Over half (59%) of consumers in the UK say that it is important that a company acts ethically, and a third (36%)

of them say that they buy fair trade products when available.1 Under pressure from consumers and a new generation of innovative companies, and faced with dwindling global cocoa production as young people leave cocoa farming in search of better lives, the big chocolate companies are finally beginning to invest in more sustainable business practices and a more equitable cocoa supply chain.
In this scorecard we look at how these ethical commitments stack up. We rate the chocolate companies across three broad areas: accountability and transparency, social investment in their supply chain, and environmental impact.

Global Chocolate Market

UK Chocolate Market

Others Kraft/ Cadbury 15% Others Mars 15% Nestl 13% Hershey 7% Ferrero 7% Mars 27% Nestl 21%

Kraft/ Cadbury 35%

Five companies dominate the 62bn global chocolate market

Three companies control 83% of the 3.7bn UK chocolate market

KRAFT FOODS
Originally a processed cheese business founded in Chicago in 1903, a series of massive mergers in the 1980s and 1990s turned it into the worlds second largest food company. In 2010, Kraft acquired Cadbury, becoming the biggest chocolate company in the world. Kraft also owns organic chocolate company Green & Blacks, which Cadbury bought out in 2005. Global turnover: 32bn Global profits: 2.7bn Leading products: Milka: 1.5bn, Cadbury Dairy Milk: 1bn, Toblerone: 354m, Cote d'Or: 295m, Terry's Chocolate Orange: 236m, Green & Blacks: 65m

MARS
A family-owned, private company based in Virginia, USA. Mars has substantial interests in pet food, rice, chewing gum and sweets, as well as being one of the worlds largest chocolate companies. The company is most famous for its secrecy. The ability to be secretive, according to the recently retired Forrest Mars Jnr, is one of the finest benefits of having a private company.4 Global turnover: 19.4bn (approx) Global profits: Unknown Leading products: M&Ms: 1.9bn, Snickers: 1.7bn, Galaxy: 1.3bn, Mars Bar: 825m

NESTL
This massive Swiss company was set up to sell condensed milk and infant formula products in 1906 and has since grown to become the worlds biggest food company. In 1988, Nestl bought out British company Rowntree, which was at the time the fourth largest chocolate company in the world. Global turnover: 68bn Global profits: 22bn Leading products: Kit Kat: 1.1bn, After Eight: 295m, Smarties 295m, Quality Street: 177m

FERRERO
An Italian company established in 1946, a relative newcomer among the big chocolate companies. It is a secretive company, tightly controlled by the Ferrero family who are the only shareholders.5 Ferrero is a growing force in the UK, with a turnover of 200m and big plans to double sales by 2015.6 Global turnover: 5.7bn Global profits: Unknown Leading products: Kinder Surprise: 825m, Ferrero Rocher: 825m, Kinder Bueno: 413m

HERSHEY
Hershey is currently Americas favourite chocolate brand, dominating the US market with a 43% share.7 Its history mirrors that of Cadbury and Rowntree in the UK all three founded by nineteenth century industrialists who engaged in far reaching philanthropic projects. Hershey is now expanding in Europe and its products can be found on the shelves of some UK supermarkets.8 Global turnover: 3.7bn Global profits: 330m Leading products: Reese's: 1.4bn, Hershey's Kisses: 354m, Hershey's Milk Chocolate: 236m

THORNTONS
A chocolate company established in 1911 with 600 shops, cafes and franchises around the UK. Since Kraft took over Cadbury, Thorntons is now the largest independent chocolate company in the UK. Global turnover: 215m Global profits: 4.35m

LINDT
Lindt & Sprngli AG is a Swiss luxury chocolate manufacturer founded in 1845. A medium-sized, family-run business through much of its history, the company acquired various subsidiaries in the 1980s and 1990s to become a global player. Global turnover: 1.6bn Global profits: 150m Leading products: Lindt: 825m, Lindor: 413m

DIVINE CHOCOLATE
Established in 1998 and based in London, Divine is a Fairtrade farmer-owned chocolate company. The company was set up by the cocoa farmers of the Ghanaian co-operative Kuapa Kokoo who own 45% of the companys shares. Global turnover: 12m Global profits: 130k

HOTEL CHOCOLAT
A British chocolate company founded in 1988 with 55 shops in the UK, a store in the US and three in the Middle East. The company owns its own cocoa plantation on St Lucia in the West Indies. Global turnover: 41m Global profits: 783k

