STRUCTURAL DESI GN BY NATURAL FREQUEN CY USI NG THE FI NI TE ELEM ENT M ETHOD

Ozoegw u Chigbogu Godw in

Depar t ment of M echani cal Engi neer i ng, Nnamdi Azi kiw e Uni ver si t y, Aw ka, PM B 5025, Ni ger i a

ABSTRACT
Ener gy appr oach i s t he met hod used i n t hi s pr oj ect . Wi t h a good choi ce of appr oxi mat e pol ynomi al in t er ms of l ocal co-or di nat e of di spl acement ,
Ki net i c and pot ent i al ener gy of each el ement ar e der ived i n t he l ocal co-or di nat e syst em and r e-expr essed i n t he gl obal syst em f or t he pur pose of
assembl age of t he el ement s i nt o t he syst em. Fr om ki net i c ener gy and pot ent i al ener gy der i ved f or an el ement , mass mat r i x and st if f ness mat r i x
ar e r espect i vel y der ived. The lumped mass f or mul at i on of an el ement i s used i n li eu of t he consi st ent mass mat r i x f or mul at i on i n t hi s r epor t .
Speci f i cat i on on nat ur al f r equency i s used w i t h r equi r ement s on f l exur al st r engt h of t he beam and buckl ing st r engt h of t he col umns t o achi eve a
st at i call y and dynami cal l y r el i abl e design. Fi nal l y M ATLAB was used t o over come a t r i al and er r or pr obl em t o ar r ive at sat i sf act or y di mensi ons.



PROBLEM STATEM ENT AND CONVERSI ON OF UNI TS
An el ect r i c mot or w ei ghi ng 1000 1b oper at es on t he f i r st f l oor of a buil di ng f r ame t hat can be modell ed by a st eel gir der suppor t ed by t w o
r ei nf or ced concr et e Col umns, as shown i n f i gur e p1
If t he oper at i ng speed of t he mot or i s 1500 r pm, desi gn t he gi r der and t he col umns such t hat t he f undament al f r equency of vi br at i on of t he
bui l di ng f r ame i s gr eat er t han t he oper at i ng speed of t he mot or . Use t w o beam and t w o bar el ement i deal izat i on. Assume t he f oll ow ing dat a(2):
Gir der :
E = 30 10
6
psi = 30 10
6
6894.757Po = 206842 .71 10
6
Po, p = 8.8
10
-3
Ibm
n
3
= 8.8 10
3
27 .6799 10
3
= 243.58312kg/
m
3
, b = 2
Columns: E = 4 10
6
psi 6894.757Po = 27579.028 10
6
Po,
p = 2.7 10
-3
lbm in
3
= 2.7 10
-3
27.6799
10
3
kg
m
3
= 74.73573kg/ m
3

1t = 0.3m














ft 9
ft 18
ft 9
Columns
Girder
b
h
d
Motor
Section Girder
Section Column
1 . p fig
ASSUM PTI ONS AND SIM PLI FI CATI ONS
1. Dampi ng i s negli gi bl e
2. Di spl acement t r ansmi ssi bil i t y bet w een t he mot or and t he beam i s uni t y
3. Ef f ect of ver t i cal shear i s small compar ed t o f lexur e
4. Cont i nui t y and compat ibi li t y exi st at t he j oi nt s
5. Ber noul li beam t heor y hol ds
6. Eul er column t heor y hol ds
7. Fat i gue ef f ect i s i gnor ed

I NTRODUCTI ON
A syst em under har monic exci t at i on at t ai ns a ver y high r esponse w hen t he f r equency of exci t at i on coi nci des w i t h one of t he nat ur al f r equenci es
of t he syst em (r esonance).Thi s may l ead t o f ail ur e. Har moni c exci t at i on may st em f r om an unbal anced r ot at i ng machi ne. The phenomenon of
beat i ng coul d be a pr oblem w hen t he f or ci ng f r equency i s cl ose t o nat ur al f r equency of t he syst em. In desi gn of dynamic st r uct ur es, r esonance
among ot her f ail ur e phenomena such as aggr avat ed f at i gue, cr eep and cor r osi on shoul d be avoi ded i n ot her t o achi eve a r eli abl e pl ant or
st r uct ur e. Cont r oll i ng nat ur al f r equency of a syst em by desi gn i s somet imes t he most appr opr i at e met hod t o cont r ol t he pr obl ems associ at ed
w i t h r esonance and i t i s w hat i s pur sued i n t hi s pr oj ect bei ng t hat mat er i al dampi ng of t he syst em is i gnor ed.


