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Geometrical optics - how does light change direction? Reflection (mirrors, seeing your image) Refraction (bending light, light in water) Dispersion (rainbows, prisms) http://www.colorado.edu/physics/phys1230
Each color has a different wavelength and frequency, but the SAME SPEED in air
http://science.hq.nasa.gov/kids/imagers/ems/index.html
Speed in medium = speed in vacuum n n = speed of light in vacuum speed of light in substance
Concept Question
Speed in medium = speed in vacuum n n = speed of light in vacuum speed of light in substance
Concept Question
Consider light propagating in glass where the index is n=1.5 What is the speed of light in glass? A) 3 x 108 m/sec B) 1.5 m/sec C) 2 x 108 m/sec
Light waves incident on glass change direction and wavelength when transmitted into the glass because the part of the wave in the medium begins to slow down, causing the light beam to bend. This is like when a marching band needs to make a turn
http://acept.la.asu.edu/PiN/rdg/refraction/refraction.shtml
Concept Question
glass or water
A B C
refracted rays
reflected rays
C
glass or water incident ray
Concept Question What is the angle of total internal reflection here? A) 41 degrees B) 90 degrees C) 49 degrees
http://acept.la.asu.edu/PiN/rdg/refraction/refraction2.shtml
If blue light travels slower than red light in glass and other materials, which color will bend more when it reaches an interface from air to glass? A. Red B. Blue C. Green
Dispersion
Dispersion is a kind of refraction in which the amount of bending depends on the wavelength (i.e., the color) This is because the speed of light in a medium depends on the color In general for glass and similar materials, red light travels faster than blue light, but both slow down compared with the vacuum Examples are the colors produced by prisms, diamonds and rainbows
Dispersion by prisms
In a prism, the amount of bending depends on the wavelength or color because the speed of light depends on the color In other words, the index of refraction depends on the color Blue light has a higher index of refraction than red light, and thus is bent (refracted) more
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/dispersion.html
Dispersion by prisms
In a prism, the amount of bending depends on the wavelength or color because the speed of light depends on the color In other words, the index of refraction depends on the color Blue light has a higher index of refraction than red light, and thus is bent (refracted) more
Light is first refracted by the raindrops, then reflected once, and then refracted once again.
Sunlight
Dispersion causes the angle of refraction to be different for blue light than for red light. This is because the blue light travels more slowly in the raindrop than red light.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/rainbow2.htm
http://astro.temple.edu/~dhill001/MCRain/MCRain.html
Concept Question
When is the sunlight separated into its component colors? A) When it first enters the raindrop B) When it reflects perfectly from the back of the drop C) When it exits the raindrop
Concept Question
Why dont you see the blue at top and red at bottom of rainbow?
Concept Question
Can the person see the rainbow? A. Yes B. No C. Maybe
RAINBOW PUZZLER
Rainbows are one of nature's awe inspiring sights. Artists have used them for inspiration without always understanding the physics behind a rainbow. The painting below, "Niagara", was painted by Henry Freeman in 1873. What is wrong with the rainbows in this picture?
http://www.hands-on-optics.org/puzzler/
Rainbows in Art
Rainbows in Mythology
Isanakleshe (Changing Woman) and Natseelit (the Rainbow Goddess) and Sacred Corn Sandra Stanton
Navajo sand painting: Father Sky, Mother Earth enclosed on three sides by Rainbow Goddess http://www.jedisteve.com/navajo.html