies for those who want to have more meaningful discussions and are not necessarily experts on power supplies. It also provides real SMPS examples, and identifies several application notes and additional design resources available from ON Semiconductor, as well as helpful books available from various publishers and useful web sites for those who are experts and want to increase their expertise. An extensive list and brief description of analog ICs, power transistors, rectifiers and other discrete components available from ON Semiconductor for designing a SMPS are also provided. This includes our newest GreenLine, Easy Switcher and very high voltage ICs (VHVICs), as well as high efficiency HDTMOS and HVTMOS power FETs, and a wide choice of discrete products in surface mount packages. For the latest updates and additional information on analog and discrete products for power supply and power management applications, please visit our website: (www.onsemi.com).

MEGAHERTZ, POWERTAP, SENSEFET, SWITCHMODE, and TMOS are trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC. HDTMOS and HVTMOS are registered trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC. GreenLine, SMARTMOS and Motorola are trademarks of Motorola Inc.

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SMPSRM

Table of Contents
Page

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Linear versus Switching Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Switching Power Supply Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 The Forward-Mode Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 The Flyback-Mode Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Common Switching Power Supply Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Interleaved Multiphase Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Selecting the Method of Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The Choice of Semiconductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Power Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 The Bipolar Power Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 The Power MOSFET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Driving MOSFETs in Switching Power Supply Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 The Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Rectifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 The Magnetic Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Laying Out the Printed Circuit Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Losses and Stresses in Switching Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Techniques to Improve Efficiency in Switching Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 The Synchronous Rectifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Snubbers and Clamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 The Lossless Snubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 The Active Clamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Quasi-Resonant Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Power Factor Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 SMPS Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Integrated Circuits for Switching Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Suggested Components for Specific Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Literature Available from ON Semiconductor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Application Notes, Brochures, Device Data Books and Device Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References for Switching Power Supply Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Books . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Websites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 56 58 58 59

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SMPSRM

Introduction
The never-ending drive towards smaller and lighter products poses severe challenges for the power supply designer. In particular, disposing of excess heat generated by power semiconductors is becoming more and more difficult. Consequently it is important that the power supply be as small and as efficient as possible, and over the years power supply engineers have responded to these challenges by steadily reducing the size and improving the efficiency of their designs. Switching power supplies offer not only higher efficiencies but also greater flexibility to the designer. Recent advances in semiconductor, magnetic and passive technologies make the switching power supply an ever more popular choice in the power conversion arena. This guide is designed to give the prospective designer an overview of the issues involved in designing switchmode power supplies. It describes the basic operation of the more popular topologies of switching power supplies, their relevant parameters, provides circuit design tips, and information on how to select the most appropriate semiconductor and passive components. The guide also lists the ON Semiconductor components expressly built for use in switching power supplies.

Linear versus Switching Power Supplies

Switching and linear regulators use fundamentally different techniques to produce a regulated output voltage from an unregulated input. Each technique has advantages and disadvantages, so the application will determine the most suitable choice. Linear power supplies can only step-down an input voltage to produce a lower output voltage. This is done by operating a bipolar transistor or MOSFET pass unit in its linear operating mode; that is, the drive to the pass unit is proportionally changed to maintain the required output voltage. Operating in this mode means that there is always a headroom voltage, Vdrop, between the input and the output. Consequently the regulator dissipates a considerable amount of power, given by (Vdrop Iload). This headroom loss causes the linear regulator to only be 35 to 65 percent efficient. For example, if a 5.0 V regulator has a 12 V input and is supplying 100 mA, it must dissipate 700 mW in the regulator in order to deliver 500 mW to the load , an efficiency of only 42 percent. The cost of the heatsink actually makes the linear regulator uneconomical above 10 watts for small applications. Below that point, however, linear regulators are cost-effective in step-down applications.

A low drop-out (LDO) regulator uses an improved output stage that can reduce Vdrop to considerably less than 1.0 V. This increases the efficiency and allows the linear regulator to be used in higher power applications. Designing with a linear regulator is simple and cheap, requiring few external components. A linear design is considerably quieter than a switcher since there is no high-frequency switching noise. Switching power supplies operate by rapidly switching the pass units between two efficient operating states: cutoff, where there is a high voltage across the pass unit but no current flow; and saturation, where there is a high current through the pass unit but at a very small voltage drop. Essentially, the semiconductor power switch creates an AC voltage from the input DC voltage. This AC voltage can then be stepped-up or down by transformers and then finally filtered back to DC at its output. Switching power supplies are much more efficient, ranging from 65 to 95 percent. The downside of a switching design is that it is considerably more complex. In addition, the output voltage contains switching noise, which must be removed for many applications. Although there are clear differences between linear and switching regulators, many applications require both types to be used. For example, a switching regulator may provide the initial regulation, then a linear regulator may provide post-regulation for a noise-sensitive part of the design, such as a sensor interface circuit.

Switching Power Supply Fundamentals

There are two basic types of pulse-width modulated (PWM) switching power supplies, forward-mode and boost-mode. They differ in the way the magnetic elements are operated. Each basic type has its advantages and disadvantages. The Forward-Mode Converter The forward-mode converter can be recognized by the presence of an L-C filter on its output. The L-C filter creates a DC output voltage, which is essentially the volt-time average of the L-C filter's input AC rectangular waveform. This can be expressed as:
Vout [ Vin @ duty cycle (eq. 1)

The switching power supply controller varies the duty cycle of the input rectangular voltage waveform and thus controls the signal's volt-time average. The buck or step-down converter is the simplest forward-mode converter, which is shown in Figure 1.

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SMPSRM
SW LO

Vin

Ion

Ioff

Cout

Rload

DIODE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

Vsat Power Switch OFF Power Switch OFF TIME Vfwd

Power Switch ON

Power Switch ON

INDUCTOR CURRENT (AMPS)

Ipk Iload Imin Power SW Diode Power SW Diode TIME

Figure 1. A Basic Forward-Mode Converter and Waveforms (Buck Converter Shown)

Its operation can be better understood when it is broken into two time periods: when the power switch is turned on and turned off. When the power switch is turned on, the input voltage is directly connected to the input of the L-C filter. Assuming that the converter is in a steady-state, there is the output voltage on the filter's output. The inductor current begins a linear ramp from an initial current dictated by the remaining flux in the inductor. The inductor current is given by:
iL(on) + (Vin * Vout) t ) iinit L 0 v t v ton (eq. 2)

clamped when the catch diode D becomes forward biased. The stored energy then continues flowing to the output through the catch diode and the inductor. The inductor current decreases from an initial value ipk and is given by:
V t iL(off) + ipk * out L 0 v t v toff (eq. 3)

During this period, energy is stored as magnetic flux within the core of the inductor. When the power switch is turned off, the core contains enough energy to supply the load during the following off period plus some reserve energy. When the power switch turns off, the voltage on the input side of the inductor tries to fly below ground, but is

The off period continues until the controller turns the power switch back on and the cycle repeats itself. The buck converter is capable of over one kilowatt of output power, but is typically used for on-board regulator applications whose output powers are less than 100 watts. Compared to the flyback-mode converter, the forward converter exhibits lower output peak-to-peak ripple voltage. The disadvantage is that it is a step-down topology only. Since it is not an isolated topology, for safety reasons the forward converter cannot be used for input voltages greater than 42.5 VDC.

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SMPSRM The Flyback-Mode Converter The basic flyback-mode converter uses the same components as the basic forward-mode converter, but in a different configuration. Consequently, it operates in a
L D

different fashion from the forward-mode converter. The most elementary flyback-mode converter, the boost or step-up converter, is shown in Figure 2.

Cout Vin Ion SW Ioff Iload Rload

Vin SWITCH VOLTAGE (VOLTS) Power Switch ON Vflbk (Vout) Power Switch ON

Vsat

Diode ON

Power Switch ON

Diode ON TIME

INDUCTOR CURRENT (AMPS)

Ipk

Iload TIME

Figure 2. A Basic Boost-Mode Converter and Waveforms (Boost Converter Shown)

Again, its operation is best understood by considering the on and off periods separately. When the power switch is turned on, the inductor is connected directly across the input voltage source. The inductor current then rises from zero and is given by:
V t iL(on) + in L v t v 0on (eq. 4)

the output rectifier when its voltage exceeds the output voltage. The energy within the core of the inductor is then passed to the output capacitor. The inductor current during the off period has a negative ramp whose slope is given by:
iL(off) + (Vin * Vout) L (eq. 6)

Energy is stored within the flux in the core of the inductor. The peak current, ipk , occurs at the instant the power switch is turned off and is given by:
V t ipk + in on L (eq. 5)

When the power switch turns off, the switched side of the inductor wants to fly-up in voltage, but is clamped by

The energy is then completely emptied into the output capacitor and the switched terminal of the inductor falls back to the level of the input voltage. Some ringing is evident during this time due to residual energy flowing through parasitic elements such as the stray inductances and capacitances in the circuit.

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SMPSRM When there is some residual energy permitted to remain within the inductor core, the operation is called continuous- mode. This can be seen in Figure 3. Energy for the entire on and off time periods must be stored within the inductor. The stored energy is defined by:
EL + 0.5L @ ipk2 (eq. 7)

The boost-mode inductor must store enough energy to supply the output load for the entire switching period (ton + toff). Also, boost-mode converters are typically limited
SWITCH VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

to a 50 percent duty cycle. There must be a time period when the inductor is permitted to empty itself of its energy. The boost converter is used for board-level (i.e., non-isolated) step-up applications and is limited to less than 100-150 watts due to high peak currents. Being a non-isolated converter, it is limited to input voltages of less than 42.5 VDC. Replacing the inductor with a transformer results in a flyback converter, which may be step-up or step-down. The transformer also provides dielectric isolation from input to output.
Vflbk (Vout)

Vin Power Switch ON Vsat Ipk Diode ON Power Switch ON Diode ON TIME

INDUCTOR CURRENT (AMPS)

TIME

Figure 3. Waveforms for a Continuous-Mode Boost Converter

Common Switching Power Supply Topologies

A topology is the arrangement of the power devices and their magnetic elements. Each topology has its own merits within certain applications. There are five major factors to consider when selecting a topology for a particular application. These are: 1. Is input-to-output dielectric isolation required for the application? This is typically dictated by the safety regulatory bodies in effect in the region. 2. Are multiple outputs required? 3. Does the prospective topology place a reasonable voltage stress across the power semiconductors? 4. Does the prospective topology place a reasonable current stress upon the power semiconductors?

5. How much of the input voltage is placed across the primary transformer winding or inductor? Factor 1 is a safety-related issue. Input voltages above 42.5 VDC are considered hazardous by the safety regulatory agencies throughout the world. Therefore, only transformer-isolated topologies must be used above this voltage. These are the off-line applications where the power supply is plugged into an AC source such as a wall socket. Multiple outputs require a transformer-based topology. The input and output grounds may be connected together if the input voltage is below 42.5 VDC. Otherwise full dielectric isolation is required.

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SMPSRM Factors 3, 4 and 5 have a direct affect upon the reliability of the system. Switching power supplies deliver constant power to the output load. This power is then reflected back to the input, so at low input voltages, the input current must be high to maintain the output power. Conversely, the higher the input voltage, the lower the input current. The design goal is to place as much as possible of the input voltage across the transformer or inductor so as to minimize the input current. Boost-mode topologies have peak currents that are about twice those found in forward-mode topologies. This makes them unusable at output powers greater than 100-150 watts. Cost is a major factor that enters into the topology decision. There are large overlaps in the performance boundaries between the topologies. Sometimes the most cost-effective choice is to purposely design one topology to operate in a region that usually is performed by another. This, though, may affect the reliability of the desired topology. Figure 4 shows where the common topologies are used for a given level of DC input voltage and required output power. Figures 5 through 12 show the common topologies. There are more topologies than shown, such as the Sepic and the Cuk, but they are not commonly used.

