LTE Tutorial FemtoForum Part2 PDF

Marius Pesavento - marius.pesavento@mimoOn.de Willem Mulder - willem.mulder@mimoOn.
de
LTE Tutorial part 2 Advanced topics in LTE
Marius Pesavento, Willem Mulder, Femto Forum Plenary, June 2010, Reading, UK
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Outline
Advanced topics in LTE The LTE MIMO modes Codebook-based precoding Closed loop operation CQI reporting modes Using antenna port 5 (SDMA) techniques Simulation results Outlook LTE Advanced
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MIMO Channel
MIMO detector
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MIMO Precoding
optimum Eigen precoding requires perfect channel knowledge (CSI) at the Transmitter
Marius Pesavento, Willem Mulder, Femto Forum Plenary, June 2010, Reading, UK mimoOn 4
Parallel AWGN channels

Equivalent SISO channels
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Transmit/Receive beamforming interpretation
Tx Beam 1
Rx Beam 1
Transmit Beamformer(s)
Tx Beam 2
Rx Beam 2
Receive Beamformer(s)
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Codebook based Spatial Multiplexing (SM)

Precoding matrix is selected from codebook Reduced signaling at cost of quantization error (lose rate optimality) Equivalent MIMO channels no longer parallel (decoupled), reduction in rate Receiver matrix can be designed arbitrarily. In practice interference among the streams not completely removed: receive SINR for the k-th stream
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MIMO Tx processing blocks in LTE (spatial MUX)

TB 1
maximum 4 spatial streams (layers) maximum 2 TBs (codewords), each with corresponding MCS. 2Tx: Code-book with 2 precoding matrices (closed-loop)
CR 1
Turbo encoder Rate Match
MS 1 modulator MS 2 modulator
layer mapping 2-MUX or 1-MUX 2-MUX or 1-MUX layer 0 layer 1 Precoding layer 2 layer 3 Tx 0 frame mapper frequency first, then
OFDM symbol index
IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT
Tx 1 frame mapper
frequency first, then OFDM symbol index
CR 2 TB 2
Turbo encoder Rate Match
Tx 2 frame mapper
Tx 3
frame mapper
is selected from set of 16 precoding matrices. code contains matrices of type: (and column permutated versions)
; ; ;
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MIMO schemes
Transmit diversity
Spatial multiplexing
increase the reliability of the link, migrate fading diversity order / diversity gain: number of inpendent replica (fades) of the signal
multipath fading
constructive or destuctive superposition
Beamforming (rank 1)
increase spectral efficiency multiplexing gain: number of spatial streams transmitted on a timefrequency resource upper-bounded by min(Mt,Mr) requires rich multipath environment full channel rank Tx and Rx beamforming array gain through coherent combining increases signal-to-noise-andinterference-ratio (SINR) requires correlated antennas (e.g. in Line-Of-Sight transmission)
fading
LOS
rank 1 Single stream only!
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DL-MIMO modes in LTE

Single antenna port (no MIMO) Transmit Diversity (TD), space-frequency Alamouti code Open-loop Spatial Multiplexing (SM) Closed-loop SM Multi-User (MU) MIMO Rank 1 closed-loop SM (compressed control signaling) Antenna port 5 beamforming, UE specific reference signals
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Cyclic (Large) Delay Diversity (CDD)
x0
small delay spread
frequency flat
delay spread
frequency selective
x0
1 2 3
artificial multipath
1 2 3
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Open-loop SM
Inferference randomization. In single layer transmission (TRI = 1) TD mode (Alamouti) is used. layer
CR 1 TB 1 Turbo encoder CR 2 TB 2 Turbo encoder MS 1 modulator MS 2 modulator mapping 2-MUX or L1 1-MUX L2 2-MUX or L3 1-MUX L0 Cyclic Delay Matrix Tx0 frame mapper frequency first, then
OFDM symbol index
IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT
Tx1 frame mapper Precoding

DFT Matrix
Tx2 frame mapper

Tx3
frame mapper
is matrix formed from permutation of vectors:
column permutation changing every k subcarriers in a pre-defined manner.
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Spatial Diversity Space-Time-Coding: Alamouti

encoded bit stream s1, s0,...
space-time encoder
space-time decoder
h0
s1, s0,... s*0, -s*1,...
y0 y*1 decoder
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s0 s1
,b3, b2, b1, b0,...
h1 y1, y0,...
Symbol modulator
equivalent MIMO channel
MIMO equalizer/detector
No CSI at the transmitter required!!!
Marius Pesavento, Willem Mulder, Femto Forum Plenary, June 2010, Reading, UK mimoOn
Space-Frequency Transmit Diversity Alamouti-zation

