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http://sepwww.stanford.edu/sep/biondo/HTML/VelAn.html
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01-02-2012 16:49
http://sepwww.stanford.edu/sep/biondo/HTML/VelAn.html
than the correct image (green line). The wide-angle events are aected more than the narrow-angle events because their path through the low-velocity layer is longer; consequently, the events smiles upward in the ADCIG. The movie on the right shows this principle in action. An erroneous low-velocity anomaly is added to the correct velocity model in the canyon on the top of the salt. The ADCIG at the bottom of the canyon smiles upward because all the angles are aected by the anomaly. In contrast, only the narrow-angle events in the ADCIG below the salt are pulled upward, whereas the far-angle events are unaected by the introduction of the anomaly. The deviation from atness measured in the migrated ADCIGs can be quantitatively related to kinematic errors accumulated by the wave propagation through an inaccurate migration-velocity model ( Biondi and Symes, 2004 ; Biondi and Tisserant, 2004 ), and the kinematic errors can be inverted in velocity errors by a tomographic method. The gure Graphic illustration of the MVA process from ADCIGs on the right graphically illustrates obtained by wave-equation migration. this inversion procedure. The strongest reectors are picked in the stacked image (left panel) and the the events corresponding to these reectors in the ADCIGs (right panel) are analyzed for departure from atness, usually by applying some kind of Residual Moveout (RMO) analysis. The RMO analysis provides measurements of depth errors that are then transformed into traveltime perturbations. These traveltime perturbations are inverted into velocity perturbations by a ray-based tomographic inversion based on a large collection of rays traced from the surface to the reectors, as the ray represented by the blue ad magenta lines superimposed
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http://sepwww.stanford.edu/sep/biondo/HTML/VelAn.html
onto the image. This process is repeated several times in order to converge to a satisfactory result. The tomographic inversion problem is largely undetermined. The ray coverage has a limited angular range because the most of the rays are close to be vertical. The inversion process must be thus constrained to avoid the solution to diverge. Geological knowledge on the subsurface structures and on the behavior of the velocity function should be used to constraints the components of the velocity model that are not suciently determined from the data alone. The constraint are usually applied by introducing a regularization term into the objective function to be minimized. Conventional regularization methods steer the solution toward a model that is along all the spatial directions. However, an isotropic smoother, such as a Laplacian regularization term, does not take advantage of our knowledge that in many geological settings velocity tends to be smooth within a layer, but may have discontinuities at the boundaries between layers. This geological knowledge can be incorporated by designing a regularization term that privileges a velocity function that is smoother in the direction parallel to the reectors than in the direction orthogonal to the reectors ( Clapp, 2000 ; Clapp et al., 2004 ). The movie below compares the results obtained by a tomographic MVA method that uses a conventional isotropic smoother in the depth domain (labeled DepthLaplacian in the movie), with a tomographic MVA method that uses a layeroriented smoothing in the Tau domain (labeled Tau-Steering in the movie). The panels on the left show the velocity model, whereas the panels on the right show the corresponding migrated image. In both cases the tomographic MVA converges to a velocity model that is a substantial improvement over the initial velocity model and the initial migrated image. The result of the structural regularization applied in the tau domain provides a more geologically plausible velocity model, that yields a better focused migrated image.
Comparison of MVA results using conventional MVA and MVA in tau domain with structural regularization.
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01-02-2012 16:49