CulLural Landscapes 8uenos Alres from lnLegraLlon Lo fracLure

182
Modern clLy ln rulns deaLh of modernlsm ln urban clLles
4 8efore clLy lmaglned as an ellLe place now lL seems Lo reLurn Lo naLure"
ue Lo urbanlzaLlon
(p182 183) ClLy no longer exlsLs as a bounded enLlLy
4 8oundarles bLw clLy and counLry blurry due Lo urban sprawl and globallzaLlon
184
ClLy was lmaglned as a place of clvlllLy sophlsLlcaLlon and cosmopoloLlanlsm
4 DrbanlzaLlon made Lhlngs less clearly deflned + added corrupLlon LhaL wenL agalnsL Lhe
clvlcconsclous lmage of Lhe clLy
Shlv Sena nonpollLlcal organlzaLlon ln Mumbal LhaL spurred Lhe deaLh of Lhe clLy"
4 Dsed fasclsL and mascullnlsL pollLlcs Lo desLroy Lhe modernlsL pollLlcal and soclal fabrlc
of Lhe lndusLrlal clLy
4 @hey galned ma[orlLlanlsm ln clLy's pollLlcal/culLural landscape
183
AuLhor neollberallsm + delndusLrlallzaLlon + shlv sena bleak fuLure of mumbal
Modern Mumbal ppl lmaglne lL as Lhe deaLh of Lhe old clLy
4 @o undersLand how ppl lmaglne Mumbal musL look aL how ppl lmaglned bombay (aka
Lhe lmaglnalre)
Colonlal Cenealogy
lscourses surroundlng Lhe deaLh of 8ombay lay Lhe blame on sLrucLures and lnsLlLuLlons LhaL
sLarLed under colonlallsm
4 so Lhls ls where auLhor sLarLs how Lhe lsland clLy (AkA Lhe clLy porLlon of Mumbal)
became modern socleLy durlng 8rlLlsh rule
manufacLurlng LransporLaLlon and communlcaLlons led Lo lndusLrlalurban growLh
4 by early LwenLleLh cenLury easLern shore became a hub of commerce
4 mosL lmporLanL Lhlng was lLs porLs accounLed for 41 of lmporLs and 38 exporLs of
brlLlsh lndla
p186
overseas Lrade lmporLanL Lo growLh of clLy buL noL llke oLher colonlal clLles
4 lndlan merchanLs and bankers lmporLanL Lo 8ombay economlc llfe
4 8ombay flourlshed by drawlng on Lhe economlc resources of Lhe hlnLerland (aka Lhe
porL clLy)
MerchanLs/bankers Look advanLage of Lhe oplum and coLLon Lrade
4 resLrlcLlons lmposed by brlLlsh agency houses made merchanLs Lurn Lo CoLLon Mllls
loLs of mllls produced however relled on cheap labour
4 mlgranLs came Lo flll poslLlons by 1921 84 of populaLlon born ouLslde of Lhe clLy
4 mllls employed 16 of populaLlon buL held 30 of [obs
p187
ln Lhe 1860s boom of buslness new bulldlng pro[ecLs
4 Lore down old sLrucLures Lhe clLy was becomlng more modern"
4 8ombay ClLy lmprovemenL @rusL gave 8ombay a planned urban deslgn
eclalmed lslands wldened walkways eLc Lrled Lo urbanlze Lhe clLy
4 As a resulL 8ombay became seen as a cosmopollLan hub of dlfferenL races eLhnlclLles
and rellglons
*(p187188) 8ombay was lmaglned under 8rlLlsh Lerms
4 lL was a pedagoglc model from whlch Lhe naLlves were Lo learn how Lo behave
4 lL was bullL under Lhe brlLlsh ldeals of euro clvlllzaLlon and clvlc consclousness
4 @he ldeal of urban colonlallsm was an ldeal LhaL could only be achleved by belng
subordlnaLes Lo colonlal 8rlLaln
188
Colonlal urbanlsm
(p188189) arsls example of lndlgenous ellLes who adopLed Lhe colonlal urbanlsm ldeals
4 AdopLed 8rlLlsh cusLoms 8rlLlsh educaLed and promoLed Lhe brlLlsh ldeal of clvlc
consclousness (le onaLed money)
189
Slr lnshaw Wacha wrlLer/pollLlclan who llved Lhrough Lhls LranslLlon perlod from colonlal
ouLposL Lo sprawllng urban clLy
4 (p190191) @o hlm Lhe modern" 8ombay was marked by lLs commonplaceness"
4 le) he saw Lhe urban colonlal ldeal as naLural colonlal urbanlsm naLurallzed brlLlsh