subcarrier index port #0 0 port #1 S7 S6 port #2 0 port #3 S6* -S7* 0 0 0 0 S2* -S3* 0 0 0 0 IFFT 0 0 S4* -S5* 0 0 0 0 S0* -S1* 0 IFFT S1 X 0 0 0 S3 S2 X 0 0 0 IFFT 0 0 S5 S4 X 0 0 0 S1 S0 X IFFT 0 0
zeros as reference signal place holder zeros from orthogonal SF code data symbol
reference signal
Single CW transmission, i.e single MCS. Simple receiver structure, no matrix inversion required
equivalent channel received vector rather feed un-scaled equalized symbol and scaling factor to soft demodulator than perform division at this point
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equalized symbol
Diversity order
(Symbol) error rate: Diversity gain: Coding gain:
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Multiplexing Diversity tradeoff

LTE spatial diversity techniques achieve: diversity order (MtMr):
full diversity for 2Tx half diversity for 4Tx
rate (min(Mt , Mr)):

full rate only for single antenna receiver half rate for 2Tx and 2Rx rate for 4Tx and 4Rx
In LTE orthogonal space frequency block codes (OSTBC) are used that allow simple receiver structures Symbol by symbol detection rather than vector detection.
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Cell-Edge Beamforming

LOS LOS LOS LOS
to improve coverage for cell-edge user. to reduce inter-and intra-cell interference. rank-1 assumption (LOS).
reduced signaling overhead
cell-specific frequency shift
eNB aquires statistical information, e.g. DoDs of co-channel users at cell-edge eNB computes optimum beamformer weights for each user and applies them in the DL transmission, no codebook and subband restriction. multiple users are served on overlapping resources (MU-MIMO) beamformer weights are explicitly signaled using user specific RS. UE sees equivalent SI channel. dedicated RS of all users in a cell are transmitted on the same RE (interference), UE correlates received signal with dedicated (RNTI-based) pseudo random sequence. LTE-feature that is expected to not be supported at initial network rollout.
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Antenna port 5 downlink beamforming

Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
Femtocell basestation
FU2 FU1 MU3
MU2 MU1
Macro basestation
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Beamformer design and signaling
Subject to
QoS constraint for femtocell user Maximum interference constrainst for macrocell user
Beamformers can be implicitly signaled to the users of the cell using antenna port 5 reference signals. Problem: Uncertainties in the DL channels UL-DL reciprocity (e.g. in TDD) channel feedback (requires cooperation of base stations) Paramterer estimation, Line-Of-Sight Robust designs wrt. channel mismatch can be used.
CQI report and 4-bit CQI table

subband CQI index =differential CQI + wideband CQI index
CQI index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM modulation code rate x 1024 out of range 78 120 193 308 449 602 378 490 616 466 567 666 772 873 948 0.1523 0.2344 0.3770 0.6016 0.8770 1.1758 1.4766 1.9141 2.4063 2.7305 3.3223 3.9023 4.5234 5.1152 5.5547 efficiency
2-bit subband differential CQI

Differential CQI value 0 1 2 3 Offset level 1 2 3 4
3-bit subband/wideband spatial differential CQI

Spatial differential CQI value 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Offset level 0 1 2 3 -4 -3 -2 -1
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Adaptive coding and modulation in DL grant

MCS Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Modul ation Order 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 4 6 TBS Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 reserve d TBS for 1 RB 1layer 16 24 32 40 56 72 328 104 120 136 136 144 176 208 224 256 280 280 328 336 376 408 440 488 520 552 584 616 712 reserved TBS for 110 RBs 1layer 3112 4008 4968 6456 7992 9528 11448 13536 15264 17568 17568 19080 22152 25456 28336 31704 34008 34008 35160 39232 43816 46888 51024 55056 59256 63776 66592 71112 75376 reserved
for code rate approx
Tdoc R1-07CQI_NNSN01
LTE target!!!
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SINR to CQI conversion

for MMSE detector
4 x 4 MIMO, full-rank
for subcarrier k , precoding index i, and precoding matrix Pi
MMSE estimate of SINR corresponding to layer p and PMI i

PMI
subcarrier layer (column in PM)
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Average (effective) SINR

Estimate for CW 0 (corresponds to averaging over layer 1 and 2)
Weighting function for average SINR computation (based on rate)
General: averaging over layer, subcarriers,

SINR(N-3) SINR(N) SINR(2) SINI(N-1)
SINR(N-2)
SINR(3)
SINR(1)
SINR(4)
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MIMO transmission modes

