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WASON

715 H75

ASIA
LIBRARY

ANNEX

CCaiNELL UNIVERSITY
LIBRARIES

ITHACA, N.

Y. 14853

]ohn M. EchcJs
Cottecrion

on Southeast Asia

pHN

M.

OLIN LIBRARY

THE

HANDY
A New Book

War Book

of Important and Authentic Infonnatkm and Statistics on the Many Subjects Related to the Present War, Such as Size, Population, Climate, Commerce and Resources of the Islands Concerned in the Spanbh-Amerlcan Conflict, with Many Other Facb Which Readers of War News Should Have.

Pictures of D. S.
And aCIassificatkm and

War

Vessels
in

Descrlptioo of the Varknis Ships Navies of Spain and America, with Definitions of N^val Terms Used in Press Dispatches.

FINE
Of Cuba, Porto
India Islands,

WAR MAPS
Havana and Harbor, and West and a Lar^ Map of the World
E.

Rico, Philipphics,

By LIEUT.

HANNAK3RD

MAST, NEW YORK


108 Times Building

CROWELL & KIRKPATRIC&,


SPRINGFIELD, OHIO

Publishers
CniCAQO
1643 ilanadoock Block

PabUsUed Monthly by Mast, Orowell &

Farm and

Fireside Library.

JTa

161.

Joly, 1898.

KlrkpatrlcJL, SiaiDgBeia, Ohin. Sul>scrlption Price, ^3.00 i>er year.

Tlie

Handy War Book


or

iQoiitnpanies,

may be

is for sale tay all "Wholesale Ne-ws ordered direct om the publishers.

CONTENTS.
DESCRIPTIVE, STATISTICAL
FAOB

AND HISTORICAL
PAQB

American War

Ppeparatloi)S,
;

88 88

Beginning of the Spaulsh-Amerlcan

41 Manila, Olty and Bay of Naval Contrasts and Comparison s-'.. -50

War
Blanco tn

Cnb^..,.,

...._... 31

Campaign of i^iCampaign of l^ffi;..^ Campaign of 189!^

,-

--mza
'.

Canary Islandq^..,.... Cape Verde Isl^d&>u...-.

Climate of Cuba....... .~ Cuba, General Description of....- .,.,.. 11 Cuban ( Spanish ) Debt...,. 58

21 24 28 60 . 60 12
.

Cuban Discontent, Causes Cif -... Cuban People, Capital, etc...... ..... Cuban Bepublio, the. ......... Cuban Resources and Industries Cuban Revolution Begun Cuba Under Spain

18 15 83 13 19 16

87 60 Si 69 Navy-yards, Location of_ Philippine Conquest, Organizing the 40 .. 65 Philippine Islands, the 15 Population of Cuba Population of the Philippine Islands. 68 83 Porto Rico and Navy S9 Rank and Pay in the 28 Reconcentratlon Horrors

_ Naval Terms Explained Naval War Localities Navies of Leading Nations and Spain

Army

Resolution

Adopted

by Congress,
S3 53 38
13 18

DeLome

Letter, the

..;

Dewey's Great Vlctoty ... Bavana, City of. Hawaii .,. Holland Divtng-boat, the.
Honolulu, City of Index to Map of Cuba Maceo, Death of Maine, Blowing up of timeiManila, Battle of
.

85 44 .15

Resources and Statistics of Spain Resources and Statistics of theU. S._ _ San Juan, City of._, Spanish-American War, Opening of..
Sugar,

64
55
.25

Guban._

Taxation In Cuba Torpedo-boats and Destroyers


Trochas, the _ War-ships, Kinds ofWar-vessels, Spanish War-vessels, United States
_

168

.70 .25

Weylerln Cuba.
49

Yellow Fever In Havana

54 49 48 _. 2f J*... 12

ILLUSTRATIONS OF WAR-VESSELS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS.


PASS

PASS
Detroit.

ps
Newark..
5
1

AmpMtrlte.
Atlanta Baltimore

_
,^c\y.
.'.

73

Dolphin
Helena....... Indiana. ...-On

4
77 79 73 82

78 78 -. 76

New York
Olympia
Oregon
Philadelphia Puritan Raleigh Ban Francisco Terror
Texas....

Frontispiece

Bancroft. Bennington..

Boston Brooklyn

Iowa Katahdlu
Maine.

map sheet ..On map sheet

.On map sheet


_p_
...

5
7 80

__..,...
.

2
74 81

Charleston Chicago _
Cincinnati.....

6 6
.

Marblehead.... Massachusetts .

4
80
^... 75

Columbia.Concord... ..u

3 B

Mlantonomoh
Minneapolis. Monterey.

On map sheet
Ji. 77

S
78
74

Vesuvius

Cushlng.

VS"

Yorktown

Montgomery
MAfiS IN

BACK OF BOOK.
North Atlantic Ocean. ,k. Showing Cape Verde Islands, C&nary Islands and Spain ; the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of United
States, also

Cuba.

....

Havana Harbor
Philippine
PDntiO
IslgAdfi........

_......._~wi....

R}oo
Indlesi-.....,

West

West

Indies,

Cent^

World, on Meroator'a Pro^eotlouw.

America and Northern Coast-flSe of South America.


Biw terau address the

Tbe Maps sbawn to back ot tbis book win be sold symrate. pubUabon, Maat, Cnmell 4 KIrkpatrlcki

THE

HANDY WAR BOOK


Containing- Authentic

Information and Statistics on Subjects

Relating to the War, with Descriptions of the American

and Spanish Navies;

also a Brief History of Cuba,

Porto Rico, the Philippines and Other Islands.

WITH ACCURATE WAR MAPS AND


PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES OF
U.
S.

WAR

VESSELS.

BY LIEUT.

E.

HANNAFORD

Copyright,

ISfis,

by Mast, Crowell

<fe

Kirkpatrick

PUBLISHED BY

MAST, CROWELL & KIRKPATRICK SPRINGFIELD, OHIO Chicago New York

Second-class Battleship.

MAINE.
IS'IS.)

Speed, 17J knots.

(DIruni }, in Ilaranu Harbor, Febriwrij 13,

Displacement, 6,682 tons. Guns, four Length, 318 feet; breadth, 57 feet. 10-inch and six 6-inch breech-loading rifles, seven 6-pounder and eight l-ponnder Four torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, sides 12, turrets rapid-fire, and four Catlings. Contract price, $2,500,000. Officers, 34; men, 370. 8, barbettes 12, deck 2.

Protected Steel CruLser.

COLUMBIA.

Speed, 23 knots.

Guns, one 8-inch Length, 412 feet; breadth, 58i feet. Displacement, 7,375 tons. breech-loading rifle, two 6-inch and eight 4-inch rapid-fire, twelve 6-pounder and four 1-pounder rapid-fire, and four Catlings. Four torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck Cost, .$2,725,000. Officers, 35; men, 429. 2i, slope 7.

Protected Steel Cruiser.

CINCINNATI.

Speed, 19 knots.

Guns, ten Displacement, 3,213 tons. Length, 300 feet; breadth, 42 feet. 5-inch and one 6-inch rapid-fire, eight 6-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid-fire, and two Catlings. Two torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, decic 1, slope 2 J. Officers, 20; men, 293. Cost, $1,100,000.

Protected Steel Cruiser.

MINNEAPOLIS.

Speed, 23i knots.

Length, 412 feet; breadth, 58i feet. Displacement, 7,375 tons. Guns, one 8-inch breech-loading rifle, two 6-inch and eight 4-inch rapid-fire, twelve 6-pounder and four Armor, in inches, deck 1-pounder rapid-flre, and four Catlings. Five torpedo-tubes. 2 J, slope 4. Officers, 38; men, 456. Cost, $2,690,000.

Protected Steel Cruiser.

SAN FRANCISCO.

Speed, 19J knots.

Length, 310 feet; breadth, 48 feet. 6-inch breech-loading rifles, four 6-pounder, fire, three 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 2, slope 3.

Displacement, 4,098 tons. Guns, twelve four 3-pounder and two 1-pounder rapidcannon, and four Catlings. Pour torpedoOfficers, 33; men, 350. Cost, $1,428,000.

Protected Steel Cruiser.

BALTIMORE.

Displacement, 4,413 tons.

Speed, 20 knots. Length, 327 J feet; breadth, 48i feet. Guns, four 8-inch and six 6-inch breech-loading rifles, four 6-pounder, two 3-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid-fire, four 3Y-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Catlings. Pour torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 2 J, slope 4. Officers, 36; men, 350. Contract price, $1,325,000.

Protected Steel Cruiser.

PHILADELPHIA.

Speed, 19i knots.

Length, 327^ feet; breadth, 48 J feet. 6-inch breech-loading rifles, four 6-pounder, fire, three 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 2^, slope 4.

Guns, twelve Displacement, 4,324 tons. four 3-pounder and two 1-pounder rapidcannon, and four Catlings. Four torpedoCost, $1,350,000. Officers, 34; men, 350.

-i^Ms^MC-^^

Protected Steel Cruiser.

NEWARK.

Speed, 19 knots.

Length, 310 feet; breadth, 49 feet. 6-inch breech-loading rifles, four 6-pounder, fire, four 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving Armor, in inches, deck 2, slope 3. tubes.

Displacement, 4,098 tons. Guns, twelve four 3-pounder and two 1-pounde rapidcannon, and four Catlings. Si.x torpedoOfficers, 34; men, ?50. Cost, $1,248,000.
-

Protectad steel Cruiser,

CHARLESTON.

Speed, 18 knots.

Length, 312i feei, breadth, 46 feet. Displacement, 3,730 tons. Guns, two 8-inch and six 6-inch breech-loading rifles, four 6-pounder, two 3-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid-fire, four 37-millinieter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Catlings. Four torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 2, slope 3. Officers, 20; men, 280. Cost, $1,017,500.

Protected Steel Cruiser.

CHICAGO.

Speed, 15 knots.

Displacement, 4,500 tons. Length, 325 feet; breadth, 48 feet. Guns, four 8-inch, eight 6-inch and two .5-inch breech-loading rifles, nine 6-pounder and four 1-pounder rapid-fire, two 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Catlings. Armor, in inches, deck and slope IJ. Oflicers, 33 men, 376. Cost, $889,000.

Double-turret Monitor.

AMPHITRITE.

Speed, 12 knots.

Length, 259J feet; breadth, 55J feet. Displacement, 3,990 tons. Guns, four 10-inch breech-loading rifles, two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder rapid-iire, two 37-niillimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, two 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon. Armor, in inches, sides 9, turrets 7J, barbettes lli,deck IJ. Officers, 13; men, 136. Cost, $3,178,046.

i^%'Mjirf.fitif6^>
-'o"

.A4
*

Double-turret Monitor.

PURITAN.

Speed, 12J knots.

Length, 289J feet; breadth, 60 feet. Displacement, 6,060 tons. Guns, four 10-inch breech-loading rifles, and eight rapid-fire and machine-guns. Armor, in inches, sides Officers, 22; men, 208. 14, turrets 8, barbettes 14, deck 2. Cost, $3,178,046.

^&i.s^a.*

~,7*3

Double-turret Monitor.

MIANTONOMOH.
rifles,

Speed, lOJ knots.

breadth, B5j feet. Displacement, 3,990 tons. Guns, four two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder and two 1-pounder rapidfire. Armor, in inches, sides 7, turrets llj, deck If. Officers, 13; men, 136. Has a double bottom, 28 inches clear space between the two. Cost, $3,178,046.

Length, 259i feet

10-inch breech-loading

Armored Ram.

KATAHDIN.

Speed, 17 knots.

Length, 250i feet; breadth, 43^ feet. Displacement, 2,155 tons. 6-pounder rapid-fire. Armor, in inches, sides 6 at top and 3 at bottom. men, 91. Cost, $930,000. The only war-vessel of its kind in the world.

Guns, four
Officers, 7;

THE

HANDY WAR BOOK


Containing Authentic Information and Statistics on Subjects
Relating to the WaK, with Descriptions of the American

and Spanish Navies;

also a Brief History of Cuba,

Porto Rico, the Philippines and Other Islands.

WITH ACCURATE WAR MAPS AND


PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES OF
U.
S.

WAR

VESSELS.

BY LIEUT.

E.

HANNAFORD

Copyright,

1898,

by Mast, Crowell

&

Kirkpatrick

PUBLISHED BY

MAST, CROWELL & KIRKPATRICK NEW York SPRINGFIELD. OHIO Chicago'

CONTENTS.
DESCRIPTIVE, STATISTICAL
American War Preparations
Beginning of the Spanish-American

AND

HISTORICAL.
PAGE
41 50 57 60 62

Manila, City and Bay of Naval Contrasts and Comparisons

War
Blanco In Cuba

:.

Campaign Campaign Campaign

of 1895 of 1896 of 1897

Naval Terms Explained Naval War Localities Navies of Leading Nations and Spain
>

Canary Islands Cape Verde Islands Climate of Cuba


Cuba, General Description of Cuban (Spanish) Debt Cuban Discontent, Causes of

69. Navy-yards, Location of Philippine Conquest, Organizing the 40 65 Philippine Islands, the Population of Cuba 15 Population of the Philippine Islands. 68 Porto Rico 63

Rank and Pay in the Army and Navy


Reconcentration Horrors Resolution Adopted by Congress,

59 28

Cuban People, Capital, etc Cuban Republic, the Cuban Resources and Industries Cuban Revolution Begun Cuba Under Spain

War
Resources and Statistics of Spain Resources and Statistics of the U. San Juan, City of

S...

DeLome

Letter, the

Spanish-American War, Opening


Sugar,

Dewey's Great Victory

Cuban
;

Havana, City of Hawaii Holland Diving-boat, the


Honolulu, City of

Taxation in Cuba Torpedo-boats and Destroyers


Trochas, the War-ships, Kinds of War-vessels, Spanish War-vessels, United States

Index to Map of Cuba Maceo, Death of Maine, Blowing up of the


Manila, Battle of
45

Weylerin Cuba
Yellow Fever In Havana

37 53 53 64 of.. 38 13 18 55 25 54 49 48 25
12

ILLUSTRATIONS OF WAR-VESSELS, WITH DESCRIPTIONS.


PAOE
Amphitrlte Atlanta Baltimore Bancroft Bennington Boston
Charleston Chicago Cincinnati

PAGE
Detroit

PAGE

7 73 4 77 79 73 6 6 3 2 75 79

Dolphin Helena Indiana

78 76 76

Montgomery Newark New York

74,
5
1

Brooklyn... On third cover

Iowa Katahdin Maine


Marblehead

On map sheet On map sheet


8 2 74

01ympla..0n second cover Oregon On map sheet Philadelphia 5 Puritan 7 Raleigh 80

Massachusetts On fourth cover

San Francisco
Terror

4 80

Columbia Concord Gushing

Mlantonomoh
Minneapolis

Monterey
IN

3 78

Texas Vesuvius

On map

sheet
75 77

Yorktown

MAPS
Cuba

BACK OF BOOK.
North Atlantic Ocean Showing Cape Verde Islands, Canary Islands and Spain the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of United
;

Havana Harbor
Philippine Islands Porto Rico West Indies World, on Mercator's Projection..

West Indies, Central America and Northern Coast-line


States, also

of South America.

Cuba and Spamsh=Afflerican War.


',WIIZ

^1
:l

OLLowiNG up the discovery which was to immortalize his name, and the date October 12, 1492, Columbus cruised westward among the "West Indian isles, and on October 28th entered the mouth of a river in the "great land" of which he had

heard many times before reaeliing it. This land, indescribably beautiful and fertile, the natives called Cuba. Mistalien as the great discoverer was in fondly believing he had here touched the shores of the great gold-bearing continent he was seeljing, the "Gem of tlie Antilles" is far the most important island of the West Indiesalmost incomparably so if Hayti be left out of the account. A climate so delightful as to seem a perpetual summer, a soil inexhaustibly rich, tropical luxuriance of growth in field and forest, varied loveliness of jiatural scenery, no less than twenty-seven good harbors these combine to malie Cuba one of nature's most favored regions; while its commanding position at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico might well stimulate the acquisitive ambition of nations. "It is so near to us," said President Cleveland's message of December, 1896, "as to be hardly separated from our own territory." The Strait of Florida can be crossed by steamer in five hours.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF CUBA.


about 760 miles in length; in width it varies line passing some fifty miles west of Santiago, to not exceeding 28 miles from Havana southward. Its area is about 42,000 square miles, exclusive of the Isle of Pines and other small islands, the former containing 1,200, the latter aggregating 970 square miles. Thus, in dimensions, Cuba closely approximates the state of New Yorii. Compared with Long Island, it is twenty-eight times larger. Cuba is traversed lengthwise by a mountainous range, MOUNTAINS. which is highest in the
is

Cuba

DIMENSIONS.

from 127 miles on a

broisen
is

eastern part, where it is up into spurs, or transverse ridges. The most elevated summit 7,670 feet above sea-level, but the average height of the mountains

does not exceed 2,200 feet.

The

rivers are necessarily short, flowing

some

north,

some

south,

from the central watershed,

12

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMEBICAN WAR.


S'careely

more than one third of the land has yet been Jjrought under cultivation. One half the island The lowlands of jg Qovered with primeval forests. the coast are inundated in the wet season, or at least turned into Impassable swamps of blacli and wonderfully tenacious mud. Add to this feature the immense reaches of tracliless forest, filled everywhere with an almost impenetrable growth of underbrush, not to mention that the dry plains are to a large extent a jungle of very high bushes and thick grasses (manigua), and one may begin to form some idea of the difficulties that are inseparable from a campaign in this land of tropical suns and lurking fevers. The two conditions above described largeSTRATEGIC CONDITIONS j acpo^nt for the surprising paucity of jr jr OF THF WAR results accomplished for so long a period in the war of 1S95-1898 by the vastly preponderant armies of Spain. The insurgent forces, being so inferior numerically, weje obliged to remain amid the favoring shelter of the mountains and other inaccessible The necessity of cutting i)aths through the dense timbered regions. undergrowth of the forests and among the Jungled manigua of the dry plains accounts for the omnipresence of the machete in the Cuban's warfare. This famous weapon is primarily not-a weapon at all, but an implement designed for hewing a passage through the limitless woody expanses above mentioned. Surprising strength and skill are acquired in wielding this favorite and usually horn-handled blade of from twentyFORESTS AND SWAMPS,
.j

four to thirty inches in length, perfectly straight, as heavy as a cleaver, It somewhat resembles an with an edge always kept like a razor. American farmer's corn-scythe, only it is made' for heavier work, and the cutting is done with the outer edge instead of the inner one. The climate of the low coast-lands is tropical; that of the more elevated interior resembles the warmer portions of the temperate zone. As regards temperature, it is remarkably equable,

making Havana a sanatorium of world-wide celebrity for sufferers from bronchial and pulmonary troubles. The mean annual temperature there is 77 to 80 degrees. Eighty-two degrees is the average for July and August, and 72 for December and January, the total range of the thermometer during the year being only 30 degrees, or from 58 to 88. The average annual rainfall at Havana is 40.5 inches, of which 27.8 inches is during the wet season (from the middle of April to the middle of October). Fireplaces are unknown in Cuba's capital, and almost so are glazed windows, which are replaced by double sets of
shutters or curtains.

seldom becomes epidemic in the notwithstanding its prevalence during the summer in Havana and other seaports, whose wretched sanitation constantly invites the attacks of this dreaded scourge. Consul-

VFiinw FFVPO "

Yellow

fever

elevated

interior,

CUBAN RESOURCES AND INDUSTRIES.

13

General (now Major-General) Fitzhugh Lee, when before the Foreign Relations Committee of the United States Senate, April 12, 1898, gave it as his opinion that no serious danger from yellow fever need be apprehended in conducting a summer campaign in Cuba with troops from the United States.

CUBAN RESOURCES AND

INDUSTRIES.

Cuban sugars and tobaccos are famous the world over. In this worii separate sections are given them, as also auother one to cofifee. Next in export value come oranges and the various native woods, including a superior quality of mahogany. The cigar-boxes so familiarly known throughout the United States and,

Europe are made from a tree of the same natural order as mahogany, but popularly known as cedar, a wood which is also much used for the

The official value of the total inside of drawers, wardrobes, etc. exports for one year shortly before the beginning of the last insurrection was upward of $83,000,000, consisting almost Avholly bf agricultural products

and

fruits.

are luxuriant specimens of tropical trees. hundred feet or more, is strikingly beautiful and majestic. The cocoanut-palm grows wild, a glorious tree, immensely rich in leaves and fruit. In, some seasons oranges have been so abundant that on the great estates, as a traveler declares, they "lay all about on the bright red earth, little naked negroes kicking aside and satiated pigs disdainfully neglecting great luscious
q^^jjj

PALMS AND FRUITS,

The

several different species of palms found in

The Royal palm,

rising to the height of one

which the North would have piled with great pride upon salvers of and porcelain." The banana "bunches" are always cut from the parent stem while green. The ingenios, or sugar-plantations, with large buildings and SUU K- mills for sugar-refining, have always been the most important industrial establishments of the island. Though his former lordliness and feudal magnifieence underwent, of late years, more or lessfruit

silver

still a prince of agriculture advantage over all his foreign competitors in the fertility of his soil, which seemed practically exhaustless. Not all the bounty-stimulated and cheaper production of beet-sugar in Europe has been able to displace Cuban sugars in foreign markets, though competition from this source has largely reduced The introduction of modern machinthe profits in raising them. ery requiring large capital has more than counteracted that natural tendency to subdivide great holdings of land which is usually observed when. a system of slave labor gives place to a free one, and has aided in crowding the smaller planters to the wall.

modification, the great sugar-planter

was

up

to 1895.

