PARTICIPLES

present participle Ving (active)

past participle V3(passive)

perfect participle having V3 (active) having been V3 (passive)

ACTIONS THAT TAKE PLACE AT THE SAME TIME

Present participle (-ing) for active constructions Present participles used as adjectives

It was a very exhilarating experience. The nominee is so reassuring that the committee is planning to choose him.

Present participles as reductions of adjective clauses

The man who made a speech at the party last night has been working with us for ages. The man making a speech at the party last night has been working with us for ages.

The woman who takes care of the money issues will be retired next week. The woman taking care of the money issues will be retired next week.

Present participles as reductions of adverbial clauses

When I saw the woman lying on the road, I stopped my car. Seeing the woman lying on the road, I stopped my car.

When the police opened the box, they found some jewellery. Opening the box, the police found some jewellery. On Upon opening the box, the police found some jewellery.

After she heard the news, she fainted right there. Hearing the news, she fainted right there.

While I was searching for my old valuables, I spotted my nursery school certificate. While searching for my old valuables, I spotted my nursery school certificate. Searching for my old valuables, I spotted my nursery school certificate

Since Bob is an experienced teacher, he knows how to deal with such problems. Being an experienced teacher, Bob knows how to deal with such problems.

As he did not know what to do, he applied to his family for advice. Not knowing what to do, he applied to his family for advice.

Past participle (V3) for passive constructions Past participles used as adjectives

I was exhilarated by the experience. The committee was disappointed with the results.

Past participles used as reduction of adjective clauses

The two survivors who were worn out by hunger and fatigue were rescued at last. The two survivors worn out by hunger and fatigue were rescued at last.

The car which was repaired last week has broken down again. The car repaired last week has broken down again.

Past participles as reductions of adverbial clauses

When he was asked whether he would accept it or not, he said that he might. When asked whether he would accept it or not, he said that he might. Asked whether he would accept it or not, he said that he might.

After he was punished by his teacher, he started to behave properly. Punished by his teacher, he started to behave correctly.

Because the dog is seriously injured, it has been taken to the vet. Being seriously injured, the dog has been taken to the vet.

Although it was published in 1968, the book gives very significant information. Although published in 1960, the book gives very significant information.

ACTIONS THAT TAKE PLACE AT DIFFERENT TIMES

Perfect participles emphasize the time difference: Having + V3 for active constructions After they had collected further data, they made up their minds. Having collected further data, they made up their minds. As she has already seen the film, Mary doesnt want to see it again. Having already seen the film, Mary doesnt want to see it again. Although the journalist had written an article, he didnt show it to his boss. Having written an article, the journalist didnt show it to his boss. Having been + V3 for passive constructions

After the article had been scripted, it was sent to the press immediately. Having been scripted, the article was sent to the press immediately.

Ali has been dismissed from school. He plans to set up his own business. Having been dismissed from school, Ali plans to set up his own business.

After the results had been announced, they were hung on the wall. Having been announced, the results were hung on the wall.