This scorecard assesses the main chocolate companies active in the UK market on
their progress towards a more sustainable chocolate supply chain. We exclude small companies, defined as those with a turnover below 6.5m.9 Our collection of measures fall into three categories: corporate citizenship, social justice and environmental impact. Under corporate citizenship, we look at transparency, tax justice and traceability. Transparent targets and reporting on sustainability mean stakeholders can hold the company to account. Tax is a good measure of whether a company takes its responsibilities to the societies within which it operates seriously. A traceable supply chain whether through the companys own policies or through third party certification schemes like Fairtrade or Rainforest Alliance is an essential first step for ensuring ingredients are sourced sustainably and tackling issues like child labour. Under social justice, we look at farmers livelihoods, child labour and Fairtrade. A sustainable supply chain is one in which farmers are able to earn a decent income, feed and clothe their families, and send their children to school. As many of these companies sell products other than chocolate, we evaluate companies stated investments in farmers as a proportion of their chocolate sales rather than their turnover. Under environmental impact, we look at organic certification, GM and palm oil. Genetic modification is currently a big business technology that undermines farmer independence and biodiversity, and is opposed by the majority of consumers in Europe.10 Palm oil is used as a confectionery ingredient and a cheap substitute for cocoa butter in chocolate, but its production is associated with rainforest destruction, huge increases in greenhouse gas emissions and human rights violations. In our scoring system, we give particular credit to Fairtrade and organic certification. Of all the certification initiatives these are the only two that seek to raise the bar, increasing social and environmental expectations, rather than just upholding established standards.11 Committing to Fairtrade or organic certification represents a considerable investment in sustainability and a real challenge to business as usual. There are many other measures of a companys commitment to sustainability, such as marketing practices, labour issues, energy use and packaging. While these are important, this scorecard focuses specifically on sustainability in the chocolate supply chain. All facts and figures use 2010 data where possible although in some instances only 2009 data has been available. Sources and references are listed at the end of this scorecard.

What would our perfect chocolate company look like?

Transparent targets and annual reporting on supply chain sustainability Pays and reports on its taxes in all countries in which it operates, adhering to the spirit as well as the letter of the law Sources 100% traceable ingredients for its products Invests at least 5% of turnover in farmers livelihoods Takes substantive action to eliminate harmful child labour, forced labour and trafficking from its supply chain Encourages the empowerment of workers and farmers 100% Fairtrade 100% organic Does not use GM ingredients Uses cocoa butter in its chocolate, not substitutes like palm oil

Nestl
Transparency Tax Issues Traceablitity of cocoa supply chain Investment in farmers livelihoods Action on child labour Fairtrade Organic Use of GM 2
Clear commitments, targets, clear annual reporting No known issues

Kraft
1
Some commitments, some clear targets, clear annual reporting Restructuring Cadbury to avoid UK tax Estimated 22,000 tonnes, or 5%-7%, is traceable

Mars
1 Clear commitments 1 and targets, no
annual reporting

Ferrero
Some commitments and targets, some clear annual reporting No known issues

Hershey
1
Some commitments and targets, some annual reporting

Lindt
1
Some commitments and targets, some annual reporting

Thorntons
1
Some commitments, some clear targets, no annual reporting

Divine Chocolate

Hotel Chocolat

Clear commitments, targets, clear annual reporting

Some commitments, some targets, no annual reporting yet

1 1

0 1

No known issues

1 1

1 0

No known issues

1 1

No known issues

No known issues

1 2

No known issues

1 1

No known issues

Approx 3%, or 12,000 tonnes, is traceable

1 Estimated 2%-3%
is traceable

5,000 tonnes, or estimated 1%-5%, is traceable

Less than 1% of cocoa is traceable

25,000 tonnes, or estimated 12%-17%, of cocoa is traceable

Some chocolate is traceable, unknown how much

1,599 tonnes, or 100%, of cocoa is traceable

More than 1% of cocoa is traceable

Nestl Cocoa Plan, inc Fairtrade premiums: 6.8m or estimated 0.2% of chocolate sales

Cadbury Cocoa Plan + Fairtrade premiums: approx 6.4m or 0.1% of chocolate sales Has policy, no monitoring, joined industry initiatives

6.5m per year invested in cocoa sustainability, or estimated 0.1% of chocolate sales

No figures given. Works with Source Trust..