THEORETI CAL CONSI DERATI ONS
St iffness mat rix of a bar element
Fr om t he Hooke s l aw it coul d be deduced t hat a l i near f unct i on of l ocal co-or dinat e x f or axi al di spl acement u( x, t) al ong a bar el ement i s
suf f i ci ent l y accur at e. Thus
u( x, t) = o( t) + [( t) x ( 1. o)

Int r oduci ng t he boundar y condi t i ons u( 0, t) = u
1
( t) and u( l, t) = u
2
( t) i nt o equat ion (1.a) w hil e t r eat ing t he j oi nt di spl acement s u
1
( t) and
u
2
( t) as unknow ns gi ves
o( t) = u
1
( t) and [( t) =
u
2
( t) u
1
( t)
l

Expr essi ons f or o( t) onJ [( t) put back i nt o equat i on(1.c) and r e-ar r angi ng gi ves
u( x, t) = [1
x
l
u
1
( t) +
x
l
u
2
( t) . . ( 1. b. i)
u( x, t) = j1
x
l
x
l
[ _
u
1
( t)
u
2
( t)
_ = N
c
u
c
( 1. c. ii)
Wher e N
1
= 1
x
I
and N
2
=
x
I
ar e t he shape f unct i ons. f r om Equat i on (1.c.ii ) it coul d be wr i t t en t hat
N
c
= [1
x
l
x
l


The st r ai n ener gy st or ed i n a di f f er ent i al el ement of l engt h Jx of a f i ni t e bar el ement of l engt h l as shown i n f i g.1 i s
JI =
1
2
o
1
eAJx. ( 2 . o. i)
Wher e o and e ar e t he st r ess and st r ai n condi t i ons of t he dif f er ent i al el ement .



dx
l
1 int jo 2 int jo
) , ( t x u
x
A E, ,
1 . fig

Si nce e =
u( x,t)
x
t he f ol l ow i ng mani pul at i ons coul d be car r i ed out ;
e =
ou( x, t)
ox
=
oN
c
ox
u
c
= _

1
l
1
l
] _
u
1
( t)
u
2
( t)
] = Bu
c
( 2. b. i)
Fr om equat i on 2.a i t i s seen t hat
B = _

1
l
1
l
]
It i s know n f r om t he pl ane st r ess t heor y t hat
o = Fe = Bu
c
= Du
c
( 2 . b. ii)
w her e D = FB.
The dif f er ent i al st r ai n ener gy f r om equat i on 2.a.i becomes
JI =
1
2
( Du
c
)
1
Bu
c
AJx =
1
2
u
c
1
D
1
Bu
c
AJx
t hen f or t he w hole bar el ement t he st r ai n ener gy becomes
I =
1
2
_ u
c
1
D
1
Bu
c
AJx
I
0
=
1
2
u
c
1
__ D
T
BAJx
I
0
_u
c
. ( 2 . o. ii)
The st i f f ness mat r i x becomes
k = _ D
T
BAJx
I
0
= _ ( FB)
T
BAJx
I
0
= _ B
T
F
T
BAJx
I
0

For a unif or m bar t hen
k = AE_ B
T
BJx
I
0
= EA_ __
1
l
,
1
l
,
_ |
1
l
,
1
l
, |_Jx
I
0

k = EA_ _
1
l
2
,
1
l
2
,
1
l
2
,
1
l
2
,
_
I
0
Jx =
EA
l
2
_ j
1 1
1 1
[
I
0
Jx =
EA
l
2
j
l l
l l
[
k =
EA
l
j
1 1
1 1
[ ( 2. o. iii)
St iffness of a beam element
The choi ce of cubi c polynomi al i n t er ms of l ocal co-or di nat e f or li near di spl acement of a l i ne beam el ement i s j ust if i ed f r om t he st andpoi nt t hat
t r ansver se def l ect i on of an el ement of beam not subj ect t o t r ansver se l oads sat i sf ies

4
u
x
4
( x, t) = 0 w hi ch upon i nt egr at i on gi ves a cubic
pol ynomi al [ 1] .A l oaded beam el ement not onl y under goes li near t r ansver se di spl acement s u( x, t) but al so angul ar di spl acement s
u
x
( x, t) at t he
j oi nt s. u
1
( t) and u
2
( t) ar e l inear j oi nt di spl acement and angul ar joi nt di spl acement of j oi nt 1 r espect i vely w hil e u
3
( t) and u
4
( t) ar e t he
cor r espondi ng quant i t i es f or j oi nt 2.
It i s suggest ed ear l i er t hat cubi c pol ynomi al of l ocal co-or dinat e x f or t r ansver se di spl acement di st r i but i on u( x, t) al ong t he l engt h of a unif or m
l i ne beam element coul d be used t o achieve good r esul t s t hus
u( x, t) = o( t) + [( t) x + y( t) x
2
+ ( t) x
3
. ( 3 . o)
Thus angul ar di spl acement becomes
ou
ox
( x, t) = [( t) + 2y( t) x + 3( t) x
2
. ( 3. b)
Int r oduci ng t he boundar y condi t i onsu( 0, t) = u
1
( t) ,
u
x
( 0, t) = u
2
( t) , u( l, t) = u
3
( t) and
u
x
( l, t) = u
4
( t) i nt o equat i on (3.a) and (3.b) as t he
case may be w hil e t r eat i ng t he j oint di spl acement s u
1
( t) , u
2
( t) , u
3
( t) andu
4
( t) as unknow ns gi ves
o( t) = u
1
( t) , [( t) = u
2
( t)
y( t) =
1
l
2
[ 3u
1
( t) 2u
2
( t) l + 3u
3
( t) u
4
( t) l]
( t) =
1
l
3
[ 2u
1
( t) + u
2
( t) l 2u
3
( t) + u
4
( t) l]
If t he coef f icient s as gi ven i n t er ms of j oi nt di spl acement s above ar e subst i t ut ed int o equat i on (3.c) and r e-ar r anged i n t he f or m u( x, t) =
N

