Protection, Substation Automation, Power Quality and Measurement

6.2 Protection Systems

High-impedance differential protection verication of design The following design data must be established: CT data The prerequisite for a high-impedance scheme is that all CTs used for that scheme must have the same ratio. They should also be of low leakage ux design according to Class PX of IEC 60044-1 (former Class X of BS 3938) or TPS of IEC 60044-6, when used for high-impedance busbar protection schemes. When used for restricted earth-fault differential protection of, e.g., a transformer winding especially in solidly earthed systems, CTs of Class 5P according to IEC 60044-1 can be used as well. In each case the excitation characteristic and the secondary winding resistance are to be provided by the manufacturer. The knee-point voltage of the CT must be at least twice the relay pickup voltage to ensure operation on internal faults. Relay The relay can be either: a) a dedicated design high-impedance relay, e.g., designed as a sensitive current relay 7VH60 or 7SG12 (DAD-N) with external series resistor Rstab. If the series resistor is integrated into the relay, the setting values may be directly applied in volts, as with the relay 7VH60 (6 to 60V or 24 to 240 V); or b) a numerical overcurrent protection relay with sensitive current input, like 7SJ6 or 7SR1 (Argus-C). To the input of the relay a series stabilizing resistor Rstab will be then connected as a rule in order to obtain enough stabilization for the high-impedance scheme. Typically, a non-linear resistor V (varistor) will be also connected to protect the relay, as well as wiring against overvoltages. Sensitivity of the scheme For the relay to operate in the event of an internal fault, the primary current must reach a minimum value to supply the relay pickup current (Iset), the varistor leakage current (Ivar) and the magnetizing currents of all parallel-connected CTs at the set pickup voltage. A low relay voltage setting and CTs with low magnetizing current therefore increase the protection sensitivity. Stability during external faults This check is made by assuming an external fault with maximum through-fault current and full saturation of the CT in the faulty feeder. The saturated CT is then substituted with its secondary winding resistance RCT, and the appearing relay voltage VR corresponds to the voltage drop of the infeeding currents (through-fault current) across RCT and Rlead. The current (voltage) at the relay must, under this condition, stay reliably below the relay pickup value. In practice, the wiring resistances Rlead may not be equal. In this case, the worst condition with the highest relay voltage (corresponding to the highest through-fault current) must be sought by considering all possible external feeder faults. Setting The setting is always a trade-off between sensitivity and stability. A higher voltage setting leads not only to enhanced
87N RStab IEE V

50BF

50BF P1 P1: primary protection P 2: alternate protection P2 O R

A N D

Fig. 6.2-122: Breaker failure protection, logic circuit

Fault incidence Normal interrupting time Current detector (50 BF) reset time (1~) [2~] (5~) [8~] BF timer (F) (62BF) Total breaker failure interrupting time (9~) [15~]

BFI = breaker failure initiation time (intermediate relays, if any) Margin (2,5~) [2,5~] BFT = breaker failure tripping time (auxilary relays, if any) 0,5~ BFT (2~) [4~] Adjacent breaker int. time

Protect. time (1~) [2~]

Breaker inter. time (2~) [4~] 0,5~ BFI

Fig. 6.2-123: Time coordination of BF time setting

U UK

UR ImR Im

U K = CT knee-point voltage U R = RR IR U K 2 UR

Fig. 6.2-124: Principle connection diagram for high-impedance restricted ground-fault protection of a winding of the transformer using SIPROTEC digital overcurrent relay (e.g. 7SJ61)

Relay setting Urms 125 125 240

C 450 900

0.25 0.25

Varistor type 600 A / S1 / S256 600 A / S1 / S1088

326

Siemens Energy Sector Power Engineering Guide Edition 7.0