Invested 841k in West African projects, or estimated 0.04% of chocolate sales

Source Trust projects in Ghana: 647k or estimated 0.06% of chocolate sales

Some Fairtrade premiums, unknown how much

Fairtrade premiums + producer support: 388,760, or 3.3% of chocolate sales

Engaged Ethics programme in Ghana and St Lucia, unknown how much

Has policy, some monitoring, joined industry initiatives

Has policy, no monitoring, joined industry initiatives

Has policy, no monitoring, joined industry initiatives

Has policy, no monitoring, joined industry initiatives

Has policy, some monitoring, estimated 12%-17% traceable supply chain No Fairtrade products No organic products No intentional use of GM

Has policy, no monitoring, joined industry initiatives

Has policy, monitoring and 100% traceable supply chain

Monitoring and traceability on St Lucia; has policy

1 0

1% of cocoa purchased is Fairtrade No organic products

1 0 0

Estimated 3% of chocolate is Fairtrade Estimated 0.7% of chocolate is organic Uses GM, but does not use in Europe, so 38% GM-free Uses palm oil, purchases from RSPO members

0 0 0

No Fairtrade products Less than 1% of chocolate is organic Uses GM, but not where consumers oppose it

0 0 2

No Fairtrade products No organic products No intentional use of GM

0 0 0

Less than 1% of chocolate is Fairtrade Less than 1% of chocolate is organic Uses GM, but does not use in the UK

0 0 2

0 0 2

Six Fairtrade products

3 0 2

100% Fairtrade

0 0 2

No Fairtrade products No organic products

At least three organic products No intentional use of GM

No organic products No intentional use of GM

0 Lobbies for GM, but

does not use in Europe, so 40% GM-free Uses palm oil, signed up to RSPO, 20% certified

No intentional use of GM

Use of palm oil TOTAL

Uses palm oil, some is RSPO certified

Uses palm oil, signed up to RSPO, 25% certified

Uses palm oil, purchases from RSPO members

Uses palm oil in some chocolate centres, member of RSPO

Uses palm oil in chocolate centres, 25% RSPO certified

No intentional use of palm oil

Uses palm oil in some fillings, 100% RSPO certified

16

Scorecard Ranking
DIVINE CHOCOLATE - 16
Divine Chocolate was set up by cocoa farmers, so perhaps unsurprisingly gets a high rating in a scorecard focused on sustainability and equity in the chocolate supply chain. The amount it invests in farmers livelihoods is small compared to that of some of the big players, but substantial as a proportion of its chocolate sales. Where Divine falls most noticeably short is on organic certification. Here the company is led by its owners, the Kuapa Kokoo co-operative in Ghana. Kuapa Kokoo is interested in expanding into organic production but the national cocoa regulator in Ghana is cautious about the risks and not yet willing to encourage or support organic production.12

Kit Kat number crunching 15

404,000

HOTEL CHOCOLAT - 8
Hotel Chocolat currently publishes very little quantitative information on the sustainability of its supply chain, however they state they are moving towards a system of annual reporting. A proportion of its cocoa is sourced from its own plantation on St Lucia, and the surrounding areas, so it is traceable and they will be in a good position to tackle any child labour issues that arise. The company runs a membership scheme for farmers on St Lucia, guaranteeing that they will buy all members cocoa and at above market prices.13 The rest of the companys cocoa comes from more conventional sources, including Ghana. Rather than invest in Fairtrade or otherwise traceable cocoa, Hotel Chocolat has initiated its own Engaged Ethics programme of social and economic projects in Ghana.

14.4m

LINDT - 7
Lindt sells chocolate at the premium end of the mass market which helps the company score well among the big players. They do not use palm oil in their chocolate, though it is used in fillings. They do not support GM. The company has invested significantly in traceable cocoa and is in a stronger position to tackle child labour issues than many of its rivals, but its stated investment in cocoa farmers livelihoods is among the lowest of all the companies.
Amount Nestl spent on Fairtrade premiums for Kit Kat in 2010 Amount Nestl spent on advertising for Kit Kat in 2010