He had an immense

14

CUBA AND SPANIS1I-A5IEKICAN WAK.

In Cuba the grinding season lasts twice as long as it does in Louisiana. The sugar was put up in jute bags (the government tax on -which trebled their cost to the planter), ayeragiug something over three hundred pounds each, and in this shape was sent to Havana or other port. Under conditions of peace the sugar production approximates one million tons per annum. Well-informed Americans consider
this only one fifth the amount which, with a good government and proper enterprise, the island is capable of yielding. The average value of sugar exported amounts to 150,000,000, and of molasses $9,000,000, of which eighty per cent goes to the United States. Tobacco as a source of income ranks next after sugar. TOBACCO. Yet the tobacco industry under Spanish rule Vas always an uncertain one, owing to the restrictions and exactions imposed by the government, which controlled it as a monopoly in the interests of the crown and the Spanish officials. The salaries of the officers of the government Factoria de Tobacco in Havana were quoted as high as $541,000 for a single year. Cuba's tobacco crop in 1895 was estimated

at about $10,000,000. For tobacco-raising the

rich plains in the western province of This is. the region Cuba, Pinar del Rio, have no rival in the world. which Maceo, commanding the insurgent "Army of Invasion," chose as

the principal theater of his operations in the campaign of 1896, and where, in consequence, the tobacco crop of that year was nearly all Biding thro^igh the fields just at the critical season for cutting lost. and curing the leaves, his troops enlisted thousands of the laborers and stampeded the rest. The Spaniards, regarding the rebellion and the tobacco interests as largely identical perhaps not without reason, either retaliated with ruinous effect wherever their army could reach. This crop formerly came next to sugar in export value, **" *" as also in profit to the planters; and although Brazil long since broke down, without entirely destroying, the Cuban coffee trade, the cafetals, as the coffee estates are called, are still scattered throughout the island, especially as adjuncts to the great ingenios, where their ornamental effects are much prized. Coffee culture was introduced from Hayti in 1748, and fifty years later received a great impetus from the superior methods introduced by Intelligent and wealthy French planters escaped from the now proverbial "horrors of San Domingo." Cuba's mineral resources remain but slightly developed. The mountains, wooded to the summit, in places contain iron and copper, both of which, as also 'manganese, are exported. Though silver ore has been found, and in some of the rivers alluvial gold deposits, Cuba as a producer of the precious metals has always ranked low. Bituminous coal deposits in extensive layers seem to constitute the most important item of its mineral wealth, and in a few years will doubtless be mined in large quantities.

CUBAN PEOPLE, CAPITAL,

ETC.

15

CUBAN PEOPLE,
The
POPULATION,
in 1887, as follows:

CAPITAL, ETC.
Cuba
is

latest census of

that which

was taken

PKOVINCES.

16

CUBA AND SPANISH- AMEBICAN WAK.

imijosing vs^ithout, ornate and keeping (unless an almost incredible fraud was perpetrated in 1796) the priceless treasure of the bones of Columbus, in a marble urn. Morro Castle, at the entrance of the harbor, is quite celebrated, lastly as the dreary prison of political offenders, including more fhan one American. For harbor defense, however, the main reliance is some newer fortifications on thp neighboring hills, a little

cathedral of Havana, venerable and

brilliant within,

has

in its

way back from


OTHER
CITIES,

the sea-front^

Santiago de Cuba comes next to Havana in population. j^. contained 71,307 in 1832, while Matanzas" had (An enumeration 56,379, Puerto Principe 46,641 and Cienfuegos 40,964. was made in the cities in 1892, but not over the whole island.) Before the war there were about 1,000 miles of COMMUNICATIONS, railroad in regular operation throughout the island, besides 200 miles of private lines running to the large sugarplantations.

The telegraph

of vessels that entered

lines aggregated 2,810 miles. The number the five principal ports Havana, Santiago,

Cienfuegos, Trinidad and Nuevitas in 1894 was in round numbers two thousand, with a tonnage of two and one half millions.

CUBA UNDER
EARLY SPANISH RULE,

SPAIN.

Forty years of cruel and rigorous servitude guffiggci t^ ^i^^ tjjg three hundred thousand Fot gentle, indolent aborigines of Cuba off the face of the earth. a long time the island continued sparsely settled, its wondrous The Spanish agricultural capabilities surprisingly unappreciated. vessels passing between the New World and the home ports of Cadiz and Barcelona invariably made the harbor of Havana; that city quickly grew into importance, but the rest of the island lay neglected. Meanwhile the West Indian waters were churned into bloody foam whenever war arose in Europe. Here would assemble the French, the English, the Dutch navies, and here they dealt some of their most telling blows upon the power of Spain at sea. Havana was destroyed by a French iDrivateer in 1538, and again in 1554, and in 1624 the Dutch captured it, but gave it back to Spain. During two centuries the rich Spanish galleons (a treasure-ship and merchantman) offered an irresistible temptation to hostile seamen and swarming bucaneers. "^^^ conquest of Havana and other important H CONQUEST ENGLISH rr points in Cuba by the English in 1792 was a ' striking feat of arms, which, strange as it sounds, owed its success to a timely reinforcement of 2,300 men, under General Lyman and Lieutenant-Colonel Israel Putnam, from the colonies of Connecticut, New York and New Jersey. The resistance of the Spaniards cost the victors dearly, most of all in an appalling death1 1

CUBA UNDER SPAIN.

17

I'ate from disease, exposure and lack of water. The spoil taken was enormous, that part of it which was divided among the British soldiers and sailors as prize-money amounting to about $4,000,000. I^ord Albemarle and Sir George Pocock each pocketed about $600,000. English Statecraft never made a worse bargain than when it gave Cuba back to Spain in 1763, in exchange for a barren title to Florida. Had England held Cuba, French assistance in the American Revolution might have been futile, and~po'ssibly George III. would have had his way, instead of Washington and Hancock having theirs. '^^^ replacement of the iron and bloody hand of PDAu I1A1 TA 1848. FROM 1763 TO s gp^j^ retarded, but did not check, the development of Cuba's marvelous resources. When the French deposed the ^elgning family in Spain, in 1808, Cuba declared war against Napoleon. Nor was this sentiment of loyalty subverted by the example of successful revolt on all sides. Spain lost Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Chill, etc., but Cuba remained her prize, with only one disturbance of note, the Black Eagle Conspiracy of 1829, amid it all. However, because of government (since 1810) by a foreign captain-general, also because of the heavy taxation, a discontent was breeding, which gradually hardened into opposition, hatred and, defiance after 1836, when Cuba was denied a share in the benefits of the new constitution granted the mother-country. The antagonisms of race likewise came into play, and 1844 brought the short-lived insurrection of the blacks. In 1848 President Polk offered Spain $1,000,000 for the island, but encountered an indignant refusal. In ^ OVEKTuRES. jggj Narcisso Lopez, a Venezuelan and a filibuster, led a much-vaunted expedition from one of our southern ports into its death-trap in the western part of Cuba, and was garroted. The famous Ostend Manifesto by the United States ministers to England, France and, Spain was issued in 1854, declaring that if Spain would not sell, this country should seize Cuba by force and annex it. The three movements last mentioned were conceived in the interest of slavery extension. In 1873 occurred the tragic Vir^inius incident, when Captain Fry, of that ill-fated vessel, and fifty-two other American prisoners In 1889 Sagasta, the Spanish were shot at Santiago as "pirates." premier, told the United States minister, Thomas W. Palmer, there was nqt gold enough in the world to purchase the island of Cuba. The year 1S68 inaugurated a determined effort WAR OF 1868-1878. f^^. cuban independence, in which the military

leadership of Maximo Gomez, a retired otHcer and native West Indian, was conspicuous. The war dragged its weary length for ten years, its operations being limited to ths eastern third of the inland. It was finally terminated by the treaty of El Zan,ion, between Cespefles, the civil head of the revolutionary movement (Gomez and most of the

generals assenting), and Captain-General Martinez Campos; This treaty

18

CUBA AND SPANISII-AMEBICAN WAK.

was hailed with delight by all; by the Cubans as also a guarantee of autonomy, and of personal rights and privileges, and equal protection under the law. Gomez then retired to his family and little farm in Santo Domingo. The "ten years of ruin and of "tears" for Cuba had cost Spain $60,000,000 and 100,000 men, most of them by yellow fever. Of course, the expenses of the war were saddled on Cuba.

CAUSES OF CUBAN DISCONTENT.


always claimed that the zanjon (see preceding paragraph) became a hollow mockery in the hands of its Spanish administrators. Names only were changed, not methods. The title of captain-general gave place to governor-general, but it was the same office, the same arbitrary, irresponsible power, as before. The right of banishment was nominally given up, but a "law of vagrancy" was framed, which accomplished precisely the same end. The brutal attacks on defenseless citizens were prohibited, but under a new and soft Castilian name they still went on, and remained unpunished. Taxation without the knowledge or consent of the Cubans themselves was, as ever, the core of the whole fiscal system. The groundwork of the administrative policy remained the same; namely, to exclude every native Cuban from every office which could in any way give him effective influence in public affairs, and to make the most out of the labor of the colonists
patriots

The Cuban
^j

A HOLLOW MOCKERY.

^^.Q^^y,

jji

for the benefit of the mother-country.

^^ maintain the manufactures of Spain, and be doubly taxed once as goods went, and again as goods came for the privilege of the exchange. The government at Madrid was always on the alert to issue decrees whose effect would be to cheapen sugar and tobacco, the two great Cuban products, and at the same time to compel the importation by Cuba of many things which she ought to raise in her own fields or fabricate in her own shops, the only consideration being how to raise the largest revenue possible, by an export duty on the former and a tariff. duty on the latter. The oppression this policy wrought was greatly aggravated by the all-pervading corruption in the custom-houses. Spain practically confiscated the product of the Cubans' labor without giving them in return either safety or prosperity, nor yet education. She systematically impoverished Cuba, and demoralized its people by condemning tliem to political inferiority.

INJUSTICE AND urrm-jjiv/m.

^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^-^^ helpless

The Spaniards never conceived any other Cubans were in duty

policy

boutid

TAVATinN AINU nPRT Awn UCBI.

"^'"^

Cuban deputies were never able


anything
in the Cortes at

to

accomin fact.

pjigjj

Madrid;

few

of

them

really attempted anything, the majority

to distinctly Spanish influence.

owing their places The vast sums amassed by taxes mul-

CUBAN REVOLUTION BEGUN.


titudinous, searching, grasping,

19

were raised and spent, not for roads,


not for developing internal

not for schools, not for Improvements,

resources, but for the enrichment and indulgence of a

swarm

of over-

bearing foreigners. Spain had fastened on Cuba a debt of $200,000,000, considerably over $100 ijer capita, and in addition a system of taxation which wrung $39,000,000 annually from the Cubans. On the other baud, the Spanish officials protested THE SPANISH SIDE, ^j^^^^ ^j^g political regime had been entirely transformed on the lines of the treaty of El Zahjon. The island was immediately divided into its present six provinces. The last vestige of slavery was removed in 1886, two years before the limit set. (Concerning this, the Cubans insist that the ten years' war had killed slavery anyhow, and the royal decrees were simply its obituary.) The promised constitutional reforms, according to this view, were carried out in good faith, including, besides Cuban representation in the Cortes, a considerable extension of the suffrage and of the principle of selfgovernment, the promotion of education, the legalizing of civil marriages, etc. Cuba, in short, was a spoiled child. The revolutionary leaders were pestiferous cranks and adventurers, the Maceos who were mulattoes being particularly obnoxious, as inciters of revolt

among

the blacks.

CUBAN REVOLUTION BEGUN.


THP riiRAN JUNTA. THE CUBAN II1NTA
'^'^^

Cubau

cxiles at

Key West and

other Florida

poits, as also

New York

City, with those in the

non-Spanish West Indies, Mexico, Honduras and Venezuela, numbered many thousands, including numerous veterans of the ten years' war; and these lived in perpetual ferment over some project or other for the liberation of Cuba, always keeping in close touch with their compatriots there. A supreme Revolutionary Junta was formed, with New York City for headquarters, and for its master-spirit that indomitable and tireless organizer, Jose Marti. Before the end of 1894 the Junta had the moral and material support of nearly one hundred and fifty revolutionary clubs, all actively at work in raising a war fund and purchasing arms and ammunition. The Cuban cigar-makers, etc., in the United States pledged to the cause one tenth of their earnings, or more if needed. Calleja was now governor-general of Cuba, a liberalminded man for a Spaniard, but hampered' continually from Madrid. Meantime the malcontents at home were steadily RIPENING DFvniT REVOLT, adding to the limited supply of arms that had been secreted there since the war closed in 1878, doing so mostly by smuggling them in, or by purchase from corrupt underlings at the government arsenals. A "filibustering expedition" was broken up by the United States authorities, January 14, 1895, at Fernandina, Florida,

20

CTJBA

AND SPANISH-AMEKICAN WAE.

when on the eve of sailing. One of its leaders was Antonio Maceo. Three others of them, Jose Marti, CoUego and Rodriguez, were next heard of in February, in Santo Domingo, whither they had gone to concert further measures with their fellow-partisans living in Cuba. It was at this period that Marti, president of the Revolutionary Junta, made his way to a modest home in the western part of Santo Domingo, and to the same able and wily soldier, veteran of a dozen wars, who had been prominent in the last Cuban army, ofBcially tendered the organization and the command of the Cuban army of the future. And

Maximo Gomez
DESULTORY OUTBREAKS,

accepted.
g,^

The program agreed on contemplated a rising in all This is the provinces on February 24, 1895.

cyij^n's Fourth of July, the date of the revolutionists' formal declaration of war, though, as it turned out, they were then able to raise the flag of the republic in but three provinces, only one of which seemed the theater of events at all threatening; for the disturbances reported in Matanzas and Santa Clara were soon quelled. The province of Santiago de Cuba is for the most part thinly settled, which, with its generally mountainous and densely wooded character, makes it an ideal territory for guerrilla warfare. The uprising there, February 24th, aroused the Spanish authorities to a sense of annoyance scarcely more. But the handful of insurgent guerrillas playing hide-and-seek in the mountains and the swamps found welcome, succor, reinforcements, wherever they appeared. Then came the unearthing of a widespi-ead plot in this same province that occasioned genuine alarm, the conspirators' plans including wholesale conflagrations, and the extermination of the Spanish officials and soldiery, beginning with the resident governor. Calleja proclaimed martial law in Santiago, also in Matanzas, and hurried detachments to both. Out mFFirill TlF DIFFICULTIES, ^j ^ nominal army of 20,000 he could put only 9,000 effectives into the field, while of thirteen gunboats on patrol duty along the coast no more than seven were fit for service. The commissary arrangements were so bad as to more than once block important movements of the troops. The almost daily story of the telegraph would be the appearance in such or such a district of an insurrectionary band, which at the approach of troops vanished into the mountains or the swampswhere pursuit was impossible reappearing in a few days as raiders on such and such Idyalists' plantations, which they not only plundered, but enticed the laborers away from, thus terrorizing the community and ruining the prospects for a crop.

^^ *'^^ three parties in Cuba Loyalists, Separatists and Autonomiststhe first comprised those of Spanish birth or Spanish patronage the office-holding class, and all others whose privileges and Lnterasts were bound up with a continuance of the

THREF PARTIFS

CAMPAIGN OF
existing regime.
llbre,

1895.
tlie

21

The

Separatists were

party of revolution, of

Cuba

ready to fight for iudependence as the only remedy for their country's ills. The Cubans in the United States, as well as the thousands of other exiles in the lands and islands neighboring Cuba, belonged to this party almost to a man, and so, by racial instinct, did the negro population. The Autpnomists occupied middle ground, passionately inveighing against the misgovernment, favoritism and centralization which disgraced the state of things around them, yet limiting their demands to home rule under Spain, such as Canada enjoys under England.

CAMPAIGN OF
It

1895.

was the first of April when Antonio Maeeo, with twenty-two comrades of the former war, who had sailed from Costa Eiea, landed near Baracoa, on almost the eastern tip of Cuba. Intercepted by a mounted Spanish party, they kept up a brave though shifting fight for many hours, and- after several of his companions had fallen and his hat been shot through, Maceo managed to elude his pursuers and get away. For ten days he continued his stealthy progress westward through the woods, living on the plantains and other tropical fruits that grow wild in Cuba. At length, in the rough country north of Bahia de Guantanamo, he stumbled upon a body of rebels, and identifying himself, was welcomed with rapturous enthusiasm. His was indeed a' name to conjure with, because of his famous deeds in the last war and his unquenchable devotion to Cuba libre. At once he took command of the insurgent bands in the vicinity, and began recruiting vigorously. In three sharp brushes that he presently had with small Spanish detachments he more than held his own, the moral effect of which was especially valuable. Since 1878 the mulatto chieftain had become a traveled and for all practical purposes an educated man. The art of war he had made a close study, out of books and in every other way he could find. That he served at one time in capacity of hostler at West Point is a myth. His only surviving brother, Jose, who had come over from Costa Rica with him, was also given a generalship, and fell during the war, a number of months before Maceo was so treacherously betrayed and slain.

MACEO

IN

CUBA,

On the eleventh of April Maximo Gomez and j^^^ Marti together succeeded in crossing over from Santo Domingo, and landing on the southern coast. The district was alive with the enemy's patrols and pickets, so that for. two days they were in constant danger: but ere the third evening they were
ARRIVAL OF GOMEZ,
safe within a rebel camp, and Gomez had entered- upon his duties Experienced leadership, their gre^t lack as commander-in-chief. Soon they numbered over six thousand at first, the rebels now had.

men.

22

CtlBA ANt) BtANlSH-AMEEICAN WAS.

Marti and Gomez, having marched toward the on arranging for a Constituent Assembly, as well as organizing Insurrection, the former, on May 19th, was led into an ambush by a treacherous guide, and killed. Marti was the father, and thus far had been the soul, of the revolution. His body, ifter being embalmed, was borne to the city, of Santiago, It is said that where it was buried by the Spanish -commandant. he and his associates of the Junta had raised a million dollars for the

DEATH Or MARTI,

djuti-ai i^rovinoes, intent

promotion of the cause of the revolutionists.


battalions of recruits who had hur^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^-^^ ^^g^ p^^j, ^j Calleja ^^^,j^Q ^^^ likewise got 7,000 troops from the other Spanish island of Porto Eico) were followed, in April, by no less than 25,000 men. On the sixteenth of that month Field-Marshal Campos, to the joy of the Spaniards, reached the port of Santiago de Cuba, on his way to Havana, relieving Calleja as governor-general. He took hold with energy. But his task grew daily, the contagion of revolt continuing to spread westward, and, in spite of very inadequate supplies of arms and ammunition, to gather military strength. Calleja had weeks before proclaimed the whole island under martial law. By May the Havana officials conceded they were coping not with mere brigandage, but with revolution. Sharp fighting at outlying points, though never between large numbers heavy skirmishing had now grown common. No longer were the Spaniards trying to ferret out a despised enemy in his hiding-places; for the rainy season, with its added discomforts and increased peril to life, was now on, and at best that kind of work was wearing and fruitless. All through the war the insurgents, secure in the good-will of the masses, enjoyed the great advantage of being kept fully informed of every move the government troops made; so now the rebels always contrived to give the Spaniards the slip, or on occasions to attack their columns from ambush. The aim of Campos was to divide the island into lAv^iiVyS ur inc zones by a series of strongly guarded military I AMPAIGN lines running north and south, and to move his successively consolidated forces toward the sunrise, and finally crowd the Cubans off the eastern end of the island. As it turned out, however, it was Gomez and Maceo who fiddled and Campos who danced. The governor-general had to keep shifting his drooping and water-soaked regiments from point to point, to meet threatened attacks or to protect this district or that from ruinous rebel incursions, and could not solidify even the two trochas he did begin. Gomez adapted means to ends. Pitched battles and regular sieges

The few
^^^^

GOVERNOR-GENERAL CAMPOS

were, with his limited resources, out of the question. The armies of oppression could not be crushed, but they might be harassed and their convoys cut off, might be worn out in a life of alarms and hard work,

CAMPAIGN OF

1895.

23

migLt be picked off in detail and yellow fever would do the rest. His hardened native soldiers, especially the negroes, would thrive and keep In fighting trim under hardships and exposure no European soldier could possibly undergo and live. By the fourth week of May the rebel armies CAMPOS OUTMATCHED, numbered over 10,000 men, of whom nearly three fourths were armed with good rifles. The Spanish war expenses In three months had been $10,000,000, and their death-roll 190 officers and 4,846 men. Early in June Gomez put his plans into execution for the invasion of Puerto Principe, and brushing aside the attenuated opposition in his ivay, was soon in the heart of his old campaignJngground in the 70's, with thousands flocking to his standard. Three weeks later Maceo, still in Santiago province, concentrated his forces in the Holguin district, moved southwestward, and demonstrated
visions that

heavily against Bayamo, capturing train-load after train-load of prowere started for that place. Campos put himself at the head of 1,500 men,

General Santocildes next in command, and July 13th, several miles before reaching Bayamo, he was attacked by 2,700 rebels led by Maceo, and with his entire staff narrowly escaped capture. Only the heroism of Santocildes aveu'ted this catastrophe, at the cost of his own life For hours the Spaniards, with admirable steadiness, fought their assailants on four sides, being surrounded, but finally broke through, and made good their escape to Bayamo, the rear-guard with difficulty covering their retreat. They had been saved by Maceo's lack of artillery. The Spanish loss in killed was seven officers and 119 men; that of the Cubans was nearly as great. But Maceo, by a rapid flank movement and a tremendous assault upon the enemy's rear, had captured the ammunition train a prize indeed. Campos did not dare to stir from Bayamo for several days, or until strong reinforcements had reached him. By this time Maceo had brought about the concentration of 10,000 of the enemy. He then withdrew. ^^ ^^^'^^ August the Spanish losses by death had WAMiSH rnssFS bPANlsn LUt5. reached 20,000 meiv, by September 1st their expenditures to $21,300,000. The Madrid government, after already realizing $48,000,000 from the sale, at 40 per cent, of $120,000,000 worth of Cuban bonds of the series of 1890, in October negotiated a $14,000,000 loan with some Paris and Dutch bankers.
^,^^^

BATTLE OF BAYAMO.

marched

to the relief of the starving garrison.