( x) u

( t)
4
=1
w her e N

( x) ar e t he shape f unct i ons t hen

u( x, t) = _1 3
x
2
l
2
+ 2
x
3
l
3
_u
1
( t) + _
x
l
2
x
2
l
2
+
x
3
l
3
_lu
2
( t) + _3
x
2
l
2
2
x
3
l
3
_u
3
( t) + _
x
2
l
2
+
x
3
l
3
_lu
4
( t) ( 3. c. i)
u( x, t) = __1 3
x
2
l
2
+ 2
x
3
l
3
_, _
x
l
2
x
2
l
2
+
x
3
l
3
_l, _3
x
2
l
2
2
x
3
l
3
_, _
x
2
l
2
+
x
3
l
3
_l_

u
1
( t)
u
2
( t)
u
3
( t)
u
4
( t)

= N
c
u
c
. ( 3. c. ii)
If a beam element of l engt h l i s subj ect ed t o bendi ng moment di st r i but i on H( x, t) as show n in f i gur e2, t he st r ai n ener gy st or ed in t he element i s
I =
1
2
_ H( x, t)
0
2
0
1
J0 =
1
2
_ H( x, t)
I
0
o0
ox
( x, t) Jx =
1
2
_ H( x, t)
I
0
o
2
u
ox
2
( x, t) Jx ( 3. J. i)









If anal ogy i s made w i t h t he case of bar above and H( x, t) r egar ded as st r ess and t he cur vat ur e

2
u
x
2
( x, t) r egar ded as st r ai n t hen
o
2
u( x, t)
ox
2
=
o
2
N
c
ox
2
u
c
= Bu
c
. ( 3. J. ii)
But f r om equat i on 3.c.i i
N
c
= __1 3
x
2
l
2
+ 2
x
3
l
3
_, _
x
l
2
x
2
l
2
+
x
3
l
3
_l, _3
x
2
l
2
2
x
3
l
3
_, _
x
2
l
2
+
x
3
l
3
_l_
Then
A E I , , , dx
l
1 int jo 2 int jo
) , ( t x u
x
) , ( t x M
2 . fig
o
2
N
c
ox
2
= _
12x
l
3
+
6
l
2
,
6x
l
2
+
4
l
,
12x
l
3

6
l
2
,
6x
l
2
+
2
l
_ = B . ( 3. J. iii)
Fr om t he t heor y of el ast ici t y
H( x, t) = EI
o
2
u
ox
2
( x, t) = H( x, t) = F
o
2
u
ox
2
( x, t) = FBu
c
= Du
c
. . ( 3. J. i:)
Wher e = FB onJ F = EI. Combi ni ng equat i ons 3.d.i t o 3.d.i v gi ves
I =
1
2
_ ( Bu
c
)
1
Bu
c
Jx
I
0
=
1
2
_ u
c
1
D
T
Bu
c
Jx
I
0
=
1
2
u
c
1
__ D
T
BJx
I
0
_ u
c
. . ( 3. J. :)
The st i f f ness mat r i x becomes
k = _ D
T
BJx
I
0
= _ ( FB)
T
BJx
I
0
= _ B
T
F
T
BJx
I
0
= _ B
1
EIBJx . ( 3. J. :i)
I
0

In l i ght of equat i on 3.d.ii i f or const ant modul us of r i gi di t y becomes
k = EI _ B
T
BJx
I
0
= _

12x
l
3
+
6
l
2
6x
l
2
+
4
l
12x
l
3

6
l
2
6x
l
2
+
2
l

I
0
_
12x
l
3
+
6
l
2
,
6x
l
2
+
4
l
,
12x
l
3

6
l
2
,
6x
l
2
+
2
l
_ Jx
k =
EI

_ _
12x
l
3
+
6
l
2
]
2
Jx
I
0
_ _
6x
l
2
+
4
l
] _
12x
l
3
+
6
l
2
] Jx
I
0
_ _
12x
l
3

6
l
2
] _
12x
l
3
+
6
l
2
] Jx
I
0
_ _
6x
l
2
+
2
l
] _
12x
l
3
+
6
l
2
] Jx
I
0
_ _
12x
l
3
+
6
l
2
] _
6x
l
2
+
4
l
] Jx
I
0
_ _
6x
l
2
+
4
l
]
2
Jx
I
0
_ _
12x
l
3

6
l
2
] _
6x
l
2
+
4
l
]
I
0
Jx
_ _
6x
l
2
+
2
l
] _
6x
l
2
+
4
l
] Jx
I
0
_ _
12x
l
3
+
6
l
2
] _
12x
l
3

6
l
2
] Jx
I
0
_ _
6x
l
2
+
4
l
] _
12x
l
3

6
l
2
] Jx
I
0
_ _
12x
l
3

6
l
2
]
2 I
0
Jx
_ _
6x
l
2
+
2
l
] _
12x
l
3

6
l
2
] Jx
I
0
_ _
12x
l
3
+
6
l
2
] _
6x
l
2
+
2
l
] Jx
I
0
_ _
6x
l
2
+
4
l
] _
6x
l
2
+
2
l
] Jx
I
0
_ _
12x
l
3