1000 Half-Bridge DC INPUT VOLTAGE (V)

100 42.5

Flyback

Full-Bridge

Non-Isolated 10

Full-Bridge Buck Very High Peak Currents

10

100 OUTPUT POWER (W)

1000

Figure 4. Where Various Topologies Are Used

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SMPSRM
L Power Switch + D Vin Cin Control Feedback + VD 0 Vout Cout IL 0 ILOAD IMIN TIME Vin IPK VFWD TIME

Figure 5. The Buck (Step-Down) Converter

VFLBK VSAT D ON SW ON + Control SW + Cout Vout IL 0 0 TIME Vin IPK ISW ID TIME D ON

L Vin Cin D

VSW

Figure 6. The Boost (Step-Up) Converter

+ Control Vin Cin L + Cout VL SW D Vout + IL 0 ISW ID 0

Vin TIME

- Vout

Feedback

IPK

TIME

Figure 7. The Buck-Boost (Inverting) Converter

VFLBK

VSAT VSW 0 + N1 SW N2 D + Cout + Vout IPRI 0 IPK Vin

SW ON TIME

Vin

Cin Control

TIME

ISEC Feedback 0 TIME

Figure 8. The Flyback Converter

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SMPSRM
+ T N1 Vin Cin Control SW N2 D LO + + Cout Vout -

Feedback

VSW 0 VSAT IPRI 0 IMIN IPK 2Vin

SW ON TIME

TIME

Figure 9. The One-Transistor Forward Converter (Half Forward Converter)

SW1 T + SW2 Vin Cin Control

D1

LO +

D2

Cout

Vout -

Feedback

2Vin Vin VSW 0 VSAT IPRI 0 IMIN IPK TIME SW1 TIME SW2

Figure 10. The Push-Pull Converter

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SMPSRM
LO Ds + Cout + XFMR SW1 Cin Vin Control SW2 N1 N2 T C C Vout +

Feedback Vin V in 2 VSW2 0 VSAT IPK IPRI 0 IMIN TIME SW2 TIME SW1

Figure 11. The Half-Bridge Converter

LO Ds Cout + Vout + XFMR Cin Vin Control SW2 SW1 N2 T N1 SW3 C SW4 XFMR +

Vin SW V in 2 VSW2 0 VSAT IPK ISW2 0 IMIN TIME

14

SW
23

TIME

Figure 12. The Full-Bridge Converter

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SMPSRM

Interleaved Multiphase Converters

One method of increasing the output power of any topology and reducing the stresses upon the semiconductors, is a technique called interleaving. Any topology can be interleaved. An interleaved multiphase converter has two or more identical converters placed in parallel which share key components. For an n-phase converter, each converter is driven at a phase difference of 360/n degrees from the next. The output current from all the phases sum together at the output, requiring only Iout/n amperes from each phase.

The input and output capacitors are shared among the phases. The input capacitor sees less RMS ripple current because the peak currents are less and the combined duty cycle of the phases is greater than it would experience with a single phase converter. The output capacitor can be made smaller because the frequency of current waveform is n-times higher and its combined duty cycle is greater. The semiconductors also see less current stress. A block diagram of an interleaved multiphase buck converter is shown in Figure 13. This is a 2-phase topology that is useful in providing power to a high performance microprocessor.

+
+

VIN -

CIN SA1 LA

VFDBK Control GND CFA CFB GATEA1 GATEA2

SA2 +
+

GATEB2 GATEB1

COUT SB1 LB

VOUT -

CS5308

SB2

Current Feedback A Current Feedback B Voltage Feedback

Figure 13. Example of a Two-Phase Buck Converter with Voltage and Current Feedback

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SMPSRM

Selecting the Method of Control

There are three major methods of controlling a switching power supply. There are also variations of these control methods that provide additional protection features. One should review these methods carefully and then carefully review the controller IC data sheets to
Table 1. Common Control Methods Used in ICs
Control Method Voltage-Mode OC Protection Average OC Pulse-by-Pulse OC Intrinsic Current-Mode Hysteric Voltage Hysteretic Average

select the one that is wanted. Table 1 summarizes the features of each of the popular methods of control. Certain methods are better adapted to certain topologies due to reasons of stability or transient response.

Response Time Slow Slow Rapid Rapid Slow

Preferred Topologies Forward-Mode Forward-Mode Boost-Mode Boost & Forward-Mode Boost & Forward-Mode

Voltage-mode control (see Figure 14) is typically used for forward-mode topologies. In voltage-mode control, only the output voltage is monitored. A voltage error signal is calculated by forming the difference between Vout (actual) and Vout(desired). This error signal is then fed into a comparator that compares it to the ramp voltage generated by the internal oscillator section of the control IC. The comparator thus converts the voltage error signal into the PWM drive signal to the power switch. Since the only control parameter is the output voltage, and there is inherent delay through the power circuit, voltage-mode control tends to respond slowly to input variations. Overcurrent protection for a voltage-mode controlled converter can either be based on the average output current or use a pulse-by-pulse method. In average overcurrent protection, the DC output current is monitored, and if a threshold is exceeded, the pulse width of the power switch is reduced. In pulse-by-pulse overcurrent protection, the peak current of each power switch on cycle is monitored and the power switch is

instantly cutoff if its limits are exceeded. This offers better protection to the power switch. Current-mode control (see Figure 15) is typically used with boost-mode converters. Current-mode control monitors not only the output voltage, but also the output current. Here the voltage error signal is used to control the peak current within the magnetic elements during each power switch on-time. Current-mode control has a very rapid input and output response time, and has an inherent overcurrent protection. It is not commonly used for forward-mode converters; their current waveforms have much lower slopes in their current waveforms which can create jitter within comparators. Hysteretic control is a method of control which tries to keep a monitored parameter between two limits. There are hysteretic current and voltage control methods, but they are not commonly used. The designer should be very careful when reviewing a prospective control IC data sheet. The method of control and any variations are usually not clearly described on the first page of the data sheet.

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SMPSRM
VCC

OSC

Charge Clock Ramp Verror

Ct

Discharge

Volt Comp. VFB + -

Verror Amp. + Vref Steering Average Overcurrent Protection Current Amp. + + Pulsewidth Comparator

Output Gating Logic

Cur. Comp. Iout (lavOC) or ISW (P-POC)

RCS

+ VOC VSS

Pulse-by-Pulse Overcurrent Protection

Figure 14. Voltage-Mode Control

VCC

OSC

Ct

Discharge

Output Gating Logic S Verror

Volt Comp. VFB + -

Verror Amp. + Vref

Output

Current Comparator +

ISW

RCS VSS Ipk ISW

Verror

Figure 15. Turn-On with Clock Current-Mode Control

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SMPSRM

The Choice of Semiconductors

Power Switches The choice of which semiconductor technology to use for the power switch function is influenced by many factors such as cost, peak voltage and current, frequency of operation, and heatsinking. Each technology has its own peculiarities that must be addressed during the design phase. There are three major power switch choices: the bipolar junction transistor (BJT), the power MOSFET, and the integrated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT). The BJT was the first power switch to be used in this field and still offers many cost advantages over the others. It is also still used for very low cost or in high power switching converters. The maximum frequency of operation of bipolar transistors is less than 80-100 kHz because of some of their switching characteristics. The IGBT is used for high power switching converters, displacing many of the BJT applications. They too, though, have a slower switching characteristic which limits their frequency of operation to below 30 kHz typically although some can reach 100 kHz. IGBTs have smaller die areas than power MOSFETs of the same ratings, which typically means a lower cost. Power MOSFETs are used in the majority of applications due to their ease of use and their higher frequency capabilities. Each of the technologies will be reviewed.

The Bipolar Power Transistor

The BJT is a current driven device. That means that the base current is in proportion to the current drawn through the collector. So one must provide:
IB u IC hFE (eq. 8)

In power transistors, the average gain (hFE) exhibited at the higher collector currents is between 5 and 20. This could create a large base drive loss if the base drive circuit is not properly designed.
VBB

One should generate a gate drive voltage that is as close to 0.7 volts as possible. This is to minimize any loss created by dropping the base drive voltage at the required base current to the level exhibited by the base. A second consideration is the storage time exhibited by the collector during its turn-off transition. When the base is overdriven, or where the base current is more than needed to sustain the collector current, the collector exhibits a 0.3-2 ms delay in its turn-off which is proportional to the base overdrive. Although the storage time is not a major source of loss, it does significantly limit the maximum switching frequency of a bipolar-based switching power supply. There are two methods of reducing the storage time and increasing its switching time. The first is to use a base speed-up capacitor whose value, typically around 100 pF, is placed in parallel with the base current limiting resistor (Figure 16a). The second is to use proportional base drive (Figure 16b). Here, only the amount of needed base current is provided by the drive circuit by bleeding the excess around the base into the collector. The last consideration with BJTs is the risk of excessive second breakdown. This phenomenon is caused by the resistance of the base across the die, permitting the furthest portions of the collector to turn off later. This forces the current being forced through the collector by an inductive load, to concentrate at the opposite ends of the die, thus causing an excessive localized heating on the die. This can result in a short-circuit failure of the BJT which can happen instantaneously if the amount of current crowding is great, or it can happen later if the amount of heating is less. Current crowding is always present when an inductive load is attached to the collector. By switching the BJT faster, with the circuits in Figure 15, one can greatly reduce the effects of second breakdown on the reliability of the device.
VBB

100 pF Control IC 100 pF

+ VCE + VBE -

Control IC

Power Ground Power Ground (a) Fixed Base Drive Circuit (b) Proportional Base Drive Circuit (Baker Clamp)

Figure 16. Driving a Bipolar Junction Transistor

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SMPSRM

The Power MOSFET

Power MOSFETs are the popular choices used as power switches and synchronous rectifiers. They are, on the surface, simpler to use than BJTs, but they have some hidden complexities. A simplified model for a MOSFET can be seen in Figure 17. The capacitances seen in the model are specified within the MOSFET data sheets, but can be nonlinear and vary with their applied voltages.

CDG Coss CGS

Figure 17. The MOSFET Model

From the gate terminal, there are two capacitances the designer encounters, the gate input capacitance (Ciss) and the drain-gate reverse capacitance (Crss). The gate input capacitance is a fixed value caused by the capacitance formed between the gate metalization and the substrate. Its value usually falls in the range of 800-3200 pF, depending upon the physical construction of the MOSFET. The Crss is the capacitance between the drain and the gate, and has values in the range of 60-150 pF. Although the Crss is smaller, it has a much more pronounced effect upon the gate drive. It couples the drain voltage to the gate, thus dumping its stored charge into the gate input capacitance. The typical gate drive waveforms can be seen in Figure 18. Time period t1 is only the Ciss being charged or discharged by the impedance of the external gate drive circuit. Period t2 shows the effect of the changing drain voltage being coupled into the gate through Crss. One can readily observe the flattening of the gate drive voltage during this period, both during the turn-on and turn-off of the MOSFET. Time period t3 is the amount of overdrive voltage provided by the drive circuit but not really needed by the MOSFET.

TURNON t1 VGS t2

VDR t3 t3

TURN-OFF

t2 Vpl Vth

t1

VDS 0

IG

+ 0 -

Figure 18. Typical MOSFET Drive Waveforms (Top: VGS, Middle: VDG, Bottom: IG)

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SMPSRM The time needed to switch the MOSFET between on and off states is dependent upon the impedance of the gate drive circuit. It is very important that the drive circuit be bypassed with a capacitor that will keep the drive voltage constant over the drive period. A 0.1 mF capacitor is more than sufficient. Driving MOSFETs in Switching Power Supply Applications There are three things that are very important in the high frequency driving of MOSFETs: there must be a totem-pole driver; the drive voltage source must be well bypassed; and the drive devices must be able to source high levels of current in very short periods of time (low compliance). The optimal drive circuit is shown in Figure 19.