^^ ^^^ railroads and along the troehas, while the commercial seaports, besides being strongly garrisoned, were under the sheltering guns of the Spanish war-ships. The heavy reinforcements dispatched from Spain in August, unlike the earlier ones, were mainly veterans, the flower of the Spanish army.
p^j^^^^

AUTUMN CAMPAIGN, AUTUMN TAiHPAirN

^ampos had massed

his troops at

commanding

24

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMEBIOAN WAR.


September found not only 30,000 rebels
in the field,

but their number


/

Increasing faster than e.ver. And now began their destructive and dreaded worli of dynamiting trains, bridges, etc., tearing up traclis and cutting telegraph lines, as also their more systematic levies of "contri-/

butions" upon the planters, and of taxes upon food supplies for the More fighting, too, but alwaj's of the partisan Ivind; for unles^ two or three times the stronger, no insurgent force would either attack or wait to be attaclied. They l^new every foot of ground; all the negroes and three fourths of the whites formed a spy service for
cities.

them; and when it came to marching, the imported regulars were nowhere. They worried and stung the Spanish columns and outposts perpetually, always making off before an efCeetive blow could be dealt in return. When their ammunitioa ran low, they would swoop down upon some exposed party of the enemy and replenish from the prisoners' cartridge-boxes.

October saw 25,000 government troops in the provice of Santa Clara alone. But In spite of them Gomez rushed his columns by night over into Santa Clara. The combat of November 19th and 20th, at Tagnasco, in that province, was the severest encounter of the year, Gomez gaining a decided advantage over Valdes, one of the Spanish brigadiers. Before the end of 1895 Campos' campaign was an admitted failure. Under a heavy fire of criticism from the ultra-Spanish Havanese because he would not depart from the humane and considerate policy he had all along pursued, the once-lauded "Pacificator of Cuba" at the new year returned to Spain.- Both sides now had in the field three times as many men as in the ten years' war, the government about 200,000 men, counting 60,000 volunteers home guards and the loosely organized and wonderfully mobile insurgent armies 50,000 to 65,000.
DPTiBPMPiuT
.

Ji^ .Vilv. OF CAMPOS

CAMPAIGN OF
THE TORCH AND
year's

1896.
fire

Less blood and more

gives the second

campaign in an epigram. The Cuban GRASS-GROWN FIELDS, ig^ciers in December, 1895, had announced that their next move would be to stop production and commerce, and thus deprive the Spanish crown of war revenues and supplies. Thus, too, the situation would become so intolerable that Loyalist and Autonomist would cease opposing independence, for they would see it was the only alternative to anarchy and ruin. So Gomez again took up his line of march westward to the confines of Santa Clara, and across Matanzas, and into tlie province of the capital; which, as completed by Maceo's lodgment in Pinar del Bio, made a march of triumph for the Cubans of the whole length of their country, or quite as far as from Pittsburg to St. Louis. Gomez had got hold of a few

CAMPAIGN OF

1896.

25

pieces of artillery, and the thunder of his guns at almost the bacli door of Havana was the greeting he gave the new governor-general,

Valeriano Weyler, who arrived early in February. His march had lain through the cultivated, rich sugar districts, and these he left a smoking desolation. Then Maceo, like a thunderbolt, burst into Pinar del Eio, where he did a corresponding work, though not the same one, in the tobacco regions; and in Pinar del Eio he staid, in spite of all efforts to capture him or starve him out. Troclia simply means a military line of fortified posts, " near together, designed to bar an enemy's passage beyond. The Spaniards always placed great reliance on their trochas as a means of cooping up the enemy, and, as it were, strangling rebellion to death. Yet Gomez in the ten years' war crossed and recrossed them several times, once bringing his wife with him'. Those which (Jampos established in 1895 soon had to be abandoned as useless. His last was along the line of railroad running from Havana to BatalDano, on the south coast, a distance of twenty-eight miles; and, in addition to the usual forts, hundreds of freight-cars were covered with boiler-iron, their sides perforated with openings for the rifles of his soldiery, and some of these were kept moving up and down the line day and night. On the evening of January 4, 1896, Gomez and Maceo crossed this trocha without firing a shot, but tore up three miles of railroad track, *'just to let the Spaniards know we noticed their toy," Gomez remarked. ^"^ '^^^^ Weyler threw two trochas across the nrHAc WEYLER'S TROCHAS. jgiand, one in the western part of the province of Puerto Principe (see map), from Jucaro to Moron. The western one was shorter and stronger than any before it, and at first milch the most talked of. It extended twenty-three miles from Pto. de Mariel on the north to B. Majana on the south, just within the eastern boundary of Pinar del Rio (see map). Its object was to shut Maceo up in the province just named, and make the assurance doubly sure of cutting the revolutionary army in two. This trocha consisted principally of a barbed-wire fence nearly four feet high; the sentinels being posted immediately behind it. Forty yards back of it was a trench three feet wide and four feet deep, with a breastwork of palmetto logs. Fifty yards still further back were the log houses in which the troops were quartered. The number of soldiers required to guard the whole line was about 15,000. After passing the trocha with a small detachment DEATH OF MACEO. ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ December 4, 1896, Maceo (on his way to consult with Gomez) was killed on the seventh; assassinated, the Cubans claimed, through the purchased treachery of Dr. Zertucha, of his personal staff. His eight brothers had all perished before him in the cause of Cuban liberty. General Rius Eivera succeeded him.

26

CrBA

AKt) SPANISH-AMfeBlCAS WAft.

CAMPAIGN OF
The next
SITUATION IN JANUAI^Y.
financially,
^jjigi;

1897-

year, 1897,

tor

Spain

dawned upan a was intensely

situation
strained,

and scarcely less so from the military and diplomatic standpoints, with gloom and mourning throughout the patriot ranks for the death of Maceo, though the Cuban Junta asserted, a few weeks' later, it had receiyed a quarter of a million dollars in the way of "Meanwhile," says a trustincreased contributions because of it. worthy account of that period, "in one of the fairest lands on earth the misery, the suffering, goes on without mitigation. Thousands are in sudden extreme penury, many on the verge of starvation, and from one end of the island to the other there is a complete unsettling of everything. Weyler, though he has not proved himself the butcher he was dubbed beforehand, is harsh and relentless, and some of his orders have worked indescribable hardship and privation to multitudes of country people. His forces continue to garrison the seaports, and hold certain interior lines along the railroads, including the western and eastern troehas, but the insurgents have their own way in nearly all of the eastern two thirds of the island, and are able to raid at will
over

much

of the rest."

THE CUBAN ARMIES.


close of 1895.

The numerical strength


^^
^j^jg

of the opposing armies

(See page 16.)

though reaching Havana the heavy Spanish losses resulting from exposure and disease. The Cuban armies, according to a speech in the United States Congress, in 1896, aggregated 60,622 men, and of the twenty-four generals in the Cuban armies nineteen were whites, three blacks, one a mulatto and one an Indian. The Senator's figures- doubtless exaggerated the Insurgent strength. Comparatively few of the fighters on that side could keep in active service the year round. Gomez practically had no commissary department. His men came and went, and scattered about to plant and gather their rapidly grown crops, much as they pleased; it being sufficient, mostof the time, that they should keep within call and rally to the main camps whenever notified that any considerable movement was on foot. Durmg the few long marches which the Cuban armies made they had
to live, of course, off the counti-y.
'"" ^'""' ''"', ^""T'l to ^T^ creased efforts ^T'"'crush out rebellion Pinar del Eio. By means of the western trocha he succeeded in confining Rivera's scattered bands to that province, and in a series of small engagements he gained some advantages; but there was ;. continuous stream of wounded and sick soldiers back to Havana. In the

changed since the Additional' reinforcements from Spain, frequently, did not much more than replace
^^^^ ^^^ freatly

^j^g

PAPER PACIFICATIONS.

^T''
^

CAMPAIGN OP

1897.

27

spring of 1897 Rivera, wounded, was made a prisoner, after wliich event military operations in Pinar del Kio became absolutely unimportant. Rivera was released a few months later, and already is well-nigh forgotten. On January 11, 1897, Weyler proclaimed the pacification of the three western provinces, those of Havana, Matanzas and Pinar del Rio; then made haste to show the hollowness of It all, not only by unrelaxed activity in Pinar del Rio, but by a campaign of ruthless devastation throughout Matanzas. His further "pacifications," at interAs autumn approached, vals during the summer, deceived nobody. the frultlessness of his harsh policy aroused strong criticism even in Madrid, from the Liberal Party. The two eastern provinces, Santiago and Puerto AUTUMN CAMPAIGN, pj-jncipe, ^ere dominated by the insurgents from the very first. It cost the Spaniards continued severe effort and many lives to retain their hold on the Bayamo district, before giving it up, under the exigencies of the war with the United States, April 25, 1898. More than once the garrison of that place was reduced to almost starvation allowances, by the cutting of the railroad to the north, thus making them dependent on such supplies as could be brought up the Rio Oauto (see map) by boat. In January, 1897, a Spanish gunboat patrolling that river was blown, up by a torpedo operated electrically from the woods along the shore. During the greater part of that year the more important demonstrations of the insurgents were those made by various detachments of the army of General Calixto Garcia, now the next in rank to Gomez, and, like him, a veteran of the ten years" war; though the heavily guarded and formidably strengthened JucaroMoron troeha long prevented any junction with the commander-in-chief, who was having a watchful, but by no means sanguinary, time Jn Santa Clara province; or, as the CJubans call that region. El Oamaguey. Strangely confused and meager were the accounts CAPTURE OF The Qjf military operations in Cuba throughout 1897. insurgents were playing a waiting game. Th^ir most striking success was Garcia's capture of the important fortified post of Victoria de las Tunas, northwest of Bayamo (see map), on the thirtieth of September, after three days' fighting, in which the Spanish commander was killed, and the beleaguered garrison had a casualty list of forty per cent, the rest surrendering. The Cubans, who also lot heavily, owed their victory to Garcia's recent artillery reinforcementstwo heavy and six rapid-fire guns worked by a little band of Americans. A yoUng Missourian, writing home, declared they captured "twenty-one forts, over a thousand rifles, a million rounds of ammunition and two Krupp cannon." As Weyler had cabled that Tunas was "impregnable," its fall occasioned deep chagrin and severe criticism in Madrid; nor did these abate, notwithstanding his early reoccupation
^

of the place, the rebels having

left.

28

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WAB.

RECONCENTRATION HORRORS.
Not on the prowess of her armies, however, ^^^ ^^ jjgj. cold-blooded policy of "reconcenDESCRIPTION. tration," Spain had long since come to place The Cuban laboring her main reliance for subduing the rebellion. classes, the common country people, all sympathized with the cause of Cuba libre; they must be taken in hand, and put where neither they nor the food they were accustomed to raise could aid the insurgent bands. In his message to Congress April 11, 1898, President McKlnley said: "The efforts of Spain added to the horrors of the strife a new and inhuman phase happily unprecedented in the modern history of civilized Christian people. The policy of devastation and concentration, inaugurated by Captain-General Pando on October 21, 1896, in the province of Pinar del Rio, was thence extended to embrace all of the island to which the power of the Spanish arms was able to reach by military occupation or by military operations. The peasantry, including all dwellers in the open agricultural interior, were driven into the
PRESIDENT McKINLEY'S
garrisoned towns or isolated places held by the troops. The raising and movement of provisions of all kinds were interdicted. The fields were laid waste, dwellings unroofed or fired, mills destroyed, and, in short, everything that could desolate the land and render it unfit for human habitation or support was commanded by one or the other of the contending parties, and executed by all the powers at their disposal." "By the time the present administration took STARVATION office, a year ago," continues the President, AND SUFFERING, "reconcentration, so called, had been made effective over the better part of the four cehtral and western provinces,

Santa Clara, Matanzas, Havana and Pinar del Rio.


population, to the estimated

The

agricultural

number

of 300,000 or more,

within the towns and their immediate vicinage,


to the

was herded deprived of the means

and exposed most unsanitary conditions. "As the scarcity of food increased with the devastation of the depopulated areas of production, destitution and want became misery and starvation. Month by month the death-rate Increased in alarming ratio. By March, 1897, according to conservative estimates from official Spanish sources, the mortality among the reconcentrados from starvation and the diseases thereto incident exceeded fifty per cent of their total number. No practical relief was accorded to the destitute. The overburdened towns, already suffering from the general dearth, could give no aid. So-called zones of cultivation that were established within the immediate area of effective military control about the cities and fortified camps proved illusory as a remedy for the suffering. The unfortunates, being for the most part women and children, or aged and
of support, rendered destitute of shelter, left poorly clad,

BBCONCENTRATION HOBKOBS

29

helpless men enfeebled by disease and hunger, could not have tilled the soil without tools, seed or shelter, to provide for their own support or for the supply of the cities. Keconcentration worked its predestined result. As I said in my message of last December, it was not a civilized warfare; it was extermination. The only peace it could beget was that of the wilderness and the grave."

Exactly that which had been predicted by the Cuban Junta and the better-informed portion VISITING PARTIES. ^^ ^^^ American press thus came to pass, only in form more horrid still. "But some doubted," and among them were United States Senators and Congressmen. A party of these, including Senators Proctor of Vermont, Gallinger of New Hampshire, and Thurston of Nebraska, experienced a harrowing awakening when they visited Cuba early in March, 1898, and with their own eyes beheld the hopeless, unspeakable misery of the famishing "reconcentrados;" and the subsequent speeches of these three Senators "produced a powerful effect. The wife of Senator Thurston, who accompanied the Congressional party, was in delicate health; her sympathetic^ nature received so great a shock from the dreadful scenes the party everywhere encountered that she died on the trip.

CONGRESSIONAL

Under the law


AMERICAN PROTESTS,

of nations,

reeojicentrados been

had the helpless fortunate enough to be

her prisoners of war, Spain must have provided for them; but as they were only simple peasantry, and mostly women, children and brolcen-down old men at that, she could and did take steps to starve upward of half a million of them into the grave; and it was no person's business in particular to demand the reason why,

a few wide-awake American newspapers exposed, and kept on exposing, the enormities that were going on. By May, 1898, not less than a quarter of a million reconcentrados had died of slow starvation and disease. Against this abuse of the rights of war the American
till

government repeatedly and earnestly protested. Finally, in October, 1897, the Spanish government conceded certain relief measures (see foot of page 20), and subsequently made a great display of others, but they were miserably inadequate, and did not meet the real situation. Hundreds of Americans came, within the scope of MEASURtS. reconcentration. Largely upon the representations of General Fitzhugh Lee, the lion-hearted United States ConsulGeneral at Havana, President McKinley, very early in his administration, requested, and Congress granted, $50,000 for their relief, including the return to the United States of such of them as desired it. During
the autumn of 1897 the conviction grew strong that the Red Cross Association ought to undertake the mitigation of the terrible suffering in Cuba. Clara Barton, president of the American section of that noble organization, was still in Armenia, on relief work there. Return-

30

CUBA

APTD SPANISH-AMEBICAN WAB.

ing in the winter, she toolj up the suggested Cuban worii simultaneously with independent movements of similar character. The Government lent its influence to the cause. Several scores of tons of food supplies

were donated by private and public benevolence, chiefly in the West, and considerable money was obtained in the East and elsewhere.

With exceptional pleasure President McKinley


doubtless penned the following paragraphs of "The jjjg special message of April 'll, 1898: success which had attended the limited measure of relief extending to the suffering American citizens in Cuba, by the judicious expenditure, through consular agencies, of money appropriated expressly for their succor by the joint resolution approved May 24, 1897, prompted the humane extension of a similar scheme of aid to the great body of sufferers. A suggestion to this end was acquiesced in by the Spanish authorities. On the twenty-fourth of December last I caused to be issued an appeal to the American people, inviting contributions, in money or in Icind, for the succor of the starving sufferers in Cuba, following this on the eighth of January by a similar public announceof the formation of a Central Cuban Relief Committee, with headquarters in New Yorlj City, composed of three members representing the American National Red Cross and the religious and business elements of the community." ^^^^ message continues: "The efforts of that rnn WORK IN r GOOD n CUBA, committee have been untiring, and have Arrangements for free transportation to Cuba accomplished much. have greatly aided the charitable worli. The president of the American Red Cross and representatives of other contributory organizations have generously visited Cuba, and co-operated with the Consul-General and

THE PI^ESIDENT'S ACCOUNT,

ment

the local authorities to malse effective disposition of the relief collected through the efforts of the central committee. Nearly $200,000 in money and supplies has already reached the sufferers, and more is forthcoming. The supplies are admitted duty free, and transportation to the interior has been arranged, so that the relief, at first necessarily confined
to
if

Havana and
not
all,

the larger

cities,

is

now extending through


exists.

most,
lives

of the

towns where suffering

Thousands

of

have already been saved." ^^ ^ counter <;PANIKH PFi iPF


.
III

to the American government's revolting expose of the policy of reconeentration, the Spanish cabinet, early in April, 1898, voted

three million pesetas upward of $600,000 for the starving reconcentrados. Consul-General Lee, when questioned by the Foreign Relations Committee of the United States Senate on April 12, 1898, had this to say: "I do not believe $600,000, in supplies, will be given to those
people, and the soldiers left and there a piece taken off
to starve.

here,

They will divide it up here and a piece taken off there, I

BLANCO

IN CUBA.

31

do uot believe they have appropriated anything of the Itind. The condition of the reconcentrados out in the country is just as bad as in General Weyler's day, except as it has been relieved by supplies from
the United States.

"General Blanco published a proclamation rescinding General Weybando, as they call it there, but it has had no practical effect. In the first place, these people have no place to go; the houses have been burned down; there is nothing but the bare land there, and it would take them two months before' they could raise the first crop. In the next place, they are afraid to go out from the lines of the towns, because the roving bands of Spanish guerrillas, as they are called, would kill them. So they stick right in the edges of the town, just like they-dld, with nothing to eat except what they can get from
ler's

charity."

BLANCO
The
SPANISH POLITICS,

IN

CUBA.

so-called Liberal Party of Spain, under the leadership of Sagasta (the same who, as prime minister, once sent word to President Harrison there was not gold

enough in the world to buy Cuba) was, to all appearances, gradually undermining the (Jonservative ministry of Canovas, and had become outspoken in its condemnation of General Weyler's severe and futile measures, when, on August 6, 1897, Canovas was assassinated by an obscure anarchistic crank. A few weeks later came the expected "ministerial crisis," the outcome of which was a new cabinet, under Sagasta, pledged to .afford Cuba autonomy home rule and at the same time to prosecute the war there with increased vigor. Early in October Weyler, a Conservative, placed RECALL OF WEYLER. j^j^ resignation in the hands of the new ministry, and a few days later was recalled; one reason for this step, according to a semi-ofiicial account, being "the deplorable condition of the sick and wounded soldiers arriving from Cuba." Before sailing for Spain Weyler accepted an almost riotous ovatibn from the volunteers of Havana, the ultra-Spanish element of the city, and responded in a speech full of absurd self-glorification. To what extent his twenty months in Cuba had swelled his private fortune cannot be stated, but it is known to have been quite considerable. Sagasta was a man of less commanding intellect SAGASTA S PLAY, ^.j^^^^ Canovas, but an adroit politician, and a masterHe hand at the worurout Spanish game of make-believe and delay. promised the Washington -government many nice things, and really did try to get the Cubans to accept his scheme of autonomy. But the Cuban patriots would have none of It, and, what was no less fatal to It, neither would the Spanish out-and-outers, the Weylerites. However, some twoscore of American prisoners in Cuba were released.

32

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WAB.


of

Some

to trial, but the

them had been in prison seventeen months, and never brought Queen Regent graciously forgave their crimes any-

how, at President McKlnley's request. Weyler's successor was not Marshal Campos, as BLANCO'S many had predicted it would be, but General
ADMINISTRATION. Ramon Blanco, late governor-general of the Philippine Islands, where he had been forced to cope with a determined In politics he was a Liberal, and in traits of personal rebellion. character very different from his predecessor. He reached Havana October 31, 1897. He seems to have made an honest effort to carry
out the milder policy which, under the pressure of American opinion, had been decided on at Madrid. Before reaching Cuba he had stated, in an interview: "My policy will never include concentration. I fight the enemy, not women and children. One of the first things I shall do will be to greatly extend the zones of cultivation, and to allow the For the reconcentrados to go out of the towns and till the soil." difference at this point between promise and fulfillment General Blanco must not be held alone to blame. The situation has largely overmastered him throughout. The amnesty proclamation which the governor-

general issued on the eighth of November fell flat; insurgents paid no attention to it. Few were the estates, either, on which he was able to start the mills to grinding sugar-cane once more. Equally inconclusive were his efforts in the In its military aspect the war had relapsed into a dogged field. struggle amid the central provinces, and around the garrisoned points in the two eastern ones. General Pando, in the east, organized the principal expeditions of the winter, and exhausted his ill-rationed columns in gaining petty victories of no lasting value. One cannot help admiring the constancy of the suffering and neglected Spanish soldiery,

A HOPELESS

MIUAIIUN.

