Karber UndergroundFacilities-Full 2011 Reduced

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6'2&$,77'72,89.$:";3$<'3$=";68>$?.7$@";77>$A#B$C,D",E$,8F$2&.$72GF.827$;:$7.3'8,"7H$$
*"37$@;82";($I$BG(2');(,"'2E$,8F$$JKLM$*7',8$*"37$@;82";($%";7).927$JL0N$$
11 September 2011!
Georgetown University!
Asian Arms Control Project!
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lo 2008 tbe ultectot of tbe uefeose 1bteot keJocuoo Aqeocy oskeJ tbe 1bteot keJocuoo AJvlsoty commluee 5cleoce & 1ecbooloqy
looel to jolo wltb tbe u1kA Nocleot uetetteoce looel to oJJtess lmptovemeots oeeJeJ lo Jetecuoo, mooltotloq ooJ vetlfcouoo
teloteJ to fotote otms coottol.
lollowloq tbe Moy 2008 5lcbooo eottbpooke, tbe cbloese meJlo become mote opeo oboot tbe llAs JecoJes looq e[ott to ptotect
tbelt oocleot mlsslle fotces tbtooqb toooelloq. l commlsslooeJ 5&1 pooel membet ut. lbllllp A. kotbet to cooJoct oo opeo sootce
stoJy of wbot tbe lkc colleJ tbelt uoJetqtoooJ Cteot woll.
ut. kotbet wos tbe tlqbt petsoo fot tbls osslqomeot qlveo bls foot JecoJes expetleoce. wltb tbe cooqtessloool Iolot commluee oo
Atomlc oetqy, os Jltectot of tbe Nouoool 5ecotlty cooocll oet ossessmeot ptoject 186, sttoteqy oJvlsot to 5ectetoty of uefeose
welobetqet, ooJ blpotusoo tepotouoo lo oJvlsloq tbe cooqtess oo secotlty/otms coottol lssoes. ne setveJ oo tbe loot lowet Asloo
5ecotlty commluee (oppoloteJ by 5ectetoty cotloccl), boJ ovlouoo expetleoce lo cbloo, os well os beoJs Ceotqetowo uolvetsltys
Asloo Atms coottol ltoject wltb o pool of ttoloeJ stoJeot teseotcbets wlllloq to comb tbtooqb tboosooJs of poqes of mllltoty
wtluoqs ooJ booJteJs of boots of cbloese televlsloo covetoqe.
lo tbe mlJJle of tbe kotbet ptoject - oo 11 uecembet 2009 -- tbe leoples llbetouoo Atmy o[clolly ooooooceJ tbelt uoJetqtoooJ
Cteot woll ptoject ooJ pobllcly clolmeJ tbot lt lovolveJ J,000 mlles of toooels fot tbe cooceolmeot of oocleot weopoos. 1be
Ceotqetowo teom bos ossembleJ booJteJs of poqes of Jocomeotouoo ooJ o 45 mloote vlJeo compeoJlom of toooel covetoqe
sbowo oo cbloese televlsloo. 1belt evlJeoce soqqests o mosslve ooJ moJeto e[ott tbot locloJes moblle lc8Ms lo oew complexes.
1bls tepott sommotlzes tbe lmpllcouoos of tbe llA mlsslle ooJetqtoooJ.
1be sotptlsloq scope of tbe e[ott combloeJ wltb tbe osymmettlcol ootote of tbe opptoocb ooJetscotes tbe lmpottooce of tbe kotbet
e[ott lo lookloq ot tbe poesuoos of sttoteqlc coltote bebloJ lt. wby JlJ tbe cbloese moke tbls kloJ of e[ott? now woolJ lt foocuoo
opetouooolly? wbot ote tbe lmpllcouoos fot oot owo fotwotJ JeployeJ fotce sotvlvoblllty, ollleJ secotlty qootootees ooJ otms
coottol sttoteqy?
1be u1kA 1kAc pooels bove sloce beeo sopetseJeJ by otbet oo-qoloq e[otts, bot tbe kotbet kepott sbows tbot we oeeJ to qlve
cbloos evolvloq oocleot postote mote oueouoo, tbot tbey bove oot ooly bove tokeo oo opptoocb to oocleot fotce sotvlvoblllty tbot ls
polte Jl[eteot tboo oot owo expetleoce, bot tbot fottbet stoblllzouoo ooJ teJocuoo of mojot oocleot powet loveototles wlll oot
socceeJ wltboot btloqloq tbe lkc loto o postote of oeqouoteJ coosttolot.
Dr. Joseph V. Braddock
Chaii, BTRA S&T Committee
(2uuS-2uu9)
!"#$%&'(()$*+,-,./$*((0,+%1((2%33$
contents!
Append|x 1 5lcbooo eottbpooke 1oooel exposote
Append|x 2 1weoty-fve nooJteJ eots of cove uefeose
Append|x 3 clvll uefeose 1oooelloq
Append|x 4 louetos of otly Nocleot, Novol & Alt 8ose 1oooelloq
Append|x S 2
oJ
Atullety uoJetqtoooJ Cteot woll
lbose l. 1985-1995 - llpolJ kocket toll-oot
lbose ll. 1996-2010 - 5ollJ loel 5k8M/lk8M eobooceJ moblllty
lbose lll. 2011-?? - 1oooel 8oseJ kooJ/koll Moblle MlkveJ lc8M
Append|x 6 Opetouoool coocept. nlJe, 5otqe, 5ttlke, Move, nlJe
Append|x 7 8teokoot & lostoblllty
uocettoloues ooJ tbe ltoblems of Mooltotloq & vetlfcouoo
llA uetetteoce 1beoty - Mlolmom vs. wot llqbuoq
lssoes fot Atms coottol
V|deo: 2
oJ
Atullety comes Oot of tbe cove
Vo|umes 2
oJ
Atullety 1toosloteJ Atucle collecuoo
Implications of American Entropy:"
Chinas Strategic Rocket Force "
Underground Great Wall
Lessons unlearned - durlng Lhe Cold War we mlssed 30 of Lhe SovleL sLockplle,
l.e. 20,000 warheads were noL accounLed for and presumed noL Lo exlsL,
Mlssed Slgnlcance -- whlle Lhe uS has Lracked 8C Lunnel consLrucuon for years,
Lhe scope, magnlLude and sLraLeglc rauonal behlnd Lhe underground CreaL Wall"
has been under appreclaLed,
Mlssed 1rends - Lhe Chlnese bulldup of Lhelr 1heaLer-SLraLeglc 8ockeL lorce has
noL been Lhe focus a comprehenslve all source analysls LhaL lncludes Lechnology,
deploymenL, operauonal concepLs, readlness, loglsucs, Lralnlng as well as
proLecuve decepuon, dlspersal and underground deploymenL,
Mlsslng Warheads - publlc esumaLes of Chlnese nuclear warheads range from 300
Lo 400, 8C daLa ln 1993 gave Lhe gure aL 2330, and lf Lhe doubllng of Lunnellng
slnce Lhen ls reecLed ln Lhe slze of Lhe proLecLed force, our publlc numbers could
be easlly o by a facLor of 10.
Mlsslng AssessmenL - we have noL LhoughL Lhrough whaL all Lhls means for uS
forces deployed ln Lhe reglon, leL alone Lhe lmpacL of a surprlse" roll-ouL ln Lhe
mlddle of a reglonal crlsls of a much large lC8M force Lhan esumaLed.