VG LOAD Ron

VG

LOAD

Roff

a. Passive Turn-ON

b. Passive Turn-OFF

VG LOAD

VG

LOAD

c. Bipolar Totem-pole

d. MOS Totem-pole

Figure 19. Bipolar and FET-Based Drive Circuits (a. Bipolar Drivers, b. MOSFET Drivers)

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SMPSRM Sometimes it is necessary to provide a dielectrically-isolated drive to a MOSFET. This is provided by a drive transformer. Transformers driven from a DC source must be capacitively coupled from the totem-pole driver circuit. The secondary winding must be capacitively coupled to the gate with a DC restoration circuit. Both of the series capacitors must be more than 10 times the value of the Ciss of the MOSFET so that the capacitive voltage divider that is formed by the series capacitors does not cause an excessive attenuation. The circuit can be seen in Figure 20.

VG

RG

1k C 1:1 C > 10 Ciss

Figure 20. Transformer-Isolated Gate Drive

The Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)

The IGBT is a hybrid device with a MOSFET as the input device, which then drives a silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) as a switched output device. The SCR is constructed such that it does not exhibit the latching characteristic of a typical SCR by making its feedback gain less than 1. The die area of the typical IGBT is less than one-half that of an identically rated power MOSFET, which makes it less expensive for high-power converters. The only drawback is the turn-off characteristic of the IGBT. Being a bipolar minority carrier device, charges must be removed from the P-N junctions during a turn-off condition. This causes a current tail at the end of the turn-off transition of the current waveform. This can be a significant loss because the voltage across the IGBT is very high at that moment. This makes the IGBT useful only for frequencies typically less than 20 kHz, or for exceptional IGBTs, 100 kHz. To drive an IGBT one uses the MOSFET drive circuits shown in Figures 18 and 19. Driving the IGBT gate faster makes very little difference in the performance of an IGBT, so some reduction in drive currents can be used. The voltage drop of across the collector-to-emitter (VCE) terminals is comparable to those found in Darlington BJTs and MOSFETs operated at high currents. The typical VCE of an IGBT is a flat 1.5-2.2 volts. MOSFETs, acting more resistive, can have voltage drops of up to 5 volts at the end of some high current ramps. This makes the IGBT, in high current environments, very comparable to MOSFETs in applications of less than 5-30 kHz.

Rectifiers Rectifiers represent about 60 percent of the losses in nonsynchronous switching power supplies. Their choice has a very large effect on the efficiency of the power supply. The significant rectifier parameters that affect the operation of switching power supplies are: forward voltage drop (Vf), which is the voltage across the diode when a forward current is flowing the reverse recovery time (trr), which is how long it requires a diode to clear the minority charges from its junction area and turn off when a reverse voltage is applied the forward recovery time (tfrr) which is how long it take a diode to begin to conduct forward current after a forward voltage is applied. There are four choices of rectifier technologies: standard, fast and ultra-fast recovery types, and Schottky barrier types. A standard recovery diode is only suitable for 50-60 Hz rectification due to its slow turn-off characteristics. These include common families such as the 1N4000 series diodes. Fast-recovery diodes were first used in switching power supplies, but their turn-off time is considered too slow for most modern applications. They may find application where low cost is paramount, however. Ultra-fast recovery diodes turn off quickly and have a forward voltage drop of 0.8 to 1.3 V, together with a high reverse voltage capability of up to 1000 V. A Schottky rectifier turns off very quickly and has an average forward voltage drop of between 0.35 and 0.8 V, but has a low reverse breakdown voltage and

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SMPSRM a high reverse leakage current. For a typical switching power supply application, the best choice is usually a Schottky rectifier for output voltages less than 12 V, and an ultra-fast recovery diode for all other output voltages. The major losses within output rectifiers are conduction losses and switching losses. The conduction loss is the forward voltage drop times the current flowing through it during its conduction period. This can be significant if its voltage drop and current are high. The switching losses are determined by how fast a diode turns off (trr) times the reverse voltage across the rectifier. This can be significant for high output voltages and currents.
Table 2. Types of Rectifier Technologies
Rectifier Type Standard Recovery Fast Recovery UltraFast Recovery Schottky Average Vf 0.7-1.0 V 1.0-1.2 V 0.9-1.4 V 0.3-0.8 V Reverse Recovery Time 1,000 ns 150-200 ns 25-75 ns < 10 ns Typical Applications 50-60 Hz Rectification Output Rectification Output Rectification (Vo > 12 V) Output Rectification (Vo < 12 V)

The characteristics of power rectifiers and their applications in switching power supplies are covered in great detail in Reference (5). The major losses within output rectifiers are conduction losses and switching losses. The conduction loss is the forward voltage drop times the current flowing through it during its conduction period. This can be significant if its voltage drop and current are high. The switching losses are determined by how fast a diode turns off (trr) times the reverse voltage across the rectifier. This can be significant for high output voltages and currents.

Table 3. Estimating the Significant Parameters of the Power Semiconductors

Bipolar Pwr Sw Topology Buck Boost VCEO Vin Vout Vin * Vout 1.7 Vin(max) 2.0 Vin IC Iout (2.0 Pout) Vin(min) (2.0 Pout) Vin(min) (2.0 Pout) Vin(min) (1.5 Pout) Vin(min) (1.2 Pout) Vin(min) (2.0 Pout) Vin(min) (1.2 Pout) Vin(min) MOSFET Pwr Sw VDSS Vin Vout Vin * Vout 1.5 Vin(max) 2.0 Vin ID Iout (2.0 Pout) Vin(min) (2.0 Pout) Vin(min) (2.0 Pout) Vin(min) (1.5 Pout) Vin(min) (1.2 Pout) Vin(min) (2.0 Pout) Vin(min) (2.0 Pout) Vin(min) VR Vin Vout Vin * Vout 5.0 Vout 3.0 Vout Rectifier IF Iout Iout Iout Iout Iout

Buck/Boost

Flyback 1 Transistor Forward Push-Pull

2.0 Vin

2.0 Vin

2.0 Vout

Iout

Half-Bridge Full-Bridge

Vin Vin

Vin Vin

2.0 Vout 2.0 Vout

Iout Iout

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SMPSRM

The Magnetic Components

The magnetic elements within a switching power supply are used either for stepping-up or down a switched AC voltage, or for energy storage. In forward-mode topologies, the transformer is only used for stepping-up or down the AC voltage generated by the power switches. The output filter (the output inductor and capacitor) in forward-mode topologies is used for energy storage. In boost-mode topologies, the transformer is used both for energy storage and to provide a step-up or step-down function. Many design engineers consider the magnetic elements of switching power supplies counter-intuitive or too complicated to design. Fortunately, help is at hand; the suppliers of magnetic components have applications engineers who are quite capable of performing the transformer design and discussing the tradeoffs needed for success. For those who are more experienced or more adventuresome, please refer to Reference 2 in the Bibliography for transformer design guidelines. The general procedure in the design of any magnetic component is as follows (Reference 2, p 42): 1. Select an appropriate core material for the application and the frequency of operation. 2. Select a core form factor that is appropriate for the application and that satisfies applicable regulatory requirements. 3. Determine the core cross-sectional area necessary to handle the required power 4. Determine whether an airgap is needed and calculate the number of turns needed for each winding. Then determine whether the accuracy of the output voltages meets the requirements and whether the windings will fit into the selected core size. 5. Wind the magnetic component using proper winding techniques. 6. During the prototype stage, verify the component's operation with respect to the level of voltage spikes, cross-regulation, output accuracy and ripple, RFI, etc., and make corrections were necessary. The design of any magnetic component is a calculated estimate. There are methods of stretching the design limits for smaller size or lower losses, but these tend to be diametrically opposed to one another. One should be cautious when doing this. Some useful sources for magnetics components are:
CoilCraft, Inc.

Coiltronics, Division of Cooper Electronics Technology

6000 Park of Commerce Blvd Boca Raton, FL (USA) 33487 website: http://www.coiltronics.com Telephone: 561-241-7876
Cramer Coil, Inc.

401 Progress Dr. Saukville, WI (USA) 53080 website: http://www.cramerco.com email: techsales@cramercoil.com Telephone: 262-268-2150
Pulse, Inc.

San Diego, CA website: http://www.pulseeng.com Telephone: 858-674-8100

TDK

1600 Feehanville Drive Mount Prospect, IL 60056 website: http://www.component.talk.com Telephone: 847-803-6100

Laying Out the Printed Circuit Board

The printed circuit board (PCB) layout is the third critical portion of every switching power supply design in addition to the basic design and the magnetics design. Improper layout can adversely affect RFI radiation, component reliability, efficiency and stability. Every PCB layout will be different, but if the designer appreciates the common factors present in all switching power supplies, the process will be simplified. All PCB traces exhibit inductance and resistance. These can cause high voltage transitions whenever there is a high rate of change in current flowing through the trace. For operational amplifiers sharing a trace with power signals, it means that the supply would be impossible to stabilize. For traces that are too narrow for the current flowing through them, it means a voltage drop from one end of the trace to the other which potentially can be an antenna for RFI. In addition, capacitive coupling between adjacent traces can interfere with proper circuit operation. There are two rules of thumb for PCB layouts: short and fat for all power-carrying traces and one point grounding for the various ground systems within a switching power supply. Traces that are short and fat minimize the inductive and resistive aspects of the trace, thus reducing noise within the circuits and RFI. Single-point grounding keeps the noise sources separated from the sensitive control circuits.

1102 Silver Lake Rd. Cary, IL (USA) 60013 website: http://www.coilcraft.com/ email: info@coilcraft.com Telephone: 847-639-6400

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SMPSRM Within all switching power supplies, there are four major current loops. Two of the loops conduct the high-level AC currents needed by the supply. These are the power switch AC current loop and the output rectifier AC current loop. The currents are the typical trapezoidal current pulses with very high peak currents and very rapid di/dts. The other two current loops are the input source and the output load current loops, which carry low frequency current being supplied from the voltage source and to the load respectively. For the power switch AC current loop, current flows from the input filter capacitor through the inductor or transformer winding, through the power switch and back to the negative pin of the input capacitor. Similarly, the output rectifier current loop's current flows from the inductor or secondary transformer winding, through the
Power Switch Current Loop Input Current Loop SW

rectifier to the output filter capacitor and back to the inductor or winding. The filter capacitors are the only components that can source and sink the large levels of AC current in the time needed by the switching power supply. The PCB traces should be made as wide and as short as possible, to minimize resistive and inductive effects. These traces should be the first to be laid out. Turning to the input source and output load current loops, both of these loops must be connected directly to their respective filter capacitor's terminals, otherwise switching noise could bypass the filtering action of the capacitor and escape into the environment. This noise is called conducted interference. These loops can be seen in Figure 21 for the two major forms of switching power supplies, non-isolated (Figure 21a) and transformer-isolated (Figure 21b).
L Output Rectifier Current Loop Vout Output Load Current Loop

+ Vin Cin Control Analog

VFB Cout GND C

A
Input Source Ground Join Power Switch Ground Join (a) The Non-Isolated DC/DC Converter Output Rectifier Ground

B
Output Load Ground Join

Input Current Loop

Power Switch Current Loop

Output Rectifier Current Loop

Output Load Current Loop Vout

VFB Cout SW + Vin Cin Control RCS

B Output Rectifier Ground

Join Join

Output Load Ground

FB

Analog GND

C A Input Source Ground

Join Power Switch Ground

(b) The Transformer-Isolated Converter

Figure 21. The Current Loops and Grounds for the Major Converter Topologies

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SMPSRM The grounds are extremely important to the proper operation of the switching power supply, since they form the reference connections for the entire supply; each ground has its own unique set of signals which can adversely affect the operation of the supply if connected improperly. There are five distinct grounds within the typical switching power supply. Four of them form the return paths for the current loops described above. The remaining ground is the low-level analog control ground which is critical for the proper operation of the supply. The grounds which are part of the major current loops must be connected together exactly as shown in Figure 21. Here again, the connecting point between the high-level AC grounds and the input or output grounds is at the negative terminal of the appropriate filter capacitor (points A and B in Figures 21a and 21b). Noise on the AC grounds can very easily escape into the environment if the grounds are not directly connected to the negative terminal of the filter capacitor(s). The analog control ground must be connected to the point where the control IC and associated circuitry must measure key power parameters, such as AC or DC current and the output voltage (point C in Figures 21a and 21b). Here any noise introduced by large AC signals within the AC grounds will sum directly onto the low-level control parameters and greatly affect the operation of the supply. The purpose of connecting the control ground to the lower side of the current sensing resistor or the output voltage resistor divider is to form a Kelvin contact where any common mode noise is not sensed by the control circuit. In short, follow the example given by Figure 21 exactly as shown for best results. The last important factor in the PCB design is the layout surrounding the AC voltage nodes. These are the drain of the power MOSFET (or collector of a BJT) and the anode of the output rectifier(s). These nodes can capacitively couple into any trace on different layers of the PCB that run underneath the AC pad. In surface mount designs, these nodes also need to be large enough to provide heatsinking for the power switch or rectifier. This is at odds with the desire to keep the pad as small as possible to discourage capacitive coupling to other traces. One good compromise is to make all layers below the AC node identical to the AC node and connect them with many vias (plated-through holes). This greatly increases the thermal mass of the pad for improved heatsinking and locates any surrounding traces off laterally where the coupling capacitance is much smaller. An example of this can be seen in Figure 22. Many times it is necessary to parallel filter capacitors to reduce the amount of RMS ripple current each capacitor experiences. Close attention should be paid to this layout. If the paralleled capacitors are in a line, the capacitor closest to the source of the ripple current will operate hotter than the others, shortening its operating life; the others will not see this level of AC current. To ensure that they will evenly share the ripple current, ideally, any paralleled capacitors should be laid out in a radially-symmetric manner around the current source, typically a rectifier or power switch. The PCB layout, if not done properly, can ruin a good paper design. It is important to follow these basic guidelines and monitor the layout every step of the process.