^jjg

whose pay in April, 1898, was nine months in arrears for the men and four months for the officers. It was not without difficulty that Blanco manned FAILURE OF ^ the several posts of government when, in November, AUTONOMY, jgg^^ jjg j.^Q,, ^jjg gj.gj. g^gpg toward launching the new
autonomous administration, on which Sagasta had
built such hopes.

The real leaders of public opinion held aloof. Many of them denounced autonomy as a weali concession that endangered the whole fabric of Spanish supremacy. Tha autonomous office-holdersthe Colonial government, as high-sounding cablegrams phrase it are mere puppets, with no influence except as upheld by Spanish- bayonets. As to the Cuban leaders, nothing could be .,..,. .., ^^^, CUBAN DETERMINATION. ,^,., ^,g,,.^, ,^^ ^^^.^ stern avowal, a
hundred times repeated, to consider no proposal along the lines of home rule under Spanish domination. "Independence or death!" has been

THE CUBAN REPUBLIC.


their impassioned cry at every step.

33

nothing, should they have

macy with a knotty and


right to
terrible

That it must be independence or voice in the settlement, presented diplosingularly unwelcome problem. And yet whose

a voice in the settlement had been better earned? With a emphasis Gomez issued his warning, even before Blanco had ensconced himself in the palace at Havana, that any person attempting to bring offers of autonomy to his camps would be seized as a spy and shot; and in one case at least the summary order was carried out.

THE CUBAN REPUBLIC.


Marti's death (see page 14) delayed the civil

organization of the revolutionists, but on September 13, 1895, their first Constituent Assembly met at Camaguey, with twenty members representing all six provinces. It declared Cuba independent, and adopted a constitution for the new government, whose supreme power was vested in a Government Council, to be composed of the president of the Republic, the vice-president and four secretaries war, interior, foreign affairs and agriculture with a sub-treasury for each of these four departments. It next elected and installed the officers of government. Salvador Gisneros Betancourt, chosen president, was the ex-Marquis of Santa Lucia, who formally renounced his fitle of nobility when he joined the revolution in 1868, and lost his estates by confiscation. Bartolome Masso, of Manzanillo, was elected vice-president, and Dr. Thomas Estrada Palma, minister plenipotentiary and diplomatic agent abroad, with headquarters in the United States. Gomez was confirmed as general-in-chief of the army, and Maceo as second in command. Senor Gonzales de Quesada, charge d'affaires of the QUESADA'S Cuban Republic at Washington, is a graduate of the STATEMENTS, university of New Yorlc, and in training thoroughly

CIVIL

GOVERNMENT

ORGANIZED.

AmericaiL In a recent statement he said: "The civil authorities of the Republic have continued to exercise their functions throughout the territory controlled by the Republic of Cuba, which is about three fourths of the island. There is a civil governor in every province, who has his subordinates and employees. The provinces are divided into prefectures, under the supervision of the secretary of the interior.

The

and are subject to special laws. working operation the official telegrams Documents on file of the Spanish press afford innumerable proof. before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations prove that the civil government legislated as to commerce, government workshops, manufactories, coast inspectors, post-offices; that stamps have been Issued,
duties of the prefects are various
in

That these prefectures are

public schools established, civil marriages provided for; that the public treasury is well organized, taxes being collected, and amounting to

34

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.

hundreds of thousands of dollars; and that President Cisueros and, afterward, President Masse have issued state papers." The second Constituent Assembly, which met at
twenty-four members, elected by ballot on the basis of universal suffrage. It sat during October and November, 1897, Dr. Domingo Mendez Capote, ex-professor of law in Havana University, presiding. Says Quesada: "The outgoing secretaries of state submitted their reports, which were examined and passed upon A new constitution was by committees appointed for tlie purpose. adopted on October 29, 1897, which will be in force two years, unless independence is obtained before, when an Assembly is to be called to provide temporarily for the government and administration of the Republic until a definite Constituent Assembly sliall meet. The constitution determines what is called the Republic, who are citizens,, their individual and political rights, the officers of the government, their power, and provides for the assembling of the representatives." For the new term of two years the Assembly chose former Vicepresident Bartolome Masso to be isresident; Dr. Capote, mentioned above, vice-president, and Jose B. Alemen, secretary of war. By the constitution the latter official is "the superior chief in rank of the
x^^j.^^^

MASSO S ADMINISTRATION.

^jjg

gjj^

Qf

j-jjg

constitutional

two

years,

num-

Army

of Liberty."

Early In the revolution the Cuban capital was set up at Cubitas, which is among the "mountains" of that name north of the city of Puerto Principe (see map). It has been quite itinerant. In January, 1898, when it hapisened to be at the village of Espanza, in the Cubitas region, it was raided by a heavy Spanish column and captured, "after a stubborn resistance, which gave the rebel officials time to escape." Consul-General Lee told the Foreign Relations Committee of the United States Senate: "I have never thought that the insurgents had anything except the slseleton form of a government a movable capital. I asked one day why they did not have some permanent capital, and I thinlc they gave a very good reason. It would require a large force to protect it and defend It, and they could not afford to mass up their

men there; so the capital and the government they would be the safest.

offices

had to move where

HOW THE CUBAN

ADMicc SUBSISTED, ARMIES cimcic-rcrx

way

it

said about old General Gromcz," Continued General Lee, "he is, in my , v, humble opmion, ^ ,j.fightmg ,, the war in the only can be fought scattering his troops out; because to concentrate
,
.

"Whatever may be

would be
supplies.
little raid,

to starve, having no commissary train and no way to get They come in sometimes for the purpose of making some where he thinks it will do something; but he has given orders,-

so

have, always been informed, not to fight in masses, not to lose

STRAINED DIPLOMACY.
their cartridges;
is

^5

and sometimes wlien he gets into a fight each man not more tlian two cartridges. The way the insurgents do is this: They have little patches of sweet potatoes everything grows there very abundantly in a short time and Irish potatoes and fruits. They drive their pigs and cattle into the valleys and hillsides,
ordered to
fire

and they use those and scatter

out.

The insurgents plant crops

in

many

parts of the island."

STRAINED DIPLOMACY.
AMERICAN
PI^ESSURE.

President Cleveland tendered Spain his good ^.^g^gg jjj j^pru^ i896, but they were refused.

President McKinley's offers were met less bluntly, but Sagasta was most careful to avoid even a tacit consent to mediation. While he sought to quiet the Washington government with promises and partial reforms in Cuba, the Spanish war office continued putting forth efforts such as for a nation literally bankrupt were surprising, to create a navy overmatching the United States upon the ocean. The growing strength of public opinion in this country was irresistibly impelling the Washington government to a policy of moral coercion, notwithstanding the gratifying release of American prisoners, the supersedure of Weyler, and the unfailing suavity of General Stewart L. Woodford, the Amer-

The American people had and cruelty in Cuba, were fast losing all patience. Ofiicial circles, too, showed unmistakable irritation over Spain's pretense that the Cuban war had been so prolonged mainly on account Of American failure to enforce neutrality, the facts being this country had already expended $2,000,000 in Spain's interest in doing just that thing, and had stopped vastly more Cuban expeditions than Spanish gunboats had intercepted. Spain's accomplished representative at WashTHE DeLOME LETTER, j^g^^^^ ^^^s Senor Don Enrique DeLome, who had been there for years. A confidential letter that he had written to Senor Canalejas, whom Sagasta had sent over early in the winter to quietly investigate the Wasliington situation, was stolen from the mail by a Cuban sympathizer in Havana post-office, and sent to the Cuban Junta at New York, by whom carefully photographed copies were made
ican minister at Madrid since July, 1897.
virtually lost faith in Spain, and, because of her incapacity

public early in February, 1898. In this letter the Spanish minister abused President McICinley as a "low politician," fatally uncovered the duplicity of his own part in pending negotiations, and distinctly admitted the precariousness of Spain's hold on Cuba. It was impossible, of course, for him to remain at Washington. He cabled his resignation, and it had already been accepted before Minister Woodford went to Sagasta with a "representation." His successor, in March, was Senor Polo, whose father had held the same post many years before.

36

CUBA AND SPANIBH-AMEKICAN WAE.

At forty minutes past nine on Tuesday night, February 15, 1838, the United States battleship Maine, Captain Charles D. Sigsbee commanding, which had been lying quietly at anchor in Havana harbor since the evening of January twenty-fifth, was destroyed by an explosion. Two officers and not less than two hundred and sixty of her crew perished, most of them ground to pieces amid the steel partitions and decljs, the 'others penned by the tangle of wreckage and drowned by the immediate sinking'of the wreck. The news caused intense excitement throughout the United States, more especially because treachery was suspected. The Maine
THE MAINE HORROR.
jvas one of the finest (though not largest) ships in the navy, representing,

together with her armament and stores, an expenditure approximating five millions of dollars. Seldom, if ever, was there a finer example of self-control on the part of a great people, as for several weeks the United States stood awaiting the official determination of the cause
of this appalling calamity.
at once organized a naval court composed of experienced officers of high rank, who, in their continuous labor of twenty-three days, were aided by a strong force of wreckers and divers, besides experts. They made a thorough investigation on the spot, sifting and weighing every item of evidence that could be adduced. The type-written testimony made a bundle of twelve thousand pages, weighing about thirty pounds. The unanimous finding of the court, dated March 21, 1898 (as summarized in President McKlnley's message of the twenty-eighth of March), was: "That the loss of the Maine was not in any respect due to fault or negligence on the part of any of the officers or members of her crew; that the ship was destroyed by the explosion of a submarln* mine, which caused the partial explosion of two or more of her forward magazines; and that no evidence has been obtainable fixing the responsibility for the destruction of the Maine upon any person or persons." "The crime or the criminal negligence of the Spanish officials," were essentially the terms in which Congress put the case two weeks later, and in this Congress voiced the conviction of the American people.

The government
^^ inquiry,

OFFICIAL FINDINGS.

AMERICAN WAR PREPARATIONS.


Preparations comporting with possible hostilities began to be made in both the army and navy ACTIVITIES. departments in January, 1898, and from the date of the Maine horror were pushed with great energy. The strengthening of coast fortifications and the accumulation and distribution of war material, with recruiting for all branches of service, and arrangements for mobilizing not only the regular army, but the National Guard of the several states, went on apace. There was especial urgency in

DDFrAiiTiAWADv PRECAUTIONARY

.AMBBICAW
strengthening the navy.

WAB

PREPARATIONS.

37

At government and at contractors' shipyards work was pushed day and night. A naval officer was hurried to Europe to buy up every suitable warship on the market, and other ships were bought in our own ports. In Europe were also purchased hundreds or the smaller cannon and perhaps a thousand tons of ammunition. Old monitors and other discarded craft were overhauled and put in condition for coast defense. A fleet of auxiliary cruisers, and another of patrol-ships, began to be organized. The purchase and conversion of merchant vessels soon counted up into the millions. On the ninth of March Congress, at the President's request, unanimously voted $50,000,000 as an emergency fund for the national defense. A few days later it passed a bill adding two regiments of artillery to the regular army; these were sorely needed to man the heavy defensive guns along the Atlantic and Gulf seaboards. Rid of DeLome's presence, the President magnanCONGRESS AND imously ignored the DeLome letter. His whole
>

nature shrinking from the responsibility of a bloody war, he even forebore making the Maine tragedy the occasion for more than a "representation" to the court of Madrid. But Congress, reflecting the overwhelming sentiment of the nation, was by this time ablaze with indignation and warlike enthusiasm. Herculean were the efforts of the President to control the storm in the interests of peace, through delay. Public opinion grew imperative. It insisted on definite action. The President's message transmitting the Maine findings was sent to Congress on the twenty-eighth of March. His yet more memorable message of the eleventh of April had been withheld nearly or quite a week, to give time for American residents in Cuba to leave there, and with a lingering hope the situation might yet, in some way, take a pacific turn. In that message the President handed the whole matter over to Congress, and asked for its decision.
^

THF

DFflPI F

"

cj

^**^ several days of impassioned debate, and ^ prolonged disagreement between the Senate and House of Representatives over the side question of recognizing the existing Republic in Cuba, the action of Congress was given to the world, April 19, 1898, in the following joint resolution, which was approved by the President the following day: For the recognition of the independence of the Joint l(esolution people of Cuba, demanding that the government of Spain relinquish its authority and government in the island of Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and directing the President of the United States to use the land and naval forces of the United States to carry these resolutions into effect. Whereas, the abhorrent conditions which have existed for more than three years in the island of Cuba, so near our own borders, have shocked the moral sense of the people of the United States, have been
iniNT PFsni IITIONI JUINI KCbULUiiuiN

38

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMTLBICAN WAE.

a disgrace to Christian civilization, culminating, as they have,, in the destruction of a United States battleship, with two hundred and sixtysix of its officers and erew, while on a friendly visit in the harbor of Havana, and cannot longer be endured, as has been set forth by the President of the United States in his message to Congress of April 11,

upon which the action of Congress was invited; therefore, Hesolved, By the Senate and House of Eepresentatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 1. That the people of the island of Cuba are, and of a right ought to be, free and independent. 2. That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the Government of the United States does hereby demand, that 'the Government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and government in the
1898,

'

island of Cuba and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters. 3. That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is. directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the United States, and to call into the actual service of the United States the militia of the several states to such an extent as may be necessary
to carry these resolutions into effect.
4.

That the United States hereby disclaims any disposition

or inten-

tion to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction or control over said island

except for the pacification thereof, and asserts its determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government and control of the island
to its people.

OPENING OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.


April 9. Gonsul-General Lee, almost the last of the United States officials in Cuba, left Havana, reaching Washington on the 12th. April 19. About 2 o'clock in the morning the two houses of Congress agreed on the form of joint resolution, which was next day signed by the President. (See page 29.) April 19. Concentration of the United States Regular Army at different points on or near the Gulf of Mexico in general jprogress. April 20. Senor Polo, the Spanish minister, requested passports and left Washington. April 21. American Minister Woodford left Madrid at night, passports having been sent him by the Spanish government before he could present the ultimatum of the United States, which had been cabled the day before, Spain thus definitely inaugurating the war. April 22. The North Atlantic squadron. Captain (now Rear- Admiral)

W.

T.

Sampson commanding,

sailed

from Key West

to

commence

the blockade of Cuban ports. The gunboat Nashville captured the first naval prize, the Snanish merchantman Buena Ventura,

OPENING OF THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.

39

laden with lumber froin Texas. Eight additional prizes were two days; at the end of one week this number had more than doubled, including the fine steamers Miguel Joier, Pedro, Catalina, Panama and Guldo, and aggregating up-^ard of $3,000,000 in value. On the night of the 25th two small Spanish steamers, creeping along the coast, slipped into Havana, and on the 26th the large Spanish mail steamer Montserrat, bringing $800,000 in silver and eighteen large guns, and which had bacli from near Havana, safely landed 1,000 Spanish _ doubled troops ^nd her valuable cargo at Santiago. A2}iil 22. United States proclaimed blockade of the north coast of Cuba
tAIjen within the next

to Bahiahouda (see map), which is a distance of about 160 miles, with Havana a little west of the central point; also of the port of Cienfuegos, on the south coast. April 23. President McKinley issued a call for 125,000 two-year volunteers, under authority of act of Congress passed the 22d. April 24. Lieutenant Andrew S. Eowan, U. S. A., having landed near Santiago, went to meet General Garcia, to perfect plans for

westward from Cardenas

co-operation between the insurgents and United States forces. the 25th the Spanish forces evacuated Bayamo, which was next day occupied by the insurgents.

Oh

A2y)'il 25.

Congress passed a Spain dating from April


27.

bill

declaring the existence of

war with

21st.

Ajml

York, monitor Puritan and cruiser Cincinsome earthworks near Matanzas, where the enemy were believed to |3e mounting some heavy guns. ylpn'i 28. Assemblage of United States regular troops in force at Tampa, Florida, in vigorous progress, with view, as generally believed, to an early descent upon Cuba.
flag-ship

The

New

nati successfully shelled

Ax>ril 29.

The Spanish fleet at Cape Verde Islands, having been warned

to leave
a*

by the Portuguese government, as a measure of neutrality,' formidable Spanish squadron, consisting of the first-class cruisers Vizcaya, Almirante Oquendo, Infanta Maria Teresa and

Cristobal Colon, and the three torpedo-boat destroyers Furor, Terror and Pluton, steamed westward, as was believed, for Porto Rico, though surmises that its destination might be some point on the Atlantic seaboard of the United States were also entertained. May 1.Dewey destroyed Spanish fleet at Manila. (See page 36.) May, 4.Acting Kear-Admiral Sampson left Havanese waters and sailed eastward toward Porto Rico, his squadron comprising the heavier armored vessels of the blockading fleet the flag-ship New York, battleships Iowa and Indiana and monitor Puritan, besides some cruisers and smaller vessels. May 6.The French steamer Lafayette was captured off Havana as a blockade runner, but immediately released by the government.

40

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.


assemble at Cbickof western regiments ordered to San Francisco, presumably for service in tbe Philippines; others, within a few days, to Tampa, Florida. 10. Thirty transport steamers said to be under charter to carry United States troops to Cuba. Within a few days of this date different expeditions to the Cuban coast, in small vessels, landed hundreds of Cuban volunteers and many Springfield rifles, with
9.

May

Many

volunteer regiments directed

to

amauga

to prepare for active service.

A number

May

May

May

May

May May

ammunition for the insurgents. 11. A miniature engagement in Cardenas harbor resulted in the disablement of the United States torpedo-boa't Winslow, the death of Ensign Bagley and four men and the wounding of others. 11. Four boats' crews of Americans engaged at the entrance of Oienfuegos harbor in cutting the submarine telegraph between Havana and Santiago, were tired upon from the shore and one man killed and six wounded. The fire was vigorously returned by the blockading vessels Marblehead and Nashville, and converted revenue cutter Windom, and the cable-cutting completed. 12. Admiral Sampson, with part of his fleet, bombarded the fortiflcations at San Juan, Porto Kico, for three hours, without decisive results, sustaining a loss of one man killed and seven wounded; no damage to his ships. 12. The Spanish Cape Verde fleet (see April 29th) reached West Indian waters under Admiral Cervera, and next day it appeared off the French island of Martinique.
sailed

May

Schley, in command of the Flying Squadron, southward from Hampton Roads. Admiral Sampson started back from Porto Kico, also in the direction which tlie Spanish fleet would probably talce. 15. The Spanish fleet was reported near Curacao, a Dutch West
12.

Commodore

Indian island, north of the coast of Venezuela, again coaling.

ORGANIZING THE PHILIPPINE CONQUEST.


southeast of the continent between Australia and the Island of Formosa, on the Chinese coast, some 1,200 miles from the former, but. coming within 200 miles of the latter. Their nearest neighbor is the island of Borneo, on the southwest; the island of New Guinea lies further off to the southeast. Stretching almost a thousand miles from north to south, the Philippines reach to within 350 miles of the equator, and are thus in the same latitude as Central America. More important than all the rest put together, the island of Luzon, in the
lie

The Philippines

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^ dvc^ct line

north,

is

believed to be larger than the state of Ohio, and to contain

at least four million inhabitants.

The next

in size is

Mindanao,

in

the

south, with a

few Spanish

villages on the coast, but otherwise little

OBGANIZING THE PHILIPPINE CONQUEST.

