CHAPTER 21 ~IMMUNITY~

PREVIOUS LESSON
CHAPTER 20 : COORDINATION SUBTOPIC 20.4 : HORMONES IN PLANTS State the roles of hormones in plants:o auxin o gibberellin o cytokinin o abscisic acid o ethylene Explain the role of phytochrome in the regulation of flowering

CONTENTS
21.1 Immune Response 21.2 Development of Immunity primary and secondary response 21.3 Immune Disorder - AIDS

LECTURE 1
21.1 IMMUNE RESPONSE # Immunity # Classes of antibody # Humoral and cell mediated immune response

OBJECTIVES
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:Describe immunity Describe the general structure and state the classes of antibodies Explain humoral and cell mediated immune response

INTRODUCTION
Immune system is our internal defend system, protects the body against disease-causing organism and certain toxins. Disease-causing organism or pathogens includes certain viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa.

IMMUNITY
Defined by Sir Macfarlane Burnet: The capacity to recognize the intrusion of material foreign to the body & to mobilize cells & cell products to help remove that particular sort of foreign material with greater speed & effectiveness (Biological Science, pg. 485)

Pathogens (such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses)

INNATE IMMUNITY (all animals) Recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using a small set of receptors Rapid response

Barrier defenses: Skin Mucous membranes Secretions Internal defenses: Phagocytic cells Natural killer cells Antimicrobial proteins Inflammatory response Humoral response: Antibodies defend against infection in body fluids. Cell-mediated response: Cytotoxic cells defend against infection in body cells.

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY (vertebrates only) Recognition of traits specific to particular pathogens, using a vast array of receptors Slower response

ANTIBODY
A protein secreted by plasma cells (differentiated B cells) that binds to a particular antigen. Antibody also called immunoglobulin (Ig).

CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIBODY
o Y shaped o 4 polypeptide chains: 2 light chains 2 heavy chains o Linked by disulfide bridge o Variable and constant segments o V portion is the antigen binding site

CLASSES OF ANTIBODY
1) IgM Primary antibody response.

2) IgA Secretory; saliva & tears.

3) IgE Allergic response.

4) IgD Cell surface receptors in B lymphocytes.

5) IgG Temporary protection to newborn.

TERMS TO REMEMBER!
Helper T Cells (TH) MHC Proteins

Cytotoxi c T Cells (TC)

Interleu kin (IL)

HELPER T CELLS (TH)

Helper T cells (TH cells) are a subset of T-cells that usually express the CD4 co-receptor and have a major role in controlling and regulating the immune system by providing help to other white blood cells.

CYTOTOXIC T CELLS (TC)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are a subset of Tcells that usually express the CD8 coreceptor and have the ability to directly kill infected cells.

INTERLEUKIN (IL)
Any of a class of naturally occurring proteins important in regulation of lymphocyte function. Antigens and microbes stimulate production of interleukins. Interleukin induce production of various types of lymphocytes that ensure a plentiful supply of T cells that fight specific infectious agents.

MHC PROTEINS
Major Histocompatibility Complex Our cells are dotted with protein molecules (self-antigens) that are not antigenic. MHC proteins, a set of closely-linked genes. Code for a set of cell-surface proteins called MHC molecules.

When a macrophage ingest a pathogen, omost of bacterial antigen are destroyed by its enzyme osome fragments of the foreign antigen will bind with MHC proteins on the macrophages surface othe macrophage becomes Antigenpresenting cell (APC)

TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE

1) Humoral Immune Response

2) Cell Mediated Response

HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

B lymphocytes. Release antibodies into the blood plasma, tissue fluid and lymph. Defend against pathogens & toxins in extracellular fluids.

CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

T lymphocytes T cells DO NOT release antibodies. T cells attack the following: cells that have become infected by a microorganism, especially virus transplanted organs and tissues cancer-causing cells

HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

1) Pathogens bearing foreign antigen invades body 2) APC (macrophage) phagocytizes pathogen 3) Foreign antigen-MHC complex displayed on APC surface 4) TH cell binds with foreign antigen-MHC Complex 5) APC releases IL-1 to activate TH cell 6) TH cell proliferate producing activated TH cells and memory TH cells

HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

7) B cell that has interacted 7) TC cell with a receptor with foreign antigen will that fits the antigen display foreign Ag-MHC displayed by an APC binds complex with the TH cell receptor 8) An activated TH cell 8) TH cell will release IL-2 bearing receptors specific and the TC cell is activated for the displayed antigen binds to the B cell

HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

9) TH cell will release IL-2 and the B cell is activated

9) IL-2 secreted by the TH cell stimulate TC cells to divide mitotically

10)IL-2 secreted by the 10)Forming clones of helper T cell stimulate B identical TC cells cells to divide mitotically 11)Forming clones of identical B cells 11)Differentiate into active TC cell and memory TC cell

HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE

CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

12)Differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells 13)Plasma cells secrete antigen 14)Antibody Antigen interaction occurs 15)Triggers processes leading to pathogen destruction

CONCLUSION
1. Immune system is our internal defend system, protect the body against disease-causing organism and certain toxins. 2. There are five classes of antibodies : IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE and IgD. 3. There are two types of immune response : humoral and cell mediated immune response.

NEXT LECTURE
21.1 IMMUNE RESPONSE # Roles of lymphoid organs # Antigen-antibody interactions