6
l
2
] _
6x
l
2
+
2
l
] Jx
I
0
_ _
6x
l
2
+
2
l
]
2
Jx
I
0

The above i s a symmet r i c mat r i x w hi ch w hen simpl i f i ed gi ves
h =
EI
l
3
_
12
6l
12
6l
6l
4l
2
6l
2l
2
12
6l
12
6l
6l
2l
2
6l
4l
2
_ . . ( 3. J. :ii)
Lumped mass mat rices
If t he mass of t he bar el ement i s assumed t o be di vi ded equal l y bet ween t he t w o nodes t he ki net i c ener gy becomes;
I =
1
2

pAl
2
[ u
1
( t) ]
2
+
1
2

pAl
2
[ u
2
( t) ]
2

I =
1
2

pAl
2
( u
1
( t) u
2
( t) ) [
1 0
0 1
_
u
1
( t)
u
2
( t)
]
Fr om w hich i t becomes clear t hat l umped mass mat r i x f or a uni f or m li ne bar el ement i s
m =
pAl
2
[
1 0
0 1
( 3 . c. i)
Taki ng i nt o account r ot at i onal degr ees of f r eedom t he ki net ic ener gy of t he beam el ement i s
I =
1
2

pAl
2
[ u
1
( t) ]
2
+
1
2

I
2
[ u
2
( t) ]
2
+
1
2

pAl
2
[ u
3
( t) ]
2
+
1
2

I
2
[ u
4
( t) ]
2

Wher e I =
pAI
3
12
t hen
I =
1
2

pAl
2
( u
1
( t) u
2
( t) u
3
( t) u
4
( t) )

1
0
0
I
2
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
I
2
12

u
1
( t)
u
2
( t)
u
3
( t)
u
4
( t)

The l umped mass mat r i x f or a beam becomes
m =
pAl
2

1
0
0
I
2
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
I
2
12

( 3 . J. ii)
M et hod of solut ion
Fr om cal culus of var i at i ons t he Lagr ange s equat i on appli ed t o t hi s si t uat i on i s gi ven by
J
Jt
_
oI
oU

]
oI
oU
= 0 ( 3. c. i)
Wher e L=I
t
I
t
i s t he l agr angi an of t he syst em. maki ng t he subst i t ut i ons I
t
=
1
2
U
1
K
t
U and I
t
=
1
2
U

1
M
t
U

i nt o equat i on 4.a r esul t s i n t he

equat i on of mot i on of t he compl et e syst em bei ng expr essed as
M
t
U

+ K
t
U = . ( 3 . e. ii)
If har monic exci t at i on i s assumed of t he syst em an Ei gen-value pr obl em r esul t s t hus
( K
t

2
M
t
) U = . . ( 3. c. iii)
For w hi ch t he char act er i st i c equat i on becomes
| K
t

2
M
t
| = 0 ( 3. c. i:)
Fr om equat i on 3.e.iv t he eigen-f r equenci es of t he syst em coul d be cal cul at ed. If onl y t he f undament al f r equency of t he syst em i s needed
Dunker l ey s pr i nci pl e coul d be used t o appr oximat e i t being t hat M
t
f r om t he l umped mass mat r i ces i s diagonal . The Dunker ley pr i nci pl e as
appl icabl e in t hi s w or k i s

1
( o
11
m
1
+ o
22
m
2
+ o
33
m
3
+ o
44
m
4
+ o
55
m
5
+ o
66
m
6
+ o
77
m
7
+ o
88
m
8
)
-1
2
,
. . ( 3. c. :)

DESI GN CONSI DERATI ONS
Flexural st rengt h of t he beam
The beam shoul d be designed t o have dimensi ons t hat w oul d enable it car r y i t s ow n w eight t oget her w i t h t hat of t he mot or . If t he l oad
di st r i but i on of t he beam i s wr i t t en as
0
and t he wei ght of t he mot or wr i t t en as w t hen t he st at ic l oadi ng of t he beam i s as show n in t he f igur e3
bel ow




Due t o symmet r y l oadi ng i n t he r anges 0 < x <
l
2
, and
l
2
, < x < l ar e t he same t hus t he l ocat i on of maximum bendi ng moment i s calcul at ed.
The bendi ng moment H( x) i n t he r ange 0 < x <
l
2
, i s gi ven by
H( x) = R
1
x
0
x
2
2
, ( 4. o. i)
JH
Jx
= R
1

0
x
J
2
H
Jx
2
=
0

Si nce t he second der ivat i ve of t he bendi ng moment w i t h r espect t o x i s negat i ve maxi mum bendi ng moment t hus maximum f lexur al st r ess occur s
at
dM
dx
= R
1

0
x = 0 x =
R
1
o
0
=
I
2
+
w
2o
0
. Subst i t ut ed i nt o equat i on 4.a.i gi ves t he maximum bendi ng moment as
H
mux
=
pgAl + w
2
_
l
2
+
w
2
0
]