"the" keve|anon of 2009
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|| C
ver the Country os|n
ons
n|stor|ca||y the kC has been Lk1kLMLL nght ||pped about the|r nuc|ear
forces.
A kad|ca| Sh|h |n State 8ehav|or that |s NC1 assoc|ated w|th apparent
externa| or |nterna| snmu|| ra|ses three ser|ous quesnons:
- Is |t kea|?
- Why d|d they do |t?
- What does |t ortend for Iuture behav|or?
<&.$@&,((.8S.!
<&.$U));"2G8'2E!
Cver the |ast e|ght years there has been an exponenna| |ncrease |n Ch|nese
d|scuss|on of !"#$%&'()*++"),:
- Ma[or 8ooks - !#-"%#"'$.'/
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'()0,'12342-5%67'8+$)-$96':)2'$.'/
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- Iourna| Arnc|es - actua||y say someth|ng about:
-- rob|ems |n tra|n|ng, |og|sncs, ma|ntenance, |eadersh|p |n|nanve, arty medd||ng,
-- Lmerg|ng capab|||nes |n mob|||ty, space based kSI, accuracy and |etha||ty,
-- Lxper|mennng w|th |nnovanve Io|nt Command and 1heater Campa|gn Concepts.
- 1V coverage - r|me 1|me Ser|es, week|y news coverage
- An exp|os|on of Internet based |nformanon and m|||tary
b|ogg|ng.
1h|s oers the potenna| of |ook|ng for |ns|ght |n non-trad|nona| sources.
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1993 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2003 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
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AdmlnlsLraLors and censors have Lrouble keep up wlLh exploslon ln Lramc,
8ackdoors are le open - parucularly ln less sophlsucaLed reglonal slLes -
SLrlng characLer searches parucularly useful
lalse sense of securlLy abouL lack of WesLern access Lo Lhe language --
Second Arullery creaLed Lhe dlglLal code LhaL makes Chlnese machlne readable
MlllLary bloggers llke Lo share cool" sLu and exchange crlucal commenLs on lL,
unlque Lrove buL masslve overload of Lreasure and Lrash --
need focus and anvll Lo LesL lL agalnsL.
W82."8.2$O(;67$-;2&$?,E7H$W%X5455!
Alr lorce
navy
Army
Abn/Mar
2nd ArLy
8evlewed
used
MlllLary blog Loplcs
n = 138,320
lroic Il-1011 lin OI Ix,rimn
Pard Copy or lnLerneL
ln Mandarln
ulgluzed Scannlng
up Lo 100 pp per hour
CuLpuL ul le
Chlnese CC8
8eadlng Soware
MuC8 Machlne
1ranslauon & Ldlung
Searchable, ulsLrlbuLable,
SLorable LlecLronlc Medla
A kad|ca| Sh|h |n 8ehav|or from M|n|m|z|ng to n|gh||ghnng?
-- Is |t kea|? Why d|d they o |t? What does |t ortend?
n|story: A Deep Cu|ture of Strateg|c Concea|ment
I. Scope: Current hase (199S-2009) as Shown to Domesnc Aud|ences
II. Imp||canons: Cperanona| Warhghnng
III. Imp||canons: Iorce Des|gn
IV. Imp||canons: Strateg|c Deterrence & 1heater D|ssuas|on
V. Uncerta|nnes: What shou|d be expected |n the Next hase?
*8$YZ)."'3.82!
1h|s |s NC1 an Inte|||gence roduct:
-- NC c|ass|hed mater|a| on th|s top|c consu|ted,
-- NC corre|anon or correcnon by others,
-- NC c|a|m of accuracy or truth.
}!!! Warning!!!!
1h|s |s a Georgetown Un|vers|ty study of Ch|nese
Strateg|c Cu|ture & Amer|can Arms Contro| Lntropy:
-- D1kA S&1 pane| task|ng but no-government fund|ng,
-- un||z|ng or|g|na| and on|y open source mater|a|,
-- generanng heur|snc hypotheses to be tested.
"8athtub of Ignorance"*
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1|me
"1bls ls oot oo loJlctmeot of oot lotelllqeoce system.... 1be fow, losteoJ, ls lo oot Jeclsloo-mokloq ptocess. Oot system teocts
posluvely ooly wbeo cooftooteJ wltb botJ evlJeoce -- o pbotoqtopb of felJeJ epolpmeot -- ooJ oeqouvely to oo lotelllqeoce
commoolty 'botbtob' ptojecuoo. No ooe lo wosbloqtoo ls wlllloq to moke o Jeclsloo ooul sbowo o plctote of o felJeJ system
locotpotouoq oew tecbooloqy, tbeo tbete wlll be oll sotts of JoomsJoy ooJ 'bow coolJ tbls bove boppeoeJ teocuoos."
Cen. uonn A. SLarry, "A CommenL," Los Alamos Sclence, (Summer 1989): pp. 34-36, and ress Cn! SelecLed Works of Ceneral uonn A. SLarry, vol. l,
edlLed by Lewls Sorley, (lorL LeavenworLh, kS: uS Army Comblned Arms CenLer, CombaL SLudles lnsuLuLe ress, 2009): pp, 128-129.
"8athtub of Ignorance"*
reproducnon
Lsnmates
Dep|oyment
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1unne|s
Sp|es
kumors
Iac|||nes
1ests
rototypes
;$5'$.'<%0"++-5"%#"'
1|me
ke|oads
Component Mods
Dep|oyed keserve
Consumpnon
War keserve
Storage
roducnon kuns
Dem|||tar|zanon
"1bls ls oot oo loJlctmeot of oot lotelllqeoce system.... 1be fow, losteoJ, ls lo oot Jeclsloo-mokloq ptocess. Oot system teocts
posluvely ooly wbeo cooftooteJ wltb botJ evlJeoce -- o pbotoqtopb of felJeJ epolpmeot -- ooJ oeqouvely to oo lotelllqeoce
commoolty 'botbtob' ptojecuoo. No ooe lo wosbloqtoo ls wlllloq to moke o Jeclsloo ooul sbowo o plctote of o felJeJ system
locotpotouoq oew tecbooloqy, tbeo tbete wlll be oll sotts of JoomsJoy ooJ 'bow coolJ tbls bove boppeoeJ teocuoos."
Cen. uonn A. SLarry, "A CommenL," Los Alamos Sclence, (Summer 1989): pp. 34-36, and ress Cn! SelecLed Works of Ceneral uonn A. SLarry, vol. l,
edlLed by Lewls Sorley, (lorL LeavenworLh, kS: uS Army Comblned Arms CenLer, CombaL SLudles lnsuLuLe ress, 2009): pp, 128-129.
Study #1!
4#5"/%$(+%,1"6/%7+(8/$$+3(+9:.'/,+$
/44[$1'9&G,8$Y,"2&\G,Q.$.Z);7.7$<G88.(7
- Co-locauon of 2008 earLhquake eplcenLer and underground nuclear armory,"
1
- LarLhquake volcano" spllL mounLaln spewlng manmade concreLe blocs,
2