NESTLE - 7
Nestl has some of the clearest targets and some of the most transparent annual reporting on sustainability of all the companies. It also converted its flagship UK confectionery product Kit Kat to Fairtrade at the end of 2009. The companys other investments in sustainability are mostly focused on increasing the productivity of cocoa farming: cocoa plant science, distributing high-yielding, disease-resistant cocoa plants, training cocoa farmers. Although Nestl has responded to pressure to make some significant investments in cocoa sustainability, this will not be enough for many consumers. A poll a few years ago showed that the company is the most boycotted brand in the UK, primarily because of its "unethical use and promotion of formula feed for babies in third world countries."14

THORNTONS - 6
Thorntons does not publish much quantitative information on the sustainability of its supply chain, but is clearly responding to public pressure in the UK for more sustainable products. It makes several Fairtrade and organic product lines, though it is not possible to work out what proportion of its business they represent. The company has taken action on palm oil, which it uses in its chocolate centres rather than in the chocolate, and was using 100% RSPO certified supplies by the end of 2010.

FERRERO - 6
Ferrero has not made any big commitments or set many public targets, although it has stated in its CSR report a long term objective that 100% of our cocoa supply should be sustainable, qualifying this by saying it believes in following an industry wide approach to making this happen.16 The company is taking steps to source some traceable cocoa from Ghana and invest in certified RSPO palm oil.

KRAFT - 5
Krafts takeover of Cadbury at the beginning of 2010 re-shaped the chocolate industry, globally and in the UK. Cadburys conversion of its flagship Dairy Milk brand to Fairtrade in 2009 had brought Fairtrade decisively out of niche markets and premium brands into the UK mass market, with the company promising that more of their range would follow. However, while Kraft pledged at the outset "to honour Cadbury's commitments to sustainable and ethical sourcing, including Fairtrade"17 it seems unlikely that Kraft will expand its use of Fairtrade cocoa beans into brands beyond Dairy Milk. Nevertheless, the Cadbury and Green & Blacks brands give Kraft the most substantial portfolio of Fairtrade and organic products of all the big companies. An independent Green & Blacks would have come out on top or at least scored very highly on this scorecard. Its future seems less assured as part of a much larger multinational with a focus on big brands. As a senior figure at Kraft Foods in Europe was recently quoted saying: Green & Blacks is 40m out of a 1bn chocolate business [in the UK]. I would sell more Creme Eggs.18

There are encouraging signs that chocolate companies, big and small, are taking significant steps towards sustainable business practices and a more equitable chocolate supply chain. Yet it is clear from this scorecard that they could be doing much more. In particular, the industry giants are only sharing crumbs from the table. Its time to scale up.

MARS - 5

Mars may be secretive in other respects, but the company made a very public pledge in 2009 to use 100% certified sustainable cocoa by 2020, announcing partnerships with Rainforest Alliance and Utz Certified. Galaxy, its flagship chocolate brand in the UK, was the first to be Rainforest Alliance certified in 2010. Like Nestl, Mars strategy on sustainability is a high tech agribusiness approach focused on increasing the productivity of cocoa farming, which the company argues will lead to increased farmers incomes. Mars led and funded a research project to sequence the cocoa genome which was made publicly available last year, with the aim of breeding higher-yielding cocoa trees. As Howard-Yana Shapiro, global staff officer of plant science and research at Mars, said: "What is good for science is good for cocoa farmers."19

HERSHEY - 3
Although a small percentage of Hersheys range is Fairtrade and organic, due to its acquisition of the company that makes Dagoba Chocolate in 2006, it is generally lagging behind the other big players on action for a sustainable supply chain. Its stated investment in cocoa farmers livelihoods is very low as a proportion of its estimated chocolate sales.

Guide to the third party certification initiatives Organic

Rainforest Alliance
Established: 1996

Established: 1970s

Rainforest Alliance focuses on how farms are managed, with the goal of preventing deforestation. It has a civil society based coordinating organisation, the Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN), with members from North and South America, though producers are not represented. Rainforest Alliance certifies farm units of varying size and is oriented towards large producers, though small scale farmer certification is increasing, especially as it has moved into cocoa. Its environmental standards are the broadest of these initiatives, focusing on a wide range of farm management issues, including the protection of biodiversity, but with weaker standards than organic on the use of agrochemical inputs. Its social standards focus on compliance with existing labour and safety laws and accepted ILO conventions, and prioritise worker protection on farms. Use of GM crops is prohibited.