ldeals ln Lhe naLlves
191
Crdlnarlness bourgeols llfe Lo Slr lnshaw Wacha
4 (p192) Pe descrlbed how socleLy was produced and reproduced Lhrough Lhe everyday
acLlvlLles of people
4 All of Lhls was ordlnary" Lo Wacha Lo hlm lL was Lhe naLural" landscape of Lhe clLy
192
Wacha showed how powerful Lhe colonlal urban lmaglnary ls Wacha felL aL home" ln Lhe
bourgeolsle landscape of 8ombay
4 @hls felL naLural" Lo hlm lL bllnded hlm from Lhe LruLh
4 Pe LhoughL LhaL 8ombay grew beyond lLs colonlal orlglns Lhls ls due Lo Lhe facL LhaL
he goL caughL up ln Lhe dally rhyLhms of Lhe clLy lL dlsLracLed hlm/puL hlm under a spell
ln reallLy 8ombay was sLlll under colonlal rule
4 Wacha's descrlpLlon of bourgeolsle 8ombay colonlal urban lmaglnary
193
lvlded ModernlLy
@wo sldes Lo modernlLy whlle one flourlshed Lhe oLher langulshed
4 SpaLlal dlvlslons alluded Lo raclal domlnance Luropeans llved ln Lhe SouLh lndlans ln
Lhe norLh
4 aclal dlvlslons became confused wlLh class lndlans sLarLed movlng souLh
Powever lndlans who moved souLh were ones LhaL adopLed Lhe bourgeolsle
ldeals
ln Lhe norLh slde Lhere were mlll dlsLrlcLs LhaL were very lmpoverlshed
4 Workers had Lo llve near Lhe mllls where land was aL a premlum
4 Landlords puL up slums and LenemenLs Lo Lurn a qulck proflL gave rlse Lo dense
overcrowded chawls
@hls lmage would deflne norLh 8ombay
194
@he norLh slde of 8ombay Lhe oLher clLy
4 lL was Lhe LoLal opposlLe of Lhe souLh slde
4 @oLally dlfferenL urban form
Some called Lhe formaLlons ln norLh bombay nonLuropean" (le noL parL of modernlLy)
4 @hey assoclaLed Lhe people wlLh Lhe counLry and sald Lhey had counLry sLandards and
counLry ways" (Cllllan @lndall quoLe)
193
@he slums and chawls of Lhe mllls resembled a vlllage
4 LmploymenL was unsLeady due Lo flucLuaLlons ln Lhe coLLon mlll lndusLry
4 Workers relled on rural llnks Lo survlve urban llfe le
Some reLurned annually Lo help ln Lhelr vlllages
pl used connecLlons based on vlllage casLe and kln Lo survlve
4 @he vlllagellke soclal paLLerns of Lhose llvlng ln Lhe mllls gave rlse Lo Lhe nlckname
Clrangaon" (vlllage of Lhe mllls) for Lhe area
pl lnLerpreLed Lhls as Lhe perslsLence of LradlLlon ln Lhe face of modernlLy
4 AuLhor LradlLlon and modernlLy don'L have Lo be blnarles Lhey can come LogeLher
4 @he mlll workers used LradlLlon" Lo cope wlLh llfe ln Lhe clLy Lhe vlllage emerged
Wl@P Lhe clLy (Lhe creaLlon of Lhe vlllage" depended on Lhe creaLlon of Lhe clLy)
(p196) AuLhor mlll workers used vlllagellke ldeas of communlLy Lo negoLlaLe Lhe clLy on Lhelr
own Lerms
196
@he dlsLlncL reallLles beLween norLh and souLh 8ombay was unlLed ln publlc spaces
4 MarkeLplaces sLreeLs Lramways eLc were places where Lhere was lnLeracLlon beLween
boLh sldes
4 8ombay's cosmopollLanlsm ls ldenLlfled and recalled ln such spaces Lhe dlverslLy of
people comlng lnLo conLacL was a deflnlng lmage of 8ombay cosmopollLanlsm
(p196198) ClLy space of confronLaLlon beLween dlfferenL experlences of modernlLy
4 @he brlLlsh soughL Lo secure Lhls place Lhrough spaLlal deslgn LhaL reproduced soclal and
raclal hlerarchles
4 @hls was done by sLaglng Lhe enLlre clLy as an lmperlal specLacle" LhaL relnforced brlLlsh
ldeals and power
@hls was seen ln Lhe goLhlc archlLecLure of key lnsLlLuLlons ln 8ombay le)
unlverslLles lmporLanL bulldlngs rallway headquarLers eLc