Power Device

Via

PCB Top

Figure 22. Method for Minimizing AC Capacitive Coupling and Enhancing Heatsinking

Plated-Thru Hole

PCB Bottom

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SMPSRM

Losses and Stresses in Switching Power Supplies

Much of the designer's time during a switching power supply design is spent in identifying and minimizing the losses within the supply. Most of the losses occur in the power components within the switching power supply. Some of these losses can also present stresses to the power semiconductors which may affect the long term reliability of the power supply, so knowing where they arise and how to control them is important. Whenever there is a simultaneous voltage drop across a component with a current flowing through, there is a loss. Some of these losses are controllable by modifying
VPEAK

the circuitry, and some are controlled by simply selecting a different part. Identifying the major sources for loss can be as easy as placing a finger on each of the components in search of heat, or measuring the currents and voltages associated with each power component using an oscilloscope, AC current probe and voltage probe. Semiconductor losses fall into two categories: conduction losses and switching losses. The conduction loss is the product of the terminal voltage and current during the power device's on period. Examples of conduction losses are the saturation voltage of a bipolar power transistor and the on loss of a power MOSFET shown in Figure 23 and Figure 24 respectively.
DRAINTOSOURCE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

COLLECTORTOEMITTER (VOLTS)

VPEAK

SATURATION VOLTAGE RISE DYNAMIC TIME SATURATION STORAGE TIME

FALL TIME

ON VOLTAGE FALL TIME

RISE TIME

COLLECTOR CURRENT (AMPS)

DRAIN CURRENT (AMPS)

CLEARING RECTIFIERS

IPEAK

CLEARING RECTIFIERS

IPEAK

PINCHING OFF INDUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRANSFORMER SATURATION CURRENT

PINCHING OFF INDUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRANSFORMER ON CURRENT TURNON CURRENT TURNOFF CURRENT

TURNON CURRENT

TURNOFF CURRENT

CURRENT TAIL

INSTANTANEOUS ENERGY LOSS (JOULES)

SECOND BREAKDOWN PERIOD

INSTANTANEOUS ENERGY LOSS (JOULES)

CURRENT CROWDING PERIOD

SATURATION LOSS TURNON LOSS TURNOFF LOSS SWITCHING LOSS

ON LOSS TURNON LOSS TURNOFF LOSS SWITCHING LOSS

Figure 23. Stresses and Losses within a Bipolar Power Transistor

Figure 24. Stresses and Losses within a Power MOSFET

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SMPSRM The forward conduction loss of a rectifier is shown in Figure 25. During turn-off, the rectifier exhibits a reverse recovery loss where minority carriers trapped within the P-N junction must reverse their direction and exit the junction after a reverse voltage is applied. This results in what appears to be a current flowing in reverse through the diode with a high reverse terminal voltage. The switching loss is the instantaneous product of the terminal voltage and current of a power device when it is transitioning between operating states (on-to-off and off-to-on). Here, voltages are transitional between full-on and cutoff states while simultaneously the current is transitional between full-on and cut-off states. This
DIODE VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

creates a very large V-I product which is as significant as the conduction losses. Switching losses are also the major frequency dependent loss within every PWM switching power supply. The loss-induced heat generation causes stress within the power component. This can be minimized by an effective thermal design. For bipolar power transistors, however, excessive switching losses can also provide a lethal stress to the transistor in the form of second breakdown and current crowding failures. Care should be taken in the careful analysis of each transistor's Forward Biased-Safe Operating Area (FBSOA) and Reverse Biased-Safe Operating Area (RBSOA) operation.

FORWARD VOLTAGE

REVERSE VOLTAGE

IPK DIODE CURRENT (AMPS)

FORWARD CONDUCTION CURRENT DEGREE OF DIODE RECOVERY ABRUPTNESS

FORWARD RECOVERY TIME (Tfr) INSTANTANEOUS ENERGY LOSS (JOULES)

REVERSE RECOVERY TIME (Trr)

FORWARD CONDUCTION LOSS SWITCHING LOSS

Figure 25. Stresses and Losses within Rectifiers

Techniques to Improve Efficiency in Switching Power Supplies

The reduction of losses is important to the efficient operation of a switching power supply, and a great deal of time is spent during the design phase to minimize these losses. Some common techniques are described below. The Synchronous Rectifier As output voltages decrease, the losses due to the output rectifier become increasingly significant. For Vout = 3.3 V, a typical Schottky diode forward voltage of 0.4 V leads to a 12% loss of efficiency. Synchronous

rectification is a technique to reduce this conduction loss by using a switch in place of the diode. The synchronous rectifier switch is open when the power switch is closed, and closed when the power switch is open, and is typically a MOSFET inserted in place of the output rectifier. To prevent crowbar current that would flow if both switches were closed at the same time, the switching scheme must be break-before-make. Because of this, a diode is still required to conduct the initial current during the interval between the opening of the main switch and the closing of the synchronous rectifier switch. A Schottky rectifier with a current rating of 30 percent of

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SMPSRM the MOSFET should be placed in parallel with the synchronous MOSFET. The MOSFET does contain a parasitic body diode that could conduct current, but it is lossy, slow to turn off, and can lower efficiency by 1% to 2%. The lower turn-on voltage of the Schottky prevents the parasitic diode from ever conducting and exhibiting its poor reverse recovery characteristic. Using synchronous rectification, the conduction voltage can be reduced from 400 mV to 100 mV or less. An improvement of 1-5 percent can be expected for the
Vin

typical switching power supply. The synchronous rectifier can be driven either actively, that is directly controlled from the control IC, or passively, driven from other signals within the power circuit. It is very important to provide a non-overlapping drive between the power switch(es) and the synchronous rectifier(s) to prevent any shoot-through currents. This dead time is usually between 50 to 100 ns. Some typical circuits can be seen in Figure 26.

+ Vout

SW Drive GND Direct SR

C VG C 1:1 C > 10 Ciss Transformer-Isolated

RG

1k

(a) Actively Driven Synchronous Rectifiers

LO + Vout Primary -

(b) Passively Driven Synchronous Rectifiers

Figure 26. Synchronous Rectifier Circuits

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SMPSRM Snubbers and Clamps Snubbers and clamps are used for two very different purposes. When misapplied, the reliability of the semiconductors within the power supply is greatly jeopardized. A snubber is used to reduce the level of a voltage spike and decrease the rate of change of a voltage waveform. This then reduces the amount of overlap of the voltage and current waveforms during a transition, thus reducing the switching loss. This has its benefits in the Safe Operating Area (SOA) of the semiconductors, and it reduces emissions by lowering the spectral content of any RFI. A clamp is used only for reducing the level of a voltage spike. It has no affect on the dV/dt of the transition. Therefore it is not very useful for reducing RFI. It is useful for preventing components such as semiconductors and capacitors from entering avalanche breakdown. Bipolar power transistors suffer from current crowding which is an instantaneous failure mode. If a voltage spike occurs during the turn-off voltage transition of greater than 75 percent of its VCEO rating, it may have too much current crowding stress. Here both the rate of change of the voltage and the peak voltage of the spike must be controlled. A snubber is needed to bring the transistor within its RBSOA (Reverse Bias Safe Operating Area) rating. Typical snubber and clamp circuits are shown in Figure 27. The effects that these have on a representative switching waveform are shown in Figure 28.

ZENER CLAMP

SOFT CLAMP

SNUBBER

SNUBBER

SOFT CLAMP

ZENER CLAMP

Figure 27. Common Methods for Controlling Voltage Spikes and/or RFI

CLAMP VOLTAGE (VOLTS) SNUBBER

ORIGINAL WAVEFORM

t, TIME (sec)

Figure 28. The Effects of a Snubber versus a Clamp

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SMPSRM The Lossless Snubber A lossless snubber is a snubber whose trapped energy is recovered by the power circuit. The lossless snubber is designed to absorb a fixed amount of energy from the transition of a switched AC voltage node. This energy is stored in a capacitor whose size dictates how much energy the snubber can absorb. A typical implementation of a lossless snubber can be seen in Figure 29. The design for a lossless snubber varies from topology to topology and for each desired transition. Some adaptation may be necessary for each circuit. The important factors in the design of a lossless snubber are: 1. The snubber must have initial conditions that allow it to operate during the desired transition and at the desired voltages. Lossless snubbers should be emptied of their energy prior to the desired transition. The voltage to which it is reset dictates where the snubber will begin to operate. So if the snubber is reset to the input voltage, then it will act as a lossless clamp which will remove any spikes above the input voltage. 2. When the lossless snubber is reset, the energy should be returned to the input capacitor or back into the output power path. Study the supply carefully. Returning the energy to the input capacitor allows the supply to use the energy again on the next cycle. Returning the energy to ground in a boostmode supply does not return the energy for reuse, but acts as a shunt current path around the power switch. Sometimes additional transformer windings are used. 3. The reset current waveform should be band limited with a series inductor to prevent additional EMI from being generated. Use of a 2 to 3 turn spiral PCB inductor is sufficient to greatly lower the di/dt of the energy exiting the lossless snubber.

Unsnubbed VSW

+ VSW ID

Snubbed VSW

Drain Current (ID)

Figure 29. Lossless Snubber for a One Transistor Forward or Flyback Converter

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SMPSRM The Active Clamp An active clamp is a gated MOSFET circuit that allows the controller IC to activate a clamp or a snubber circuit at a particular moment in a switching power supply's cycle of operation. An active clamp for a flyback converter is shown in Figure 30. In Figure 30, the active clamp is reset (or emptied of its stored energy) just prior to the turn-off transition. It is then disabled during the negative transition. Obviously, the implementation of an active clamp is more expensive than other approaches, and is usually reserved for very compact power supplies where heat is a critical issue.