Transmission mode 1 2 3 Transmission scheme of PDSCH Single-antenna port, port 0 Transmit diversity Transmit diversity if the associated rank indicator is 1, otherwise large delay CDD Closed-loop spatial multiplexing Multi-user MIMO Closed-loop spatial multiplexing with a single transmission layer If the number of PBCH antenna ports is one, Single-antenna port, port 0; otherwise Transmit diversity closed-loop, with PMI feedback open-loop, no-PMI feedback
4 5 6 7
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CQI reporting modes

PUSCH CQI: aperiodic Feedback Type Transmission mode 1 Transmission mode 2 Transmission mode 3 Transmission mode 4 Transmission mode 5 Transmission mode 6 Transmission mode 7 : Modes 2-0, 3-0 : Modes 2-0, 3-0 : Modes 2-0, 3-0 : Modes 1-2, 2-2, 3-1 : Mode 3-1 : Modes 1-2, 2-2, 3-1 : Modes 2-0, 3-0 Wideband (wideband CQI) UE Selected (subband CQI) Higher Layerconfigured (suband CQI) Mode 2-0
No PMI
Single PMI
Multiple PMI Mode 1-2 Mode 2-2
Mode 3-0
Mode 3-1
PMI Feedback Type PUCCH CQI: periodic Feedback Type Transmission mode 1 Transmission mode 2 Transmission mode 3 Transmission mode 4 Transmission mode 5 Transmission mode 6 Transmission mode 7 : Modes 1-0, 2-0 : Modes 1-0, 2-0 : Modes 1-0, 2-0 : Modes 1-1, 2-1 : Modes 1-1, 2-1 : Modes 1-1, 2-1 : Modes 1-0, 2-0 Wideband (wideband CQI) No PMI Mode 1-0 Single PMI Mode 1-1
UE Selected (subband CQI)
Mode 2-0
Mode 2-1
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Higher layer configured reporting modes: aperidodic reporting

mode 3-0 single antenna, port 5 TD and open-loop SM
SINR(1)
mode 3-1 closed-loop SM
CW 0
CQI(1) CQI(2)
CW 1
CQI(1) CQI(2) CQI(3) CQI(wideband) CQI(wideband) PMI(wideband) CQI(4)
CQI(1) CQI(2) CQI(3) CQI(wideband) CQI(4)
SINR(2)
Frequency (subbands)
SINR(3)
CQI(3) CQI(4)
SINR(4)
SINR(N-3)
CQI(N-3) CQI(N-2) CQI(N-1) CQI(N)
SINR(N-2)
SINI(N-1)
SINR(N)
SINR
#bits 2N 4
#bits
2N
2N
2|1|4
+Rank Indicator (RI)

UE selected reporting: mode 2-0 for single antenna, port 5, TD and open loop SM: aperiodic reporting
measurements
SINR(4)
SINR
SINR(N-1)
SINR(1)
SINI(2)
SINR(N-2)
SINR(N-3)
SINR(N)
SINR(3)
report bitmap of prefered M subband locations wideband CQI subband CQI
# of bits
Frequency (subbands) L
4 2
CQI(N-3) CQI(N-2) CQI(N-1) CQI(N) CQI(1) CQI(2) CQI(3) CQI(4)
CQI(wideband) average CQI(selected subbands)
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UE selected reporting: mode 2-2 for closed-loop SM: aperidodic reporting

CW 0
SINR(1)
CW 1
CQI(1) CQI(2) CQI(3) CQI(4)
SINR(1)
CW 0
CQI(1) CQI(2) CQI(3) CQI(4) CQI(1) average CQI(selected subbands) CQI(2) CQI(3) CQI(wideband) CQI(4) PMI
CW 1
average CQI(selected subbands)
subband CQI
SINR(2)
SINR(2)
SINR(3)
SINR(3)
SINR(4)
SINR(4)
SINR(N-3)
SINI(N-3)
SINR(N-2)
SINR(N-2)
SINI(N-1)
SINI(N-1)
SINR(N)
SINR(N)
SINR
SINR
report #bits
location of preferred subbands
subband CQI
measurements per PMI required !!!
4|2|8
CQI(wideband) 28
select best PMI and subands (in terms of combined data rate)