- 8eporLs LhaL LA's largesL underground nuclear weapons cache collapsed,
3

- CovernmenL concern over radlauon" leakage,
4

- Large scale mlllLary reacuon wlLh 137,000 Lroops dlspaLched Lo quake area - lncludlng
2
nd
Arullery englneer dlvlslon
3
and 2,700 radlauon Lechnlclans,
6

- osL -quake sclenuc conLroversy wheLher evenL was Lrlggered" by human acuon,
7

- Closure of eplcenLer Lo reporLers and press suppresslon.
8

1 Wllllam !. 8road, WesLern LxperLs MonlLor Chlna's nuclear SlLes for Slgns of LarLhquake uamage," New otk 1lmes, (2008.03.16), < hup://
www.nyumes.com/2008/03/16/world/asla/16nuke.hLml > [accessed 30 !an. 2011].
2 [LarLhquake uesLroyed Lhe Chlnese Army's LargesL Armory]," 9{ [pocb 1lmes, 1alwan], (2008.07.04) aL < hup://
www.epochumes.com/gb/8/7/4/n2178701.hLm > [accessed 31 !an. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
3 CaLherlne Pennessy, Chlna's nuclear 8ase Lxploded ln Cuake," LasLern Slchuan, Chlna: 12 May 2008 06:28:01 CM1, M-7.9, uepLh 19.0-km," ottbpooke
nozotJs ltoqtom, (2009.10.28), aL < hup://earLhquake.usgs.gov/earLhquakes/shakemap/global/shake/2008ryan/ > [accessed 21 !an. 2011].
4 !ake Pooker, unearLhed ln Cuake: llaws ln Chlnese MlllLary CapablllLy," New otk 1lmes, (2008.07.01), aL < hup://www.nyumes.com/2008/07/01/
world/asla/01lhL-chlna.3.14139474.hLml > [accessed 29 !an. 2011].
3 8C announcemenL of 27 !une 2008 quoLed in: [8roke Lhe news: A Large underground nuclear Lxploslon
Caused by LarLhquake ln 8elchuan," 9{ [pocb 1lmes, 1alwan], (2009.03.07) aL < hup://Lw.epochumes.com/9/3/7/111780g.hLm > [accessed 31 !an.
2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
6 13 Mllllon eople 1hreaLened by nuclear ConLamlnauon," AsloNews, (2008.03.31), aL < hup://www.aslanews.lL/news-en/13-mllllon-dlsplaced-people-
LhreaLened-by-nuclear-conLamlnauon-12393.hLml > [accessed 29 !an. 2011].
7 A Puman 1rlgger for Lhe CreaL Cuake of Slchuan?" 5cleoce Moqozloe, (2009.01.16): pp. 322, Malcom Moore, Chlnese LarLhquake may have been Man-
made, say SclenusLs," 1eleqtopb, (2009.02.03), < hup://www.Lelegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asla/chlna/4434400/Chlnese-earLhquake-may-have-
been-man-made-say-sclenusLs.hLml > [accessed 29 !an. 2011], and Was Chlna's earLhquake Lrlggered by a nuclear accldenL? Lplsode 2: erhaps,"
8ookofIoe blog, (2008.06.04), aL < hup://www.bookoqoe.com/2008/06/was-chlnas-earL.hLml > [accessed 30 !an. 2011].
8 !ohn !. 1kaclk, !r., Selsmlc Suppresslon: Chlnese Censorshlp aer Lhe Slchuan LarLhquake," PerlLage loundauon webMemo, no. 1971, (2008.06.26), aL <
www.herlLage.org/research/aslaandLhepaclc/wm1971.cfm > [31 !an. 2011], eLer kwong & Mlng xla, Chlna's unnaLural ulsasLer: 1he 1ears of Slchuan
rovlnce," (P8C documenLary, new ?ork, n?: Cun?, Aslan/Amerlcan Aslan 8esearch lnsuLuLe, 13 May 2009) aL < hup://wn.com/Slchuan_rovlnce >
[accessed 31 !an. 2011].
@&'8.7.$]G9(.,"$O,9'('2'.7$'8$%";Z'3'2E$2;$/44[$Y,"2&\G,Q.$
Chlna: Cuake-damaged nuke slLes are Safe: AuLhorlues 8elease new lnfo Saylng 32 8adlauon Sources were uamaged ln ulsasLer," c85
News, (2008.03.20), aL < hup://www.cbsnews.com/sLorles/2008/03/20/Lech/maln4110773.shLml?source=8SSaur=Scl1ech_4110773 >
B,^;"$]G9(.,"$O,9'('2'.7$'8$_G,Q.$`;8.$
,j]|,| [LarLhquake uesLroyed Lhe Chlnese Army's LargesL Armory]," , lop clL.
M|anyang: Sc|ence and 1echno|ogy C|ty of
Scu|pture "Spr|ng 1hunder" a symbo| of a
nuc|ear exp|os|on.
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|ant 821: 32 26'N 10S S2'LColor map from < hup://
archlve.spacelmaglng.com/lkonos/2/kpms/2000/07/browse.42944.crss_saL.
0.0.[pg > [accessed 17 CcL. 2010].
1'9&G,8$/44[$;<1+,'".57(
Larthquake c|ose to ma[or LA nuc|ear tunne| comp|ex
Nocleot expetts solJ tbot closet to tbe eplceotet of tbe eottbpooke, lo toqqeJ bllls o two-boot Jtlve west of Mlooyooq,
cbloo toos o blqbly secteuve ceotet tbot booses o ptompt-botst teoctot. lt mlmlcs tbe tosb of speeJloq sobotomlc
potucles tbot oo exploJloq otom bomb spews oot lo lts ftst mlctosecooJs. Nottb lo oo eveo mote toqqeJ ooJ
looccesslble teqloo, oocleot expetts solJ, cbloo molotolos o blJJeo complex of lotqe toooels lo tbe slJe of o moootolo
wbete lt stotes oocleot otms. lts vety close to tbe eplceotet, solJ ooe speclollst, wbo spoke oo tbe cooJluoo of
ooooymlty becoose, to tbe best of bls koowleJqe, tbe exoct locouoo of tbe sectet complex boJ oevet beeo pobllcly
JlscloseJ.
1
Larger Crater near Lp|center assoc|ated w|th Underground Lxp|os|on
AccotJloq to o cN5 tepott oo Moy J1, utleJ "5osplcloos plceotet of tbe plceotet wos loooJ," oo Moy 2J, o meJlcol
teom, cooslsuoq of potomeJlcs ftom tbe leople's llbetouoo Atmy (llA) bospltols ooJ psycboloqlsts ftom 8eljloq, foooJ
ooslte o ooe- kllometet (0.62 mlle) wlJe ooJ two kllometets (1.24 mlle) looq volley oo o blll close to tbe eplceotet. 1be
looq tovloe wos foooJ to bove beeo coveteJ wltb cooctete Jebtls 10-20 locbes tblck ot lts bouom os lf lotqe cemeot
blocks wete tosseJ oboot tooJomly sottoooJloq tbe lmmeJlote oteo.
A teom membet solJ, wbete JlJ tbose cooctete blocks come ftom? 5loce tbete wete oo lotqe bollJloqs oeotby,
evetyboJy wos cotloosly tolkloq oboot lt bot coolJ oot foJ oo ooswet. A locol teslJeot.. sow o boqe bole fotm ot tbe
top of tbe moootolo. Mooy tbloqs wete posbeJ oot of tbls bole llke tootbposte beloq spoeezeJ oot. "wos lt moqmo?"
someboJy oskeJ. No, tbose wete cooctete blocks, solJ ne. 1be etopuoo losteJ oboot tbtee mlootes, be oJJeJ.
ottbpookes moy someumes tesolt lo o volcoolc etopuoo, bot oo cooctete etopuoo bos evet beeo tecotJeJ, solJ oo
expett. 8oseJ oo tbe cN5 tepott, sevetol expetts bove soqqesteJ tbe etopuoo coolJ bove beeo cooseJ by o boqe
explosloo beoeotb tbe moootolo, wblcb sboueteJ tbe cooctete covet of tbe ooJetqtoooJ foclllues ooJ posbeJ tbem to
tbe sotfoce. 1be tblckoess of tbe cooctete blocks posbeJ to tbe sotfoce seemeJ to motcb tbe covet loyet oseJ lo cbloo's
ooJetqtoooJ mllltoty boses.
2

