CHAPTER 21 ~IMMUNITY~

PREVIOUS LESSON

Different antibody molecules may combine with single antigen

PREVIOUS LESSON

LECTURE 3
21.2 DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNITY : PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESPONSE

OBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, students should be able to: Explain the primary and secondary immune response Explain the concept of self and non-self

IMMUNE RESPONSE
1) PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

2) SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

IMMUNE RESPONSE
Primary: First time exposure to certain antigen Secondary: Second exposure to same antigen

PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

Results from 1st exposure of B cell to an antigen Includes series of cell

division, differentiation, antibody production.

receptors on surface of Bcell

IgM & IgD antibodies:

PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

Before stimulation by an antigen, B cells are small lymphocytes. After activation, B cell undergo a series of divisions to produce large lymphocytes.
Some enlarge cells become plasma cells
Produce antibodies

Others revert back to small lymphocytes become memory B cells.

PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

Low [antibodies] produced at early stage peak up weeks after exposure

 Has lag time: slow reaction 3-6 days after the exposure B cells specific for that antigen multiply, develop plasma cells

 Plasma cells secrete antibody antibody concentration rise reach the peaks 10-12 days

PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

IgM is the first antibody produced
Later other classes of antibodies are produced as well

Takes 3-14 days to produce enough antibodies

To be effective against antigen

PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

Meantime, individual usually develops disease symptoms because the antigen has had time to cause tissue damage

PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

Primary response lasts several days or weeks [antibodies]
plasma cell die memory B cell left in the body

SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

The response of immune system to the second infection for same antigen. Memory cell recognize the same antigen faster.

 Within hours after second exposure:

B memory cell proliferate & differentiate rapidly into
plasma cell
produce antibody

IgG mainly antibody produced

Within 2-3 days, antibody rises steeply

Higher than in primary response Remain high for weeks to month

Plasma cells functioning for much longer than in primary cell

Memory B cell able to recognize antigen for longer period

May persist for many years and probably for life

SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

VACCINATION
Process: vaccination Antigen : vaccine
Some parts of the microorganism or A dead microorganism or A live, altered microorganism.

VACCINATION
DEF: Injecting small amounts of antigen, vaccine into the body To stimulates the immune system
to manufacture antibodies do not cause illness

Without disease symptoms

VACCINATION
Active artificial immunity acquiring adaptive immunity Common vaccinations :- BCG - Rubella - Hepatitis - Triple antigen

BCG (Bacille Calmatte Guerin)

Widely used vaccination in the world. Made of a live, weakened strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Disease: Tuberculosis (TB)
Weight loss, cough Sputum may contain blood

Rubella
In older children & adults Made of living attenuated virus Disease: German measles (Rubella)
Affects respiratory passage, lymph nodes in neck, eyes, skin Causes complication in pregnancy miscarriages, stillbirth or birth defect in unborn babies eg: blindness, deafness

Hepatitis
A serious liver disease caused by viruses Eg: hepatitis B
Flu-like symptoms Jaundice, nausea Severe loss of appetite

Vaccination: genetically engineered (new vaccine)

New vaccines : Modern techniques of molecular biology + genetic engineering Antigen made of protein coded by gene Gene of antigen transferred into bacterium bacterium as a factory producing large quantities of antigen for use in vaccine

Will be learn later in the last chapter RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

T riple A ntigen
(Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus Vaccine DPT)

Disease : Diphtheria
very contagious and life-threatening bacterial disease usually attack the throat and nose vaccination: toxoid

Toxoid: toxins produced by tetanus and diphtheria bacteria are detoxified with formaldehyde, yet their antigen properties remain.

 Disease: Pertussis

commonly known as whooping cough cause by Bordetella pertussis mainly in young children vaccination: killed bacteria extremely contagious disease
rod shape, Gram -ve

may affect the brain severe coughing bouts with 'whoop' sound

 Disease: Tetanus
caused by a Clostridium tetani rod shape, Gram +ve enter the body through a cut, wound or any break in the skin causes serious, painful spasms of all muscles and can lead to locking of the jaw Vaccination: toxoid

SELF & NON-SELF

CONCEPT

A N ANTIGEN RECALL!! L !! T I G E N R E CA L
ANTIGEN: any foreign substances that elicits an immune response All cells posses ANTIGEN in their cell surface membrane - acts as markers
- enables cells to recognize each other own antigens : self foreign antigens : non-self

SELF & NON-SELF CONCEPT MHC:

In human, referred to as HLA
Human leukocyte antigen

Immune system can distinguish between selfcells and foreign cells because of they are both marked with HLAs.

SELF & NON-SELF CONCEPT

MHC (group of glycoprotein) = HLA = Self-markers

SELF & NON-SELF CONCEPT

IMMUNE SYSTEM DOES NOT RESPOND TO 'SELF' ANTIGENS
Lymphocytes do not attack tissues that carry a self-marker.

Non-self : pathogens & cells from other individuals of the same species.
Stimulates immune response.
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SELF & NON-SELF CONCEPT eg. organ transplant

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ORGAN TRANSPLANT
Very rare for 2 individuals to have same set HLA genes
except identical twins

The closer the relationship between 2 individuals, the greater the like hood of sharing the same HLA genes
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ORGAN TRANSPLANT
Immune Rejection: cells transferred from one person to another can be attacked by immune defenses
Host's immune system recognizes the foreign tissue as non-self T-cells attack the transplanted tissue and destroy it **Humoral or cell-mediated response? Answer??

complicates transplant of tissues or organs

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Prevention of Graft rejection

1. Tissue compability test Before transplant Tissue from donors must match the host's tissue Increase the chances of successful transplantation Tissue matching: > close relatives < non-relatives
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Prevention of Graft rejection

2. Exposure of bone marrow and lymph tissue to radiation by X-rays Inhibit production of lymphocytes Slows down rejection But may cause: Unpleasant side-effects Increased risk of infection during treatment
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Prevention of Graft rejection

3. Immunosuppression Certain drugs used to suppress the immune system graft rejection delayed But patients becomes: Suseptible to all kind of infections More prone to develop cancer
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Prevention of Graft rejection

4. Suppress the killer T-cells Cell responsible for rejection Can overcome the problem of radiation and immunosuppression Patient treat with monoclonal antibodies that recognize and destroy the killer T cells

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CONCLUSION

PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

First exposure to an antigen stimulates a primary response

Infection causes specific antibodies to appear in the blood plasma in 3 to 14 days Time is taken for B-cell and Tcell to proliferate

SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

Second exposure to the same antigen stimulates a second response.
More memory B-cell produce more plasma cell

More antibodies are produced The response is more rapid

VACCINATION FOR HEALTH BCG Rubella

Hepatitis
Triple antigen

NEXT LECTURE
21.3 Immune disorder: AIDS