CHAPTER 20 COORDINATION

20.3 HORMONES IN MAMMALS

OBJECTIVES
List the types and characteristics of hormones Explain the mechanism of hormone action
Gene activation: steroid hormone Second messenger (cAMP): non steroid hormone (adrenaline and glucagon)

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
is a collection of glands that produce chemical messenger called hormones.

 Endocrine glands characteristics :

Secretes hormones Has no duct
Secreted directly into the bloodstream

Has a rich supply of blood with a relatively large number of blood vessels

HORMONES
is a chemical messenger secreted by cells in the endocrine glands to regulate bodys growth, metabolism, sexual development and function

HORMONE PROPERTIES.
Small soluble organic molecule Travels in the blood Effective in low concentrations Specific for a particular target cells Produces response only when they reach target cells

Endocrine gland and hormone Target tissue Hypothalamus Releasing and inhibiting hormones Hypothalamus (production) Posterior lobe of pituitary (storage and release) Oxytocin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Anterior lobe of pituitary Growth hormone Anterior lobe of anterior

Principal actions Regulate secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary

Uterus Mammary glands Kidneys (collecting ducts)

Stimulates contraction Stimulate ejection of milk into ducts Stimulates reabsorption of water; conserves water

General

Prolactin Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Mamary glands Thyroid gland

Stimulates production of insulin-like growth factors; stimulates growth by promoting protein synthesis Stimulates milk production Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones; stimulates increase in size of thyroid gland

Endocrine gland and hormone Target tissue

Principal actions

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Gonadotropic hormones (follicle-stimulating hormones[FSH]; luteinizing hormone[LH] Thyroid gland Thyroxine

Adrenal cortex Gonads

Stimulates secretion of adrenal corticol hormones Stimulates gonad function and growth

General

Stimulate metabolic rate; essential to normal growth and development

Islets of Langerhans of Pancreas Insulin

General

Glucagon

Liver; adipose tissue

Regulate sglucose concentration in blood; stimulates glycogen production;stimulates fat storage and protein synthesis Regulates glucose concentration in blood; stimulates glycogen breakdown; mobilizes fat

Endocrine gland and hormone Target tissue

Principal actions

Adrenal cortex Aldosterone

Kidney tubules

Cortisol

General

Maintain sodium and potassium balance; increase sodium reabsorption; increase potassium excretion Help body cope with long term stress ; raise blood glucose level; mobilize fat

Ovary Estrogens (estradiol)

General; uterus

Progestrone Testis Testosterone Inhibin

Uterus; breast

Develop and maintain sex characteristics in female; stimulate growth of uterine lining Stimulates development of uterine lining Develop and maintain sex characteristics in male; promotes spermatogenesis Inhibits FSH release in male

General; reproductive structures Pituitary (anterior)

TYPES OF HORMONES
Can be divided into 2 groups: 1) Steroids - large, - Lipid soluble molecules - Enable to permeate the cell membrane easily - Synthesized from cholesterol - Cortisol, aldosterone - Testosterone - Progesterone and estrogen

2) Non-steroid - Small - Water soluble - Unable to permeate the cell membrane.

There are 2 groups of non steroid hormones: a) Amine The simplest hormones Epinephrine, norepinephrine Thyroxine (can enter cell) FSH,LH, prolactin b) Peptide/protein The largest hormone group Oxytocin, ADH, insulin, GH, Glucagon

MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION

receptor

Secreting cell

Target cell

Not a target cell (no receptor)

MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION

ormones are very specific nly target cells that possess the particular protein receptor that recognise the hormone will show the response on target cells which lack the particular protein

eceptor do not respond to the hormones

The two most important effects are by: GENE ACTIVATION CYCLIC AMP ACTIVATION

GENE ACTIVATION
Involved the steroid hormones such as sex hormones Secreted by an endocrine gland and transported to the target cell via the blood circulation Small, lipid soluble molecules
Can pass freely through the plasma membrane

 Hormones then bind with a receptor in the cytoplasm

Certain receptor can be found in the nucleoplasm

Steroid hormone-receptor complex combines with spesific site on the DNA

Activates or represses specific genes Leading to mRNA transcription

 mRNA enters the cytoplasm

Translated into new proteins such as enzyme

Produce the changes in structure or metabolic activity

CYCLIC AMP ACTIVATION

Involved peptide hormones such as adrenaline, glucagon Secreted by an endocrine gland and transported to the target cell via the blood circulation Insoluble in lipid
Cannot pass through the plasma membrane.

Hormone diffuses through the blood, into the interstitial fluid, and then reaches the target cell .
Binds to the receptors present on the surface of the cell

 This binding activates G protein which in turn activate adenyl cyclase

 Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cAMP cAMP then activates a variety of protein kinases in the cell

 Each type of protein kinase phosphorylates a specific protein

These phosphorylated proteins will alter the activity of the cells

 In this mechanism, The hormone acts as the first messenger Brings information to the plasma membrane only A second messenger, cAMP then relays the message of the hormone inside the cell.

Adrenaline/Glucagon G Protein Adenyl cyclase Receptor ATP cAMP Activate protein kinase Activate phosphorylase Glycogen Glucose

Cascade Effect
The action of one enzyme will activates another enzymatic reaction resulting in many product of molecules At each stage in the process, amplification occurs
Each receptor can affect a number of G proteins In turn can activate a number of molecules of adenylate cyclase Then produce thousands of molecules of cAMP per second

COMPARISON BETWEEN GENE ACTIVATION AND CYCLIC-AMP MECHANISMS

Gene Activation
Hormones bind to internal receptor No second messenger

cAMP Activation
Hormones bind to receptor on the cell membrane Involves cAMP as the second messenger

Hormones are permeable to cell Hormones are impermeable to membrane cell membrane

The effects are caused by the The effects are caused by the protein produced by the genes second messenger No cascade effect involved Cascade effect involved

QUESTION:

Describe the different types of hormones

Steroid hormones:
- lipid soluble - permeable to cell membrane - pass into the cell, bind to an internal receptor and turn on the genes - proteins produced by the genes are responsible for the effects - E.g: male and female sex hormones

Peptide hormones
- water soluble - impermeable to cell membrane - cannot pass through the cell membrane, therefore, bind to the receptors on the cell membrane. This causes the release of second messenger, cAMP inside the cell - the second messengers are responsible for the hormone effects E.g: GH, ACTH, FSH

Critical Thinking.
ary Morgan has just been brought into the emergency room of Ipoh Hospital. She is perspiring profusely and is breathing rapidly and irregularly. Her breath smells like acetone (sweet and fruity), and her blood glucose tests out at 650mg/100ml of blood. She is in acidosis. What hormone drug should be administered, and why?

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