41

known. While the Philippines number altogether some 1,200 islands, less than half are said to admit of permanent habitation, and only a dozen are of any considerable size. Their land area more than equals that of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois combined, and the larger islands, especially Luzon, though for the most part hilly or even
mountainous, are very fertile. Tlie arcliipelago was named after Philip II., the oppressor of Holland and the husband of England's bloody Queen Mary^ and for three and one third centuries it remained almost uninterruptedly under the rule of Spain, in spite of whose bad government it latterly became a valuable source of revenue to the crown, and of enrichment to the haughty and grasping Spanish officials. 'Estimates of the population vary from 7,000,000 to POPIll ATION i-ui-uLrtiiuM.
15 000.000,

composed principally of various Malay

tribes,

with very few of the aboriginal negritos (Oriental dwarfish negroes) There is a considerable infusion of mixed blood, and of still remaining. late years the Chinese, in spite of all restrictions, have become quite numerous in Luzon and neighboring islands. Outside of the' army the pure Spaniards in the Philippines number less tiian 10,000. The native-born of Spanish descent are much more liN^UKUCiNia. jjujugroug than the peninsulars, and, as in Cuba, this is the class which has repeatedly flamed into insurrection. Their leader in 1897-98 was the well-educated Aguinaldo, and they have the general support of the native tribes, who, notwithstanding a thin veneering of Roman Catholicism, are only half tamed and deeply resentful of Spanish abuses. They are practically unarmed except for the long, heavy knife carried by the Malays everywhere. Reinforced by many thousands direct from Cadiz and Barcelona, the Spanish troops were nevertheless in hot work still, when, in November, 1897, the insurgent chiefs were bought off with $400,000, cash in hand, and the promise of These promises, they now declare, certain administrative reforms. like all reform promises from Spain, have not been kept. On the beautiful land-locked sea which indents the CITY AND BAY ^^^^ coast of the island of Luzon, and is large enough OF MANILA. ^^ g^j^^ ^jjg navies of the world, the Spaniards for centuries have had their capital. Manila has grown to a population (with its suburbs) of 250,000, and attained vast commercial importance. For Spain, the Philippines have not only been the seat of empire, but
the center of trade for the whole Pacific ocean; and whether from the commercial, political or military standpoint, Manila is the Philippines. From this emporium are shipped great quantities of cigars (whose manufacture was, till 1882, a government monopoly), sugar, tobacco, coffee, hemp, cocoa, rice, mats and cordage, and cotton or mixed fabrics. Here is a university conducted by the Dominican order of monks, an imposing cathedral, and the governor-general's palace, whence issued orders to the lieutenant-governor of each of the nine

42

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMEBICAN WAS.

or ten larger islands, and to the alcaldes of the forty-three provinces comprised in Spain's island empire in the Far East. A submarine cable connects Manila 'vy^ith the rest of the world by way of Hong Kong, China, thence to Singapore, capital of the British colony known a the "Straits Settlement," at the tip of the Malay peninsula, then to and eight hunderd miles across India, and on to the Red sea and Europe. The bay of Manila, dotted continually with the shipping of many nations, narrows at its entrance to a width of twelve miles. Several islands, of which Corregidor and CaballO' are the two largest, stand right in the entrance. Ships practically use only the two channels linown as Bocha Grande, five miles wide, and Bocha Chico, two miles wide. Manila is situated twenty-six miles northeast of the entrance, or by the concave eastern shore-line of the bay perhaps forty miles. The south third of the city is the older and official FORTIFICATIONS, rfj^jg portion jg fortified, but no fortifications ^^j^.^. protect the rest of the city (that part north of the Pasig river), which is the Manila of modern commerce. On the antiquated fortifications of the official city the Spaniards mounted some heavy guns during the winter of 1897-98. .They also strengthened the shore batteries, especially those at' Cavite, an outlying suburb at the tip of a promontory, seven miles below Manila, and toward the entrance of the bay. The forts on Corregidor island were showily elaborated, and some large guns put in place. In April, 1898, the Spaniards sunk mines in the harbor, and gave out that they were stringing torpedoes across both the main channel, Bocha Grande, and the narrower one of Bocha Chico. December, 1897, the navy department rOMMOnORF nFWFV -^^ v.ummuuuKC unwni. relieved Commodore George Dewey, president of the Board of Inspection and Survey, from duty at Washington, and assigned him the command of the Asiatic squadron, comprising the greater part of the American fleet in the Pacific ocean. Known to his friends in civil life as a quiet, unassuming gentleman of sixty-one, the new commander. In forty-three years of efficient and more than usually varied service, beginning with a cadetship from Vermont, and including thrilling experiences under Admiral Farragut in the Civil War, had won the' highest confidence of the naval authorities. The Asiatic squadron assembled at Hong Kong, China, a port belonging to Great Britain. It was well supplied with ammunition and stores, and early in April received quite an accession in the cruiser Baltimore, which also brought a ship-load of ammunition that the government had dispatched from San Francisco on the gunboat Bennington, which vessel transferred it at Honolulu to the Baltimore.

from neutrality considerations, the American fleet, on the twenty-seventh of April, moved thirty odd miles northward to Mirs .bay, in Chinese .iurisdiction, and there completed its preparations, also

IN

MIRS BAY

^^'*'^'^ ^^ ^eave

Hong Kong by

the British

officials,

ORGANIZING THE PHILIPPINE CONQUEST.

43

awaiting, meanwhile, the arrival of Mr. O. F. Williams, the American consul at Manila, whence he was known to have already sailed. Its

commander had been cabled from Washington


on,

that

war was

actually

and been given

instructions,

foreshadowed previously,

to crush the

fleet in the Pacific and take the Philippines. The momentous undertaking were left to his own judgment.

Spanish

details of this

AMERICAN FLEET.

Dewey had six fighting vessels and three tenders, as follows, the first-named being the flag-ship:
DISPLACE-

OLYMPIA,

first-class protected cruiser,

Capt. Chas. V Gridley protected cruiser, Capt. N. M. Dyer. RALEIGH, protected cruiser, Capt. J. B. Ooghlan BOSTON, protected cruiser, Capt. F. Wildes CONCORD, gunboat. Commander A.

BALTIMOEE,

S.

Walker

PETREL,

gunboat.
P.

Commander

B.

Wood

44

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WAB.


Admiral Montijo had
in his fleet the following

THE SPANISH FLEET.

vessels, the first-named being his flag-ship:

DISPIiAOE-

RBINA MAEIE CHRISTINA,


cruiser

steel

DON ANTONIO DE ULLOA,


cruiser

OASTILLA, steel VBLASCO, small

cruiser cruiser

small
small

.DON JUAN DE AUSTRIA,


cruiser

ISLA DE CUBA, small cruiser ISLA DE LUZON, small cruiser GENERAL LEZO, gunvessel EL C ANO, gunvessel

MARQUES DEL DUEEO,


boat

dispatch-

COMMODOBE DEW^EY'S GREAT VICTORY.

45

narrow north channel (Bocha Chico), where the work of torpedo-laying had been, scarcely more than begun, so confident was the reliance
on the batteries lining both shores to defend the two-mile passage. CoirregidoT's cannonading was quickly taken up by the forts on the land side of the Bocha Cliico channel. It did not last long, however, and only a few shots were tired in response. In spite of forts, mines and torpedoes, the American fleet, unharmed, was safely within the harbora feat almost unparalleled in naval warfare. The flag-ship leading, and lights all darkened, most of the fleet passed In before the
Corregidor forts discovered
r>F
it.

MANiiA

*^ '^^^^ lifted from the bay, shortly after sunrise, the American- vessels were seen well
'^^

Changing position, they were soon facing the promontory of Cavite and the Spanish fleet, whose line rested on that point at the left, and thence stretched northward, under the shore batteries, toward the city. Before six o'clock the battle began. The actual fighting was compressed into four hours. A lull occurred in the middle of it, while the Americans steamed across toward the west side of the bay to establish quarters for their wounded on land, as the watchers, with their spy-glasses, in Manila thought and from their supply-ships, anchored in the center of' the bay, "replenished their coal and ammunition. Notwithstanding the terrible disasters which had already befallen their side, the Spaniards fondly hoped the enemy had been beaten off, and joyful telegrams were hurried to Madrid. But the dreaded Americans, the same squadron which the governor-general had lampooned ten days before as possessing neither instruction nor discipline, soon returned, when the carnage for one side became terrific. Before one o'clock the fire from Cavite point had been silenced, its seaward fortifications knocked into shapeless heaps of earth, crowned with white flags. The Spanish fleet in the Philippines was a tale. of the past. Its flag-ship, the Reina Marie Christina, fired by American, shells,
fortified

up toward Manila.

was completely burned. The next


same
fate.

largest vessel, the Castilla,

met the
of

Other shells crashed through the side of the Don Juan de


too,

Austria and exploded, and she,

went up

in flames.

A number

other vessels were sunk, among them the armed transport, Mindanao (not included In the list on page 36). Montijo, when the flag-ship took fire, had been obliged to shift his flag to the little gunboat Isla

de Cuba, and that also was destroyed a little later. -He was wounded, though not seriously. The loss of life in his command was frightful. The captain of the Eeina Marie Christina was killed, and ov,er one hundred of his crew, besides some officers. The captain of the Don Juan de Austria was also killed, with ninety of his men. Spanish sailors were drowned in fleeing from the burning or sinking vessels. Among the victors the casualties were almost incredibly few none killed and only ejght/ wounded. Not one American ship was seriously

48
injured.
flict,

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN

-WAR.

More conclusive evidence of the one-sided nature of the conand the wretched gunnery of the Spaniards on shore, it would be impossible to give. The skilful maneuvering of the American vessels
not only mystified the enemy, but much increased the difficulty of getting their range. As for the American fire, a French official account reported it "for accuracy and for rapidity something awful."

Manila had been on the verge of panic for a

Now everything was terror and wild Melancholy was the consolation the Spanish officers took in reflecting that their men had perished, none surrendered. What followed, as confusedly reported in the early cablegrams, can be briefly summarized. In the afternoon the British consul went to meet the victorious commander, bearing an earnest plea, on behalf of the twentyone consular representatives of as many different governments, to spare the city from bombardment. Commodore Dewey conditioned the desired promise upon the surrender to him of thg torpedoes, guns and military
^gelc.

AFTER THE VICTORY,

confusion.

stores at Manila, the supply of coal for his ships


cable.

and the control of the

General Augusti, threatened on the land side with an attack from the insurgents, and from the water by the American fleet, telegraphed to Madrid for instructions. Dewey had allowed the twentyfour hours' respite which the usages of civilized warfare require. Monday forenoon, May 2d, the Spaniards' answer came. It was a. message of defiance. Within an hour the Americans were battering down the fort on Corregidor island, thus securing their rear and opening the channel for the free passage of their dispatch-boat and transports. Extremely few messages came over the cable from Manila that day, all
of

them indicating great


fleet

trepidation.

Hong Kong

operators reported

(incorrectly) the outskirts of

the victorious

Manila in flames from the American shells,approaching Manila proper, and the beginning of

bombardment. At four o'clock in the afternoon Hong Kong found that communication with Manila had ceased. The cable had been cut. For
days the world waited for further tidings. In a single hour Comhis name, and the American navy had not only excited the astonishment, but won the homage, of the world. ^^ cipher dispatches from the victorious AmerDEWEY'S FIRST ^^^' ^"^'' ^''^''''"S ^^^^^ fift'^s of the earth, reached REPORTS Washington Saturday morning, May 7th, having been brought to Hong Kong by the dispatch-boat McCuUoch. Boundless enthusiasm greeted their publication, as follows:
five

modore Dewey had immortalized

"Manila,

May

1st. Squadron arrived at Manila at daybreak this

morning. Immediately engaged the enemy and destroyed the following Spanish vessels: Reina Christina, Castllla, Don Antonio de Ulloa, Isla de Luzon, Isla de Cuba, General Lezo, Marques del Duero, Corre
(El Cano?), Velasco. Isla de Mindanao, a transport,

and water battery

COStMODORE DEWEY'S GREAT VICTORY.


at Cavite.

47

The squadron is uninjured, and only a few men are slightly wounded. Only means of telegraphing is to American consul at Hong Kong. I shall communicate with him. Dewey."
"Cavite,

4th. I have taken possession of naval station at CavHave destroyed fortifications at bay entrance, Oorregidor island, paroling ther garrison. I control the bay completely and can take the city at any time. The squadron is in excellent health and spirits. The Spanish loss not fully known, but is very heavy. One hundred and fifty killed, including captain, on Reina Christina alone. I am assisting in protecting Spanish
ite,

May

Philippine Islands, and destroyed the fortifications.

sick

and Wounded.
our

Two hundred and


Much excitement

fifty sick

and wounded

in hos-

pital within

lines.

at Manila. Will protect foreign

residents.

Dewey."

American ships was corwhich stated that two powerful submarine mines were exploded near the Olympia shortly before the battle begun; that two American ships were set on fire by Spanish shells, but the fiamcs were soon put out; that the lull in Sunday morning's battle was had to allow the American crews to get their breakfast, the men having had only a cup of coffee before going into action, and the commodore and his commanders, improving the

The marvelous immunity


roborated
b.v

of the

press

dispatches,

Americans came

chance, consulted together on the Olympia; that after this lull the to closer quarters with the enemy, and when the larger of the Spanish vessels had been destroyed the gunboat Petrel finished the work among the smaller ones "inside the breakwater" at Cavite. The Spanish losses were variously estimated at 900 to 1,200 men. In money value they reached $6,000,000, without including the Spanish vessel Argos or the little gunboat Callao, the one destroyed and the The reduction of Oorregidor and other captured a few days later. Cavite made Commodore Dewey master of the situation, and gave hitii an excellent base for the future. At Cavite the Spaniards had theii? naval arsenal, a dry dock of good size and a marine railway. Pursuant to the President's recommendation, and HONORS AND AID. ^y ^ rising vote in both houses. Congress on tho
.

passed a resolution of thanks to Commodore Dewey and and men. It also appropriated $10,000 to present him a sword, and medals to all under his command. Two days later he was nominated and confirmed rear-admiral. Meanwhile preparations were being pushed for dispatching several thousand American troops from San Francisco, under Major-General Wesley Merritt, of the regular army, whose selection as military governor of the Philippines was made public May. 12th. The protected cruiser Charleston was ordered to convoy the troops first ready, take ammunition and supplies to Admiral Dewey, and remain with him, Other ships were to follow.
ninth of
to his officers

May

48

Ct'BA

AND SPANISH-AirERICAN WAR.

UNITED STATES WAR-VESSELS.


(See "

Kinds

ot War-ships," page

54,

Also " Naval Terms Explained," page


Gunboats

57.)

First-class Battleships.
Displace't,

Continued.
Speed,

Speed,

Gans, Torpedo
Total.

Sisplaoe't,

Gons, Torpedo
Total.

Tons.

Knots.

Tubes.

Toss.

Knots.

TnW
1

Iowa

11,410 Indiana 10,288 Massachusetts.... 10,288 Oregon 10,288

.16
15J^
15 15

46 46 46 46

6 6 6

Maehias
Nashville
Petrel

1,177 1,371

892
1,392 1,710

6
4

Second-class Battleship.

Wilmington Yorktown

15>^ 14 11>< 13 16

16 16

18 14

<i

Texas

6,315

17

20

Armored Cruisers

Composite Gunboats. Annapolis 1,000 12


Marietta.

Brooklyn

New York

9,271 8,200

20 21

40 31

5 8

Newport
Princeton

Armored Ram.

Katahdin

2,155

17

Vicksburg Wheeling

1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000

12 12 12 12 12

12 12 12
12 12 12

Protected Steel Cruisers. in England.) Atlanta 3,000 15}^ 22

Albany (Detained

Dynamite Cruisers. Vesuvius 929 21K Buffalo (Bought from Brazil),


(Formerly the Nictheroy.)
4

Baltimore Boston Charleston Chicago Cincinnati

4,413 3,000 3,730 4,500 3,213 Columbia 7,375 Minneapolis 7,375 4,098 Orleans 3,600 Olyrapia 6,870 Philadelphia 4,324 Raleigh 3,213 San Francisco.... 4,098

20

15^
18 15 19 23
'

Newark

23^
19 20
'

New

21K
19j| 19

19% Topeka (Purchased in England.)

24 20 22 31 23 31 31 30 28 38 29 25 29

Special Class.
4 4

Bancroft

839

14J^

11

Dolphin

5 5
6

(Training-ship.) 1.486 loj^ (DispatclT-boat.)

Torpedo Cruiser
Torpedo-boats.

3
8
4

Bailey T. A. M. Craven

235
..

4
6

Cushlng Dahlgren Davies

Dupont
Ericsson..'. 3 3 3
'..

Marblehead

Unprotected Steel Cruisers. Detroit 2.089 18K 18

146 105 146 128 180 120

30 30"^ 22>| 30>|

4
4

2 3

3
4 2 4

3
3

22%
27>| 24 30

2
3 3

3
6

Montgomery
Paul

2,089 2,089

18>| 19>|

19 19

Farragut Foote

273
142 128

Fox
Goldsborough....

24K
22}| 30 20 20 20

247M
46}| 65 65 108 180 142 182
31 340

3 2 4
1

3 3
4

Principal Steamers now Auxiliary Cruisers. St. Louis.' 11,628 (American Line)
St.

Gwin
Mackenzie

Harvard
Yale
Prairie

11,630 11,674

(American Line) (American Line)


Line)

McKee
Morris Porter Bodgers

22K
275|

12 12
4 3

2 2

(Formerly

New York.)
(Morgan Line)
Sol.)

11.668 (American (Formerly City of Paris.)


4,.523

Rowan
Somers (Detained
Stiletto

24^
26
18

3 4 3 4

3 3
3 2

in England.)

(Formerly El

Yosemite

Yankee
Dixie

4.659 (Morgan (Forraeriy El Sud.) 4.659 (Morgan (Formerly El Norte.) 4,665 (Morgan

Line)
Line)

Stringham
Talbot

i%
142

30 20
241^

7
1

Winslow

3 3

Line)

(Formerly El Rio.)

Double-turret. Monitors.

Submarine Torpedo-boats. Plunger 168 8 2 Holland Diver (Bought April, 1898.)


..

Amphitrlte...

3.fl90

12

Miautonomoh....

Monadnock
Monterey
Puritan Terror

3,990 3,990 4,084 8,060 3,990

10%
14>|
13>| 12j| 12

14 10 14

16 18 12

turret'

Old Monitors (Coast Defense). this head are thirteen singleveterans of the Civil War, as follows: Ajax, Canonicns, Catskill, Comanche, Jason, Lehigh, Mahopac,

Under

Gunboats.

Bennington
Castine

Concord Helena

1,710 1,177 1,710 1,392

17>^
16 17 13

14 14 15 18

6
1

6 1

Manhattan, Montauk, Nahant, Nantucket, Passaic and Wyandotte. Their speed is five to six knots, and eacli has an armament of two heavy smoothliores, except the Canonlous, which has
four.

WAB-VESSELS.

49

ADDITIONAL VESSELS. also have the old iron vessels (available for coast-defense) Alert, 1,020 tons; Monocacy, 1,370 tons; Ranger, 1,020 tons; Michigan, 685 tons; Pinta, 550 tons. Incomparably more important Is the large number of recently acquired auxiliary cruisers of small or moderate size, steam yachts (valuable for their speed, and armored), patrol-boats of various kinds for coast service, tugs, etc. The Treasury Department also has in commission thirty-nine revenue cutters, a number of which (as the McCuUoch, under Admiral Dewey) have been transferred to the naval service. For war-ships now building see page 50.

We

SPANISH WAR-VESSELS.
First-class Battleship.
Sisplace't,

Speed,

Tons.

Knots.

Guns, Torpedo Total Tubes.

Pelayo..

9,900

16

35

Second-class Battleships.

Vitoria

Numancia
Emperador Carlos

7,250 7,000

11 8

(Quite old.) (Coast def.)

Armored

Cruisers.

9,235
7,000 7,000 7,000 7,000 7,000 7,000

20 20 20 20 20

26
24 24 24

Cardinal Clsneros Cataluna....

Princess de Asturias

Almirante Oquendo* Infanta Maria


Teresa*

20%
20 20

Vlzcaya*

Cristobal Colon* 6,840

30 30 40

Protected Cruisers.

Alfonso XIII

5,001)

Lepanto

4,826

20 20

25 25

Unprotected Cruisers.
14

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMfiBICAN

WAft.

NAVAL CONTRASTS AND COMPARISONS.


monster battleships in course ot The Kentucky and Kearsarge, BUILDING, launched at Newport News, March 24th, will be ready by November, 1898. They will be equally powerful with the Indiana. 1 he Alabama was launclied at Philadelphia, JMay 18, 1898, and the Illinois and Wisconsin (the latter building at San Francisco) will be launched early in 1899. These three are designed to surpass in size and power the Iowa, which is believed to be the equal of any European battleship afloat. Immediately after the breaking out of the SpanishAmerican war Congress authorized the construction of three additional t)attleships (making eight now under way), twelve torpedo-boats, sixteen torpedo-boat destroyers, four coast-defense monitors, and one gun-

We

have

five

AMERICAN WAR-SHIPS

construction.

boat for service on the liakes. These, of course, will be in addition to the vessels that were in course of construction prior to April, 1898. Spain Is now building one battleship of about SPANISH WAR-SHIPS io,000 tons; two armored cruisers, one of 10,500 BUILDING. ^Q^g_ j^jj^ j.jjg other, Pedro d'Aragon,of 6,840 tons;

two protected

cruisers, the

Reina Eegente and Rio de

la Plata,

of

5,372 and 1,775 tons respectively; one torpedo gunboat of 750 tons,

four large-size torpedo-boats. She can also cruisers a dozen vessels of .the Compania Transatlantica of Cadiz, varying in size from 3,084 to 6,932 tons, and in speed from 13% to 17 knots. The transport Mindanao, destroyed at Manila, belonged to this line. So does the Alphonso XII. (the steamer, not the warship of that name), which, early in May, 1898, after turning back from northern Cuba, made the harbor of San Juan, Porto Rico, in safety, to the great rejoicing of the officials and the people at Madrid. ^"^^^"^^ ^^* ^'^'^ ^^^ controlling idea on the NAVIES OF SPAIN AND P"""* ^ CoDgress in making naval appropriViNiTFn <iTATF<: mt uiNlltu SI A Its. ations hitherto. Hence our thirteen great floating fortresses, or battleships (including the eight now building or authorized), immensely powerful, but of only moderate speed, as also our monitors, avowedly coast-defense vessels, and the best of them scarcely seaworthy. Of cruisers with large coaling capacity, adapted for long voyages and aggressive action in distant waters, we have regrettably few, though this deficiency is measurably supplied by the large and very swift auxiliary crjiisers into which the government has transformed the American transatlantic steamers, and other liners, as mentioned in the preceding pages. Spain has but one really effertive battleship in commission, the Pelayo, with another of the first class and one of the second class in an advanced stage of construction. We outclass her greatly in battleships; but in armored cruisers the case is reversed. Spain's naval

and command for arming as

T^

NAVAL CONTRASTS AND COMPARISONS.