1 8road, WesLern LxperLs MonlLor Chlna's nuclear SlLes for Slgns of LarLhquake uamage," New otk 1lmes, op clL.
2 [LarLhquake uesLroyed Lhe Chlnese Army's LargesL Armory]," 9{ , lop clL.
C|a|ms of "Vo|can|c ||ke erupnon" near |ngx|u
,j]|,| [LarLhquake desLroyed Lhe Chlnese army's largesL Arsenal]," op clL. Capuon: MounLalns ln Slchuan, many mlllLary facLorles,
arsenals and nuclear faclllues, bases, mlllLary lnformed sources, Lhe earLhquake Lrlggered weapons and ammunluon depoL exploslon, a devasLaung hlL Lo Lhe mlllLary.
1he plcLure shows Lhe slLuauon aer Lhe exploslon earLhquake mounLaln. Local vlllagers sald: Lhe mounLaln seems Lo lLs sLomach cuL open wlLh Lhe greaLesL energy.

1'9&G,8$/44[$;<1+,'".57$
Suppress|on of keports of Damage to Nuc|ear Iac|||nes
Moy 18, 2008, ocuoq cboltmoo of cbloo uemoctocy lotty Coo Oooo teleoseJ tbe "cbloo uemoctocy lotty os sooo os
posslble to otqe tbe cbloese qovetomeot lssoeJ tbe secotlty of oocleot foclllues lo 5lcbooo, tbe tepott." ne clteJ lo tbls
tepott o setles of 5lcbooo ltovloce expetlmeotol teseotcb foclllues ooJ oocleot powet ptojects ofet tbe eottbpooke
cosoolues of tbese oolts, ooJ oskeJ tbe clc ooJ tbe lmmeJlote sottoooJloq oteos tbtooqboot 5lcbooo, oll oocleot
foclllues lo 5lcbooo, toJlouoo Jetecuoo ooJ eotly teleose of oocleot foclllty sofety tepotts. nowevet, tbe tbltJ Joy ofet
tbe pobllcouoo of tbe tepott, Coo Oooo wos ottesteJ. lollce solJ oo cbotqes Coo Oooo, bot most be JetoloeJ fot 10
Joys, 10 Joys Jo ptocessloq.
1

Ma[or Loss to Ch|na's Nuc|ear Arsena|?
Ioly 4, 2008.. occotJloq to blqb-level cbloese mllltoty sootce sectetly JlscloseJ tbot lo tbe eottbpooke tbe cbloese
Atmys lotqest otseool of weopoos wos completely JesttoyeJ, fot tbe cbloese otmy tbls wos o cotosttopblc blt. 5ootces
solJ tbot tbe eottbpooke ttlqqeteJ weopoos ooJ ommooluoo moootolo cbolo explosloo, o lotqe sopply of oocleot
weopoos wblcb tbe lkc boJ stoteJ fot JecoJes wos completely JesttoyeJ, lo oJJluoo some oew oocleot wotbeoJs,
weopoos test slte ooJ oocleot foclllues, bove beeo JesttoyeJ. 1bls eveot, tbe blqbest mllltoty sectet, set o[ vlbtouoos
ot 2booqooobol [CommunlsL headquarLer ln 8el[lng].
2

kad|o|og|ca| Leakage |nto Underground Water Supp|y
"Nottb klvet below tbe otlqlool oocleot stotoqe ploces ... kesolt of ooJetqtoooJ oocleot leoks, oow bos o setloos tbteot
to qtoooJwotet ooJ 5lcbooo, cbooqploq, booJteJs of mlllloos of people sofe.
3
1 Zhang Shan, [News Media breaks story: A Large Underground Nuclear Explosion caused by the
Earthquake in Beichuan ], , (2009.05.07), at < http://tw.epochtimes.com/9/5/7/111780.htm > [accessed 31 Jan.
2011].
2 2008518
1010
Ibid.
3 200874,
Ibid.
4 2009316 ...
Ibid.
2008 Larthquake M|||tary Conta|nment
Weapons keactor
Near G??????
Wen Cheng, Local 8esldenLs Concerned wlLh SafeLy of Slchuan nuclear laclllues," pocb 1lmes, (2008.03.27), aL < hup://en.epochumes.com/news/
8-3-27/71080.hLml > [accessed 31 !an. 2011], 1he 8lddle of Lhe Chlnese araLroopers: Chlna parachuLes 100 paraLroopers Lo cuL-o" quake area," llte
ottb, (2008.03.16), aL < hup://feww.wordpress.com/2008/03/16/chlnese-paraLroopers-resculng-survlvors-or-ellmlnaung-plague/ > [accessed 31 !an. 2011],
and Shan, ,j]|,| [news Medla breaks sLory: A Large underground nuclear Lxploslon caused by Lhe LarLhquake ln 8elchuan ]," op
clL. LplcenLer map from: LarLhquake ln Slchuan rovlnce: lnLeracuve map showlng Lhe exLenL of Lhe mosL damaged areas from Lhe 7.9 magnlLude
earLhquake ln WesLern Chlna," New otk 1lmes, (2008.03.12), < hup://www.nyumes.com/lnLeracuve/2008/03/12/world/03132008_CPlnA_MA.hLml?
ref=slchuanprovlncechlna > [accessed 30 !an. 2011],
Med|ca| team of spec|a||sts
enter crater area near |ngz|u
100 paratroopers
[ump |nto mounta|n
ep|center for "secur|ty"
Chem|ca| defense troop of the Ch|nese Army
dep|oyed to Chen[|aba, 8e|chuan County, area of
reported ground water rad|o|og|ca| contam|nanon
C;9,2';8$;:$Y,"2&\G,Q.$
I$$
V.9;872"G92';8$%";^.927$
[Map of LarLhquake 8econsLrucuon
ro[ecLs]," Chlnamll, (2009.03.12), aL < hup://plc.chlnamll.com.
cn/chaL/2009-03/12/conLenL_1739798.hLm > [accessed 18 Sep.
B'('2,"E$!.)(;E3.827$2;$Y,"2&\G,Q.$`;8.$
[Chlna rsL announced deploymenL of rellef Lroop sLrengLh dlagram]," Wangchao, (2008.03.18), aL < hup://
www.wangchao.neL.cn/[unshl/deLall_32812.hLml > [accessed 13 leb. 2011, LranslaLed by u-1011].
2008 May 18: vlce
MlnlsLer of Lhe Ceneral
SLa for Cperauons Ma
!lan news conference
showed Lhe deploymenL
of mlllLary rellef force Lo
Lhe earLhquake area.
2
nd
Arn||ery
kocket Iorces
*99'F.827$a,)).8$
and can be reveallng
12 Lankers, parL of a 40-car frelghL Lraln Lrapped ln Lhe no 109 Lunnel by landslldes followlng lasL week's earLhquake.." xln ulngdlng, llnal Cas 1ankers Cleared
from 1unnel," cbloo.com, (2008.03.21) aL < hup://engllsh.chlna.com/zh_cn/news/chlna/11020307/20080321/14838076.hLml > accessed 3 May 2010]. Ll
Chunhong, a m|||tary omcer ass|gned to the 8ao[|-Chengdu c|earance operanon, sald Lhere ls a sllm chance Lhe Lunnel could reopen aL Lhe end of nexL week lf
weaLher permlLs. revlously, polsonous gas emlued from Lhe re and Lhe dangers posed by Lhe gasollne had prevenLed reghLers from enLerlng Lhe Lunnel, he
sald Lo Lhe 21sL CenLury 8uslness Perald. When the army team arr|ved Lhe day aer Lhe earLhquake, Lhe LemperaLure aL boLh of Lhe Lunnel's exlLs had reached
160 C, he sald. learlng an exploslon, local omclals helped evacuaLe more Lhan 900 farmers llvlng ln Lwo nearby Lowns Lo a safer place 6 km away."
8ao[l-Chengdu 8all AccldenL 2008
2

