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Bevyn Cassidy Mr.

Jenkins World History Period 2 7 January 2013 Chapter 11: World War I and the Russian Revolution Section 1: The Great War Begins Alliances Draw Lines Spurred by distrust Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Britain, France, and Russia signed treaties pledging to defend one another Two alliances emerged from these small alliances

Triple Alliance The triple alliance was formed in 1882 with Italy and Austria-Hungary 1914 when war started Germany and Austria-Hungary fought on same side and were known as Central Powers

The Triple Entente 1893 France and Russia formed an alliance 1904 France and Britain signed an entente which led to close military and diplomatic ties. Britain then signed a similar agreement with Russia. These countries were aliened when war came

Rivalries and Nationalism Increase Tension European powers competed for position in many areas and the two old empires (Austria-Hungry and Ottoman Turkey) struggled to survive

Competition Britain felt threatened by Germanys rapid economic growth and Germany felt that other powers did not give them enough respect. Germany was threatened by Russia when they caught up to other Industrialized nations 1905 and 1911, competition for colonies brought France and Germany to the brink of war in Morocco (then under Frances influence). Germany gained some land and France and Britain strengthened their alliance against Germany

Both Germany and Britain built a vast army and navy to protect itself from each other. The rise of militarism also helped to feed the army race. The militarist tradition glorified war, young men dreamed of blaring trumpets and dashing cavalry charges not at all what they would soon face

Nationalism Nationalism was strong in both Germany and France; Germans were proud of their new empires military and industrial power; French were bitter about their 1871 defeat in the Franco-Prussian War and wanted to recover Alsace and Lorraine In Russia a powerful form of nationalism was taking place called PanSlavism; Russia felt that being the largest Slavic country they should lead and defend all Slavs. 1914 they stood ready to support Serbia, who dreamed of creating a South Slav state Austria-Hungry worried that nationalism might foster rebellion among the many minority populations within its empire. Ottoman Turkey felt threatened by nearby nations (Serbia who could take territory away from both nations) 1912 several Balkan states attacked Turkey and succeeded in taking a large area of land and by 1914 the Balkans were called the powder keg of Europe a barrel of gunpowder that a tiny spark might cause to explode

The Powder Keg Ignites Great War began in Eastern Europe. A regional conflict between tiny Serbia and the huge empire of Austria-Hungry grew rapidly into a general war

Assassination in Sarajevo Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungry announced that he would visit Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia). Ferdinand was the heir of the aging Austrian emperor and at the time of his visit Bosnia was under control of AustriaHungry and was the home to many Serbs and Slavs Many Serbian nationalists did not want Ferdinand to come and some members of Unity or Death (a terrorist group) vowed to take action June 28, 1914 archduke and his wife rode through Sarajevo in an open car and they were both shot and killed by a conspirator named Gavrilo Princi

Austria Strikes Back News of the assassination shocked Francis Joseph (emperor of Austria) but he was reluctant to go to war.

Government in Vienna saw this incident as an excuse to crush Serbia In Berlin, Kaiser William II was horrified of the assassination to his allys heir and wrote to Joseph advising him to take a firm stand toward Serbia Germany gave Austria a blank check (a promise to unconditional support no matter what cost) Austria sent Serbia an ultimatum that said to avoid war they must end all antiAustrian agitation, punish any Serbian official involved in murder plot, and let Austria in on the investigation. They agreed to must but not everything so on July 28, 1914 Austria declared war on Serbia

Alliances Kick In Carefully planned alliances soon drew Austria and Serbia deeper into conflict

Russia and France back Serbia Serbia turned to its ally Russia, who began to mobilize its military forces. On August 1, Germany responded by declaring war on Russia Russia appealed to its ally France who gave Russia the same kind of backing Germany offered Austria. Germany demanded that France keep out of the conflict but they refused; Germany declared war on France

Germany Invades Belgium Italy decided to stay neutral for the time being (neutrality) but Britain was deciding if they should ally with France or not. Germany was able to be attacked by both France and Russia. (Schlieffan Plan) They decided to attack France because Russias lumbering military would be slow to mobilize. They had to have a victory fast so they could fight again The plan required German armies to march through neutral Belgium and then swing south behind French lines (they would encircle and crush army). Invaded Belgium on August 3 and Britain declared war on Germany on August 4 (they had signed a treaty to keep Belgium neutral)

Reaction to the War Before the war many countries were troubled with domestic problems Outbreak of war brought temporary relief and governments emphasized that countries were fighting for justice and a better world Young men rushed to enlist, cheered on by women and their elders. War was an exciting adventure but a few diplomats were less optimistic