Organic production focuses on environmental sustainability, relying on ecological cycles and biodiversity rather than agrochemical inputs. Organic certification is the oldest of the sustainability initiatives and so well established that many of the original standards developed by civil society are now institutionalised in government regulations. However, there is still strong democratic control through the International Federation of Agricultural Movements (IFOAM), which systematically represents consumer and producer groups and has two-thirds of its membership in the global South. Organic certification applies to the land under cultivation and there are no specifications on the size of farms. It has the most rigorous environmental standards of these initiatives, focused primarily on rejecting the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides and using natural methods to enhance soil fertility and foster plant resistance to disease. Organic certification is the only one that ensures products are fully GM free. Its social standards are voluntary, and trade and price relations are left unspecified. Organic produce may command a substantial market premium but this is not guaranteed.

Utz Certified
Established: 2002

Utz Certified focuses on providing a traceable source of responsibly grown produce for large companies. It is oriented towards large producers, importers and retailers, though its coordinating body has some civil society and producer representation.

Fairtrade

Established: 1980s

Fairtrade focuses on social justice and changing the terms of trade between producers and consumers. Fairtrade is one of the most well established of the sustainability initiatives with the broadest and strongest base in civil society and the best claim to be independent of government and corporate influence. There is strong democratic control through Fairtrade International (FLO), which systematically integrates consumer and producer representatives from the global North and South. For the ingredients found in chocolate such as cocoa, sugar, vanilla and nuts Fairtrade requires that they be produced by small scale farmers. It has the most rigorous social and economic standards and is the only initiative that guarantees prices for producers, including a minimum price, a social premium and an organic premium. It also requires that producers be organised into politically independent democratic associations such as cooperatives. It includes strong environmental criteria though these are not its primary focus. Use of GM crops is prohibited. Fairtrade is also the only initiative that imposes substantive obligations on traders and importers, requiring them to commit to guaranteed prices, long-term contracts and pre-financing for producer organisations if requested.

Chocolate industry efforts to tackle child labour: ten years on

After media reports linking the chocolate industry to abusive child labour issues on West African cocoa farms began to surface from the late 1990s, the resulting public outcry paved the way for a US voluntary code of self-regulation known as the Harkin-Engel Protocol, signed in 2001 by most of the big chocolate companies. It provided for the creation of a foundation, the International Cocoa Initiative (ICI), to tackle child labour, and pledged to develop a certification system that would ensure chocolate was free from the worst forms of child labour. The authoritative Tulane University studies20 overseeing these efforts over the last decade conclude that there has been action from the chocolate industry and from the governments of Ghana and Cote dIvoire and significant evidence of impact. But at the same time, less than 5% of children and their caregivers in cocoa farming communities report exposure to these activities and industrys funding has simply not been sufficient to achieve the goal of eliminating the worst forms of child labour from Ghana and Cote dIvoire. Furthermore, the chocolate industry failed to develop the promised certification system. The final Tulane report published in March 2011 notes that recent chocolate company commitments to third party certification schemes like Fairtrade and Rainforest Alliance provide credible assurance that certified cocoa is free from the worst forms of child labour, but the present level of industry engagement means they only cover a fraction of the cocoa being produced in Ghana and Cote dIvoire.

Palm oil and certification

Over the past few decades, oil palm plantations have rapidly spread throughout Asia, Africa and Latin America. These have been associated with rainforest destruction, huge increases in greenhouse gas emissions and human rights violations. In response to public pressure, an industry-led voluntary certification scheme has emerged the Roundtable for Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) under which palm oil can be certified sustainable by third party auditing organisations. The palm oil supply chain is complex and the certification process takes different forms, ranging from sustainable palm oil that is physically segregated from the rest of the supply chain, to trading systems like GreenPalm where companies pay for certificates from RSPO certified producers to show they have sustainable production responsible producers for certificates Some NGOs have questioned whether the RSPO process can really deliver sustainability21, but it is still a work in progress.