Unclamped Switch Voltage (VSW)

Clamped Switch Voltage (VSW) Vin Switch Current (ISW)

+ VDR ISW GND ICL + VSW Drive Voltage (VDR) Discharge Charge

Clamp Current (ICL)

Figure 30. An Active Clamp Used in a One Transistor Forward or a Flyback Converter

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SMPSRM Quasi-Resonant Topologies A quasi-resonant topology is designed to reduce or eliminate the frequency-dependent switching losses within the power switches and rectifiers. Switching losses account for about 40% of the total loss within a PWM power supply and are proportional to the switching frequency. Eliminating these losses allows the designer to increase the operating frequency of the switching power supply and so use smaller inductors and capacitors, reducing size and weight. In addition, RFI levels are reduced due to the controlled rate of change of current or voltage. The downside to quasi-resonant designs is that they are more complex than non-resonant topologies due to parasitic RF effects that must be considered when
ILR LR LO

switching frequencies are in the 100's of kHz. Schematically, quasi-resonant topologies are minor modifications of the standard PWM topologies. A resonant tank circuit is added to the power switch section to make either the current or the voltage ring through a half a sinusoid waveform. Since the sinusoid starts at zero and ends at zero, the product of the voltage and current at the starting and ending points is zero, thus has no switching loss. There are two quasi-resonant methods: zero current switching (ZCS) or zero voltage switching (ZVS). ZCS is a fixed on-time, variable off-time method of control. ZCS starts from an initial condition where the power switch is off and no current is flowing through the resonant inductor. The ZCS quasi-resonant buck converter is shown in Figure 31.

CR Vin Cin CONTROL VSW

D Cout FEEDBACK Vout

A ZCS Quasi-Resonant Buck Converter SWITCH TURNOFF Vin POWER SWITCH ON

V SW

IPK I LR

Figure 31. Schematic and Waveforms for a ZCS QuasiResonant Buck Converter

VD

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30

SMPSRM In this design, both the power switch and the catch diode operate in a zero current switching mode. Power is passed to the output during the resonant periods. So to increase the power delivered to the load, the frequency would increase, and vice versa for decreasing loads. In typical designs the frequency can change 10:1 over the ZCS supply's operating range. The ZVS is a fixed off-time, variable on-time method control. Here the initial condition occurs when the power switch is on, and the familiar current ramp is flowing through the filter inductor. The ZVS quasi-resonant buck converter is shown in Figure 32. Here, to control the power delivered to the load, the amount of resonant off times are varied. For light loads, the frequency is high. When the load is heavy, the frequency drops. In a typical ZVS power supply, the frequency typically varies 4:1 over the entire operating range of the supply. There are other variations on the resonant theme that promote zero switching losses, such as full resonant PWM, full and half-bridge topologies for higher power and resonant transition topologies. For a more detailed treatment, see Chapter 4 in the Power Supply Cookbook (Bibliography reference 2).

LR

LO

CR Vin Cin VI/P CONTROL

D FEEDBACK Cout Vout

A ZVS Quasi-Resonant Buck Converter

Vin V I/P POWER SWITCH TURNS ON

V IPK I SW V L 0

in

*V

)L

out O
ILOAD

in R

ID

Figure 32. Schematic and Waveforms for a ZVS QuasiResonant Buck Converter

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31

SMPSRM

Power Factor Correction

Power Factor (PF) is defined as the ratio of real power to apparent power. In a typical AC power supply application where both the voltage and current are sinusoidal, the PF is given by the cosine of the phase angle between the input current and the input voltage and is a measure of how much of the current contributes to real power in the load. A power factor of unity indicates that 100% of the current is contributing to power in the load while a power factor of zero indicates that none of the current contributes to power in the load. Purely resistive loads have a power factor of unity; the current through them is directly proportional to the applied voltage. The current in an ac line can be thought of as consisting of two components: real and imaginary. The real part results in power absorbed by the load while the imaginary part is power being reflected back into the source, such as is the case when current and voltage are of opposite polarity and their product, power, is negative. It is important to have a power factor as close as possible to unity so that none of the delivered power is reflected back to the source. Reflected power is undesirable for three reasons: 1. The transmission lines or power cord will generate heat according to the total current being carried, the real part plus the reflected part. This causes problems for the electric utilities and has prompted various regulations

requiring all electrical equipment connected to a low voltage distribution system to minimize current harmonics and maximize power factor. 2. The reflected power not wasted in the resistance of the power cord may generate unnecessary heat in the source (the local step-down transformer), contributing to premature failure and constituting a fire hazard. 3. Since the ac mains are limited to a finite current by their circuit breakers, it is desirable to get the most power possible from the given current available. This can only happen when the power factor is close to or equal to unity. The typical AC input rectification circuit is a diode bridge followed by a large input filter capacitor. During the time that the bridge diodes conduct, the AC line is driving an electrolytic capacitor, a nearly reactive load. This circuit will only draw current from the input lines when the input's voltage exceeds the voltage of the filter capacitor. This leads to very high currents near the peaks of the input AC voltage waveform as seen in Figure 33. Since the conduction periods of the rectifiers are small, the peak value of the current can be 3-5 times the average input current needed by the equipment. A circuit breaker only senses average current, so it will not trip when the peak current becomes unsafe, as found in many office areas. This can present a fire hazard. In three-phase distribution systems, these current peaks sum onto the neutral line, not meant to carry this kind of current, which again presents a fire hazard.

Power not used VOLTAGE Power used I 110/220 AC VOLTS IN Clarge + DC To Power Supply CURRENT

IAV

Figure 33. The Waveforms of a Capacitive Input Filter

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32

SMPSRM A Power Factor Correction (PFC) circuit is a switching power converter, essentially a boost converter with a very wide input range, that precisely controls its input current on an instantaneous basis to match the waveshape and phase of the input voltage. This represents a zero degrees or 100 percent power factor and mimics a purely resistive load. The amplitude of the input current waveform is varied over longer time frames to maintain a constant voltage at the converter's output filter capacitor. This mimics a resistor which slowly changes value to absorb the correct amount of power to meet the demand of the load. Short term energy excesses and deficits caused by sudden changes in the load are supplemented by a bulk energy storage capacitor, the boost converter's output filter device. The PFC input filter capacitor is reduced to a few microfarads, thus placing a half-wave haversine waveshape into the PFC converter. The PFC boost converter can operate down to about 30 V before there is insufficient voltage to draw any more significant power from its input. The converter then can begin again when the input haversine reaches 30 V on the next half-wave haversine. This greatly increases the conduction angle of the input rectifiers. The drop-out region of the PFC converter is then filtered (smoothed) by the input EMI filter. A PFC circuit not only ensures that no power is reflected back to the source, it also eliminates the high current pulses associated with conventional rectifier-filter input circuits. Because heat lost in the transmission line and adjacent circuits is proportional to the square of the current in the line, short strong current
Switch Current Input Voltage I Vsense Csmall
Control

pulses generate more heat than a purely resistive load of the same power. The active power factor correction circuit is placed just following the AC rectifier bridge. An example can be seen in Figure 34. Depending upon how much power is drawn by the unit, there is a choice of three different common control modes. All of the schematics for the power sections are the same, but the value of the PFC inductor and the control method are different. For input currents of less than 150 watts, a discontinuous-mode control scheme is typically used, in which the PFC core is completely emptied prior to the next power switch conduction cycle. For powers between 150 and 250 watts, the critical conduction mode is recommended. This is a method of control where the control IC senses just when the PFC core is emptied of its energy and the next power switch conduction cycle is immediately begun; this eliminates any dead time exhibited in the discontinuous-mode of control. For an input power greater than 250 watts, the continuous-mode of control is recommended. Here the peak currents can be lowered by the use of a larger inductor, but a troublesome reverse recovery characteristic of the output rectifier is encountered, which can add an additional 20-40 percent in losses to the PFC circuit. Many countries cooperate in the coordination of their power factor requirements. The most appropriate document is IEC61000-3-2, which encompasses the performance of generalized electronic products. There are more detailed specifications for particular products made for special markets.

Vout

+ Clarge To Power Supply -

Conduction Angle

Figure 34. Power Factor Correction Circuit

Voltage

Current

IAVG

Figure 35. Waveform of Corrected Input

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33

SMPSRM

Bibliography
1. Ben-Yaakov Sam, Gregory Ivensky, Passive Lossless Snubbers for High Frequency PWM Converters, Seminar 12, APEC 99. 2. Brown, Marty, Power Supply Cookbook, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1994, 2001. 3. Brown, Marty, Laying Out PC Boards for Embedded Switching Supplies, Electronic Design, Dec. 1999. 4. Martin, Robert F., Harmonic Currents, Compliance Engineering - 1999 Annual Resources Guide, Cannon Communications, LLC, pp. 103-107. 5. ON Semiconductor, Rectifier Applications Handbook, HB214/D, Rev. 2, Nov. 2001.

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SMPSRM

SWITCHMODE Power Supply Examples

This section provides both initial and detailed information to simplify the selection and design of a variety of SWITCHMODE power supplies. The ICs for Switching Power Supplies figure identifies control, reference voltage, output protection and switching regulator ICs for various topologies. Page ICs for Switching Power Supplies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Integrated circuits identified for various sections of a switching power supply. Suggested Components for Specific Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 A list of suggested control ICs, power transistors and rectifiers for SWITCHMODE power supplies by application. CRT Display System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AC/DC Power Supply for CRT Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AC/DC Power Supply for Storage, Imaging & Entertainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DC-DC Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Typical PC Forward-Mode SMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 39 39 40 41 42 43 44 46 48 50 51 53 55

Real SMPS Applications 80 W Power Factor Correction Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compact Power Factor Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Monitor Pulsed-Mode SMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 W Wide Mains TV SMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 W Wide Mains TV SMPS with 1.3 W Stand-by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Low-Cost Off-line IGBT Battery Charger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 W Output Flyback SMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Efficient Safety Circuit for Electronic Ballast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AC-DC Battery Charger - Constant Current with Voltage Limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Some of these circuits may have a more complete application note, spice model information or even an evaluation board available. Consult ON Semiconductor's website (www.onsemi.com) or local sales office for more information.

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35

SNUBBER/ CLAMP POWER MOS DRIVERS DC-DC CONVERSION MC33151 MC33152 MC33153 OUTPUT PROTECTION MBR1100 MBRS240L MBR3100 MBRS360 MBR360 MURHF860CT MBRD360 MURS360 MBRS1100 1N62xxA 1N63xxA MUR160 MUR260 MURS160 MURS260 P6KExxxA P6SMB1xxA OUTPUT FILTERS

SMPSRM

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

Figure 36. . Intergrated Ciruits for Switching Power Supplies

MC33260 MC33262 MC33368 MC34262 NCP1650 NCP1651 POWER MOS DRIVERS MAX707 MAX708 MAX809 MAX810 MC33064 MC33161 MC33164 MC3423 NCP30x NCP803

CS51031 MC34063A CS51033 MC34163 CS51411 MC34166 CS51412 MC34167 CS51413 NCP1400A CS51414 NCP1402 CS5171 NCP1410 CS5172 NCP1411 NCP1417 CS5173 CS5174 NCP1450A MC33463 NCP1550 MC33466

POWER FACTOR CORRECTION TRANSFORMERS

SNUBBER/ CLAMP OUTPUT PROTECTION

OUTPUT FILTERS

VOLTAGE REGULATION DC-DC CONVERSION

V ref

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POWER SWITCH PWM OSC STARTUP CONTROL REF VOLTAGE FEEDBACK CS5101 NCP100 TL431/A/B TLV431A MC44604 MC44605 MC44608 NCP1200 NCP1205 UC384x CS51227 CS5124 MC33023 MC33025 MC33065 MC33067 MC33364 MC44603A CONTROL VOLTAGE FEEDBACK MMBZ52xx MMSZ52xx MMSZ46xx STARTUP CS3843 CS51021 CS51022 CS51023 CS51024 CS5106 CS51220 CS51221

36

MC33362 MC33363 MC33365 NCP100x NCP105x

HV SWITCHING REGULATORS

L4949 LM2931 LM2935 LM317 LM317L LM317M LM337 LM350 LP2950 LP2951 MC33263 MC33269

MC33275 MC33761 MC34268 MC78xx MC78Bxx MC78Fxx MC78Lxx MC78Mxx MC78PCxx MC78Txx MC7905 MC7905.2

MC7905A MC7906 MC7908 MC7908A MC7912 MC7915 MC7918 MC7924 MC79Mxx NCP1117 NCP50x NCP51x VOLTAGE REGULATION

Figure 30. Integrated Circuits for Switching Power Supplies

RWM
10101100101

Figure 37. . 15 Monitor Power Supplies Video Driver R RGB G

Monitor MCU
I2C BUS

On Screen Display Generator Overlayed RGB

V_Sync H_Sync RGB

HC05 CPU CORE MEMORY

SYNC PROCESSOR

V_Sync

CRT

H_Sync B

1280 x 1024

PWM or I2C

R G Vertical Driver B

RGB USB HUB Geometry Correction MC33363A/B NCP100x NCP105x NCP1200

IRF630 / 640 / 730 /740 / 830 / 840

DOWN

H-Driver TR MTD6N10/15

UP

H-Driver Line Driver

www.onsemi.com V_Sync H_Sync 600V 8A N-Ch MOSFET Timebase Processor Sync Signal MUR420 MUR440 MUR460 Figure 31. 15 Monitor Power Supplies

37

USB & Auxiliary Standby AC/DC Power Supply

Damper Diode DC TO DC CONTROLLER H-Output TR MUR8100E MUR4100E MUR460 UC3842/3 MTP6P20E

Line A.C.