51

strength is made up niaialy of the eight large ships of that type named in the foregoing list. Her torpedo craft of various kinds are also formidable, consisting, at last accounts, of twelve torpedo gunboats,

nineteen torpedo-boats and six exceptionally powerful and swift torpedo-boat destroyers. But the torpedo-boats and the destroyers are little better than mere shells. They are helpless in rough weather, or even dangerous for their crews, and their coaling capacity Is quite limited, and these conditions must limit materially their offensive power in American waters. The difficulty of coaling her fleet on this side of the Atlantic is not the least of Spain's problems in this war. In the caliber of guns our ships surpass ^.,,^ ...^ .,.,.,. CALIBER AND GUNNERY. ,^^^^ ^, ^^^,^ ^^^ battleships Indiana, Massachusetts and Oregon carry four 13-inch guns each (besides other heavy guns), and the battleships Kearsarge, Kentucky, Alabama, Illinois and Wisconsin, now building, will each have the same. There is aot a 13-inch gun in the Spanish navy, and only two 12%-ineh ones (on the Pelayo) yet mounted, no 12-inch, and no more than eighteen 11-inch. The superior marksmanship of American gunners is another important advantage that we have. This is a demonstrated fact, and it is not a ^matter of chance. Not only are our gunners thoroughly drilled in target-practice, but a prize of four dollars is offered for extra good hits, and to have this entered on the next pay-roll is a coveted honor,
aside from its
of the steel armor carried on the by United States war-vessels is eighteen inches, on the Indiana, Massachusetts and Oregon. The Iowa has fourteen and the Texas twelve inches. The Kearsarge and Kentucky, now completing, will carry fifteen inches, and the Alabama, Illinois and Wisconsin, sixteen and one half inches. The thickness of metal on the armored cruiser Brooklyn (Commodore Schley's flag-ship) is, in inches, as follows: Side, three; deck, three to six; turrets, five and one half; barbette (over which the great eight-inch guns are fired), eight. For the armored cruiser New York (Admiral Sampson's flag-ship), the figures are: Side, four inches; deck, three to six;- turrets, five and one half; barbette, ten. The maximum thickness of armor for the Spanish navy is represented by the Pelayo's, as follows: Armor belt, seventeen and three fourths inches; deck, four; barbette, nineteen and one fourth
side

money aspect. The maximum thickness

inches.

The "armor belt" of the Pelayo and the Spanish armored cruisers extends for a distance of several feet above the water-line, but between the armor belt and the barbette is a strip eight or ten feet wide running the length of the ship, which is practically unprotected. On the other hand, the side armor of the" United States vessels is continuous from water-line to battle-deck, leaving not one inch uncovered.
Of Spain's eight large armored
cruisers, six

have an armor belt

52

CUBA AND SPAHISH-AITERICAN WAB.

twelve inclies thick, which is reduced to ten and one half inches around The the gun position, with a 2-inch or 3-inch protective steel deck. Btnperador Carlos V. (see list) has ten inches on her two gun-turrets, but her armor belt consists of only two inches of Harveyized steel. The Cristobal Colon (see list) has six Inches of armor-plate and one and one half inches on her deck. Not much Harveyized steel has yet found place on Spanish warships, whereas its use by the United States has become extensive. Three inches of Harveyized steel has a resisting power equal to more than four inches of the best steel not thus treated. The 15-inch smooth bores used on the monNAVAL GUNNERY ITEMS. ^^^^^ represented the maximum efficiency of guns a generation ago. They would penetrate six inches of iron at the muzzle, and about three and one half inches at fifteen hundred yards. Great are the advances since the Civil War. The 13-inch rifled guns now in use on American battleships will penetrate twenty-seven inches of steel at the muzzle, or twenty-three inches at fifteen hundred yards. No armor placed on vessels can withstand the penetration of these guns at close range. The 67-ton guns of the British navy are no better. To fire one of the 13-inch guns on the Indiana, which is the most formidable warship of the United States navy, costs, including the great tooled steel projectile of 1,100 pounds' weight, $700 each time ($150 for the powder charge and $550 for the projectile), and It gives a pressure of two and one quarter tons to the square inch on the protected deck at each discharge. It is said the 12 and 13 inch guns can be fired only about one hundred .times with either safety or accuracy; after that they must be discarded entirely, or used only with a low service of powder at closer range, or sometimes they may be rifled anew.

few shots in quick succession will heat the must be given time to cool off. A 5-inch gun, with a range of over four miles, can deliver five shots a minute, and a 4-lnch gun, with a range of three and one half miles, eight shots a minute. gun so that
it

RANGE, RAPIDITY AND WEIGHT OF FIRE

" *^ ^ "^ t ^^ff one shot m three minutes, f a ^'f f .f deliver but
^'^^'^

Such rapidity, however,-is practically, impossible in actual engagements. "The battleship Texas," said the Secretary of the Navy, "is able to deliver a bow or stern fire of two 12-inch guns, and four 8-inch guns throwing 3,200 pounds of steel at every volley. In a single broadside volley there will be thrown over two and one half tons of metal." Yet the Texas figures in the United States naval list as merely a secondclass battleship, and is quite surpassed, in respect to armament, by the
seven battleships of the first class already afloat or building. thirteen-mile range sometimes claimed for the 11-inch Spanish
is

The
guns

loading

an absurd exaggeration. The shell carried by the new 16-inch breechrifled) guns emplaced for the defense of New York, Boston and Philadelphia has the enormous weight of 2,370 pounds.

NAVAL CONTRASTS AND COMPARISONS.


The use
^'

53

of modern rifled guns of large caliber, thirty to forty feet in length, giving high velocity and long range,

possible by certain improvements in the manufacture of explosives for firing them. A great stride was made when large grains of the so-called prismatic powder began to be made. It is now usually in

was rendered

hexagonal form, the grains of such size that they will fit each other and pack in the chamber of the gun with a minimum loss of space. The production of smokeless powder for large guns, though not yet entirely successful, will doubtless become such at no distant day.
closely,

RESOURCES AND STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.


April,
1898.

Population in 1898 (estimated) Per cent gain in population since 1820 Area in square miles, exclusive of Alaska Military resources in able-bodied men Naval strength before Spanish-American (active list, 13,582; naval reserve, 2,800) Manufactures, annual value, 1897 Imports, 1897 Exports, 1897 Revenue, 1897 National wealth, 1898 (estimated) Balance in treasury

74,500,000

680
3,524,880

10,139,788

war began
16,382
$ 9,372,000,000

742,630,855
1,099,129,519

461,000,000
90,000,000,000

224,864,297

RESOURCES AND STATISTICS OF SPAIN.


April,
1898.

Population in 1898 (estimated) Per cent gain in population since 1820 Population

17,000,000

60

Porto Rico, 785,000; Philippine Islands, 9,500,000; Spanish* Africa,

Spanish

Colonies

(estimated):

437,000
in

10,722,000

Ar^a

square miles, exclusive of colonies, but including


202,370
4,200,000

the Balearic and Canary Islands Military resources in able-bodied men, colonies included Naval strength before Spanish-American war began (active
list, 24,269; naval reserve, 25,000) Manufactures, annual value, 1895

49,269
$105,000,000
160,000,000

Imports, 1895 Exports, 1895 Revenue, 1895 National wealth, 1895 Balance in treasury

140,000,000 150,000,000
7,965,000

None

54

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.

KINDS OF WARSHIPS.
sufficiently

In the days of sailing vessels a "ship of the line" was a man-of-war powerful to take its place in the line of battle. Its successor in our times is the battleship, heavily armored, and carrying the largest guns. The battleships of the United States Navy cost on an average $3,000,000, exclusive of armament. Each is named after some one of the states of the Union. The Kearsarge is the only exception to this rule.

in fighting value, more especially because of which quite surpasses that of the battleship. Cruisers built for the navy are always named after American cities, instead of states. An armored cruiser has both side and deck armor, which, however,

The cruiser comes next

Its speed,

is

An unprotected cruiser, though pw-haps carrying powerful guns, is without armor, either on deck or side. Such are the great transatlantic or the Gulf "liners," lately chartered by the United States government for naval service. Agunboat is a small, light-draft vessel of 800 to 2,000 tons, designed In a for gun-power rather than speed or coal-carrying capaeity._ loose way any small boat fitted up with one or more guns is often called a gunboat. A special class of rather small gunboats recently added to the United States navy are called composite gunboats. monitor is a light-draft, very low, heavily armored vessel of the peculiar type invented by Ericsson (who gave the name Monitor to the first specimen of it), and carrying on deck one or two revolving turrets that contain one or more great guns. Monitors combine, in remarkable degree, high gun-power and limited exposure, but at sea they are slow, clumsy and uncomfortable. ram is built, not for gun-power, but for strength combined with speed, its purpose being to crush in the side of an enemy's vessel. The United States ram Katahdin is the only vessel of its type in the world. converted vessel is one that has been altered from a revenue cutter, merchantman, tug,*or the like, and armed. First-class Vessels, Second-class, etc. The rating of a ship must not be confounded with its class. In the United States Navy the rating is determined, not as formerly, by the number of guns carried, but wholly by size. A vessel of the first rate is one with a displacement of 5,000 tons or over; second rate is below 5,000 down to 3,000 tons; third rate, below 3,000 flown to 1,000 tons; fourth rate, below 1,000 tons. In European official and American popular usage the terms first-class, secondclass, etc., do not express fighting value absolutely, but merely the relative importance of different vessels of the same type battleships compared with other battleships, cruisers with other cruisers, and so on. In close action a cruiser of the first class might be no match for a, battleship of the second class.

not nearly so thick as a battleship's. protected cruiser has deck armor only.

TOBPEDO-BOATS AND DESTEOYBBS.

55

TORPEDO-BOATS AND DESTROYERS.


mpPFHOF^ ANn
TORPEDO TUBES
'^^^^^^ ^

which the United States recently pur ^^^ Whitehead torpedo places our navy on a footing, in this regard, with the best
'^^^
'''^''^'

of other nations. This weapon consists of a cylindrical steel vessel, with the forward end pointed and the rear end rigged up with fin-lijie rudders. It is eighteen inches in diameter, several feet long and weighs 835 pounds; and its forward compartment is loaded with 250 pounds of

guncotton, one of the most tremeadously powerful of all explosives. Tlie torpedo-tube is practically a light sort of gun, of which the torpedo is the projectile. The latter is discharged from the tube either by

compressed air or by a small powder charge. It Is driven through the water by a propeller whose engines are set going in the act of discharge and are worljed by compressed air. It may be impelled in any desired direction to a distance of not exceeding 800 yards, the ordinary range being about one third of a mile. The depth at which it runs is regulated by the horizontal rudders. Torpedoes are usually fired from above the water-level, but in some cases below -it. When the torpedo strilies a solid substance, such as the hull of a ship, its charge of guncotton is immediately fired, iritix an effect inconceivably destructive. Four officers and sixteen men make up the regular crew of a torpedoboat in the American navy, though the larger ones require rather more.
Precisely

what amount

of service torpedo-

capable of rendering is still to be determined, as their use in actual warfare is as yet almost untried. Theoretically the torpedo-boat's method of attacli is to charge upon a ship at its full speed of twenty-five to thirty-eight miles an hour, and when within torpedo range to swing quicljly aroiyid and let fly from the tubes amidship, or the stern, or from these in succession. If discovered, she will have been under fire of the enemy's rapid-fire guns since coming within a distance of three or four miles, and latterly under a hailstorm of missiles from his machine-gun or even of bullets from the rifles of his marines. It is hard to see how 'a torpedo-boat could accomplish its purpose when attacking in broad daylight. The deadly work of these little craft must be done on dark nights or in foggy weather, or else under cover of a smoke-cloud in heavy engagements. Notwithstanding the torpedo-boat service is fraught with unusual danger, It has been eagerly sought by many of the younger oflicers of our navy. At any moment, of an action the frail craft is liable to be destroyed by shot from the enemy's larger vessels, or perchance to be run down by one of his destroyers (see below). On the warships search-lights sweep the sea at night in every direction to guard against the approacli of these dreaded intruders, the incessant watch for whom is weary, wearing work, all the more so because of its monotony. In
^^.^
'

TORPEDO-BOAT ATTACK. ^^^^^

56

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMEBICAN WAB.

is indicated to those launching it by which are so shaped as to be visible only from the rear, and in the daytime by small flags. To this single and vividly impressive name the cumUCMKUiEKs. jjrous term torpedo-boat destroyers will doubtless soon be reduced in current literature. The destroyer is simply- an enlarged torpedo-boat, provided with extra motive power for swiftness and extra heavy guns. It is thus equipped to catch the stealthy little assassin of the seas and send him to the bottom. In torpedo-boats and destroyers the United States navy has been very weak, judged by the standard of naval strategists abtoad. The Porter and Dupont (see list on page 4)",

the darkness the moving torpedo


lanterns,

'

while carried on the naval

list

as torpedo-boats, could do fair service

also as destroyers; but the Bailey,

Stringham and'Goldsborough,
first

all

now

approaching completion, are our

vessels distinctively of this type.

large additional

are out

number of destroyers, besides many torpedo-boats, now under way, and happily we have the facilities for turning them rapidly. Our new destroyers will have a speed of from thirty to

an hour, and each will carry several six-pounders and two or more torpedo-tubes. These constitute an entirely new essay in naval
thirty-three knots

TnoDPnn

nriATc

vi-arfare,

one which,

if

successful, will revolution-

ize

it

as completely as did Ericsson's monitor that

superseded wooden ships with armored ones, and ushered in a new era In the use of war projectiles. The Plunger, now nearly completed at Baltimore, was built from designs by her inventor, Mr. John P. Holland. It has a length of eighty-five feet and a breadth of eleven and

one half feet, with a displacement of one hundred and sixty-eight tons. Its speed of sixteen knots on the surface is reduced to ten when submerged. The little conning,tower rising scarcely three feet above its top affords the ordinary opportunity for steering by observation. A small tube fitted at its top "with an inclined mirror or prism can be raised above the conning tower, and when the boat is entirely submerged the navigator steers by the picture thrown down before him by the mirror. Of course, he has a compass, and the boat is also provided with an automatic gage to register the depth at which it is moving beneath the surface.
^ ^^^ winter of 1897-98 Mr. Holland finished a ^^* '^^ similar type which, after satisfactory tests, was bought by the Navy Department in April, 1898. This boat, commonly spoken of as the "Holland," is fifty-five feet long, ten and one fourth feet wide, and its displacement is fifty-five tons. It is built of steel, with the hull shaped like a cigar. Its motive power is of two kinds gas-engines and storage batteries of great power. The latter (electric) motor is for Use when the boat is under water. Compressed-air tanks supply the crew with fresh air, so that,

THE HOLUND DIVING BOAT

*'^'*^'^'

COMMON NATAL TEEMS EXPLAINED.


if

57

need be, complete submersion could be protracted, according to its inventor's ideas, for several liours at a stretcli. Tlie so-called diving is effected by altering tlie pitch oftlie horizontal rudders as the vessel

moves through the water, and


assist.

in this the

water-ballast tanlis also

Reverse operations bring about the rising. For maintaining the Iittl^ craft at her proper depth a delicate mechanism is employed similar to that used on the Wliitehead torpedo. She has an under-water discharge tube at her bow for launching the deadly torpedo, also two other tubes. These latter two are inclined upward. The forward one, linown as an aerial torpedo-gun, is capable of throwing a shell containing one hundred pounds of guncotton three fourths of a mile. Mr. Holland declared that with this gun he could destroy Morro Castle at Havana. From the third tube an under-water torpedo-gun, located astern, can throw a shell accurately two hundred yards under water.

COMMON NAVAL TERMS


Armament. A collective term for
all

EXPLAINED.

the guns (cannon) of a ship, their of the armament. Guns l)f six-inch caliber or over aa'e styled great guns, and for these the (See Rapidprojectile' and the explosives are made up separately. fire guns, and Machine-guns.) Armor. The iron or steel sheathing given the sides and exposed

number and weight determining the strength

deck of a war-vessel, for its protection. Any good dictionary will give the meaning of this word as Barbette. In sea warfare it used in the science of military fortification.

means the

steel wall, often from fifteen to nineteen inches thick, built up from below and inclosing the lower half or more of the revolving turret where the heaviest guns of a fighting -ship are placed. It's main purpose is to protect the turning-gear of the turret, and, of course, it also furnishes a strong additional protection to the turret itself. Battery. A number of guns situated near, or at no great distance from,, one another considered collectively. Also, the place where they are mounted, The armored tower forward at the base of the steel Conning-tower. military mast. Directly above it is the pilot-house, which, however,
.

deserted in an engagement for the safer steerage-room aft and far below. The conning-tower is then the commander's post, whence he directs everything. Telephones and speaking-tubes put him in direct communication With the gun-stations, engine-rooms, steering-room, etc. Displacement. The hull of a vessel riding the water displaces, of course, a certain quantity of it, which, estimated by tons' weight, is called the vessel's displacement. Catling Gun. The successful pioneer among machine-guns, so called from its inventor, Dr. R. J. Gatling, of Indianapolis.
is

58

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMEBICAN WAK.

Knot. A nautical mile which, by the United States official reckoning, consists of 6,080.27 feet, and by the English the same, minus the fraction. A statute mile is 5,280 feet; hence, a knot is nearly one sixth more, so that a vessel making twelve knots' speed, for example, is

covering a distance equal on land to nearly fourteen miles. Larboard. The left-hand side as one stands looking toward the
of the ship.

bow

Machine-gun. On war-vessels a gun firing shot and shell (not smallarms ammunition), and constructed to maintain a continuous fire by automatic mechanism.
Marines. Troops enlisted for military service on shipboard, or at dock-yards, instead of in the army. The Marine Corps of the United States had a strength of 2,000 men before its recent considerable

increase.
Privateer.

In

time of

war a

vessel

armed and

officered

persons, but acting under a commission (letters of marque) established government. Privateering was once a favorite
ure,

by private from some

war meas-

being so much like piracy, has now been renounced by almost every civilized nation, except Spain. I^apid-fire Guns. Ordnance, of less than six-inch caliber, for which the projectile and the explosive are put up as one whole. Squadron. A division of a fleet, or a detachment of ships employed on a particular service or station. In common language, a squadron is frequently spoken of as a fleet. Starboard. The right-hand side as one looks towai-d the bow.
but,

THE CUBAN (SPANISH) DEBT.


The so-called Cuban debt practically represents the amounts which Spain, in order to retain possession of the island, has been obliged to borrow, pledging the Cuban revenues as security. It consists of three classes of stocks (bonds), and of a floating debt in addition, as follows:
Bonds, six per cent loan of 18S6 Bonds, five per cent loan of 1890 Bonds, flve per cent loan of 1896 Bonds, total
$114,194,960
1(36,215,280

154,880,000

$435,290,240

Add

floating debt,

January

1,

1898

' .

67,760,000

Total

$503,050,240

The
1898.

floating debt has

undoubtedly increased since the opening of

main items are the heavy arrears due to the army, navy, civil servants and army contractors in Cuba. The enormous total amounts to more than $300 per capita for the entire population.
Its

BANK

AND.

tAT

IN

THE AKMY AND NAVY.

59

RANK AND PAY


EQUIVALENT RANK.
Akmy.
Seoond Lieutenant
Captain

IN

THE ARMY AND NAVY.


is

Following Navy.

officers in the

the equivalent ranli of commissioned two branches of service:

Abmy.
Colonel..'.

Navy.

Ensign

First Lieutenant.. ..Lieutenant (Junior)

Brigadier-General

Commodore
Rear- Admiral

Captain

Lieutenant Liutenant-Conimancler Major Lieutenant-Colonel Commander

Admiral The grades of General and Lleutenaut-General in tlie army, and Admiral and Vice-Admiral in the navy, have been abolished, but are subject to revival at the pleasure of Congress. Cadets, whether military or naval, are not commissioned officers, though drawing pay as named below.

Major-General Lleuten ant-General General

Vice-Admiral

PAY OF ARMY OFFICERS.

Army

officers, in active yearly pay as follows:

service,

receive

Gbade.

60

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMEBICAN WAE.

NAVAL WAR LOCALITIES.


CAPE VERDE ISLANDS,
islands

("Islauds of the green cape.") A group of iu the Atlantic ocean off the most
it

western point of Africa, and distant from

over two hundred miles.

American state of Honwhose obligations as a neutral (which our government has repeatedly insisted must be

They

lie in

the

same

latitude. as the Central

duras.

They belong not

to Spain, but to Portugal,

observed) require her to forbid their use by Spain as a base of hostile operations against the TJuited States. The several islands have an aggregate area of 1,680 square miles, with a population of about 115,000, nine tenths negroes and mulattoes. The voyage from Cape St. YJneent, the principal harbor of the Cape Verde Islands, to Porto Eico is

reckoned at 2,600 miles. ("Dog islands," from the Latin word Canis, a CANARY ISLANDS. ^^^^ ^ ^^.^^^ ^^ islands belonging to Spain oEe the west coast of Africa, in about the same latitude as Tampa. Florida. They are not quite half way fromi Spain to the Gape Verde Islands, being, in round numbers, seven hundred miles from the former and
nine hundred from the latter. Area of the several islands, 2,808 square miles. Population (nearly all of Spanish or mixed origin), about 310,000. The capital is Santa Cruz de Santiago ("Holy Cross of St. Jago"). It is on the island of Teneriffe, near the famous peak of the same name, and hence is sometimes spoken of as Santa Cruz de Teneriffe, or simply Teneriffe. The Canaries are a very valued possession of Spain, which would regard their conquest by the United States as more humiliating than even the loss of Cuba. The Spanish government has here been accumulating large quantities of naval stores, ammunition, etc., and has made great efforts to strengthen the
old-time fortifications.

DANISH WEST INDIA ISIANDS

Danish islands in the West Indies are situated about flfty-flve to seventy miles east of Porto Rico. St. Croix (or Santa Cruz),
'^^^
^^^'^'^
"'^'^P'^'^ti'^ely

the southernmost of them, is considerably the largest, yet contains only eighty-five square miles, with a population of about 20,000. The other two are St. Thomas and St. John. The former is one of the chief coaling depots in the West Indies, and has cable connections with Europe. The proposition that the United States should acquire

Denmark has not met with general favor. ^^^^ * *^"^^ *^"^ '^ *^^ largest of the West India Islands, HAYTI having a length from east to west of nearly four hundred miles, and a breadth from north to south of sixty to one hundred and fifty miles. It lies directly east of Cuba, from which it is separated by the narrow Windward Passage. It comprises 28,250 square miles, and is very fertile. Two distinct governments divide its sovereignty. The
these islands from

NAVAL WAE

LOCALITIES.