0
2
_
l
2
+
w
2
0
]
2
=
1
8
_l +
w

0
] (
0
l + w) ( 4. o. ii)
The maximum f l exur al st r ess i s gi ven as
o
mux
=
H
mux
c
I
=
H
mux
S
. ( 4. o. iii)
Wher e c =
h
2
= b onJ S =
2
3
b
3
i s t he sect i onal modul us f or t he beam. Wi t h equat i ons 4.a.ii and 4.a.ii i t aken t oget her and subst it ut i ons
l = 5.4m, w = 4448.22N,
0
= pgA = 243.58 9 .8 2b
2
= 4774 .2b
2
N/ m made w e get
o
mux
=
26102 .9
b
+
8999.3
b
3
+
775 .7
b
5

Si nce f at igue l oad i s expect ed a f act or of saf et y as hi gh as 2.5 w il l be necessar y t hus t he w or ki ng st r ess f or t he beam becomes
o
w
=
26102.9
b
+
8999 .3
b
3
+
775.7
b
5

o
ut
2 .5

If t he beam i s assumed t o be equal l y st r ong i n t ensi on and compr essi on and o
ut
i s chosen t o be 800M Pa[ 3] one of t he const r ai nt s on b becomes
26102 .9
b
+
8999.3
b
3
+
775.7
b
5
320 10
6
. ( 4. o. i:)
Equat i on(4.a.i v) gi ves t hat b 0.0763m.
A
B C
l
gA
0
W
2 l
2
1
W gAl
R

1 2
R R
x

Buckling st rengt h of t he columns
For t he concr et e t o act as a col umn t he sl ender ness r at i o by Eul er s col umn t heor y i s
l
r
= _
NEn
2
P A
_
1
2
( 4. b. i)
N i n equat i on 9 f or a f l ag t ype of col umn i s , P/ A i s t he r upt ur e st r ess w hich i s 7HPo f or cement (3), E f or cement i s given as 27579 .028
10
6
Po and r i s t he r adi us of gyr at i on of cr oss-sect i on of t he col umn. Clear ly r =
J
4
, . i f t he given values ar e subst i t ut ed i nt o equat i on 4.b.i t hen
f or buckli ng t o be t he mode of st at ic f ail ur e J 0.11m . Cr i t ical l oad i s gi ven by P
c
=
NLIn
2
I
2
and i f a f act or of saf et y of 2 used (4) t hen w or ki ng l oad
on a col umn sat i sf ies
P
w

EIn
2
8 l
2
. ( 4. b. ii)
Wher e t he w or ki ng l oad on any of t he col umns i s
P
w
=
( pAlg)
bcum
+ w
2

P
w
=
( 243 .6 2 b
2
5.4 9.8)
bcum
+ 4448.22
2
. ( 4. b. iii)
Usi ng equat i ons 4.b.ii and 4.b.i ii t he speci f i cat i on on b f or any chosen val ue of d becomes
b _
229103162 .7J
4
2224 .1
12891 .3
_
1
2
( 4. b. i:)

DI SCRI TI ZATI ON AND ASSEM BLAGE
The syst em i s di scr i t i zed i nt o t w o bar el ement s and a beam el ement as show n i n t he di agr am bel ow w i t h t he gl obal coor di nat es










St iffness mat rices
The st i f f ness mat r i x f or c
1
(el ement 1) i s obt ai ned by usi ng equat i on(2.e) as f ol l ow s;
1
U
2
U
3
U
4
U
5
U
6
U
7
U
8
U
1
e
2
e
3
e
4
e
5
e
6
e
7
e
k =
EA
l
[
1 1
1 1
= [



Wher e
=
EA
l
= 27579 .028 10
6

nJ
2
4.5 0.3
= 64179.31241 10
6
J
2

Wi t h t he boundar y condi t i ons u
1
= 0 and u
2
= u
1
i ncor por at ed t he st i f f ness mat r i x i n t he gl obal syst em becomes
The st i f f ness mat r i x i n t he gl obal syst em f or c
1
i s st r ai ght f or w ar dl y ext r act ed f r om I
1
t o be
K
1
=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The same pr ocedur e car r i ed out on c
2
w i t h t he boundar y condi t i ons u
1
= u
1
and u
2
= u
2
in mi nd r esul t s i n t he st i f f ness mat r i x
K
2
=

0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

c
3
bei ng a uni f or m beam element wi t h boundar y condi t i ons u
1
= u
2
, u
2
= u
3
, u
3
= u
4
and u
4
= u
5
has st i f f ness mat r i x i n t he gl obal syst em as
der i ved
h =
EI
l
3
_
12
6l
12
6l
6l
4l
2
6l
2l
2
12
6l
12
6l
6l
2l
2
6l
4l
2
_ = h = _
12[
16 .2[
12[
16 .2[
16.2[
29 .16[
16.2[
14 .58[
12[
16.2[
12[
16.2[
16.2[
14.58[
16.2[
29.16[
_
Wher e l = 9 0 .3 = 2 .7 onJ [ =
LI
I
3
=
206842.71 10
6
2.7
3