PFC Devices NCP1650 NCP1651 MC34262 MC33368 MC33260

S.M.P.S Controller

UC384x MC44603/5 MC44608 NCP1200 NCP1205

SMPSRM

SMPSRM

Start-up Switch Rectifier + Bulk Storage Capacitor

Ultrafast Rectifier

Load

AC Line

PWM Control IC PWM Switcher

MOSFET n-outputs
Prog. Prec. Ref

Figure 38. AC/DC Power Supply for CRT Displays

Table 1.
Part # MC33262 MC33368 MC33260 MC33365 MC33364 MC44603A/604 MC44605 MC44608 MSR860 MUR440 MRA4006T3 MR856 NCP1200 NCP1205 UC3842/3/4/5 Description PFC Control IC PFC Control IC PFC Control IC PWM Control IC PWM Control IC PWM Control IC PWM Control IC PWM Control IC Ultrasoft Rectifier Ultrafast Rectifier Fast Recovery Rectifier Fast Recovery Rectifier PWM Current-Mode Controller Single-Ended PWM Controller High Performance Current-Mode Controllers Key Parameters Critical Conduction PFC Controller Critical Conduction PFC Controller + Internal Start-up Low System Cost, PFC with Synchronization Capability, Follower Boost Mode, or Normal Mode Fixed Frequency Controller + 700 V Start-up, 1 A Power Switch Variable Frequency Controller + 700 V Start-up Switch GreenLine, Sync. Facility with Low Standby Mode GreenLine, Sync. Facility, Current-mode GreenLine, Fixed Frequency (40 kHz, 75 kHz and 100 kHz options), Controller + Internal Start-up, 8-pin 600 V, 8 A, trr = 55 ns, Ir max = 1 uA 400 V, 4 A, trr = 50 ns, Ir max = 10 uA 800 V, 1 A, Vf = 1.1 V @ 1.0 A 600 V, 3 A, Vf = 1.25 V @ 3.0 A 110 mA Source/Sink, O/P Protection, 40/60/110 kHz Quasi-resonant Operation, 250 mA Source/Sink, 8-36 V Operation 500 kHz Freq., Totem Pole O/P, Cycle-by-Cycle Current Limiting, UV Lockout Samples/Prod. Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now

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SMPSRM

Start-up Switch Rectifier + Bulk Storage Capacitor

Ultrafast Rectifier

Load

AC Line

PWM Control IC PWM Switcher

MOSFET n-outputs
Prog. Prec. Ref

Figure 39. AC/DC Power Supply for Storage, Imaging & Entertainment

Table 2.
Part # MC33363A/B/65 MC33364 TL431B MSRD620CT MR856 NCP1200 NCP1205 UC3842/3/4/5 Description PWM Control IC PWM Control IC Program Precision Reference Ultrasoft Rectifier Fast Recovery Rectifier PWM Current-Mode Controller Single-Ended PWM Controller High Performance Current-Mode Controllers Key Parameters Controller + 700 V Start-up & Power Switch, < 15 W Critical Conduction Mode, SMPS Controller 0.4% Tolerance, Prog. Output up to 36 V, Temperature Compensated 200 V, 6 A, trr = 55 ns, Ir max = 1 uA 600 V, 3 A, Vf = 1.25 V @ 3.0 A 110 mA Source/Sink, O/P Protection, 40/60/110 kHz Quasi-resonant Operation, 250 mA Source/Sink, 8-36 V Operation 500 kHz Freq., Totem Pole O/P, Cycle-by-Cycle Current Limiting, UV Lockout Samples/Prod. Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now

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SMPSRM
Lo + V in Co Control IC Lo + Load V in Control IC Co + Vout Load

Voltage Regulation + Vout -

Buck Regulator

Synchronous Buck Regulator

Figure 40. DC - DC Conversion

Table 3.
Part # MC33263 MC33269 MC33275/375 LP2950/51 MC78PC MC33470 NTMSD2P102LR2 NTMSD3P102R2 MMDFS6N303R2 NTMSD3P303R2 MBRM140T3 MBRA130LT3 MBRS2040LT3 MMSF3300 NTD4302 NTTS2P03R2 MGSF3454X/V NTGS3441T1 NCP1500 NCP1570 NCP1571 CS5422 Description Low Noise, Low Dropout Regulator IC Medium Dropout Regulator IC Low Dropout Regulator Low Dropout, Fixed Voltage IC CMOS LDO Linear Voltage Regulator Synchronous Buck Regulator IC P-Ch FET w/Schottky in SO-8 P-Ch FET w/Schottky in SO-8 N-Ch FET w/Schottky in SO-8 P-Ch FET w/Schottky in SO-8 1A Schottky in POWERMITE Package 1A Schottky in SMA Package 2A Schottky in SMB Package Single N-Ch MOSFET in SO-8 Single N-Ch MOSFET in DPAK Single P-Ch MOSFET in Micro8 Package Single N-Ch MOSFET in TSOP-6 Single P-Ch MOSFET in TSOP-6 Dual Mode PWM Linear Buck Converter Low Voltage Synchronous Buck Converter Low Voltage Synchronous Buck Converter Dual Synchronous Buck Converter Key Parameters 150 mA; 8 Outputs 2.8 V - 5 V; SOT 23L 6 Lead Package 0.8 A; 3.3; 5, 12 V out; 1 V diff; 1% Tolerance 300 mA; 2.5, 3, 3.3, 5 V out 0.1 A; 3, 3.3, 5 V out; 0.38 V diff; 0.5% Tolerance Iout = 150 mA, Available in 2.8 V, 3 V, 3.3 V, 5 V; SOT 23 - 5 Leads Digital Controlled; Vcc = 7 V; Fast Response 20 V, 2 A, 160 mW FET/1 A, Vf = 0.46 V Schottky 20 V, 3 A, 160 mW FET/1 A, Vf = 0.46 V Schottky 30 V, 6 A, 35 mW FET/3 A, Vf = 0.42 V Schottky 30 V, 3 A, 100 mW FET/3 A, Vf = 0.42 V Schottky 40 V, 1 A, Vf = 0.43 @ 1 A; Ir = 0.4 mA @ 40 V 40 V, 1 A, Vf = 0.395 @ 1 A; Ir = 1 mA @ 40 V 40 V, 2 A, Vf = 0.43 @ 2 A; Ir = 0.8 mA @ 40 V 30 V, 11.5 30 V, 18.3 A(1), 12.5 A(1), 10 mW @ 10 V Samples/Prod. Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now Now/Now

mW @ 10 V

30 V, 2.7 A, 90 mW @ 10 V 30 V, 4.2 A, 65 mW @ 10 V 20 V, 3.3 A, 100 mW @ 4.5 V Prog. O/P Voltage 1.0, 1.3, 1.5, 1.8 V UV Lockout, 200 kHz Osc. Freq., 200 ns Response UV Lockout, 200 kHz Osc. Freq., 200 ns Response 150 kHz-600 kHz Prog. Freq., UV Lockout, 150 ns Transient Response

(1) Continuous at TA = 25 C, Mounted on 1 square FR-4 or G10, VGS = 10 V t  10 seconds

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Part No. I o (A) Package +3.3 V 14 A + Part No. V RRM (V) I o (A) 3 3 3 Axial Axial Axial MBR160 60 1 Axial

V RRM (V)

I o (A)

Package

Part No.

V RRM (V)

V RRM (V) I o (A) 35 MBR2535CTL 25 Part No. TO-220

Package

1N5404RL 1N5406RL 1N5408RL

400 X1000 400 X1000 400 X1000

Package

+5 V 22 A Mains 230 Vac + Part No. +12 V 6 A + 5 V 0.1 A +

Voltage Stand-by

MBR2535CTL MBR2545CT MBR3045ST MBRF2545CT MBR3045PT MBR3045WT V RRM (V)

35 45 45 45 45 45

25 25 30 25 30 30 I o (A)

TO-220 TO-220 TO-220 TO-220 TO-218 TO-247 Package

Part No. + PWM IC

Package

-5 V 0.5 A

MBR2060CT MBR20100CT MBR20200CT MUR1620CT MUR1620CTR MURF1620CT Part No.

60 100 200 200 200 200 V RRM (V)

20 20 20 16 16 16 I o (A)

TO-220 TO-220 TO-220 TO-220 TO-220 TO-220 Package

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+ MATRIX V RRM (V) 600 X1000 600 X1000 600 X1000 600 1 4 6 1 Axial Axial Axial Axial I o (A) Package

41

U384X Series MC34060 TL494 TL594 MC34023 MC44608 MC44603 MC44603A

DIP8/SO-8/SO-14 DIP14/SO-14 DIP16/SO-16 DIP16/SO-16 DIP16/SO-16 DIP8 DIP16/SO-16 DIP16/SO-16

-12 V 0.8 A

MBRS340T3 MBRD340 1N5821 1N5822 MBR340 Part No. MBR3100

40 40 30 40 40 V RRM (V) 100 I o (A) 3

3 3 3 3 3

SMC DPAK Axial Axial Axial Package Axial

Part No. TL431

Package TO-92

Part No.

Figure 41. . Typical 200 W ATX Forward Mode SMPS

MUR180E, MUR1100E MUR480E, MUR4100E MR756RL, MR760RL 1N4937

SMPSRM

Figure 35. Typical 200 W ATX Forward Mode SMPS

SMPSRM

Application: 80 W Power Factor Controller

1 D2 RFI FILTER 92 to 138 Vac D4 ZERO CURRENT DETECTOR D1 D3 + 1.2 V 1.6 V/ 1.4 V UVLO + 13 V/ 8.0 V 16 V 10 DELAY RS LATCH 2.2 M R5 CURRENT SENSE COMPARATOR DRIVE OUTPUT 10 7 MUR130 D5 500 V/8 A N-Ch MOSFET Q1 VO 230 V/ 0.35 A + 220 C3 6.7 V 5 C5 MC33262 + 36 V 100 k R6 8 + 1N4934 D6 100 C4 22 k R4

2.5 V REFERENCE

TIMER

20 k 1.5 V OVERVOLTAGE COMPARATOR + 1.08 Vref ERROR AMP + 10 mA Vref QUICKSTART 6 2 0.68 C1 10 pF

4 0.1 R7

1.0 M R2

0.01 C2

7.5 k R3

MULTIPLIER 3

1 11 k R1

Figure 42. 80 W Power Factor Controller

Features: Reduced part count, low-cost solution. ON Semiconductor Advantages: Complete semiconductor solution based around highly integrated MC33262. Devices: Part Number MC33262 MUR130 Transformer Description Power Factor Controller Axial Lead Ultrafast Recovery Rectifier (300 V) Coilcraft N2881-A Primary: 62 turns of #22 AWG Secondary: 5 turns of #22 AWG Core: Coilcraft PT2510 Gap: 0.072 total for a primary inductance (Lp) of 320 mH