61

negro republic of Hayti occupies the western third of the island, with a population of 700,000. The rest of the island constitutes the Dominican Republic, commonly but incorrectly called Santo (or San) Domingo, and has a population of about 600,000. In 1871 the people of this republic, wearied of wars and revolutions, voted almost unanimously in favor of annexation to the Uuited States, but, while President Grant was friendly to their request, Congress denied it. Port-au-Prince is the capital of the Haytian republic, and Santo (or San) Domingo of the Dominican. Cape Haytien, frequently referred to in w^r items from the West Indian waters, is a town of 15,000 inhabitants, on the north coast of the island, with a good though not a large harbor. It is the chief seaport, on the north, of the republic of Hayti. , A small West Indian island belonging to France, one of MARTINIQUE. ^^^^ so-called Windward Islands, in the chain of the Lesser Antilles. It is high and rocky, quite irregular in shape, with an area of 380 square miles, and a population of 180,000, mostly blacks. It lies southeast of Porto Rico, the sailing distance from its capital and principal harbor. Fort de France, to San Juan being about four hun-d'red and fifty miles. Off Fort de France the "Cape Verde fleet" of the Spaniards coaled, after crossing the Atlantic early in May, 1898. Like all the French and British West India islands of any importance, Martinique has cable connection with Europe. Another French West Indian colony, one of the LeeOUADELOUPt. It is rather more than one hundred -vvard Islands. miles north of Martinique (see above). Area, 616 square miles; population, about 140,000. Basse-Terre is the capital. This island, belonging to Great Britain, lies fifty miles ST. LUCIA. g(juth of Martinique (see above), and is fortified. Area, 216 square miles; population, about- 40,000. Its surface is rough, and
its

climate remarkably unhealthful.

The easternmost
BARBADOES.
jji^jgg

of the

Windward

Islands, in the

West

hundred and seventy miles southeast of Martinique (see above), and belongs to Great Britain. Area, 166 square The climate is salubrious. The miles; population, about 200,000. capital is Bridgetown. Another of the British West India islands. It lies forty ST. VINCENT, j^iigg gouth of St. Lucia (see above), and one hundred miles west of Barbadoes, and is about seventeen miles long and ten miles broad, with an area of one hundred and thirty-two square miles. Population, 44,000. The capital is Kingstown, which must never be confounded in war news with Kingston, the capital of Jamaica. ST. THOMAS. See Danish West ];ndia Islands, page 60. PORTO RICO (in Spanish, Puerto Rico).See page 63. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. See pages 40 and 65. HAWAII ISLANDS. See page 68.
jg qt^q

62

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMERICAN

'WAR.

NAVIES OF LEADING NATIONS

AND

SPAIN.

At the beginning- of 1898 the navies of the leading nations and Of "obsolete Spain (serviceable vessels) were constituted as below. vessels" Spain had 59, nearly all wooden craft, and the United States 11.

The

fighting strength of the

American navy was largely augmented

during the first five months of 1898, while that of Spain was stationary, her additions no more than offsetting her losses in Manila bay, on May 1st, in the engagement with the American fleet under Com-

modore Dewey

Class of Vessels.

POHTO

BICO.

OS

PORTO
I

RICO.
and

nr ATIAW

Aiwn

Poi'to (or Puerto) Eico is the fourth in size of the

discovered by Columbus in 1493, on his second voyage, and in the early years of the following century was governed by Ponce de Leon, famous in American history from his fruitless search for the fountain of youth among the wilds of Florida. Spain held the island for upward of four centuries, though she had to fight for it more than once with the Dutch and the English. It is about 450 miles east of Cuba (in latitude a trifle further south), and is separated from it by Hayti and the adjoining straits.
third.
It

niMFiwsinNS DIMENSIONS.

^^^^ Indian
Jamaica the

Islands, Hayti being the second

was

From Havana to San Juan, Porto Rico,^ the voyage is at least one thousand miles. The island's length is variously given by different authorities as from ninety to one hundred and eight miles. Its greatest breadth is thirty-seven miles, and its total area about 3,550 square miles. ^Between Porto Rico and Hayti flow the waters of the Mona Passage. ^'^** ^^* *** west Porto Rico is traversed by SURFACE, STREAMS ^ ^.^^^^ ^^ j^jjj^ ^^^ situated that the streams flowing northward are much longer than those flowing south. The highest district is situated near the soutlieast corner where the peak of El Yunque attains an altitude of 3,600 feet. As the hills Intercept the northwest trade-winds, with their rain-clouds, there is sometimes a superabundance of moisture in the northern lowlands, yet severe droughts in, the south. The island is, upon the whole, exceptionally well watered, 1,300 streams being enumerated, of which forty-seven ^.re large enough, from the European standard, to pass for rivers. Its general appearance is very beautiful. Forests in their tropical depth of green still cover all the higher portions of the hills. Roads and bridges, though somewhat improved of late years, are
still

the great

rn.\juii\,i3.

want of the island. . The two great staples of this fertile island are suga* and pQffgg^ besides which tobacco, cotton, rice and Indian

corn are extensively raised. Yams and plantains are also cultivated. Oranges, cocoanuts and other tropical fruits lilsewise receive attention and thrive luxuriantly. The principal food of the agricultural laboring class is a variety of mountain rice, grown without flooding. On the lowland pastures large herds of excellent cattle are reared to supply butcher-meat, for St. Thomas (Danish) and the French islands of the Lesser Antilles. Porto Rico's exports ($18,000,000 annually) exceed Jamaica's more than two to one, consisting mainly of sugar and molasses, coffee, honey, tobacco, beef and hides. A large part of the

tobacco has always been sent to Havana, there to be manufactured, under the government monopoly, into cigars. Gold, iron, copper, coal ^.nd salt are all found in Porto Rico, bnit only the last is worked.

64

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMEBICAN WAR,

POPULATION.

The popujatiou yfi^i^Q and two

of

some 800,000
black.

is

about three

flftlis

iifths

Among

the people oe

European origin are Spaniards, Germans, Swedes, Danes, Russians and Frenchmen, besides the descendants of Moorish Jews and natives of the Caaary Islands. There are also a number of Chinese. San Juan de Puerto Rico (commonly abbreviated to SAN JllAN, g^jj Juan), on the north coast, is the principal town, HE CAPITAL, j^g ^gjj ^g ^j^g capital. It was founded by Ponce de
I

Leon, in 1511, and is built on an Island named Morro, connected with the mainland by bridges. The harbor is one of the best in the West Indies, having a comparatively unobstructed entrance, and even at the wharves a depth of ten to fifteen feet. The town of San Juan, with its district, has 'a population of about 30,000. It figures in history as a iplace of some military strength, and contains the palace of the governor-

general in the old fort of Santa Catalina, bishop's palace, cathedral, government arsenal, town-house, theater, etc. It Is regularly laid out, well drained, and one of the most healthful towns In the West Indies. The fortifications of San Juan were materially strengthened during the early months of 1898, and the harbor is said to hare been mined. Ponce, three miles inland from the south coast, is OTHFR TOWNS the next most important town, and in general appearance rather more modern, containing among other public buildings a town hall, hospital and Episcopal church, and it is lighted with gas by an English company. Mayaguez, on the west coast, is also situated several miles inland, and is separated from its port by a river, of late years bridged. The only other towns of any importance are Guayama on, and Coama near, the south coast, Aguadilla in the northwest corner of the island, and Arecibo on the north coast. Besides San Juan there are only two or three HARBORS ROADS ^^'^^^'^ harbors in the whole island. The others AND RAILROADS are gradually filling up, and can be utilized by light-draft vessels only. This and the greatly inferior size of Porto Rico would make its blockade much easier of accomplishment than Cuba's. Since 1885 several miniature railroads have been built along the easier grades near the coast. The latest and best maps still show hoBse-trails to be almost the only means of communication throughout
the greater part of the interior.
'^^'^

'

SPANISH RULE
of

them remain.
on foot
in

Roads are still the great want. aboriginal inhabitants were soon swept away by their Spanish conquerors, and almost no vestiges In 1820 a movement looking toward independence was

Porto Rico, but by 1823 Spain had completely re-estabPorto Rico has its own governor-general and a measure of -autonomy, having been decreed in 1870 a province of Spain. For administrative purposes it is divided into seveu departments. The last traces of isJiSTerj' Tyere abolislied in 1873,
set

lished her supremacy.

THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

65

THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.


[Other Important information
is

given on page

40.]

were discoyered by GENERAL DESCRIPTION utiNCKAL utii,KiFiiUN. Magellan in, 1521. Spanish conquest began in 1565, and in 1571 the capital was established at Manila. The Philippines constitute an important archipelago southeast of the continent of Asia, extending from 4 40' to 20 north latitude, and from 116 40' to 126 30' east longitude from Greenwich. The principal ones, from
'^^^ PI"liPPine Islands

north to south, are Luzon, Camarines, Mindoro, Samar, Leyte, Penay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, JMindaoao, Palawan and the Sulu group of islands. The most northerly groups are the Batanes and Babuyanes, between Luzon and Formosa. They are quite unimportant. All the islands may be characterized as mountainous and hilly, and much of the archipelago has undoubtedly been heavfed from below the sea-level within comparatively recent times. It is believed to contain a considerable amount of undeveloped mineral wealth. '^^^ worliing volcanoes are now comparatively vnirANinp AMr> In 1814 a terrible eruption of the Albay, or Mayon, volcano, in the southeastern part of Luzon, partially destroyed several large villages, and proved fatal to 12,000 persons, the matter thrown out forming vast deposits deep enough in some places near the mountain to bury the loftiest trees. A similar fate befell the same district during the eruption of 1867. On the thirty-first of October, 1876, one of the terrible storms for which the Philippines are notorious burst on this same mountain, pouring down whose sides and sweeping along the loose volcanic debris, the floods brought destruction on many settlements below, filling up the roads, breaking down the bridges and completely ruining upward of In the great wild island of Mindanao three volcanoes 6,000 houses. have been destructively active, at intervals, up to a late date. Earthquakes are so frequent and violent as to determine the styles adopted in the eraction of the buildings. In 1874 they were felt daily for several weeks. But the most violent on record occurred in July, 1880, when the destruction of property was immense. The climate is genuinely tropical, with three seasons the CLIMATE, pjjjij^ j^Qj. ^^^ ^,^^^ ^jjg pgjij extends from November to February or March. The winds are then northerly, and, though there is no need for fire, woolen garments can be worn with comfort in the
^j^jji^ q^j^e

FAPTHniiAKP* EARTHQUAKES,

*'^'

^"* ^ ^ ^^^'^ ^^^^ ^^^^


recent times.

'^^'-'^

violent

eigners

mornings; the sky is usually clear and the atmosphere bracing; and forloolv forward to this period as the most enjoyable of the year. During the hot season, from March to June, the heat becomes very oppressive before the beginning of the southerly monsoon. Thunderstorms, often of terrific violence, are liable to occur in May and June.

ee

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMEBtCAN WAR.


July, August, Septeniber

The wet season covers


rain comes
flooded.

and jQctober, when the

down

in torrents,

and large

tracts of the lower country are

The northern islands lie in the region of the typhoons. At Manila the mean temperature for the cold season is about 72; hot
season, 87,

and wet season, 84% degrees.


Rice
is

the staple food of the natives, Who cultivate it But the plants of prime importance are Manila hemp, sugar-cane, tobacco, cofCee and cocoa. Abaca, or Manila hemp, is grown in the southeast of Luzon and in Samar, Leyte ajid Bohol. Its cultivation requires little trouble, and the plantations, usually

PRODUCTS,

extensively.

Hand labor and a few simple machines of native construction are all that is required in the preparation of the fiber, from which are made ropes and cables of great durability, while its finer grades are woven into fabrics suitable for wearing-apparel, which is often beautiful and of high cost. Other qualities furnish the material for making the manila-paper so familsmall, are each the property of a native family.
iar to
all.

of sugar, as of other products, are mostly shipped from Manila, though nearly 2,000,000 pounds are exported from Iloilo (on the island of Panay), which is the port next in importance. Most of the larger plantations, some of them exceeding one thousand acres, are monastic property, and are leased out to Chinese half-breeds, who are said to succeed much better than Europeans. OofCee was introduced, probably from Brazil, in the latter part of the eighteenth century, but it was 1826 before the first plantation on a large scale was formed.

The exports

Tobacco was made a government monopoly in 1781, and remained such till 1882. Though any one might grow the plant to any extent he pleased, the government was the only purchaser, fixed its own price, and, paying its debts according to its own convenience, was sometimes
three or four years in arrears. Besides, certain districts were bound a certain quality of the leaf, and thus the peasant was forced, under severe penalties, to devote himself to the tobacco crop, when oftentimes he would have obtained better results from something else. Nearly 300,000,000 cigars have been manufactured annually, in six
to furnish

factories, employing twenty tliousand hands, about one third for foreign export and the rest for home consumption. '^^^^^ late of February 28, 1898, the United IMPORTAlsirF OF ^^'^t*'^ os"' ^t Manila, Mr. Oscar F. Williams, AupaVrAw TDAnc AMERICAN TRADE. , i, ^ ri, made an elaborate official report respecting the
-, .

Philippines, in which he said: "Local authorities estimate the area of the Philippines at 150,000 square miles, and the population at 15,000,000. Twenty-two Consulates are established at Manila. The volume of the

export trade coming under my official supervision equals that of my twenty-one consular colleagues combined. The trade of the Philippines with the United States is growing at a remarkable rate. To-day I

THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

67

bave authenticated invoices for export amounting to $138,066. During tbe last three months 216,000 bales of bemp were exported; of these 136,792 went to the United States, and 79,208 to Great Britain and other countries. Last year the increase of hemp shipments to the United States was 137,000 bales. Of the total increased shipments from the Philippines, those to tbe United States were fifty-four per cent greater than to all other countries together. In tbe item of sugar, which is the second in importance among the exports, the shipment to the United
States

was

fifty-five "per

cent of tbe total to

all points."

^^ * ^^^ great emporiums of tbe East. riTY OF MANILA, MANll A ^j^g principal street of New Manila (that part north of Pasig river), is the Escolta, lined with innumerable shops and stalls, and crowded with a strange and motley population of various races. The Eosario is given over to tbe Chinese shops. In New Manila tbe streets are straight, but most of them unpaved, and during the rains almost impassable. The outlying districts of New Manila constitute tbe Binondo suburb, where many of tbe residences are airy cottages, reared amid groves of tropical trees, raised on posts to permit the free passage of the waters in the rainy season, and so constracted as, -by their elasticity, to witlistand earthquake shoclts. Manila is a city of suburbs. Cavite, seven miles to the south, is very important as the location of tbe naval arsenal, etc. The northern suburbs are mostly given over to different lines of textile and other manufactures. Bulacan, five miles above Binondo, is a hive of fabricating industries. On the west shore of the bay, twenty-five miles across from Manila, is the fashionable resort of Balanga. Manila has six daily newspapers, three banlis, a mint, a chamber The of commerce and complete electric-light and telegraph plants. Mexican silver dollar is in general use. There are four regular steamship lines to Hong Kong and a monthly line to Liverpool. The leading railroad into tbe interior is first-class, having steel rails, stone culverts, and English engines capable of drawing trains forty-five miles an hour. Under Spain tbe Philippines have been subject to a governor-general with supreme powers, assistADMINISTRATION. ^^ ^y ^ "junta of authorities," consisting of the archbishop, the commander of tbe forces, the admiral, tbe president of the supreme court, etc.; also by a central junta of agriculture, industry and commerce, and by a council of administration. In tbe provinces and districts tbe chief power was in the bands of alcades, and of The Spanish governors combining both civil and military power. method of raising revenues was simple enough. It consisted of naming some prominent and wealthy native the "cabeca de barangay" of a certain village or group of families, and malsing him responsible, sometimes to his complete beggary, for the collection of the tribute that had been assessed on bis district. Chinese were subject to special taxes.
'^^^^ '^

68

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMEKICAN WAK.


The great bulk
j-j.j{)gg

of the population is made up of different Malays, some of them semi-civilized and nominally Christian (Roman Catholics), some pagan savages; while others, a little higher in civilisation than the latter, are Mohammedans. The stronghold of these last is the island of Mindanao, though there are independent native tribes in the interior of nearly all the other larger islands as v^ell. Of Europeans other than Spaniards, the number in the Philippines is few, divided between many nationMany half-breeds, especially Chinese mestizos, are seen in alities. Manila and elsewhere in Luzon. Chinese immigrants, in spite of massacres and administrative restrictions, form a powerful element in the Philippines. There is hardly a town or large village in which they are not found, petty trade and banking being nearly all in their hands.

POPULATION.

of

HAWAII (OR SANDWICH) ISLANDS.


The Sandwich Islands were discovered in 1778 by Captain James who was afterward killed there by the cannibg.1 natives. They were civilized and Christianized chiefly through the efforts of American The group comprises missionaries, who began their work in 1820.
Cook,

having a total area of 6,740 Hawaii, 4,210; square miles (one sixth that of Ohio), as follows: Maui, 760; Oahu, 600; Kauai, 590; Molokai, 270; Lanai, 150; Nihau, 97; Kahoolawe, 63. They are 2,100 miles from San Francisco, in a southwest direction, being about one third the total sailing distance from San Francisco to Manila. They tiwe their importance chiefly to their position, far out in the broad Pacific, in the line of commerce between the Pacific states and British Columbia on the one side, and Japan, China and Australasia on the other. The climate is healthful, with sea-breezes and moderate rains; mean temperature about seventy-five degrees, the thermometer having a range of only thirty degrees. The,
fifteen islands, the eight inhabited ones

this head is the decrease of the natives from, about 200,000 in 1878 to less than sixteen per cent of that number. A census taken early in 1897 gave a total population of 109,020, as follows: Hawaiians, 31,019; part Hawaiians, 8,485; Japanese, 24,407; Chinese, 21,616; Portuguese, 15400; Americans, 3,086; British, 2,250; other nationalities, 3,057. The Americans thus number not quite three per cent of the whole, while the natives are quite exceeded by the combined count of the Japanese and Chinese, nearly all imported laborers on the sugar plantations. Sugar is the great staple. JMce, coffee, hides, bananas PRODUCTS and wool are also exported. Fine crops of wheat are raised in the uplands, and live stock of all the ordinary varieties thrive well. Among the minor crops in the valleys are cotton, tobacco, yams,

Hawaii Islands and Cuba are in precisely the same The most striking feature under
POPULATION,

latitude.

'-

HAWAII (OB sandwich) ISLANDS.


arrowroot and cacao.
Unitect States.

69

Ninety per cent of the commerce is with the aanual report gives the value of sugar exports at $7,976,000; rice, $162,000; bananas, $103,000. This is the principal port, as well as the capital. It is situated on the island of Oahu, and had a population in 1897 of 28,061, being more than one fourth that of the entire archipelago. Nearlyj^ all its trade is in the hands of Americans and Europeans. Honolulu has most of the local features of an enterprising American city, and Is lighted by electricity. There are seventy-one miles of railroad in the islands, and two hundred and fifty miles of telegraph. A submarine telegraph between Honolulu and San Francisco is liliely to be laid at no distant date. Each of the islands originally had its own chief, but

The

latest

'

shortly before the American missionaries went there the government was consolidated into one kingdom by Kamehameha I. Constitutions, increasingly liberal, were granted in 1840, 1852 and 1887. Queen Liliuolialani, who succeeded to the throne in 1891, desired more power for herself and the native population, and

ANNEXATION

PROJECTS

January, 1893, attempted to force her cabinet to approve a new In consequence she was deposed January 17th, by a Committee of Public Safety, and a provisional government was formed under the presidency of Sanford W. Dole (son of an American missionary), to continue until a treaty of annexation with the United States should be concluded. The treaty to this end which President Harrison sent to the United States Senate was withdrawn in March, 1893, by President Cleveland, who held that the revolution had largely been accomplished through improper use, by Mr. Stevens, the American minister, of the United States marines in Honolulu harbor. His diplomatic efforts to restore the deposed queen to power were a failure. On the fourth of July, 1834, a republic was proclaimed, with' Mr. Dole as president for a six-years' term, until 1900. Since then the world has grown accustomed to the idea of the absorption of Hawaii by the United States. The long-pending project of annexation is liliely to succeed by a favorable vote in the United States Senate at an early day. Hawaii would undoubtedly prove a valuable
in

constitution drafted, on those lines.

naval base and coaling station for operations in the Pacific ocean.

LOCATION OF NAVY-YARDS.
The Brooklyn, Washington
City and

Pensacola navy-yards are


is

located as indicated by their names.

The League Island navy-yard

at Philadelphia; Charleston, at Boston; Gosport, near Norfolk, Va.; Kittery, opposite Portsmouth, N. H.; Mare Island, near San Francisco.

The government dry-docks are at Brooklyn, N. and San Francisco, Cal,

Y.,

Port Royal,

S.

C,

70

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMEKICAN WAB.

INDEX OF THE MAP OF CUBA.


NOTE.To find the location on
figure at

the map, notice the capital letter and

of the line containing the name. On the map, find that figure printed at the top or bottom of the page between the border lines, draw an imaginary line straight down the page to a point where it intersects a line

end

drawn from

the capital letter similarly designated, at the sides of the

map.

For illustration, the point on the map at which Havana is located is-designated as L 12, and it will be found on the map by following the directions
here given.