2
3
J
4
= 7005.798913 10
6
b
4


K
3
=

0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000

0.000 12[ 16 .2[ 12[ 16.2[ 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.0 16 .2[ 29 .16[ 16.2[ 14 .58[ 0 .000 0.000 0 .0
0.000 12[ 16.2[ 12[ 16.2[ 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 16.2[ 14 .58[ 16.2[ 29.16[ 0.000 0.000 0.0
0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000
0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000
0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000

c
4
has t he boundar y condi t i ons u
1
= u
4
, u
2
= u
5
, u
3
= u
6
and u
4
= u
7
and t hus t he st if f ness mat r i x
K
4
=

0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000

0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000
0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 12[ 16 .2[ 12[ 16.2[ 0.000
0.000 0 .000 0.000 16 .2[ 29 .16[ 16.2[ 14 .58[ 0 .000
0.000 0.000 0.000 12[ 16.2[ 12[ 16.2[ 0.000
0.000 0 .000 0.000 16 .2[ 14 .58[ 16.2[ 29 .16[ 0 .000
0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000 0 .000 0.000

For c
5
, u
1
= u
6
and u
2
= u
8
t hen
K
5
=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0

c
6
has t he f ol l owi ng
K
6
=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

M ass mat rices
Appl i cat i on of vel oci t y boundar y condi t i ons; u
1
( t) = 0 and u
2
( t) = u

1
t oget her wi t h equat i on(3.e.i ) t o c
1
as out l i ned bel ow r esul t s i n t he mass
mat r i x.
m =
pAl
2
[
1 0
0 1
= _
y 0
0 y
]
Wher e y =
pAI
2
= 39.65J
2
. In gl obal syst em boundar y condi t i ons f or el ement 1 st i pul at es t hat mass mat r i x i s

M
1
=

y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

si mil ar l y
M
2
=

y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 y 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

M aki ng use of equat i on(3.d.ii ) The mass mat r i x i n t he l ocal syst em f or element 3 becomes
m =
pAl
2

1
0
0
I
2
12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
I
2
12

= _
p
0
0
.61
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
p
0
0
.61
_
Wher e l = 9 0 .3 = 2 .7 , p =
pAI
2
=
243.58312 2b
2
2.7
2
= 657.625b
2
. t aking not e of appr opr i at e boundar y condi t i ons gives a mass mat r i x f or
el ement 3 i n gl obal syst em as

M
3
=

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 p 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 .00 0.00
0.00 0.00 . 61p 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 p 0.00 0.00 0 .00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 . 61p 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

Whi l e f or el ement 4
M
4
=

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 p 0.00 0.00 0 .00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 . 61p 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 p 0. 00 0. 00
0 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 . 61p 0. 00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

M
5
=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 y 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y

M
6
=

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 y

Assemblage
St i f f ness assembl age of t he bar el ement s i s as f ol l ow s;
K
bu
= K
1
+ K
2
+ K
5
+ K
6
=

2o o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

o o 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.0 0.0 o 0 .0 o
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o 0.0 2o

The st i f f ness assembl age f or t he beam el ement s i s

K
bcum
= K
3
+ K
4
=

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.000 12[ 16.2[ 12[ 16.2[ 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.0 16.2[ 29.16[ 16.2[ 14.58[ 0.000 0.000 0.0
0.000 12[ 16 .2[ 24[ 0.000 12[ 16.2[ 0.000
0.0 16.2[ 14.58[ 0.000 58 .32[ 16.2[ 14 .58[ 0 .0
0.000 0.000 0.000 12[ 16.2[ 12[ 16.2[ 0.000
0.00 0.000 0.000 16.2[ 14.58[ 16.2[ 29.16[ 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Tot al st i f f ness mat r i x becomes
K
t
= K
bu
+ K
bcum
=

2o o 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

o o + 12[ 16.2[ 12[ 16.2[ 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.0 16.2[ 29.16[ 16.2[ 14.58[ 0.000 0.000 0.0
0.000 12[ 16.2[ 24[ 0 .000 12[ 16 .2[ 0.000
0.0 16.2[ 14.58[ 0.000 58.32[ 16.2[ 14.58[ 0.0
0.000 0.000 0.000 12[ 16.2[ o + 12[ 16.2[ o
0.00 0 .000 0.000 16 .2[ 14 .58[ 16.2[ 29 .16[ 0 .000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 .000 o 0.000 2o

( 5. o)



M ass assembl age of t he bar el ement s i s
M
bu
= M
1
+ M
2
+ M
5
+ M
6
=

2y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 y 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 y 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2y

Assembl ed mass mat r i x f or t he beam el ement s i s as f oll ow s;

M
bcum
= M
3
+ M
4
=

0.00 0.00 0 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 p 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 . 61p 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 2p 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0 .00 0.00 1.22p 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 p 0. 00 0. 00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 . 61p 0. 00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00

Tot al mass mat r i x f or t he syst em i s
M
t
= M
bu
+ M
bcum
+ M
7
=

2y 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

0.00 p + y 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 . 61p 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 2p + 453.4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.22p 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 p + y 0. 00 0. 00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 . 00 0. 00 . 61p 0 . 00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 2y

. ( 5. b)