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SMPSRM

Application: Compact Power Factor Correction

Vcc FUSE 1N5404 AC LINE 100 nF MAINS FILTER 0.33 F 10 F/ 16 V + L1 MUR460 Vout

+ 1 100 nF 2 3 4 12 kW 120 pF 0.5 W/3 W 45 kW 1 MW MC33260 8 7 10 W 6 5 1 MW

100 F/ 450 V

500 V/8 A N-Ch MOSFET

Figure 43. Compact Power Factor Correction

Features : Low-cost system solution for boost mode follower. Meets IEC1000-3-2 standard. Critical conduction, voltage mode. Follower boost mode for system cost reduction - smaller inductor and MOSFET can be used. Inrush current detection. Protection against overcurrent, overvoltage and undervoltage. ON Semiconductor advantages: Very low component count. No Auxiliary winding required. High reliability. Complete semiconductor solution. Significant system cost reduction. Devices: Part Number MC33260 MUR460 1N5404 Description Power Factor Controller Ultrafast Recovery Rectifier (600 V) General Purpose Rectifier (400 V)

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SMPSRM

Application: Monitor Pulsed-Mode SMPS

90 Vac to 270 Vac RFI FILTER 1 nF/500 V 1W 1 nF/1 kV MR856 4.7 MW 47 F 22 H 90 V/0.1 A +

+ 47 F

D1 - D4 1N5404

Vin 150 F 400 V 2W 3.9 kW/6 W

120 pF 4.7 kW 1N4148 100 nF 1N4934 1N4934 MCR22-6 45 V/ 1A

1 nF/500 V SYNC 3.3 kW 1.2 kW 9 2.2 nF 10 4.7 F 2.2 kW 11 + 8.2 kW 12 22 470 1N4148 nF kW 13 2.2 nF 14 56 kW 15 16 56 kW 10 kW

22 kW 47 F 25 V +

MR856 1 H MR856 SMT31 1000 F

8 7

10 pF

47 kW

470 pF 6 MC44605P 5 560 kW 4 3 10 W 2 270 W 1 470 W 0.1 W 1N4934 1 kW 4.7 F+ 10 V 4.7 F + 10 V 150 kW 470 pF Note 1 Lp

MR852 1000 F

15 V/ 0.8 A

MR852 220 F

-10 V/ 0.3 A

MBR360 4700 F

8 V/ 1.5 A

MOC8107 1.8 MW Vin

100 W 10 kW 96.8 kW 100 nF TL431

2.7 kW Note 1: 500 V/8 A N-Channel MOSFET

1N4742A 12 V

2.7 kW

1 kW BC237B

100 nF VmP FROM mP 0: STAND-BY 1: NORMAL MODE

Figure 44. Monitor Pulsed-Mode SMPS

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SMPSRM Features: Off power consumption: 40 mA drawn from the 8 V output in Burst mode. Vac (110 V) about 1 watt Vac (240 V) about 3 watts Efficiency (pout = 85 watts) Around 77% @ Vac (110 V) Around 80% @ Vac (240 V) Maximum Power limitation. Over-temperature detection. Winding short circuit detection. ON Semiconductor Advantages: Designed around high performance current mode controller. Built-in latched disabling mode. Complete semiconductor solution. Devices: Part Number MC44605P TL431 MR856 MR852 MBR360 BC237B 1N5404 1N4742A Transformer Description High Safety Latched Mode GreenLinet Controller For (Multi) Synchronized Applications Programmable Precision Reference Fast Recovery Rectifier (600 V) Fast Recovery Rectifier (200 V) Axial Lead Schottky Rectifier (60 V) NPN Bipolar Transistor General-Purpose Rectifier (400 V) Zener Regulator (12 V, 1 W) G6351-00 (SMT31M) from Thomson Orega Primary inductance = 207 mH Area = 190 nH/turns2 Primary turns = 33 Turns (90 V) = 31

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SMPSRM

Application: 70 W Wide Mains TV SMPS

95 Vac to 265 Vac F1 FUSE 1.6 A

C30 100 nF 250 Vac LF1 RFI FILTER

C19 1 nF/1 kV

D1-D4 1N4007 3.8 MW C4-C5 1 nF/1 kV

R21 4.7 MW C1 220 mF R16 68 kW/2 W

C15 220 pF

L3 22 H 115 V/0.45 A

R7 68 kW/1 W C16 100 F R19 27 kW 8 7 6 MC44603AP 5 4 3 R20 47W 2 R9 150W 16 1 C11 100 pF R22 C12 1 nF 1 kW 15 kW 180 kW

D13 1N4148

C26 4.7 nF

D15 1N4148 C9 100 nF

D12 MR856 C20 47 F

D23 47 F

L1 1 H

D7 1N4937 15 V/1.5 A D5 MR854 C21 1000 F

9 C8 560 pF 10 11 R18 12 13 14 15

R3 22 kW

C10 1 F

11 V/0.5 A Q1 600 V/4 A N-Ch MOSFET D8 MR854 C22 1000 F

5.6 kW R15 1 MW C7 10 nF

R8 1 kW

R4 3.9 kW R5 2.2 kW R14 47 kW

OREGA TRANSFORMER G6191-00 THOMSON TV COMPONENTS C14 220 pF

R33 0.31 W R13 10 kW

Figure 45. 70 W Wide Mains TV SMPS

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SMPSRM Features: 70 W output power from 95 to 265 Vac. Efficiency @ 230 Vac = 86% @ 110 Vac = 84% Load regulation (115 Vac) = " 0.8 V. Cross regulation (115 Vac) = " 0.2 V. Frequency 20 kHz fully stable. ON Semiconductor Advantages: DIP16 or SO16 packaging options for controller. Meets IEC emi radiation standards. A narrow supply voltage design (80 W) is also available. Devices: Part Number MC44603AP MR856 MR854 1N4007 1N4937 Transformer Description Enhanced Mixed Frequency Mode GreenLinet PWM Controller Fast Recovery Rectifier (600 V) Fast Recovery Rectifier (400 V) General Purpose Rectifier (1000 V) General Purpose Rectifier (600 V) Thomson Orega SMT18

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SMPSRM

Application: Wide Mains 100 W TV SMPS with 1.3 W TV Stand-by

F1 C31 100 nF 47283900 R F6 RFI FILTER C19 2N2F-Y

C3 1 nF D1-D4 1N5404

R16 4.7 MW/4 kV C11 220 pF/500 V + C5 R1 220 mF 22 kW 400 V 5W C6 47 nF 630 V 6 D7 1N4148 1 D12 1N4934 7 + 7 Vcc 6 5 R2 10 W C8 100 nF 600 V/6 A N-CH MOSFET C9 470 pF 630 V D14 MR856 R17 2.2 kW 5W R3 0.27 W R21 47 W ON R9 100 kW OFF 8 D10 MR852 9 + C15 1000 F/16 V R12 1 kW C18 100 nF C7 22 mF 16 V 2 11 D9 MR852 10 C16 100 pF R19 18 kW D13 1N4148 C14 + 1000 F/35 V DZ1 MCR22-6 8 V/1 A 112 V/0.45 A 14 D18 MR856 12 C12 47 F/250 V + C13 100 nF 16 V/1.5 A 2 3 1 2 3 J3 1

C4 1 nF D5 1N4007 R5 100 kW

D6 MR856

R7 47 k C17 120 pF

J4

1 Isense 2 3 4 MC44608P75 R4 3.9 kW

OPT1 C19 33 nF DZ2 TL431CLP R10 10 kW ON = Normal mode OFF = Pulsed mode

R11 47 kW

DZ3 10 V 1N4740A

R8 2.4 kW

Figure 46. Wide Mains 100 W TV SMPS with Secondary Reconfiguration for 1.3 W TV Stand-by

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SMPSRM Features: Off power consumption: 300mW drawn from the 8V output in pulsed mode. Pin = 1.3W independent of the mains. Efficiency: 83% Maximum power limitation. Over-temperature detection. Demagnetization detection. Protection against open loop. ON Semiconductor Advantages: Very low component count controller. Fail safe open feedback loop. Programmable pulsed-mode power transfer for efficient system stand-by mode. Stand-by losses independent of the mains value. Complete semiconductor solution. Devices: Part Number MC44608P75 TL431 MR856 MR852 1N5404 1N4740A Transformer Description GreenLinet Very High Voltage PWM Controller Programmable Precision Reference Fast Recovery Rectifier (600 V) Fast Recovery Rectifier (200 V) General Purpose Rectifier (400 V) Zener Regulator (10 V, 1 W) SMT19 40346-29 (9 slots coil former) Primary inductance: 181 mH Nprimary: 40 turns N 112 V: 40 turns N 16 V: 6 turns N 8 V: 3 turns

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SMPSRM

Application: Low-Cost Offline IGBT Battery Charger

130 to 350 V DC R1 150 D1 1N4148 C3 220 mF/ 10 V D3 R3 220 k R13 100 k C10 1 nF D4 1N4937 + C3 10 mF/ 350 V R1 120 k R5 1k MC14093 R5 1.2 k IC1 MOC8103 M1 MMG05N60D MBRS240LT3 D5 R2 1N4148 150 R11 113 k + + C2 220 mF/ 10 V + 8 V at 400 mA -

+ C8 1 mF

MC33341 + 1 C7 10 mF D2 12 V 0V C5 1 nF Q1 MBT3946DW R9 470 C9 1 nF R2 3.9 R9 100 2 C4 47 nF 3 4

D4 12 V R12 20 k

Q5 R10

Figure 47. Low-Cost Offline IGBT Battery Charger

Features: Universal ac input. 3 Watt capability for charging portable equipment. Light weight. Space saving surface mount design. ON Semiconductor Advantages: Special-process IGBT (Normal IGBTs will not function properly in this application). Off the shelf components. SPICE model available for MC33341. Devices: Part Number MMG05N60D MC33341 MBT3946DW MBRS240LT3 MC14093 1N4937 Description Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor in SOT-223 Package Power Supply Battery Charger Regulator Control Circuit Dual General Purpose (Bipolar) Transistors Surface Mount Schottky Power Rectifier Quad 2-Input NAND Schmitt Trigger General-Purpose Rectifier (600 V)

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SMPSRM

Application: 110 W Output Flyback SMPS

180 VAC TO 280 VAC C3 1 nF / 1 KV

RFI FILTER

R1 1W/5W C4-C7 1 nF / 1000 V

R3 4.7 kW C32 C1 100 mF R20 22 kW 5W C17 47 nF D7 L1 1 mH MR856 Laux D6 1N4148 R5 1.2 kW LP C14 4.7 nF R6 180 W Note 1 C26 220 pF 15 V / 1 A D10 MR852 C25 1000 mF C24 0.1 mF D9 MR852 C29 220 pF 120 V / 0.5 A D5 1N4934 D8 MR856

D1-D4 1N4007 C2 220 mF R2 68 kW / 2 W 9 C9 C10 820 pF 1 mF 10 11 12 13 C11 1 nF R16 10 kW 14 15 16 R18 27 kW R19 10 kW MC44603P 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 C13 100 nF

C30 100 mF

C31 0.1 mF

R4 27 kW R9 C16 100 pF 1 kW C15 1 nF R7 180 kW R8 15 kW

220 pF 28 V / 1 A

C27 1000 mF

C28 0.1 mF

R15 10 kW

R10 10 W

R26 1 kW

C23 R14 2 X 0.56 W//

220 pF 8V/1A

D11 MR852 C21 1000 mF C22 0.1 mF

R17 10 kW

R24 270 W

R23 117.5 kW

R21 C19 10 kW 100 nF C20 33 nF

D14 1N4733

R25 1 kW

C12 6.8 nF Note 1: 600 V/ 6 A N-Channel MOSFET

TL431

R22 2.5 kW

Figure 48. 110 W Output Flyback SMPS

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SMPSRM Features: Off-line operation from 180 V to 280 Vac mains. Fixed frquency and stand-by mode. Automatically changes operating mode based on load requirements. Precise limiting of maximum power in fixed frequency mode. ON Semiconductor Advantages: Built-in protection circuitry for current limitation, overvoltage detection, foldback, demagnetization and softstart. Reduced frequency in stand-by mode. Devices: Part Number MC44603P MR856 MR852 TL431 1N4733A 1N4007 Description Enhanced Mixed Frequency Mode GreenLinet PWM Controller Fast Recovery Rectifier (600 V) Fast Recovery Rectifier (200 V) Programmable Precision Reference Zener Voltage Regulator Diode (5.1 V) General Purpose Rectifier (1000 V)