TRANSLATIONS: Bahia, Bay. BoGA, Inlet or Pass. Cabo (abbreviated C.) Cape. Ensenada (abbreviated Ens.) Bay. Pttekto (abbreviated Pto.) Port or Harbor. Eio, River. San or Santo (abbreviated S. or Sta.) Saint. s6:kka,
Mountain Range.
,

Abad

del Jibaro

Acertaderos

Aguacato Aguadores Agulca Alacranes M 15 Alaeranes (Cape) .... M 7


Albufera de Cortes. AJgodonal Alqulzar Alvarez
.

E 24 Y 36 M 14 Y 38 N 18 R 23 Nil N 19 O 18 N 21
.Q 6

Boca de Carabelas. .Q 31 Boca de Jarueo L 13 Boca de la Olenaga (Isla de Pinos)...R10 Boca de la Yana o' de Moron O 27
Belondroa Boloudron

Cardenas Cartagena
Cascorro Casigua

Buena Vista
Burro (Cape) B'y Albufera
diana

AmarlUas

Amaro
Amiot

Ana

Sta

M9 M 15
X 82 M 11
P20

Aposentos Arlguauab

Cabaiguan Cabanas M 10 Cabezas M15 Cabo de Cruz Y 30 Cabo de S. Antonio.. Ql


Calbarien

N 18 V 41 deGuaP4 P 23

Q2
16

Cauto V34 Cauto Abajo 37 Cauto del Embarca-

M 13

T 31

L17 O 19

W
M

dero

Cayadel

Rey

Cayaguani Caya jabos Cayainas Cayo de Cruz


C. C. C. C.

W 38 P
V 33 O 30

V33

22 10

Arimao
Arroyo Blanco Artemisa Auras Baeunagua Baez

M 10

T 29 U 86
9 O 22 S 32 P 19

Caimauera
Caimito Caimlto de
la

M 17
Hana-

N 23 Y 39

bana
Cajio

Baga
Bagazar Babla de
.-

Caimito del Norte... CIS


Calabazar Gala de Ovando Caleta de Muuoz Calgranabo Callmete
Calvario

Guantan-

amo
Bahlabouda
Balre

Y39

N 22 X 44
L12

O 17 Nil

Cayuelo de la GuaJaba Q31 de Catalina 40 de Guanos X 44 de la Sulina 24 de Lucrecia T 38 Ceja de Pablo M 19 Cerro Guayabo X 40

Baja 5 Bajos de los ColoraP2 dos Banao' R 29 Banes L 11 Baracoa 43 Bara jagua V 37 Barrancas 34 Ba. Santa Maria S 26

WN35

M9

Q 21 N7 N 18
P 27 N 22 L 16 O 17 L L
15 15 10 38 32 10 12 16 17 14 20

Ohiiigota N9 Ciego O 20 Ciego Alouso O 20 Ciego de Avila Q 26 Cienaga de Zapata. N 15 Cienfuegos (Pop, 40,964)

Oifuentes Ciracuse

M 21
M16
N18 M 21 P 30 O 19 Sur. .O 7 R 29
P P
7 7

P19
Q Q

Camaguey (northern
point
of
."
.

Cocurucho
Collseo

22 22

Eastern

W
W
L

Trocba Camajuanl Camarloca Camaronas Camarones Canas


Canasl Candelaria

Colonia Colon Colon

M 17 M
X X M M
N
L
L

Concha
Confltes (Cape) Congo jas

Ba. Sta. Clara

18

Batabano

Bayamo
Matanzas Bejugad Beniba Bermeja
B. de

N W 12 84 L

M
M
11

1.5

12 10
].",

Caney Caney Oanimar Cauo


Cantel
Caobillaa Carabnlle
Oarabiilris

Bervocal Blanco (Dape)


B.

:i]

Majaua

1122 N lu

Consolasion del Coro]o Corral False 16 Corral Nuevo 13 Corral Nuevo L 15 Oorrlentcs Bay B3 Corrleutes (Cape) R4 Cs. de Ana Maria .... S 25 Cs. de Gualnabo. .0 24

M M

Cs. de

ManzanlUo.

,W

3U'

INDEX OP THE
Cs. de Taua Cubitus Cuiilanayagua

II

AP OP CUBA.
L
13
L. S. Esteban Lucas (Cape) Luz (Cape Isla

71

Cupey Data De Anton


ril

WSe

V 31 R30 P 21

Guauabo
Guauahacabibes (Peninsula of)

W 34
o'

Guanajay Guanajaybo

M M

El Bar29

De

la Jaula (Cape). .N 27 Eastern Ti'oclia P Q R S 26 E. Sta. Teresa PIT

Guane Guano (Cape) Guaracabuya Guasimas Guata Viana


Guayacanes
. .

3 11 17 P5 T 26

de

Pinos)

Macagua Madruga Magarabomba


Maisa (Cape)

K 27 N 24 R 12 N 19 M 14 R 28
X,44

M 21
Q

O 22 L 16
25 27 13 20 22 11

Majana

Bay

(a t

P 16 Bl Calvai-io X37 El Cobie B30 El Coieado M 14 El Jobo Ernb. de Carabalas.M 20 Emb. del Mall 19

Guillerma (Cape). .N Guinea 51 CJuinia de Miranda.. P Guiuia de Soto Q


(Juirade

south end of Western Trocha) N 10 Malabrigo ((jape). .D 26 Malagueta S 34


.

Managua
Maniabon Manlearagua
ja
la

M 12
T
021
4

M M

Helena
200,

Guisa

Bmb. de SabanabaS 26 mar Emb. Sierra Merena M 19


.

Hato Nuevo Havana (Pop.


408)

M X34 M 18
L,12 U 36 34
L.

35

Vie-

Mantua
Mariana
Mariel
ptpint

.,

Manzanillo
of

W 32 L 12
Western
25

22 del Santo X 37 de Aroyo Seco.T 38 N5 de Baja V 32 de Blrama de Canete V 42 de Day aniguas ..08 Ens.de la Herradura.S 36 Ens. del Ojo del ToroY 31 V 29 Ens. del Juueo Ens. de Marianao ... L 11 Y 31 Ens. de Mora Ensenada de Cor-

Emeo

Holguin

Enramada

Horno

Ens. Ens. Ens. Ens. Ens.

Hoyo Colorado
Huesped
Isabel

W 11

(northern

019
..N16

Trocha) L 10 Matanzas(Pop.56,379)L 15

Itabo

Jabaeo Jabaeoa Jaguey-Grande


Jarreta Jaruco Jaula Jibacoa Jlcotea Jiquiabo

L 13 ;..... Q 4 L 14 Q O P O

M18 N 16 O 19 N 17 Q4
25

Mayajigua O Mayari V Medialuna (Cape) ... N O Medidas M Melena M Melena del Sur
Melinos Melones Minas

38 27

19 13 13 L 15 Q3 S 30

rientes

Brmito Vieia Esperanza


Est. Est. Est. Est. Est. Est.

Q3 E 29,
.N 21

Mojanga
point
of

(southern

de Caunao
del

Guama
.

M 22
P7

Jlquimas Jucaro Judas (Cape)

R 25

L 13 P 22

Western

Trocha Mordazo

de Santa Clara.L 18

Jumento
Jutias (Cape) La Baliza La Cidra

Sabanalamar. .N 10 Vertientes S 26 Y. P. de Media 9 Canoa False (CaD6) Q2 K 32 Faro Colon X 44 Faro Concba Faro Diego Velasquez Faro Roncali Faro Vargas
Felipe
o'

N29
Q
2

.Y30

Corralillo.M 19 Frances (Cape) Q6

Frances (Cape de Pinos


Galafre Galaton Gavilan Gertrudis

Isla

Goayabal Gramales Grande Grupo

P 20 P 28 V30
5

R9 P6
7

U 36 N 22 R30 Q 30 Guma V 37 Lagunilla M 16 La Isabela N8 La Jagua M 14 La Manainga O 21 La Mulata M8 Lanos de S. Diego... N 8


La La La La La
Cuaba
Bncrucijada

N5 26 M 15

28 22

Moron MoroS
Mulas Mulato Najasa Naranjo Naranjo Navajas Nazareno Neu va Paz
Nuevitas Nra. Gerona de Pinos

N 10 N 20 X 38
P26 T39 R28 T 30 P 25 P9

Bntrada Guanaja

N 16 P 22 N 14 B 32
(Isla

P.

Abate Paez
Palacios

11 3

La Palma La Playa de Batabano

M7

La Salud
Las Arenas Las Crnces

M 12

N 29 P21 Grupo Oubanaean ... O 22


Grupo Guaniguanlco.O 4 O8 Guadalupe P 25 Guadalupe
Guaimarillo

La Seiba
Las Las Las Las Las -Jumaguas
Lajas

....N20

Mangas Nuevas
Parras
Victoria

M 20 M 10

N 12 D 33 O 20 Mil
N 21 U 34 LIS T 33 M 15 R 29 O 19 T 35
R12

Palmas (Cape) Palma Soriano


Palmilla Palmlllas

X 36 M 18
N
18

O20 N8 P 28

Palmira P 19 N6 Pan de Azucar Paredon (Cape) N 29 Pareden del Medio


(Cape)

28

Guaimaro
Gualao

Guamuhaya
Guamutas
Glianabacoa

n 31 T 32 Mil Q 20 M18 L 12

La Teja

La

Limonar Limones Los Abreus


Los Alfonsos Los Hermanos
de Finos) Los Plumajes
(Isla

P. Arenas Q 31 P5 Paso Real Paso Real de S. Diego N8 P. Cabeza del Guano S 11 (Isla de Pinos) P. Caita P. Caunao P. Cobarrubias
P.,
(3

20 28 S 35

Guanabana Gnanabao

M 15 M 11

Cuyaguateje

P3

P. de Baez P. de Canas

W 43 W 48

P6

72

CUBA AND SPANISH-AMEKICAN WAR. U 39 Pto. de Nipe Pto.de Nuevas-GranR 32 Pto. de Nuevitas Pto. de PortlUo... ..Y32 V 40 Pto. de Tanamo T 37 Pto. de Vita Pto. de Yaguaneque V 41 Pto. Frances (Isla de Pinos) R9 Pto. Manati S 34 Ptos. de Lebisa V 39 Puerto de Cuba Y 37 Puerto Principe (Pop. 46,641) S29
.

P. de Cocodrilos (Isla P. v. P. P.

S.

Geronimo
'.

S 28

de Pinos) S 10 de Gaspar P8 de la Puerta X 42 de las Caletas...X43 de la Yana o' de

des

o'

del

Bayama.S33

Sibanleu Sibarimar
Sierra Sierra
Sitio
S. S. S. S.

.T31 L 13

Morena

Grande..

Mangle
P. del Cajou P. del Corral
(Isla

Q6 Q2

M 19 M 21

20

de Plnos) R 12 P. del Bste (Isla de Pinos) S12 P. del Fraile 44 P. del Gato P. del Holandes R3 P. del Ingles Y 30 P. de los Barcos (Isla de Plnos) Q 10 P. de los Negros R 22 P. del Tabaeat ...... Y 35 P. del Tolete. S 23 P. de Lngo (Isla de

WP8

Jose .U35 Jose de las Lajas.M 13 Jose de los RamosM 18 Juan; ......0 6 S.Juan deContreras.M 10 S.Juan de los Peri'os.O 25 S. Juan de los Remedies
S. S. S. S. S. S. S. S.

N23

Punta de Cartas
Purnio

P6

Lazaro...

.-

TJ

36
33 21 17

Leguas (Cape). Marcos

..

Q 28 .L 17 7

Quemado
Gulnes

de

los

Ramon
Rancbuelo Recreo Regia
Retrete R. Gonzalo Rio de Ay Rio Hondo Rosario Rosario
.-

M 20
Y

Matias L 14 Miguel M16 Miguel de Nuevitas

V 42 P. de HaternilloB R 32 P. de Salines. ...... N 10 P. de S. Juan Q 20 Pega de Ferrate 8 Pelanos 11

Pinos P. de Mangle

R9

L12 T 38 O 15 Q 22
7

M. Rosario

Nicolas Soledad

M14

S32 L 12
20

M M

Pen. de Entresaco. Pen. de Latorre


del

.V 39

o'

Ramon

Peninsnla
nal
P.

del

Sabi-

Pepe Anlonio

Guaney P 29 Pico de la Daeuilla (Isla de Pinos)...,-.R 11 Pico Tuerto P 21 Pljuan N17 Pinar del Rio 7 Pipian 14
Las Casas P 19 Playa M 19 Playa del Caimlto. .N 14 P. Mangles Altos P 19P.
.

D 38 R32 L 12

R.-Sagua la E'y Est. de

M6 13 Grande. M 21
r
.
.

la

ma

Colo-

Sabanilla .M15 Sabanllla de la Pal-

P7

ma

Sa. de Caballas

de Pinos)
Pinos)

M17 (Isla Q 11
Q
10
10
'

Sa. de Casas (Isla de


Sa. de la Canada (Isla de Pinos) Q Sa. del Cobre Sa. del Cristal V Sa. de Matahambre.P Sa. de Nipo V Sa. de Ramburanao.O

Sta. Ana 10 Sta. Ana 15 . .X40 Sta. Catalina Sta. Clara Sta. Cruz Sta. Cruz. V 29 Sta. Fe (Isla de Plnos) Q 11 Sta. Maria Sta. Maria (Cape) .T 26 Sta. Rita Sta. Rosa O 20 Sta. Rosa 40 Surg del R. Jojo...-,X43

M M

M9

N7

N8 W35 X

M
L

X 36
39 24 38 24 21

Surgidero de Turqulna .^..... Y 34 S. Valentin 20 Taguayabon N 28 Talmarejo Q 22

Tapaste

Tiarriba

P. P.

Maya

Nnevo

M 10
..0 21

16

Sagua

la

Grande

Tlguabos
Torriente Trinidad Troeha, Eastern

Pozas M Pt. Nipe V38 Pto. de Bahiahonda. .M 8 Pto. de Banes U 38 SBnBqBO ap -o^j 6T Pto. de Cananova. ..V 40
de Casilda R 22 de Cayo Moa...V41 de Cebollas V 40 de Gibara T 36 de Jagua. ... .P19 de la Guira 10 de la Habana. .L 12 de la Mnlata M8 de las Tunas... R 23 del Padre. S 35 de Malagueta...S 35 de Mariel (at north end of Western Troeha L 10 Pto. de Mata 43 48 Pto. de Mavavi Y 33 Pto. de Mota T 37 Pto. de Naranjo
Pto. Pto. Pto. Pto. Pto. Pto. Pto. Pto. Pto. Pto. Pto. Pto.
.

Potrerillo Potrerlllo

22 8

S. Agustin S. Agustin..' Salto


S. S.

Sandago M Andres O Andres D Sahgua de Tanamo.. V


Santa Clara' Santiago Santiago de
(Pop.
S. S. S. S.

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12 23 36
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Cuba

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71,307)

Santo Espiritu

Anton
Antonio Antonio Antonio
S.
'.

Mil R 24

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Western Troeha

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Yaguajay

M N lO
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Jose (Isla de Pinos) Q 10 S. Cayetano..


Sa.

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W

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Diego. Diego de Nunez.

N21
.

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Felipe

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Zaujon Zapata
of)

NT
14

(Peninsula

Fernando 21 Franco de Faula.M 14

Zarzal

X 33

"'^iMf^^^^^'^^'f^

Protected Steel Cruiser.

BOSTON.

Speed, ISJ knots.

Length, 2711 feet, breadth, 42 feet. Displacement, 3,000 tons. Guns, six 6-inch and two 8-inch breech-loading rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid-fire, two 37 and two 47 millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Catlings. Armor, in inches, deck and slope IJ. Officers, 19; men, 265. Contract price, $619,000.

Protected Steel Cruiser.

ATLANTA.

Speed, 15i knots.

Length, 271i feet; breadth, 42 feet. Displacement, 3,000 tons. Guns, six 6-inch and two 8-inch breech-loading rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder and four 1-pounder Armor, rapid-fire, two 47-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Catlings. Contract price, $617,000. Officers, 19; men, 265. in inches, deck and slope IJ.

Unprotected Steel Cruiser.

MARBLEHEAD.

Speed, 18J knots.

Length, 257 feet; breadth, 37 feet. Displacement, 2,089 tons. Guns, nine 5-inch rapid-fire, six 6-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid-fire, and two Catlings. Three torpedotubes. Armor, in inches, deck 5-16f slope 7-16. Officers, 20; men, 254. Cost, $674,000.

Unprotected Steel Cruiser.

MONTGOMERY.

Speed, 19i knots.

Length, 257 feet; breadth, 37 feet. Displacement, 2,089 tons. Guns, two 6-inch and eight 5-inch rapid-fire, six 6-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid-fire, and eleven Armor, in inches, deck 5-16, slope 7-16. Officers, Three torpedo-tubes. Catlings. Cost, $612,500. 13; men, 228.

74

Gunboat.
;

CONCORD.

Speed, 17 knots.

Length, 230 feet breadth, 36 feet. Displacement, 1,710 tons. Guns, six 6-inch breech-loading rifles, two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder rapid-fire, two 37-miIlimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Gatlings. Six torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck and slope |. Officers, 13; men, 180. Cost, $490,000

Dynamite Cruiser.

VESUVIUS.

Speed, 21J knots.

Length, 252J feet; breadth, 26J feet. Displacement, 929 tons. Guns, three Armor, in inches, deck and slope 15-inoh dynamite, and three 3-pounder rapid-fire. 3-16. men, 64. Cost, $350,000. Ofificers, 6;

75

Gunboat.

HELENA.

Speed, 13 knots.

Guns, eight Displacement, 1,392 tons. Length, 250| feet; breadth, 40 feet. 4-inch rapid-fire, four 6-pounder and four 1-pounder rapid-fire, and two Catlings. Armor, in inches, deck 5-16, slope f. Officers, 10; men, 160. One torpedo-tube.
Cost, $280,000.

Dispatch-boat.

DOLPHIN.

Speed, 15J knots.

Length, 240 feet; breadth, 32 feet. Displacement, 1,486 tons. Guns, two 4-inch rapid-fire, two 6-pounder rapid-fire, two 47-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Catlings. Officers, 7; men, 108. Cost, $315,000.

~ 76

Training-ship.

BANCROFT.

Speed, 14i knots.

Displacement, 839 tons. Guns, four 4-inch Length, 187J feet; breadth, 32 feet. rapid-fire, two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder rapid-fire, one 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon, one 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and one Catling. Two torpedo-tubes. Officers, 10; men, 113. Cost, $250,000. Armor, in inches, deck i, slope 5-16.

Gunboat.

YORKTOWN.

Speed, 16 knots.

Cuns, six 6-inch Displacement, 1,710 tons. Length, 230 feet; breadth, 36 feet. breech-loading rifles, two 6-pounder, two 3-pounder and one 1-pounder rapid-fire, two Six torpedo-tubes. 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Catlings. Cost, $455,000. Officers, 14; men, 181. Armor, in inches, deck and slope f.

77

Unprotected Steel Cruiser.

DETROIT.

Speed, 18J knots.

Length, 257 feet; breadth, 37 feet. Displacement, 2,089 tons. Guns, nine 5-inch rapid-fire, six 6-pounder and two 1-pounder rapid-fire, and one Gatling. Three torpedotubes. Armor, in inches, deck 5-16, slope 7-lC. Officers, 20; men 236. Cost, $612,500.

Double-turret

iVIonitor.

MONTEREY.

Speed, 13i knots.

Length, 256 feet breadth, 59 feet. Displacement, 4,084 tons. Guns, two 12-mch and two 10-inch breech-loading rifles, six 6-pounder rapid-fire, two Catlings, and four 1-pounder rapid-fire cannon. Armor, in inches, sides 13, turrets 8, barbettes 14, deck 3. Officers, 19; men, 172. Cost, $1,628,950.

78

steel Torpedo-boat.

GUSHING.

Speed, 22^ knots.

Length, 138| feet; breadth, 14i feet. Displacement, 105 tons. Guns, three 1-pounder rapid-fire. Torpedo-tubes, three 18-inch Whitehead. OflScers, 3; men, 20. Cost, $82,750.

Gunboat.

BENNINGTON.

Speed, 17J knots.

Displacement, 1,710 tons. Guns, six 6-inch Length, 230 feet; breadth, 36 feet. breech-loading rifles, two 6-pounder and two 3-pounder rapid-fire, two 37-millimeter Hotchkiss revolving cannon, and two Gatlings. Six torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck and slope |. Officers, 16; men, 179. Cost, $490,000.

79

Protected Steel Cruiser.

RALEIGH.

Speed, 19 knots.

Length, 300 feet; breadth, 42 feet. Displacement, 3,213 tons. Guns, one 6-inch and ten 5-inch rapid-fire, eight 6-pounder and four 1-pounder rapid-fire, and eleven Catlings. Four torpedo-tubes. Armor, in inches, deck 1, slope 2J. Officers, 20; men, 293. Cost, $1,100,000.

Double-turret Monitor.

TERROR,

Speed, 12 knots.

Length, 259J feet; breadth, 55J feet. Displacement, 3,990 tons. Guns, four 10-inch breech-loading rifles, and eight rapid-fire and machine-guns. Armor, in inches, * Officers, 26; men, 151. Cost, $3,178,046. sides 7, turrets llj, deck If.

80

^'^mi^m^

}M.y,Ai^^lMiAf>^

ladles. Wardships,

of the World, wftb maps of Cuba, Pblllpplae Isfands, Porto Rico, West Etc, as famlabed wHb this book, will be sold separate, wUboui the book. For terms address tbe publishers. Mast. Crowell & Klrkpatrlck, Springfield, Ohio

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3 1924 011 515 925

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