Clveo 5ecooJ Atulletys blqb Jeqtee of tellooce oo tbe oouoos toll ooJ blqbwoy system fot lts oocleot
Jetetteot, o follote lo tbe ttoospott oetwotk ls coose fot cooceto. Ooe exomple of o toll follote tbot
poteouolly o[ecteJ wotbeoJ loqlsucs occotteJ Jotloq tbe Moy 12, 2008 5lcbooo eottbpooke. A ttolo boolloq
bozotJoos motetlols JetolleJ ooJ lqolteJ loslJe o toooel lo Ololloq Moootolos lo tbe vlclolty of o ptlmoty 22
8ose wotbeoJ toll ttoosfet polot. koll opetouoos oo tbe 8oojl-cbeoqJo lloe wete sbot Jowo fot 12 Joys. 1be
nooqlloq commooJ cell commooJet tespooJeJ ooJ ottlveJ oo tbe sceoe lo jost ovet two boots.
1
Eaithquake buiieu tiain on the 8ao[l-Chengdu 8allway
109 [ubllc SafeLy ersonnel regenL rescue on Lhe
8ao[l-Chengdu 8allway 1unnel 109]," , (2008.03.17), aL < hup://news.qq.com/a/
20080317/003431.hLm > [accessed 27 Aug. 2008, LranslaLed by l-1011].
uL8 LLl1: 1he locomouve was successfully burled ouL of
Lhe Lunnel,
uL8 8lCP1: llre brlgade unlnLerrupLed coollng waLer Lo
Lhe souLhern end of Lhe Lunnel,
LLl1: laugue and sleep ln Lhe baule space of Lhe re
brlgade.
Selsmlc slgnal of Masslve LarLhquake ln Slchuan, Chlna." Chlna's LarLhquake Aer Shock," cotoeqle cooocll, (2008.03.13), aL < hup://
www.pollcylnnovauons.org/ldeas/brlengs/daLa/000032 > [accessed 10 Sep. 2010].
S|chuan Se|sm|c kecord 12 May 2008, k|chter sca|e = 7.9 shows
];$]G9(.,"$!.2;8,2';8$-.:;".>$FG"'8S$;"$,:2."$Y,"2&\G,Q.
Study #2!
=>?@@(A+%,'(.<(!%B+(C+<+$'+$
Study 1: 8D+$1EFG#B+(H/$*,+*(A+%,'(.<(!%B+(C+<+$'+$
! Chlna's mlllLary culLure has long valued defenslve Lunnellng and
underground forucauon - such as Lhe cll roads" of Lhe laLe
Warrlng SLaLes perlod (c.2S9-21uBC)and Lhe 1erracoua
Warrlors" of Qin Shi Buang's Lomb (c.2S9-21uBC);
! Seven umes ln Lhe hlsLory of Chlna Lhe phrase underground
CreaL Wall" has been used ln Lhe conLexL of mlllLary defense:
! 1he mosL recenL appllcauon of Lhe Lerm -- mysLerlous
underground CreaL Wall" -- was secreLly applled Lo Lhe eorL Lo
bulld secure baslng for Lhe sLraLeglc nuclear rockeL force ln Lhe
1980s, rsL amblguously referenced ln prlnL ln Lhe mld-90s, and
omclally enshrlned as a nauonal pro[ecL" lnvolvlng 3,000 mlles
of Lunnels on 11 uec. 2009.
Y,"('.72$B'FF(.$+'8SF;3$<G88.('8S
"Cliff Roaus" of the late Waiiing State Peiiou (ciica 475-221BC)
M.G. Lay and James E. Vance, Ways of the World: A History of the Worlds Roads and of the Vehicles that Used Them, (lscaLaway, n!: 8uLgers unlverslLy
ress, 1999): p. 237, phoLos from: Cullang 1unnel," woyfotloq, (2009/08.03) aL <hup://www.wayfarlng.lnfo/2009/08/03/guollang-Lunnel/ >
accessed 23 May 2010]. And l(-j[? [World wonders - Lhe CreaL Wall underground?]," Clobol commoos/\olte, (2007.02.19),
aL < hup://blog.xulLe.neL/frank.hgs/CL/10230231 > [accessed 29 Aug. 2010].
Modern example (clrca 1972): 1,200m Cuollang 1unnel, 1alhang MounLalns, Pulxlan CounLy
Chinese contribution was the provision of roads in precipitous regions by the use of cliff-face
gallery roads. The four most famous were in Shaanxi Province, and work on the most notorious of
these the Shaanxi to Sichuan cliff road began in the Warring States period in 475-221BC.
R8F."S";G8F$DG,"F',87$;:$2&.$Y3).";"$
Qin Shi Buang's $Teiiacotta Tunnel Waiiiois (ciica 2S9-21uBC)
Jane Portal, Terra Cotta Warriors: Guardians of Chinas First Emperor, (Washington, DC: nauonal Ceographlc, 2008), Slma Clan, 8ecords of Lhe Crand
PlsLorlan, vol. Pan uynasLy l, LranslaLed by 8urLon WaLson, (new ?ork, n?: Columbla unlverslLy, 1993).
700,000 workers spenL 36 years consLrucung Lhe necropolls
wlLh nearly 1,000 meLers of Lunnels and over 8,000 gures.
|[ - "R8F."S";G8F$D".,2$?,((T$
ls an LsLabllshed uefenslve ConcepL ln Chlnese PlsLory
Slx umes ln Lhe hlsLory of Chlna Lhe phrase underground CreaL Wall" has
been used ln Lhe conLexL of mlllLary defense:
- |[./ -- 8ozhou underground mlllLary defenslve Lunnel
sysLem bullL by Cao Cao - polluclan, general and llLerau -- (clrca 133-220Au):
- |[ - Song uynasLy underground CreaL Wall" llnear defenslve posluons
(clrca 960-1279),
- )|[ -- lng kong Llng underground CreaL Wall was bullL ln 1889, under
Adm. Su ?uanchun supervlslon by Lhe Cuangxl 8order Cuards Servlce (clrca laLe
1800s),
- @3q|[ -- korean War Lunnel complex bullL norLh of Lhe 42
nd
parallel
(clrca 1932-33),
- [|[ -- Pebel CreaL Wall underground clvll defense complex ln 8el[lng
and oLher norLhern clues fearlng SovleL auack (1969-1973),
- "|[" - MysLerlous 'underground CreaL Wall'" for proLecuon of 2
nd