ENDNOTES
1. Mintel (2010) Chocolate Confectionery - UK - April 2010 (Mintel International Group Limited, London) 2009 data, taken from TGI survey of around 25,000 adults aged 15+ 2. Euromonitor International (2011) Chocolate confectionery data spreadsheet (Euromonitor International Limited, London) 2010 data for total size of global retail chocolate confectionery market, using fixed 2010 exchange rates, in current prices 2009 data for company share of global market 3. Mintel (2010) Chocolate Confectionery - UK - April 2010 (Mintel International Group Limited, London) 2009 data for estimated total size of UK retail chocolate confectionery market in 2010, in current prices 4. Brenner, Joel Glenn (1992) Life on Mars: The Mars family saga has all the classic elements (The Independent) http://tinyurl.com/33slfo4 5. Hooper, John (2010) Italy's meltdown over EU Nutella ban that never was (The Guardian) -http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/jul/02/italy-meltdown-eu-nutella-ban 6. Bouckley, Ben (2011) Ambassador's reception rumours confirmed: Ferrero plots UK expansion (FoodManufacture.co.uk) http://tinyurl.com/3uxfjsj 7. Bynre, Jane (2011) Hershey expects huge growth from international markets (ConfectioneryNews.com) http://tinyurl.com/3o5pj8u 8. Talking Retail website (2011) Asda is first UK supermarket to stock US Hersheys chocolates http://tinyurl.com/3b2g6cx 9. A turnover of not more than 6.5m is one of three possible qualifying conditions for a small company under UK company law 'Companies Act 2006 at Legislation.gov.uk website. http://tinyurl.com/4xrrnan. Accessed on 11th April 2011. 10. Driver, Alistair (2010) 'Consumers reject GM foods (Farmers Guardian) http://tinyurl.com/6dglenl 11. Raynolds, Murray and Heller (2007) Regulating sustainability in the coffee sector: A comparative analysis of third-party environmental and social certification intiatives, Agriculture and Human Values 24:147-163. 12. Divine Chocolate website (2011) Is Divine organic? http://www.divinechocolate.com/about/faqs.aspx#organic 13. Hotel Chocolat website (2011) Our Engaged Ethics Programme for Cocoa Farmers in St Lucia http://tinyurl.com/3ph2gjw 14.Tran, Mark (2005) Branded (The Guardian) Results of online opinion poll that surveyed 15,500 consumers in 17 countries. http://tinyurl.com/2vj5qx 15. Fairtrade Foundation website (2010) Kit Kat gives cocoa farmers in Cte dIvore a break (http://tinyurl.com/y87lqap) The Grocer (2011) How Britains 100 Biggest Brands Keep Creating William Reed (Business Media) 16. Ferrero (2009) Corporate Social Responsibility Report 2008/2009 http://tinyurl.com/62xxkgx 17. Carrell, Severin (2010) Kraft pledges to honour Cadbury's Fairtrade sourcing commitments (The Guardian) http://tinyurl.com/yczmc5r 18. Lucas, Louise (2011) Green & Blacks executives eye buy-out (Financial Times) http://tinyurl.com/3w7loj8 19. Gast, Phil (2010) Sweet scientific discovery in the world of chocolate (CNN) http://tinyurl.com/3os82qn 20. Tulane University Payson Centre project on Oversight of Public and Private Initiatives to Eliminate the Worst Forms of Child Labour in the Cocoa Sector in Cote dIvoire and Ghana http://www.childlabor-payson.org/ 21. See, for example, World Rainforest Movement briefing RSPO: the impossible greening of the palm oil business http://tinyurl.com/6xfmvgo

Chocolate company data

General sources Nestl
Mintel (2010) Chocolate Confectionery - UK - April 2010 (Mintel International Group Limited, London) Euromonitor International (2011) Chocolate confectionery data spreadsheet (Euromonitor International Limited, London) Nestl (2011) 2010 Financial Statements (http://tinyurl.com/4hv88jl) Response to Trading Visions questionnaire, 13 April 2011 Nestl (2011) Creating Shared Value and Rural Development Report 2010 (http://tinyurl.com/3exoljy) Fairtrade Foundation website (2010) Kit Kat gives cocoa farmers in Cte dIvoire a break (http://tinyurl.com/y87lqap) Minder, Bounds and Wiggins (2008) 'Nestl asks EU to soften line on GM' (Financial Times) http://tinyurl.com/5ruqgg4 Nestl website (2011) What is the Nestl policy on genetically modified organisms (GMO)? (http://tinyurl.com/3dlecwj) Nestl press release (2009) Nestle S.A. commits to using certified sustainable palm oil by 2015' (http://tinyurl.com/4alsegv) Nestl website (2011) Update on deforestation and palm oil (http://tinyurl.com/3d3jbs5)

