2012

Biology Investigatory

M Anirudh
7/11/2012

Biology Investigatory Project

Urinalysis
Submitted by M Anirudh XII

CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICITY
This is to certify that M ANIRUDH, a student of class XII has successfully completed the research project on the topic Urinalysis under the guidance of Ms. SHEEBA (Biology Teacher). This project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge in plagiarism of any kind. The references taken in making this project have been declared at the end of this report.

SIGNATURE
(Subject Teacher)

SIGNATURE
(Examiner)

SIGNATURE
(Principal)

It gives me immense pleasure to express my gratitude to my biology teacher Ms.SHEEBA for her guidance, support and encouragement throughout the duration of the project. Without her motivation and help ,the successful completion of this project would not have been possible . Also, I heartily thank my school Principal Ms.Mini Verma madam for allowing us to use lab in full extent. Also , I thank my FATHER & MOTHER for their encouragement, guidance & support.

M Anirudh XII

INDEX
SERIAL NUMBER TOPIC PAGE NUMBER

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Certificate Of Authenticity Acknowledgement Introduction Materials Required Procedure Result Bibliography

1 2 3 7 8 13 19

INTRODUCTION
What is Urine ? :
Urine is a typically sterile liquid by-product of the body

secreted by the kidneys .

Major composition of urine is water (97%). Other

component of urine are organic & inorganic compounds like urea, bilirubin, ammonium chloride and salts of calcium & potassium .Also they excrete excess hormones & vitamins

What is Urinalysis? :
It is the series of test done on urine. It is the one of the

most common method of medical diagnostic.

 Why Urinalysis :
Most of the blood constituents are present in urine. Most of the body wastes are brought to kidney for filtration. Hence the body ailment can be located through this analysis. Most of the bacteria and viruses are discharged from our body through urine.

This method is more convenient than blood test because:

Some might be scared of blood so this provides to be an alternative for blood tests. It is easy to analyze most of the bacteria in water medium than in blood.

 Types of urine Specimens :

Specimen 1 day preserved specimen 2 Hours after lunch First morning Specimen Drug specimen Uses : For quantitative analysis

chemical

Diabetic Monitoring Diabetic Monitoring

Drug testing

Preservation

of Urine :

1. Physical Preservation: Urine is stored in the refrigerator which doesnt affect the constituent of urine.
Required Volume : 30-45 ml taken within 4 minutes Temperature : 32.5C to 37.7C

2. Chemical preservation : This process is done under following reagents :Phenol: causes an odor change Toluene: not effective for bacteria and molds Thymol crystals: preserves glucose and sediments well Formalin: excellent sediment preservative Boric acid: preserves protein well

PROCEDURE
Physical Examination : o Colour
: Denotes the degree of concentration. The color of non-pathological urine varies widely from colorless to deep yellow; the more concentrated the urine, the deeper the color. The color of urine is usually described after visual inspection with common color terms.

Examination : Observing the colour .

o PH:

Denotes the presence of H+ concentration in the content sample.

ion

Examination : Using PH papers .

 Urine sample Benedicts solution Fehlings solution 1 Fehlings solution 2 Copper sulphate solution Sodium hydroxide Borschs reagent Ethanol Test tubes

Chemical Examination :

RESULT
: TEST Colour PH Blood Glucose Amine group RESULT Yellowish 7.0 (Light Green) 0.5% Amines are present

Carbonyl gp Ketone Test Aldehyde Test Protein test (Buriet Test) FeCl3 Test Phenol

Carbonyl gp present Ketones are present Aldehyde are absent 15%(approx.) No reaction Absent

Summary :
The above urine sample is having all vital urine parameter NORMAL . The blood glucose level is Normal (1.0%). The person is HEALTHY . : TEST Colour PH Blood Glucose Amine group Carbonyl gp Ketone Test Aldehyde Test RESULT Yellowish 6.0 (Light Orange) 1.0% Amines are present Carbonyl gp present Ketones are present Aldehyde are absent

Protein test (Buriet Test) FeCl3 Test Phenol

12%(approx.) No reaction Absent

Summary :
The given urine sample is bit acidic (PH = 6.0) . This PH is not a case of concern . All the other values are corresponding to normal value . The person is HEALTHY .

: TEST Colour PH Blood Glucose Amine group Carbonyl gp Ketone Test Aldehyde Test RESULT Clear 7.4 (Light Green) 1.0 % Amines are present Carbonyl gp present Ketones are present Aldehyde are absent

Protein test (Buriet Test) FeCl3 Test Phenol

12%(approx.) No reaction Absent

Summary :
All the values are corresponding to normal value . The person is HEALTHY .

: TEST Colour PH Blood Glucose Amine group Carbonyl gp Ketone Test RESULT Yellowish 7.0 (Light Green) 2.0% Amines are present Carbonyl gp present Ketones are present

Aldehyde Test Protein test (Buriet Test) FeCl3 Test Phenol

Aldehyde are absent 10%(approx.) No reaction Absent

Summary :
The person is having substantially higher blood sugar than normal . He might be affected by Diabetes . All other values are normal .

: TEST Colour PH Blood Glucose Amine group Carbonyl gp Ketone Test RESULT Yellowish 8.0 (Dark Green) 2.0% Amines are present Carbonyl gp present Ketones are present

Aldehyde Test Protein test (Buriet Test) FeCl3 Test Phenol

Aldehyde are absent 23%(approx.) No reaction Absent

Summary :
In the given sample of urine specimen, the values of PH , Blood Glucose level and Protein are the serious one . Higher albumin (protein) & PH level in urine indicates serious trouble in Kidney. The person is also affected by Diabetes .

BIBLOGRAPY :
Class XI practical textbook .
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict%27s_reagent http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/carbonyls/o

xidation.html

 http://www.texascollaborative.org/spencer_urinalysis/

ds_sub2.htm
http:/ /www.austincc.edu/mlt/ua/ua_links.html