M ETHODOLOGY OF DESI GN
Desi gn Pr ocedur e
Inser t i ng t he mass and st i f f ness mat r ices of t he syst em i nt o t he char act er i st i c equat ion(t hat i s equat i ons 5.b and 5.a i nt o equat i on 3.e.i v) r esult s in
det er mi ni ng a det er mi nant t hat w oul d t ake l ong t o eval uat e so t r i al and er r or met hod ut il izi ng M ATLAB i s used t o ar r ive at a desi gn. The desi gn
pr ocedur e i s as f ol l ow s;
i . Chose d and b dependi ng on speci f i cat i ons
i i . Eval uat e K
t
usi ng equat i on 5.a
i i i. Det er mi ne f lexi bi l i t y i nf luence coef f i ci ent mat r i x A
t
= K
t
-1

i v. Appr oximat e
n
usi ng t he Dunker ley f or mul ar (3.e.v)
A t ypical gener al M ATLAB command f or car r yi ng out t hese st eps ar e;
J = ? ; b = ? ; o = 64179 .31241 10
6
J
2
; b = 7005 .798913 10
6
b
4
; K = ? ; K
-1


K
-1
=
?
o11 = ? ; o22 = ? ; o33 = ? ; o44 = ? ; o55 = ? ; o66 = ? ; o77 = ? ; o88 = ? ;
m1 = ? ; m2 = ? ; m3 = ? ; m4 = ? ; m5 = ? ; m6 = ? ; m7 = ? ; m8 = ? ; m = 657.625b
2
; g = 39.65J
2
; = 1 sqrt( o

)

=
?
Wher e o = o, c = [, m = p onJ g = y
Desi gn f or f l exur al st r engt h of beam and buckli ng st r engt h of cement col umn:
si nce t he di mensi ons of beam i s const r ai ned by t he w ei ght of t he mot or f or f lexur al st r engt h and t he wei ght of t he beam t oget her w i t h t he
machi ne i n t ur n bei ng limi t ed by possi bil i t y of buckli ng of t he col umns t hen desi gn speci f icat i ons f r om analysi s become;
b 0.0763m, J 0.11m, b _
229103162 .7J
4
2224.1
12891.3
_
1
2
,
n
157roJ/ s
If a choi ce of J = 0.1m i s made t hen t he above speci f icat i on gi ves t hat b 1.267m. w i t h t he choi ce of b = 1.25m made M ATLAB as di spl ayed
bel ow gives an accept abl e val ue of nat ur al f r equency
n
= 303roJ/ s.

d=0.1;b=1.25;
a=64179.31241* 10^ 6* d^ 2;
e=7005.798913* 10^ 6* b^ 4;
K=[ 2* a -1* a 0 0 0 0 0 0;-1* a a+12* e 16.2* e -12* e 16.2* e 0 0 0; 0 16.2* e 29.16* e -16.2* e 14.58* e 0 0 0;0 -12* e -16.2* e 24* e 0 - 12* e 16.2* e 0;0
16.2* e 14.58* e 0 58.32* e -16.2* e 14.58* e 0;0 0 0 -12* e -16.2* e a+12* e -16.2* e -1* a;0 0 0 16.2* e 14.58* e -16.2* e 29.16* e 0;0 0 0 0 0 -1* a 0
2* a] ;
K^ -1

ans =

1.0e-008 *

0.1558 0.1558 -0.0289 0.0779 -0.0289 -0.0000 -0.0289 -0.0000
0.1558 0.3116 -0.0577 0.1558 -0.0577 -0.0000 -0.0577 -0.0000
-0.0289 -0.0577 0.0219 0.0005 0.0213 0.0577 0.0211 0.0289
0.0779 0.1558 0.0005 0.1568 -0.0000 0.1558 -0.0005 0.0779
-0.0289 -0.0577 0.0213 0.0000 0.0215 0.0577 0.0213 0.0289
0.0000 0.0000 0.0577 0.1558 0.0577 0.3116 0.0577 0.1558
-0.0289 -0.0577 0.0211 -0.0005 0.0213 0.0577 0.0219 0.0289
0.0000 0.0000 0.0289 0.0779 0.0289 0.1558 0.0289 0.1558

>> a11=0.1558* 10^ -8;a22=0.3116* 10^ -8;
a33=0.0219* 10^ -8;a44=0.1568* 10^ -8;
a55=0.0215* 10^ -8;a66=0.3116* 10^ -8;
a77=0.0219* 10^ -8;a88=0.1558* 10^ -8;
m=657.625* b^ 2;g=39.65* d^ 2;m1=2* g;
m2=m+g;m3=0.61* m;m4=2* m+453.44;
m5=1.22* m;m6=m+g;m7=0.61* m;m8=2* g;
w =1/ sqr t (a11* m1+a22* m2+a33* m3+a44* m4+a55* m5+a66* m6+a77* m7+a88* m8)

w =

303.0862
Wi t h t he choi ce of J = 0.1m onJ b = 0.3m made, a si mi l ar M ATLAB pr ogr am gi ves an accept abl e val ue of nat ur al f r equency as
n
= 566roJ/ s.