4 @hls was puncLuaLed by brlLlsh sLreeL names + sLaLues of colonlal flgures and euro
culLural symbols
p198
@he lmperlal specLacle recognlzed publlc spaces as a slLe of power
4 Where Luropean colonlsLs Lrled Lo asserL Lhelr ldeals and Lhelr domlnance
4 As a slLe of lnLeracLlon beLween dlfferenL groups of ppl (rlch v poor) Lhe publlc spaces
aesLheLlc reproduced soclal and pollLlcal hlerarchy
Powever Lhls also caused reslsLance and confronLaLlon
4 @he oLher" slde of modernlLy would clash wlLh Lhe domlnanL order
noLe refers Lo poor as Lhe oLher" as ln Lhe excluded posslble problem
posslble sLyllsLlc cholce
4 ubllc spaces became a place of proLesL
Lg) publlc worshlp of CanapaLl as lLs clalm on publlc spaces became more
asserLlve lL became more sysLemaLlcally regulaLed
Lg) communlsL Lrade unlons broughL confllcLs ln workplace Lo publlc spaces
Lhus pollLlcal acLlon became a parL of Lhe 8ombay experlence
199
Shlv Sena new meanlng for confllcL ln publlc spaces
4 @helr rheLorlc generallzed domlnanL v class sLruggle Lo naLlves v ouLslders
@helr plan ls Lo approprlaLe Lhe clLy Lhru dayLoday moblllzaLlons (le enamlng
sLuff and Lhru rellglous processlons)
4 @hey Lry Lo asserL conLrol Lhru vlolence and Lhru xenophonla Lhey wanL Lo geL rld of
Lhe allens"
4 (p200) AuLhor orlglns of shlv sena 8ombay's hlsLory wlLh modernlLy
@hey used publlc spaces (and Lhe lnLeracLlon bLw soclal dlvldes LhaL occurs
wlLhln) Lo creaLe Lhese blnary lnslder v ouLslder clashes
200
@he Layered ClLy
Shlv Sena movemenL seen as decosmopollLlzaLlon"
4 lf cosmopollLlzaLlon dlverslLy of ppl Lrylng Lo geL rld of allens" exacL opposlLe
AuLhor movemenL ls llnked Lo globallzaLlon
4 @he condlLlons LhaL allowed shlv sena Lo flourlsh allowed globallzaLlon Lo flourlsh
4 WlLh shlv sena dlsplaclng Lhe secularnaLlonallsL vlew globallzaLlon provldes a way Lo
Lranscend Lhls
@hese developmenLs pro[ecL Lhe neollberal ldea LhaL economlc modernlzaLlon +
consumpLlon wlll make 8ombay a world class" clLy
AuLhor Lhls narraLlve of Lhe deaLh of Lhe clLy" effaces Lhe lnLernal dlfferenLlaLlons and
confllcLs of hlsLory ln favour of a sLralghL Lra[ecLory from Lhe evoluLlon of a modern clLy Lo lLs
deaLh
4 LssenLlally Lhlngs are noL as slmple as Lhey appear
201
PlsLory of 8ombay layered
4 8ombay's hlsLory has seen many conLradlcLory Lhlngs
pl of dlfferenL classes lnLeracL ln publlc spaces buL llve ln enclaves
8lg clLy buL wlLh vlllagellke nelghbourhoods
4 ClLy musL be seen as Lhe spaLlal expresslon + enabllng condlLlon of Lhese relaLlonshlps
ClLy ls an expresslon of Lhe lnLernal confllcL + an enabler of lL
4 Also Lhe deaLh of 8ombay" narraLlve effaces Lhe exlsLence of Lhe oLher" clLles
8ombay emerged Lhrough a double llfe boLh rlch and poor nelghbourhoods
emerged
8ombay boLh Lhey were noL lndependenL of each oLher and boLh consLlLuLe
8ombay
Llnk Lo book menLloned ln Lhe openlng pages Mr kapur from lamlly MaLLers
4 Pas no lnslghL of modernlLy's doubleness and conLradlcLlon Lhlnks Lhe cosmopollLan
ls belng Laken over by lnLolerance and darkness
4 noL rlghL says auLhor
4 eaLh of Lhe clLy deaLh of an ldea of Lhe clLy
ClLy no longer vlewed as a unlLy
O @hls unlLy was achleved Lhrough ellLe domlnaLlon and lnclLed confllcL
le) colonlal urbanlsm
4 @he rulns of ellLe lmaglnary comlng faceLoface wlLh Lhe conLradlcLory naLure of
bombay's urban modernlLy