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Wideband CQI reporting modes: aperidodic reporting

mode 1-2 closed-loop SM
CW0 CW1
PMI(1) PMI(2)
SINR(1)
SINR(2)
PMI(3) CQI(wideband) CQI(wideband) PMI(4)
SINR(3)
SINR(4)
PMI(N-3) PMI(N-2) PMI(N-1) PMI(N)
SINR(N-3)
SINR(N-2)
SINI(N-1)
SINR(N)
#bits
2N| N|4N
SINR
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Higher layer configured reporting modes for perdiodic feedback: perdiodic reporting
CW 0 CW 0
mode 1-0 single antenna port, open-loop SM, TD
mode 1-1 (rank 1) closed-loop SM, MU-MIMO
mode 1-1 (rank 2) closed-loop SM, MU-MIMO
CW 0 CW 1
differential spatial CQI(wideband)
CQI(wideband)
CQI(wideband)
CQI(wideband)
PMI(wideband)
#bits
#bits
2|1|4
#bits
2|1|4
30
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PMI(wideband)
UE selected reporting: mode 2-0 for single antenna, port 5, TD and open loop SM: periodic reporting
measurements
SINR(4)
SINR
SINR(N-1)
SINR(1)
SINI(2)
SINR(N-2)
SINR(N-3)
SINR(N)
SINR(3)
report
bitmap of prefered M subband locations for current bandwidth part wideband CQI subband CQI
# of bits L
CQI(N-3) CQI(N-2) CQI(N-1) CQI(N) CQI(1) CQI(2) CQI(3) CQI(4)
4 4
N1
N2
CQI(wideband) CQI(selected subbands)
N
J
DL L = log 2 N RB / k / J
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UE selected reporting: mode 2-1for closed-loop SM: periodic reporting

measurements per PMI !!!
CW 0
SINR(1)
CW 1
CQI(1) CQI(2) CQI(3) CQI(4)
SINR(1)
select best PMI and subands (in terms of combined data rate) CQI(1) CQI(2) CQI(3) CQI(4) CQI(1)
CW 0
CW 1
differential CQI(selected subbands)
subband CQI
SINR(2)
SINR(2)
N1
CQI(2) CQI(3) CQI(4) PMI CQI(wideband) CQI(selected subbands)

subband CQI
SINR(3)
SINR(3)
SINR(4)
SINR(4)
SINR(N-3)
SINI(N-3)
CQI(N-3) CQI(N-2) CQI(N-1) CQI(N) report
CQI(N-3) CQI(N-2)
SINR(N-2)
SINR(N-2)
SINI(N-1)
SINI(N-1)
NJ
CQI(N-1) CQI(N)
SINR(N)
SINR(N)
SINR
DL L = log 2 N RB / k / J
SINR
location of preferred subbands in Bandwidth part j
#bits
2|1|4
differential spatial CQI(wideband) 3
k = subband size J = number of bandwidth parts (see also next slide)

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Report timing configuration for mode 2-1: periodic reporting

MRI = 2: RI reporting periodicity with respect to WB reporting periodicity NP = 2: Reporting Periodicity in TTIs J = 3: SB bitmap-report is split into J bandwidth parts that are reported in consecutive intervals K = 2: SB reporting periodicity (J consecutive SB reports) with respect to WB reporting periodicity WB CQI SB CQI
j=0
RI
SB CQI
j= 1
SB CQI
j=2
SB CQI
j=0
SB CQI
j= 1
SB CQI
j=2
WB CQI
SB CQI
j=0
SB CQI
j= 1
SB CQI
j=2
continue
SB CQI
j=0
SB CQI
j= 1
SB CQI
j=2
RI
WB CQI
SB CQI
j=0
SB CQI
j= 1
SB CQI
j=2
SB CQI
j=0
SB CQI
j= 1
SB CQI
j=2
WB CQI
report #bits
location of preferred subbands in Bandwidth part j
PMI 2|1|4
WB CQI CW1
subband CQI
WB CQI CW2
subband CQI
3
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Multi-User DL MIMO
mode 3-1 closed-loop SM CW 0

CQI(1)
CW 1
CQI(1) CQI(2) CQI(3)
CQI(2) CQI(3)
CQI(wideband)
CQI(wideband) 4 34
CQI(4)
CQI(4)
MAC scheduler decides on users pairing Maximum 2 users on same resource due to 2TB restriction
#bits
2N
2N
2|1|4
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PMI(wideband)
Multi-User DL MIMO
for UE 1 UE 1 2 UE 2 channel experienced at user 2 2 4 4
interfering desired
for UE 2
channel experienced at user 1
desired interfering
No joint processing at Rx, no cooperation!
Pre-coding matrix selection (UE1) 2 4 2 UE 2
maximize 4 2 4
UE 1
minimize mimoOn 35
UL-MIMO
UL-MIMO is not explicitly supported in LTE,
single antenna port in UL, no singleuser(SU) SM in UL demodulation UL reference signals (DRS) of different users overlap/interfere
DRS of different users are separated in TD according to cyclic-shift of identical sequence (theoretical max. of 8 user, depending on delayspread) depends on eNB schedulers flexibility and PHY support
r*PUSCH(k) cyclic-shift zero h1[t]+ h2[t]++ h12[t]
FFT
DRS demapper
IFFT
h1[t]
h2[t]
h3[t]
h12[t]
delay spread
max 12 cyclic shift
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Spectral efficiency
3GPP self-evaluation results
Source: 3GPP self evaluation results, 3GPP TSG-RAN chair, oct 2009
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LTE DL simulation results reported by the Top4 leading LTE vendors

