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ChemicalsandChemicalChange
Chemistry:thestudyofmatter,itspropertiesanditschangesortransformations
Matter:anythingthathasmassandtakesupspace
ClassifyingPureSubstances
PureSubstance:asubstanceinwhichalltheparticlesthatmakeupthesubstancearethesame.Has
constantproperties.
PureSubstancesareclassifiedintoeitherelementsorcompounds.
Elements:puresubstancesthatcannotbebrokendownintosimplersubstances(onlycontainonekind
ofatom)
x Elementscanbeidentifiedwithachemicalsymbol
x Someelementsconsistofmolecules(exampleOxygenoccursinnatureaspairsofoxygen
atoms)
Compounds:puresubstancesthatcontaintwoormoredifferentelementsinafixedproportion
x Compoundscanbeidentifiedwithchemicalformulas
PropertiesofMatter
PhysicalProperty:acharacteristicofasubstance
x Stateofmatter,hardness,meltingandboilingpoints,odour,solubilityandcolour
PhysicalChange:achangeinthesizeorformofasubstance,whichdoesnotchangethechemical
propertiesofthesubstances.Ex.Boiling,melting,sublimation
ChemicalProperty:acharacteristicbehaviorthatoccurswhenasubstancechangestoanewsubstance,
thechangeitselfiscalledachemicalchange.Ex.Reactionwithacid,combustibility
ChemicalChange:thealterationofasubstanceintooneormoredifferentsubstanceswithdifferent
properties;alsocalledachemicalreaction.Ex.Combustion,corrosion
x Thischangeiscalledachemicalchange
x Cluesthatachemicalchangehashappened
o Anewcolourappears
o Bubblesofgas
o Heatorlightisgivenoff
o Bubblesofgasareformed
o Asolidmaterialcalledaprecipitateformsinaliquid
o Thechangesisdifficulttoreverse
x ReactantsÆthestartingmaterialsinachemicalchanges
x ProductsÆnewmaterialsformed
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Humidity
Humidity:theamountofmoistureintheatmosphere.Affectscomfortlevelandweather
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x Warmaircarriesmoremoisture,thereforeitismorehumidinthesummer
x Coolaircarrieslessmoisturesoairisdrierinthewinter
Whentemperatureishighandhumidityislow
x Evaporationoccurseasily
x Whenwaterevaporatesfromabody,ittakesheatawayfromthebody.Theevaporationof
sweatfromourbodiescoolusdown
Whentemperatureishighandhumidityishigh
x Evaporationdoesnotoccureasily
x Themobilityofsweattoevaporateandcarryheatawayfromourskinsmakesusfeelhotter
Saturation:whentherelativehumidityis100%ataparticulartemperature
DewPoint:thetemperatureatwhichdewforms
x Occurswhenairreachesmaxrelativehumidity
x Dewoftenformsonclearnights.Duringthedaywhenthetemperatureishigher,more
evaporationtakesplaceandtheairconholdalotofmoisture
x Atnightwhenthegroundradiatesenergyintotheatmosphere,objectsandgroundlevelcool
quickly.Whenthetemperatureoftheseobjectsisatorbelowthedewpoint,watervapour
condensesandgathersasdewdrops.
x Oncloudynightstheradiatedheatfromtheearthisreflectedbackbythecloudsandwarmsthe
surface.
Psychrometer:aninstrumentusedtomeasurerelativehumidity
x Consistsoftwothermometers
x Bulbofonethermometerisdrywhiletheotherissurroundedbyapieceofmoistgauze
x Asthewaterinthegauzeevaporates,heatisremovedfromthesurroundingsandfromthebulb
ofthethermometer,thereforethewetbulbwilldropintemperature
x Thedriertheair,themorequicklythemoistureevaporates,thecoolerthewetbulbwillbeand
therefore,thelowerthetemperaturethewetbulbwillbe.
x Thedifferenceintemperaturebetweenthewetbulbandthedrybulbiscalculated
x Thedifferenceiscomparedtoalistofvaluestodeterminetherelativehumidity
HurricanesandTornadoes
Tornadoes
x Tornadoesforminthemostseverethunderstorms
x Fastrisingairinathunderstormsometimesbeginsspinning,formingafunnelorairand
moisture
x Therisingaircausesapressuredifferencethatincreaseswithspeed
x Atthecentre,orvortex,windspeedscanbeashighas500kph.Thecentreisfasterbecauseit
hasasmallerradiusofrotation
x Theytravelatspeedsupto100kph,usuallyfromsouthwesttonorthwest
Hurricanes
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compoundsbreakdownmoreeasily,butresultinthecompoundbeingappliedmoreoften
x somearenotchemicallyselective–mayunintentionallykillothersurroundinganimals,changes
tothefoodwebareunpredictable
Problemswithpesticides
x manytoxinshavebioaccumulatedinmanyorganisms,includinghumans
x longtermeffectsofmanytoxinstohumansandotherorganismsareunknownuntilmanyyears
later
x manypestsdevelopresistancetothetoxinusedtocontrolthem
x resistancedevelopswhenthegeneticinformationofpeststhatsurvivechangetoallowthe
peststoadapttothetoxin
CarbonCycle
Carbon:akeyelementforlifeonEarth
x Carbonisfoundinlivingorganisms,intheatmosphere,inwaterbodiessuchaslakesand
oceans,insoilandtheearth’scrust.
Cycle
x Whenanorganismconsumesanother:Carbonatomsaretransferredtothebodyofthe
consumer(intheformofcompounds)suchasprotein,sugarsandfats.
x Carbonatomsaretransferredtotheatmosphereintheformofcarbondioxideviarespiration
o OrganismsthroughtheprocessofrespirationconvertglucoseandoxygentoCO2and
water
o Plantsalsorespire,buttherateofrespirationislessthantherateofphotosynthesis
o CO2isactuallyabyproductthatformswhenglucoseisbrokendowntomakeenergy
x Plants,throughtheprocessofphotosyntheseconvertCO2intoglucose,thecarboncompound
usedbyandstoredinplants
x Somecarboncompoundsinthebodiesofsomeorganismsmaybeconvertedtofossilfuels
o Thisprocessoccurswhenthedecayingprocessisdisruptedandremainingpartsofthe
deadorganismarenotusedforrespirationortransferredtodecomposers
Steps
x Livingorganismsdie
x Thosethatarenotdecomposedmaybetrappedinareaswithoutoxygenandwithinthelayers
ofrockandearthsediment
x Overtime(millionsofyears)pressurefromthelayersandheatfromtheearth’sinnercore
convertthetrappedmaterialsintocarboncontainingfossilfuelsand/orcoal.
x ThecarbonatomstrappedinfossilfuelsandcoalarereleasedintotheatmosphereasCO2
duringcombustion
x CO2releasedintotheoceanmayreactwithwatertofromCO3andHC03ions(formationof
shelfsandlimestone)
x OceanorganismsmayuseCO3andHCO3toreactwithavailableCa2+intheoceantoform
CaCO3fortheirshellsandotherhardstructuresintheirbodies
x CO3andHCO3mayalsoreactwithCa2+inthewatertoformCaCO3(s).
x OvertimeheatandpressuremayconverttheCaCO3formedintheoceantolimeston
x CaC03maybeconvertedbackintoitsions,thusreleasingtheCO2.
o Occursduringvolcaniceruptions
o Alsooccurswhenacidicrainneutralizesthelimestone(Ca+andCO3areproduced)and
CO2iseventuallyreleased.
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Tundra BorealForest Temperate Grassland
DeciduousForest