Arullery mlsslle unlLs:
hase 1 - 1983-1993
hase 2 - 1998-2009
hase 3 -- 2010-??
]| [Underground Great Wall], Baidu, (2010) at < http://baike.baidu.com/view/163081.htm > [accessed 11 May 2010, translated by IP-1011].
R8F."S";G8F$D".,2$?,(($XX$@
(c|rca 1SS-220) $
Cao Cao underground 1unnel for 1ransporung 1roops," 1tovel lo Aobol, (2010) aL < hup://chlnadally.chlnadally.com.cn/m/anhul/Lravel/
2010-03/23/conLenL_9776703.hLm > [accessed 3 May 2010].
lyloq lo tbe olJ clty of 8ozboo, lt ls oo 9%&")5)$9%&'3-+-02),'&"."%6-G"'
09%%"+'A9-+0'A,'12$'12$ (155-220), o fomoos pollucloo, mllltotlst ooJ
lltetou, lo bls bometowo. lt ooJetweot tepeoteJ expoosloo lo tbe 5ooq
ooJ ooo Jyoosues. Aboot J-8 metets below tbe sotfoce of tbe Jowotowo
oteo7'0?"'09%%"+'"@0"%&6'6$3"'HI'J3, lt ls o mllltoty toooel wltb tbe
looqest blstoty, most compllcoteJ sttoctote, lotqest scole ooJ complete
foclllues evet JlscoveteJ lo cbloo. 1betefote, lt ls teoowoeJ os tbe
uoJetqtoooJ Cteot woll.
1be wbole toooel ls ctlssctosseJ wltb compllcoteJ ooJ sobtle
ottooqemeots, wltb molulevel Jlsttlbouoo ooJ complex coosttocuoo. 1be
toooel tokes tbe sbope of o 1 wbeo lt totos. 1be two potollel looes ote
spoceJ 2-J.5 metets opott, ooJ tbete ote spoote boles fot possloq oo o
messoqe oo tbe woll betweeo tbem.
Alooq tbe Jeep ooJ zlqzoqqloq toooel, some mllltoty ooJ soppotuoq
foclllues wete bollt, locloJloq foxboles, obstocle wolls, stomblloq bootJs,
ttops, veot boles, boles fot possloq oo o messoqe ooJ olcbes fot totcbes.
1be coltotol tellcs of tbe noo, 1ooq ooJ 5ooq Jyoosues ooeottbeJ lo tbe
toooel locloJe pllls, solJlet's swotJs, lomps, coppet mlttots, pouety,
potcelolo ooJ lok-stooes lef bebloJ ftom sevetol Jyoosues. 1bese ote oll
of qteot lmpottooce fot teseotcbloq cbloo's oocleot 3-+-02),'A9-+&-%56'2%&'
02#*#6'2%&'0?"'3-+-02),'0?$95?0'$.'12$'12$.
<G88.($?,":,".$:";3$2&.$];"2&."8$1;8S$!E8,72E$
A Large Area of AuLhenuc 8ellcs of 1unnel Warfare ulscovered from 8eglnnlng of Lhe norLhern Song uynasLy. 7 cbloo.com.co, (9 December 2008) at < http://
www.china.com.cn/v/2008-12/09/content_16921624.htm > [accessed 17 Mar. 2010].
1;8S$!E8,72E$B'('2,"E$<G88.($!'79;b."E$
uotloq tbe 5ooq uyoosty (916-1125), lo tbe yeots betweeo 960 ooJ 1127, tbls oteo wos o boulefelJ betweeo tbe stotes 5ooq ooJ
lloo. lloo occopleJ pott of tbe 5ooq stote, ooJ tbe 5ooq bollt o mllltoty Jefeose lloe, wblcb wos expooJeJ Jotloq o 200 yeot looq
petloJ of wot. 1be oocleot sttoctote wos completely fotqoueo ooul 1948. A qteot fooJ boppeoloq lo ooqploq vllloqe, nebel
ptovloce, wos oboot to Jesttoy tbe wbole vllloqe, wbeo lt wos stoppeJ wltb o tbooJetoos oolse. 1be cootse of tbe fooJ wos
cbooqeJ, tbe wotet level sook, os tbe wotet wos fowloq loto oo ooJetqtoooJ possoqe. lo 1951 oo ooJetqtoooJ cove some 150m
lo slze wos JlscoveteJ, ofet o boose 2.5km ftom ooqploq boJ coveJ lo. uozeos of smoll Joots lo tbls coveto wete opeoloq to o
possoqewoy eocb. Aocleot wot possoqes wete foooJ, spteoJloq tbtooqboot ooqploq coooty, covetloq oo oteo of some J00
spoote kllometets. 1be ooJetqtoooJ bolwotk ls of eootmoos slze, 90km of toooels wblcb covet oo oteo 65km ftom eost to west,
ooJ 25km ftom oottb to sootb, wblcb ls oo oteo of 1,600m. Most of lt ls o looq toooel olooq tbe botJet, slmllot to tbe Cteot woll,
tbot ls wby lt ls colleJ uoJetqtoooJ Cteot woll lt cooslsts of o wlJe tooqe of mllltoty foclllues, comoofoqeJ exlts, covets, ooJ
lockloq qotes. A ftoouet poss betweeo tbe tlvolloq stotes wos fotufeJ by oo ooJetqtoooJ fotttess. 8ot lt olso bos llvloq oecesslues,
wltb veoulouoo boles, ooJ lomp stooJs loteqtoteJ loto tbe wolls. 1bete wete btlck beJs, wltb some boslc comfott, os tbey coolJ be
beoteJ Jotloq wlotet.
Underground Great Wall, Hubie website [PRC], (2009.08.30) at < http://www.showcaves.com/english/cn/misc/GreatWall.html > [accessed 30 May 2010].
Underground Great Wa|| -- -- as Defense os|non
[CreaL Wall underground]," (ubllc hoLo Show, Chongzuo, 8C: 1ourlsm 8ureau, 2003) aL < hup://chongzuo.gxLa.gov.cn/ubllc/
hoLo/ShowhoLo.asp?lmage_lu=14767 > [accessed 3 May 2010].
ln anclenL Chlnese hlsLory lL ls recorded LhaL 1he norLhern Song uynasLy (960-1127 Au) bauled for 200 years wlLh Lhe
Llao and !ln uynasues, whlch aL Lhe ume were ruled by mlnorlLy races from Chlna's norLhern 1errlLorles, Lhe khlLan and
!urchens respecuvely. 1he norLhern Chlna laln was an endless aL ground, wlLh no mounLalns or rlvers LhaL could be
used Lo help defend agalnsL Lhe norLherners.
upon furLher lnvesugauon, experLs found LhaL anclenL war passages were spread LhroughouL ?ongqlng CounLy ln an
area coverlng approxlmaLely 300 square kllomeLers. Who 8ullL Lhe AnclenL War assages and When? LxperLs
dlscovered LhaL Lhe ?ongqlng anclenL war passages were wldespread. 1hey were ln facL a large-scale consLrucuon used
Lo house Lroops durlng umes of war. 1he sLrucLures of Lhe caves were compllcaLed and compleLe, possesslng mlllLary
faclllues such as camouaged exlLs, covers, and locklng gaLes.
Underground Great Wa|| -- -- as Nanona| kedoubt
1be cteouoo ooJ moloteoooce of socb o mosslve ooJetqtoooJ oetwotk tepolteJ o qteot oombet of tbese btlcks. lt ls
belleveJ tbot tbese oocleot wot possoqes wete coosttocteJ os pott of o lotqe oouoo-wlJe ptoject cteoteJ ooJ ovetseeo
ot o oouoool level by tbe qovetoloq ootbotlues of tbe ume. 1be lossoqes 5pteoJ Ovet 1,600 5poote kllometets.
j,|+ ,p)[| [Pldden lor A 1housand ?ears - Chlna's "underground CreaL Wall]," 1be pocb 1lmes, (2006.02.17)
aL < hup://www.epochumes.com/gb/6/2/8/n1213938.hLm > [accessed 30 May 2010, LranslaLed by l-1011].
xpetts bove Joq oot slmllot wot possoqes lo
ooqploq, \looq coooty, ooJ 8ozboo. 1be oocleot
wot possoqes ote oboot 65 kllometets ftom eost to
west, 25 kllometets ftom oottb to sootb, wblcb
exteoJ tbtooqb 1,600 spoote kllometets. wbeo tbe
botJet betweeo tbe 5ooq uyoosty ooJ tbe lloo
uyoosty weot os fot west os kooqcbeoq coooty ooJ
\osbol coooty, lt ls tbooqbt tbot mooy oocleot wot
possoqes exlsteJ lo tbot oteo. now fot tbe oocleot
wot possoqes exteoJeJ eostwotJs ftom ooqploq ls
sull ookoowo.
nlJloq 5olJlets lo tbe Aocleot wot lossoqes to uefeoJ tbe coootty. AmlJst mooy leqeoJs oboot tbe ooJetqtoooJ oetwotk,
ooe stotes tbot tbe oocleot wot possoqes wete bollt by Ceoetol ooq ooJ bls fomlly, o fomlly tbot ptoJoceJ tbtee qteot
qeoetols ovet tbtee qeoetouoos. Aootbet leqeoJ soqqests tbot Ceoetol ooq llolooq oseJ tbe ooJetqtoooJ possoqewoys
to JefeoJ tbe botJet. At tbe ume (960-1127 Au), solJlets of tbe lloo uyoosty sttlctly qootJeJ tbe looJs oottb of ooqploq
coooty. lt ls solJ tbot ooq llolooq bollt tbe possoqes to blJe bls solJlets ooJetqtoooJ so tbey coolJ polckly JefeoJ oqolost
ouocks looocbeJ by tbe lloo solJlets. xpetts polot oot tbot tbe ooJetqtoooJ possoqes moy bove beeo oseJ os bose fot
looocbloq ouocks Jotloq wots fooqbt lo oocleot cbloo. As o meoos of Jefeose tbtooqboot tbe yeots, people bove bollt
qteot wolls lo moootolooos oteos ooJ wotet felJs oeot tlvets ooJ lokes to block covoltles. nowevet, lo tbe opeo plolos,
wbete lt ls Jl[colt to ose tbe tettolo os o meoos of Jefeose, tbe toooels woolJ bove olloweJ solJlets to ttovel ooseeo
below tbe eottb. 1be oocleot wot possoqes bove become fomoos fot tbe oJvootoqes tbey ptovlJe wbetbet tbe ttoops ote
ouockloq ot JefeoJloq, ooJ tbey bove beeo oomeJ tbe "ooJetqtoooJ Cteot woll."
)|[ - "R8F."S";G8F$D".,2$?,(($;:$DG,8SZ'T$
lloq kooq lloq ooJetqtoooJ Cteot woll wos bollt lo 1889 by tbe lote AJmltol 5o ooocboo
sopetvlsloo of tbe Coooqxl Coooqxl 8otJet CootJs 5etvlce bollt Jotloq tbe mllltoty Jefeose
system, lt ls boseJ oo tbe ctoss-botJet tlvet - fot tettolo ooJ tbe tlvet eovltoomeot, tbe
coosttocuoo of o oottb-sootb peoce kooq cobbles two bouetles, eocb coootty ktopp cooooos Ao
ooJe eocb ooe, tbe oombet of smoll cooooo Joot.
lo 1921 otullety ftom 1olwoo wos moveJ to Noooloq, by Coooqxl wotlotJ lo kooquoq to cteote
tbe "2beooloq 8ouety). 8etweeo oottb ooJ sootb tbe qtooJ bouety wos coooecteJ by oo
ooJetqtoooJ possoqe, ooJ ctosseJ tbe tlvet tbtooqb tbe leoqtb of mote tboo 1000 metets -
become koowo os tbe "ooJetqtoooJ Cteot woll.
]| [Underground Great Wall], op cit.
lebtooty 1950, tbe llA Atmy 45
tb