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SMPSRM

Application: Efficient Safety Circuit for Electronic Ballast

C13 100 nF 250 V R18 PTC C12 22 nF C14 100 nF AGND 250 V

C11 4.7 nF 1200 V PTUBE = 55 W

L1 1.6 mH Q2 MJE18004D2 R13 2.2 R C9 2.2 nF R11 4.7 R

T1A FT063

Q3 MJE18004D2 R14 2.2 R C8 2.2 nF R12 4.7 R

DIAC C6 10 nF D4 T1B D3 1N4007 R9 330 k R10 10 R T1C C5 0.22 mF C4 47 mF + 450 V P1 20 k C15 100 nF Q1 500 V/4 A N-Ch R6 1.0 R MOSFET 3 2 T2 R4 22 k 5 + D1 MUR120 C2 330 mF 25 V AGND 7 U1 MC34262 4 2 6 1 630 V C1 10 nF FUSE R1 12 k LINE 220 V C3 1.0 mF D7 1N5407 D6 FILTER C17 47 nF 1 R5 1.0 R 1N5407 D8 C16 47 nF 1N5407 D9 630 V 1N5407 C7 10 nF NOTES: * All resistors are 5%, 0.25 W unless otherwise noted * All capacitors are Polycarbonate, 63 V, 10%, unless otherwise noted

R7 1.8 M

D2 MUR180E

8 R3 100 k/1.0 W R2 1.2 M

Figure 49. Efficient Safety Circuit for Electronic Ballast

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SMPSRM Features: Easy to implement circuit to avoid thermal runaway when fluorescent lamp does not strike. ON Semiconductor Advantages: Power devices do not have to be oversized - lower cost solution. Includes power factor correction. Devices: Part Number MC34262 MUR120 MJE18004D2 1N4007 1N5240B 1N5407 Description Power Factor Controller Ultrafast Rectifier (200 V) High Voltage Planar Bipolar Power Transistor (100 V) General Purpose Diode (1000 V) Zener Voltage Regulator Diode (10 V) Rectifier (3 A, 800 V)

*Other Lamp Ballast Options: 1, 2 Lamps 825 V 100 V 1200 V BUL642D2 MJD18002D2 MJD18202D2 3, 4 Lamps BUL642D2 MJB18004D2 MJB18204D2 MJE18204D2

ON Semiconductor's H2BIP process integrates a diode and bipolar transistor for a single package solution.

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SMPSRM

Application: AC-DC Battery Charger - Constant Current with Voltage Limit

T0.2x J1 1 2 LINE 10 mF/350 V 10 V R1 220 + D2 C2 20 mF F1 D1 250R + C1 1N4140 D3 R2 4 kW D4 1N4140 R3 U1 8 7 VCC 1 ICD 6 2 R4 330 R7 2.7 1SO1 5 MOC0102 4 1 2 R10 100 R 22 k 1N4140 D5 R5 5 4 3 7 47 k R6 47 k C4 1 nF 2 D6 MURS160T3 Q1 600 V/1 A N-Ch MOSFET R8 100 T1 6 1N4140 R4 5V J2 1 2

D8 C5 + 4 kW D9 1 mF BZX84/5 V 100 mF + D7 C5 R14 22 k U2 8 7 6 5 VSI GND DO VCC CSI CMP CTA

MURS320T3

BZX84/18V

Line 5

MC33341 R13 12 k CSI

MC33364 GND Vref C3 FL 3

1 2 3 4 C7 33 nF R11 0.25 R12 10 k

C3 100 nF

Figure 50. AC-DC Battery Charger - Constant Current with Voltage Limit

Features: Universal ac input. 9.5 Watt capability for charging portable equipment. Light weight. Space saving surface mount design. ON Semiconductor Advantages: Off the shelf components SPICE model available for MC33341 Devices: Part Number MC33341 MC33364 MURS160T3 MURS320T3 BZX84C5V1LT1 BZX84/18V Transformer Description Power Supply Battery Charger Regulator Control Circuit Critical Conduction SMPS Controller Surface Mount Ultrafast Rectifier (600 V) Surface Mount Ultrafast Rectifier (200 V) Zener Voltage Regulator Diode (5.1 V) Zener Voltage Regulator Diode (MMSZ18T1) For details consult AN1600

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SMPSRM

Literature Available from ON Semiconductor

Application Notes These older Application Notes may contain part numbers that are no longer available, but the applications information may still be helpful in designing an SMPS. They are available through the ON Semiconductor website at www.onsemi.com. AN873 - Understanding Power Transistor Dynamic Behavior: dv/dt Effects on Switching RBSOA AN875 - Power Transistor Safe Operating Area: Special Consideration for Switching Power Supplies AN913 - Designing with TMOS Power MOSFETs AN915 - Characterizing Collector-to-Emitter and Drain-to-Source Diodes for Switchmode Applications AN918 - Paralleling Power MOSFETs in Switching Applications AN920 - Theory and Applications of the MC34063 and mA78S40 Switching Regulator Control Circuits AN929 - Insuring Reliable Performance from Power MOSFETs AN952 - Ultrafast Recovery Rectifiers Extend Power Transistor SOA AN1040 - Mounting Considerations for Power Semiconductors AN1043 - SPICE Model for TMOS Power MOSFETs AN1080 - External-Sync Power Supply with Universal Input Voltage Range for Monitors AN1083 - Basic Thermal Management of Power Semiconductors AN1090 - Understanding and Predicting Power MOSFET Switching Behavior AN1320 - 300 Watt, 100 kHz Converter Utilizes Economical Bipolar Planar Power Transistors AN1327 - Very Wide Input Voltage Range, Off-line Flyback Switching Power Supply AN1520 - HDTMOS Power MOSFETs Excel in Synchronous Rectifier Applications AN1541 - Introduction to Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor AN1542 - Active Inrush Current Limiting Using MOSFETs AN1543 - Electronic Lamp Ballast Design AN1547 - A DC to DC Converter for Notebook Computers Using HDTMOS and Synchronous Rectification AN1570 - Basic Semiconductor Thermal Measurement AN1576 - Reduce Compact Fluorescent Cost with Motorola's (ON Semiconductor) IGBTs for Lighting AN1577 - Motorola's (ON Semiconductor) D2 Series Transistors for Fluorescent Converters AN1593 - Low Cost 1.0 A Current Source for Battery Chargers AN1594 - Critical Conduction Mode, Flyback Switching Power Supply Using the MC33364 AN1600 - AC-DC Battery Charger - Constant Current with Voltage Limit

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SMPSRM

Literature Available from ON Semiconductor (continued)

AN1601 - Efficient Safety Circuit for Electronic Ballast AN1628 - Understanding Power Transistors Breakdown Parameters AN1631 - Using PSPICE to Analyze Performance of Power MOSFETs in Step-Down, Switching Regulators Employing Synchronous Rectification AN1669 - MC44603 in a 110 W Output SMPS Application AN1679 - How to Deal with Leakage Elements in Flyback Converters AN1680 - Design Considerations for Clamping Networks for Very High Voltage Monolithic Off-Line PWM Controllers AN1681 - How to Keep a Flyback Switch Mode Supply stable with a Critical-Mode Controller Brochures and Selector Guides The following literature is available for downloading from the ON Semiconductor website at www.onsemi.com. Master Components Selector Guide Power Conversion Solutions Selector Guide Power Supply & Power Adapter Solutions SG388/D SGD510/D BRD8063/D

Device Models
Device models for SMPS circuits (MC33363 and MC33365), power transistors, rectifiers and other discrete products are available through ON Semiconductor's website or by contacting your local sales office.

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SMPSRM

Reference Books Relating to Switching Power Supply Design

Baliga, B. Jayant, Power Semiconductor Devices, PWS Publishing Co., Boston, 1996. 624 pages. Brown, Marty, Practical Switching Power Supply Design, Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1990. 240 pages. Brown, Marty Power Supply Cookbook, EDN Series for Design Engineers, ON Semiconductor Series in Solid State Electronics, Butterworth-Heinmann, MA, 1994. 238 pages Chrysiss, G. C., High Frequency Switching Power Supplies: Theory and Design, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, 1989. 287 pages Gottlieb, Irving M., Power Supplies, Switching Regulators, Inverters, and Converters, 2nd Edition, TAB Books, 1994. 479 pages. Kassakian, John G., Martin F. Schlect, and George C. Verghese, Principles of Power Electronics, Addison-Wesley, 1991. 738 pages. Lee, Yim-Shu, Computer-Aided Analysis and Design of Switch-Mode Power Supplies, Marcel Dekker, Inc., NY, 1993 Lenk, John D., Simplified Design of Switching Power Supplies, EDN Series for Design Engineers, Butterworth-Heinmann, MA, 1994. 221 pages. McLyman, C. W. T., Designing Magnetic Components for High Frequency DC-DC Converters, KG Magnetics, San Marino, CA, 1993. 433 pages, 146 figures, 32 tables Mitchell, Daniel, Small-Signal MathCAD Design Aids, e/j Bloom Associates, 115 Duran Drive, San Rafael, Ca 94903-2317, 415-492-8443, 1992. Computer disk included. Mohan, Ned, Tore M. Undeland, William P. Robbins, Power Electronics: Converter, Applications and Design, 2nd Edition, Wiley, 1995. 802 pages Paice, Derek A., Power Electronic Converter Harmonics, Multipulse Methods for Clean Power, IEEE Press, 1995. 224 pages. Whittington, H. W., Switched Mode Power Supplies: Design and Construction, 2nd Edition, Wiley, 1996 224 pages. Basso, Christophe, Switch-Mode Power Supply SPICE Cookbook, McGraw-Hill, 2001. CD-ROM included. 255 pages.

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SMPSRM

Web Locations for Switching-Mode Power Supply Information

Ardem Associates (Dr. R. David Middlebrook) http://www.ardem.com/ Applied Power Electronics Conference (APEC) The power electronics conference for the practical aspects of power supplies. http://www.apec-conf.org/ Dr. Vincent G. Bello's Home Page SPICE simulation for switching-mode power supplies. http://www.SpiceSim.com/ e/j BLOOM Associates (Ed Bloom) Educational Materials & Services for Power Electronics. http://www.ejbloom.com/ The Darnell Group (Jeff Shepard) Contains an excellent list of power electronics websites, an extensive list of manufacturer's contact information and more. http://www.darnell.com/ Switching-Mode Power Supply Design by Jerrold Foutz An excellent location for switching mode power supply information and links to other sources. http://www.smpstech.com/ Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) http://www.ieee.org/ IEEE Power Electronics Society http://www.pels.org/pels.html Power Control and Intelligent Motion (PCIM) Articles from present and past issues. http://www.pcim.com/ Power Corner Frank Greenhalgh's Power Corner in EDTN http://fgl.com/power1.htm Power Designers http://www.powerdesigners.com/ Power Quality Assurance Magazine Articles from present and past issues. http://powerquality.com/ Power Sources Manufacturers Association A trade organization for the power sources industry. http://www.psma.com/ Quantum Power Labs An excellent hypertext-linked glossary of power electronics terms. http://www.quantumpower.com/ Ridley Engineering, Inc. Dr. Ray Ridley http://www.ridleyengineering.com/

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SMPSRM

Web Locations for Switching-Mode Power Supply Information (continued)

Springtime Enterprises - Rudy Severns Rudy Severns has over 40 years of experience in switching-mode power supply design and static power conversion for design engineers. http://www.rudyseverns.com/ TESLAco Dr. Slobodan Cuk is both chairman of TESLAco and head of the Caltech Power Electronics Group. http://www.teslaco.com/ Venable Industries http://www.venableind.com/

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