Kraft

Kraft Foods (2011) Financial News Release (http://tinyurl.com/4das65a) Kraft Foods (2011) Annual Report 2010 (http://tinyurl.com/6dks8u9) Smithers, Rebecca (2010) Green and Black's to go 100% Fairtrade (The Guardian) http://tinyurl.com/y8comxu BBC News UK (2010) Kraft to Switch Cadbury Jobs to Zurich (http://tinyurl.com/33ngaaz) Fairtrade Foundation press release (2009) Fairtrade Cadbury Dairy Milk goes global as Canada, Australia and New Zealand take Fairtrade further into mainstream (http://tinyurl.com/6ch5nap) Kraft Foods (2010) Responsibility Report (http://tinyurl.com/5txqhc9) Panorama (2010) Palm oil products and the weekly shop (http://tinyurl.com/ygunm3m)

Mars

Mars (2011) Corporate Factsheet (http://tinyurl.com/49jfrek) The Grocer (2011) 'How Britain's 100 Biggest Brands keep creating' (William Reed Business Media) Response to Trading Visions website Q&A, 2008 (http://tinyurl.com/3nfbr2y) Mars website (2011) GMO (Genetically Modified Organism) (http://tinyurl.com/3tng8ap) Mars (2009) Mars statement on palm oil supply (http://tinyurl.com/4awfbz2) Mars (2010) 'Mars statement to Panorama on palm oil' (http://tinyurl.com/3gzooq3)

Ferrero

Ferrero website (2011) Business (http://tinyurl.com/6l3ufhg) Ferrero (2010) Corporate Social Responsibility Report 2008/2009 (http://tinyurl.com/62xxkgx)

Hershey

Hershey (2011) 2010 Annual Report (http://tinyurl.com/6z2edov) Hershey (2010) Corporate Social Responsibility Report 2009 (http://tinyurl.com/4tymzc6) Global Exchange, Green America, ILRF and Oasis (2010) Time to raise the bar: The real corporate social responsibility report for the Hershey Company (http://tinyurl.com/4knkr86) GM Watch website (2010) Letter from Asda to Soil Association: Hershey deal to supply non-GMO products' (http://tinyurl.com/45l5qkb)

Lindt

Lindt & Sprngli (2011) Annual Report 2010 (http://tinyurl.com/3j6o88u) Source Trust website (2011) Lindt & Sprngli (http://www.sourcetrust.org/st_lindt.html) Lindt & Sprngli website (2011) Supplier Code of Conduct (http://tinyurl.com/6beln9u) Lindt & Sprngli website (2011) Traceability: a pre-requisite for trust (http://tinyurl.com/3atmzfh)

Thorntons

Thorntons (2011) Interim Report 2011 (http://tinyurl.com/3o28hxc) Thorntons response to Trading Visions questions, 20 April 2011 Thorntons website (2009) Palm oil statement (http://tinyurl.com/3mo24fc)

Divine Chocolate Hotel Chocolat

Divine Chocolate (2010) Annual Report 2009 (http://tinyurl.com/63sy7fg) The Guardian website (2010) You ask, they answer: Divine Chocolate (http://tinyurl.com/r5svyc) Hotel Chocolat (2010) Financial Statements 2009 (Companies House) Hotel Chocolat website (2011) Our ethical chocolate policy (http://tinyurl.com/24zfbzh) Response to Trading Visions information request, 21 April 2011

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Written by Tom Allen at Trading Visions.

Thanks to Mariam El-Azm, Becca Rowland and everyone on the advisory panel, for their help with this report.
Trading Visions is a charity working to amplify the voices of small scale producers and stimulate debate around solutions that put real power in the hands of farmers and workers in poor countries. We are a member of the Trade Justice Movement which campaigns for the rules of global trade to put the long term needs of people and the planet before short term profits. We support the fair trade movement, a global partnership between consumers in rich countries and producers in poor countries. Trading Visions was established in 2003 to build on a long-standing nationwide Fairtrade education initiative undertaken in partnership between Comic Relief, Divine Chocolate and Kuapa Kokoo, the Ghanaian cocoa farmers co-operative who co-own Divine Chocolate. Trading Visions currently receives funding from Divine Chocolate, Comic Relief and Joffe Trust.

Registered charity number: 1106197

www.tradingvisions.org

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