M ODAL ANALYSI S
The equat i on of mot i on of t he compl et e syst em i n nat ur al r esponse i s expr essed as
M
t
U

+ K
t
U = . ( 6 . o)
If har monic exci t at i on i s assumed of t he syst em an Ei gen-value pr obl em r esul t s t hus
( K
t

2
M
t
) U = . . ( 6. b)
Post -mul t i pl ying equat i on(5.b) w i t h M
t
-1
gi ves
(K
t
M
t
-1

2
I)U = . . ( 6. c)
The char act er i st i c equat i on i s
|K
t
M
t
-1

2
I| = . . ( 6. J)
It i s impli ed f r om equat i on(6.c) t hat t he eigen-val ues of t he mat r i x K
t
M
t
-1
ar e t he squar ed val ues of t he nat ur al f r equenci es of t he syst em. By
maki ng use of t he design val ues J = 0.1m onJ b = 0.3m i n t he mat r i x K
t
M
t
-1
f or med f r om equat i ons(5.a and 5.b), M ATLAB pr ogr am as
di spl ayed bel ow gives t he modal mat r i x V and di agonal mat r i x of ei gen-val ues D ;
>> d=0.1;b=0.3;a=64179.31241* 10^ 6* d^ 2;e=7005.798913* 10^ 6* b^ 4;m=657.625* b^ 2;g=39.65* d^ 2;K=[ 2* a -1* a 0 0 0 0 0 0;-1* a a+12* e 16.2* e -
12* e 16.2* e 0 0 0;0 16.2* e 29.16* e -16.2* e 14.58* e 0 0 0;0 -12* e -16.2* e 24* e 0 -12* e 16.2* e 0;0 16.2* e 14.58* e 0 58.32* e -16.2* e 14.58* e 0;0
0 0 -12* e -16.2* e a+12* e -16.2* e -1* a;0 0 0 16.2* e 14.58* e -16.2* e 29.16* e 0;0 0 0 0 0 -1* a 0 2* a] ;M =[ 2* g 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;0 m+g 0 0 0 0 0 0;0 0
0.61* m 0 0 0 0 0;0 0 0 2* m+453.4 0 0 0 0;0 0 0 0 1.22* m 0 0 0; 0 0 0 0 0 m+g 0 0;0 0 0 0 0 0 0.61* m 0;0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2* g] ;[ V,D] =ei g(K* M ^ -1)

V =

-0.6311 0.6311 -0.0021 -0.0022 -0.0002 0.0042 0.0044 0.0000
0.3189 -0.3189 -0.2936 -0.3160 -0.0372 0.6303 0.6528 0.0000
0.0032 -0.0031 -0.3714 -0.4844 -0.0227 -0.2600 -0.1569 0.4082
-0.0000 0.0046 -0.0000 0.5753 -0.9981 -0.2649 -0.0000 -0.0000
0.0063 0.0000 -0.7428 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.3138 -0.8165
-0.3189 -0.3189 0.2936 -0.3160 -0.0372 0.6303 -0.6528 -0.0000
0.0032 0.0031 -0.3714 0.4844 0.0227 0.2600 -0.1569 0.4082
0.6311 0.6311 0.0021 -0.0022 -0.0002 0.0042 -0.0044 -0.0000


D =

1.0e+009 *

1.6241 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1.6241 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0.0809 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0.0578 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.0004 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0.0068 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0046 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0229
As st at ed ear l ier t he el ement s of t he mat r i x D ar e t he squar es of t he nat ur al f r equenci es of t he syst em. The f undament al nat ur al f r equency of t he
syst em coul d be seen f r om t he small est el ement of D as
n
= 0.0004 10
9
2
roJ/ s = 632roJ/ s w hi ch i s seen t o be cl ose t o t he Dunker ley
nat ur al f r equency of
n
= 566roJ/ s. The di scr epancy i s at t r i but abl e t o t he appr oximat i on i nvolvi ng t he Dunker l ey pr i nci ple.
When t he nat ur al f r equencies ar e non-zer o and di st i nct al l modal vect or s ar e li near l y i ndependent . A set of n l i near l y independent vect or s f or m a
basi s f or an n-dimensi onal vect or space and any ar bi t r ar y vect or in t he space i s a li near combi nat i on of t he basi s[ 3,6,7] . Unf or t unat el y degener acy
exi st s i n t he syst em r esponse as a r esul t of r epet i t i on of t he eigen-val ue 1.6241 10
9
as seen f r om t he mat r i x D never t heless t he mode
shapes can pl ot t ed f r om t he modal mat r i x V.


CONCLUDI NG COM M ENTS
St at i c and dynami c r equi r ement s ar e meet by t he choice J = 0.1m onJ b = 1.25m and t he pr obl em of r esonance dur i ng st ar t -up i s pr ecl uded
si nce t he nat ur al f r equency of t he syst em i s hi gher t han t he exci t at i on f r equency due t o unbal ance. For bet t er mat er ial economy i t i s suggest ed
t hat smal l er val ues of b t hat sat i sf y t he desi gn speci f icat i ons be desi gned. For exampl e J = 0.1m onJ b = 0.3m t hen
n
= 566roJ/ s meet t he
desi gn speci f icat i on.




REFERENCES
1 S. G. Kel l y, M echani cal Vibr at ions: Schaum s Out li ne Ser i es, M cGr aw -Hi ll ,1996, p.274.
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t h
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r d
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