Jlvlsloo lo tbe lloq Cooq oteo cot o[ tbe
koomlotooq 19
tb
ooJ 197tb Jlvlsloos,
wltb 6715 ttoops. Afet two Joys ooJ
olqbts fqbuoq lo tbe Coooqxl fotttess,
tbe llA wlpeJ oot tbe temooots of tbe
kM1 fotces. 1bls ls tbe wot of llbetouoo
lo sootbeto Coooqxl, tbe lost boule
koowo to blstoty lloq'etqooo 1be
compolqo boule.
War Tunnels Fortification in the Shunyi County of Beijing, at China In Peaceful Times Honors Chinese Fighters At War Tunnels. blog, (no date) at < http://
chinadan.com/index.html > [accessed 7 Mar. 2010].
=.'^'8S$<G88.(7$:";3$2&.$?,"$;:$A,),8.7.$*SS".77';8$
MonumenL Lo 1unnel Warrlors
llrlng orL
8el[lng 1unnels: 1939-1943
O,3;G7$*"2$!.)'92'8S$!.:.87.$;:$2&.$<G88.(7$
"9|@5 [8evlew Lhe Lunnel warfare: "underground CreaL Wall" ls how Lo bulld up]," \loboooet,
(2010.07.30), aL < hup://news.xlnhuaneL.com/mll/2010-07/30/conLenL_13938201.hLm > [accessed 1 uec. 2010].
Mao's orlglnal Lunnel
in Lhe Lunnel connecung Chalrman Mao's
chlldhood home Lo Lhe resL of Shaoshan vlllage.,"
blog (no daLe), at < http://chinadan.com/index.html >
[accessed 7 Mar. 2010].
<G88.(7$:";3$2&.$?,"$;:$A,),8.7.$*SS".77';8$
lllm "1unnel Warfare" has been halled as a
red classlc lms, as a commemorauon of Lhe
63Lh annlversary of Lhe vlcLory of Lhe Chlnese
eople's Anu-!apanese War as a LrlbuLe Lo Lhe
"1unnel Warfare" Lunnel warfare slLe ln Pebel
rovlnce.."
1v verslon of Lhe "1unnel Warfare" lm uses
Lhe "Lhree-sLage" sLrucLure. 1he orlglnal slngle-
porL, dual porL hldlng hole, Lhe developmenL
of lnLerllnked Lo every household, every vlllage
connecLed, Lhe Lunnel dug under Lhe devlls
sLrongholds and forued Lowers.."
.Lhe 1v drama 1unnel Warfare' wlll be
llmlLed Lo Lhe orlglnal hlgh-!ln[lazhuang of
Lunnel warfare and Lhe nelghborlng vlllages,
rlvers and lakes, reed marshes, urban guerrllla
warfare wlLhln Lhe enemy's posluons - mlne
warfare, mah[ong warfare, ambush warfare,
saboLage, war, slege warfare Lacucs.."
"
1v drama 1unnel Warfare"
1v drama 1unnel Warfare," 5bowcbloo.otq, (no daLe), at < http://www.showchina.org/
zcr/yjdt/201001/t512229.htm> [accessed 14 Mar. 2010].
Mao's orlglnal Lunnel
B,;c7$R2'('d,2';8$;:$@,b.7$FG"'8S$2&.$V.b;(G2';8$
Cao Pua, Pow uld 1he 8ed Sun 8lse: 1he Cause And LecL of heng feng ln ?an'an, (8el[lng, 8C: 1be cbloese uolvetslty ltess, 2000).
LLl1: CC PeadquarLers complex and
Mao's command cenLer,
A8CvL: Mao worklng ln hls cave omce,
8lCP1: maklng a speech Lo cadres durlng
hls 13 years dwelllng ln ?an'an's caves.
?an'an, ln norLhwesLern Chlna's Shaanxl rovlnce, was Lhe headquarLers of
Lhe CommunlsL arLy of Chlna from 1933-1948, servlng as Lhe endpolnL of Lhe
Long March and as a mlllLary base agalnsL Lhe !apanese.
+;".,$?,"$P"$
PUnderground Great Wa||"
volunLeers Loglsucs depoL carry forward
Lhe revoluuonary splrlL of hard sLruggle,
mounLalns bulldlng a daLabase, sLorage
maLerlal.
volunLeers maklng radlo broadcasLs Lo
enemy Lroops.