14000000
16QAM 1/2 EVA5 50 RB 2x2 SFBC
12000000
Throughput [Bits]
10000000
8000000
6000000
1 2 mimoOn 3 4
4000000
2000000
0 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
SNR in dB
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LTE-Advanced: Concepts
100 MHz
Improved Spectrum Flexibility Bandwidth up to 100MHz Spectrum and carrier aggregation MIMO support SM in UL Higher order MIMO in DL Coordinated Multipoint Transmission from interference randomization to interference coordination Multihop Relays L1 repeaters to improve coverage L3 relays for self-backhauling eNB
20 MHz
20 MHz
eNB
relay node
UE
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LTE-Advanced advanced MIMO receiver structure

SD-SIC for OFDMA
Channel estimate Signal construction
2 codewords used, each S/P-mapped onto 2 Tx antennas
Yk ,1 Yk , 2 Yk ,3 Yk , 4
S/P LMMSE / Soft IC S/P
LLR calc.
Rate matching Rate matching Signal construction
Decoder
LLR calc.
Decoder
Channel estimate
Figure: NSN: R1-083732 / 2008-09-23
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End of Part 2
Thank you!!!
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Marius Pesavento - marius.pesavento@mimoOn.de Willem Mulder - willem.mulder@mimoOn.

LTE Tutorial part 2 Advanced topics in LTE

Parallel AWGN channels

Transmit/Receive beamforming interpretation

Codebook based Spatial Multiplexing (SM)

MIMO Tx processing blocks in LTE (spatial MUX)

IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT

constructive or destuctive superposition

rank 1 Single stream only!

DL-MIMO modes in LTE

Cyclic (Large) Delay Diversity (CDD)

IFFT IFFT IFFT IFFT

Tx1 frame mapper Precoding

Tx2 frame mapper

is matrix formed from permutation of vectors:

column permutation changing every k subcarriers in a pre-defined manner.

Spatial Diversity Space-Time-Coding: Alamouti

,b3, b2, b1, b0,...

equivalent MIMO channel

Space-Frequency Transmit Diversity Alamouti-zation

(Symbol) error rate: Diversity gain: Coding gain:

Multiplexing Diversity tradeoff

rate (min(Mt , Mr)):

cell-specific frequency shift

Antenna port 5 downlink beamforming

FU2 FU1 MU3

Beamformer design and signaling

CQI report and 4-bit CQI table

2-bit subband differential CQI

3-bit subband/wideband spatial differential CQI

Adaptive coding and modulation in DL grant

for code rate approx

SINR to CQI conversion

for subcarrier k , precoding index i, and precoding matrix Pi

MMSE estimate of SINR corresponding to layer p and PMI i

subcarrier layer (column in PM)

Average (effective) SINR

Weighting function for average SINR computation (based on rate)

General: averaging over layer, subcarriers,

MIMO transmission modes

CQI reporting modes

Multiple PMI Mode 1-2 Mode 2-2

UE Selected (subband CQI)

Higher layer configured reporting modes: aperidodic reporting

mode 3-1 closed-loop SM

CQI(1) CQI(2) CQI(3) CQI(wideband) CQI(4)

CQI(N-3) CQI(N-2) CQI(N-1) CQI(N)

CQI(N-3) CQI(N-2) CQI(N-1) CQI(N)

CQI(N-3) CQI(N-2) CQI(N-1) CQI(N)

+Rank Indicator (RI)

report bitmap of prefered M subband locations wideband CQI subband CQI

CQI(wideband) average CQI(selected subbands)

UE selected reporting: mode 2-2 for closed-loop SM: aperidodic reporting

CQI(N-3) CQI(N-2) CQI(N-1) CQI(N)

CQI(N-3) CQI(N-2) CQI(N-1) CQI(N)

CQI(N-3) CQI(N-2) CQI(N-1) CQI(N)

location of preferred subbands

measurements per PMI required !!!

+Rank Indicator (RI)

Wideband CQI reporting modes: aperidodic reporting

+Rank Indicator (RI)

PMI(3) CQI(wideband) CQI(wideband) PMI(4)