Reasons for Entering the War July August 1914

Country Austria-Hungry

Germany

Serbia

Russia

France

Belgium Britain

Reason for Entering War Germany Wanted to punish Serbia for encouraging terrorism Austria-Hungry Stood by its one dependable ally, Austria-Hungry Russia Attacked by AustriaHungry after assassination of Archduke Serbia, France, Britain Wanted to defend Slavic peoples in Serbia Russia and Britain Wanted to avoid facing Germany alone at a later date Neutral Invaded by Germany France and Russia Outraged by invasion of Belgium

Allied With

Section 2: A New Kind of War Stalemate on the Western Front Germanys plan for a quick defeat against France did not work because the Belgians resisted more than what was expected of them The Schieffen Plan failed because Russia mobilized quickly, after a few small Russian victories in the east; German generals moved some troops to east which weakened forces in the west. September 1914 British and French troops pushed back the German drive along the Marne River and the first battle ended Germanys hopes Both sides then dug deep trenches to protect their armies from enemy fire. Conflict then turned into a long stalemate

Technology of Modern Warfare Rapid-fire machine gun and the long-range artillery gun were very effective. The shrapnel (flying debris from artillery shells) killed and wounded even more soldiers than the guns alone

Poison Gas 19515, Germany and then latter the Allies began using poison gas which would blind or choke its victims or caused agonizing burns and blisters Soldiers were letter given gas makes but poison was one of the most dreaded hazards of the war It could have a negative effect when winds would blow gas back to soldiers

Tanks, Airplanes, and Submarines The gasoline-powered engine led the opposing forces to use tanks, airplanes, and submarines against each other and in 1916 Britain introduced the first armored tanks (designed to move across no mans land) Both sides used aircraft which were first used to observe enemy troops. 1915 Germany used zeppelins to bob English coast and later both sides were equipped airplanes with machine guns o Pilots known as flying aces confronted each other in the skies. These battles had little effect on the course of the war on the ground German U-boats did tremendous damage to the Allied side, sinking merchant ships carrying vital supplies to Britain. To defend against the submarines Allies organized convoys

Battle on Other European Fronts On Europes Easter Front, battle lines shifted back and forth and even though the armies were not mired in trench warfare, casualties rose even higher than on the Western Front

Russian Losses on the Eastern Front August 1914, Russian armies pushed into eastern Germany. They then suffered a defeat at Tannenberg causing them to retreat back into Russia who was the least industrialized of the great powers. They were poorly equipped to fight this modern war (some troops lacked riffles)

New Combatants in the Balkans and Southern Europe The Balkans were another battleground and in 1915 Bulgaria joined the Central Powers and helped defeat its old Balkan rival Serbia. Romania joined Allies in 1916 but was crushed by the Central Powers 1915 Italy declared war on Austria-Hungry and later on Germany. Allies agreed in a secret treaty to give Italy some Austrian ruled lands inhabited by Italians and over the next two years they fought 11 battles along the Isonzo river with little progress October 1917 Austrians and Germans launched a major offensive against the Italian position at Caporetto (on the Isonzo). Italians retreaded and British/French forces later helped stop the Central Powers advance into Italy

War Around the World During WWI Japan, allied with Britain, used the war as an excuse to seize German outposts in China and islands in the Pacific WWI was basically fought in Europe but it was a global conflict

The Ottoman Empire Joins the Central Ottoman Empire was a desirable ally because of their location. They joined the Central Powers in October 1914 and cut off crucial Allied supply lines to Russia through the Dardanelles 1915 Allies sent British, Indian, Australian, and New Zealand forces to open up the strait. January 1916 Allies withdrew from Dardanelles. There were 200,000 casualties after 10 months of fighting Turkey was fighting Russia in the Caucasus mountains were ethnic Armenians lived some under Ottoman rule and some under Russian rule. Armenians were a minority because they were Christians in a Muslim area. Ottoman

government deported Armenians south to Syria and Mesopotamia, during this time 600,000 and 1.5 million died from planned massacres or starvation. Many fled to other countries 1916 Arab nationalists led by Husayan ibn Ali declared a revolt against Ottoman rule. British government sent Colonel T.E. Lawrence to support Arab revolt o Eventually Ottoman empire lost a lot of territory to the Arabs including the key city Baghdad

War and the Colonies European colonies helped in the war Allies overran scattered German colonies in Africa and Asia and turned to their own colonies for troops laborers, and supplies o British India and French West Africa colonies fought on European battlefields and Canada, Australia, and New Zealand sent troops to Britains aid People in colonies had mixed feelings about serving. Some were reluctant to serve rulers who did not treat them fairly while other colonial troops volunteered eagerly feeling that their services would be a step toward citizenship or independence

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