"
volunLeer soldlers desplLe Lhe dlmculues, we
musL bulld lnLo Lhe underground Great Wa||."
[Korean War Memoir (photos)], at : [Higher Headquarters Forum: Army edition], (2009.07.14) at < http://lt.cjdby.net/
viewthread.php?tid=648473 > [accessed 16 June 2010, translated IP-1011].
+;".,$?,"$12,(.3,2.H$$
PUnderground Great Wa||"
Llnklng up Lhrough Lhe Lunnel, Lhe soldlers [oln
forces."
volunLeer soldlers ln Lhe Lrenches ln Lhe cupola on
Lhe self-consLrucLed self-bullL Lools for Lunnel.
!une 13, 1932 alace ual Llxl Plll baule, relylng on
volunLeers !un 12 Lrenches and ghL Lhe enemy
repeaLedly, klll and wound Lhe enemy more Lhan
2,000 people, smash Lhe enemy's auack
Ibid.
nlghL auack ouL of Lhe posluon.
+;".,$?,"H$Underground Great Wa||
Squad auack.
Ma Llang Shan volunLeer unlL ghung ln Lhe
lnfanLry, arullery, armored [olnL command posL.
1o carry ouL Lralnlng acuvlues ln Lhe Lunnel.
Ibid.
1unnel brleng & oaLh before baule.
volunLeer soldlers ln Lhe Lrenches en[oy
baLh.
lo vlew of tbe 8oule of tbe koteoo wot o Mojot lessoos leotoeJ lo tbe 20tb ceototy,
cbloo's oouoool Jefeose ptoject beqoo 60 yeots of ooJetqtoooJ fotttess bollJloq.(
lllusLrauon from: "||[(]|p| [roLecuon ro[ecL aL Pome and Abroad and SLraLeglc 1hlnklng]," 5bowcbloo,
(2009.03.06), aL < hhup://www.showchlna.org/zg[bqkxl/zlwhy[szc/200903/L274663.hLm > [accessed 10 uec. 2010, LranslaLed by l-1011].
+;".,8$?,"$.",$<G88.('8S$
uurlng Lhe korean War, Lhe Chlnese eople's volunLeers and Lhe korean eople's Army Alr lorce creaLed an
Alr lorce [olnL operauons command sLrucLure. under Lhe Slno-korean Comblned lorces Command, Lhe
headquarLers was seL up by Lhe Chlnese eople's volunLeers and Lhe dual leadershlp of Lhe LA Alr lorce.(
@|)] [korean Alr lorce !olnL Command]," | (2010.04.20), aL < hup://www.plaaf.neL/ > [accessed 20 leb. 2011,
LranslaLed by Coogle Chrome].
+;".,8$?,"$.",$<G88.('8S$
Command 1unnel for Lhe !olnL Command, uecember 1930
R8F."S";G8F$@G(2G".
An esumaLed 40 mllllon people ln norLhern Chlna
sull llve ln cave homes known as yaodongs."
eople's 8epubllc of Chlna," wlklpeJlo, (2011.09.18), aL < hup://en.wlklpedla.org/wlkl/
eople's_8epubllc_of_Chlna > [accessed 2 !une 2011].
Study #3!
!.3*(2%,(!#B#3(C+<+$'+(8/$$+3#$-(
K '3
rd
L|ne Construcnon -- ke|ocanon & narden|ng of
Industry: 1964-1979
- 8e|[|ng C|v|| Defense She|ter Comp|ex
- ro[ect 131: CMC Nanona| Command 8unker
- ro[ect 816: keserve Weapons roducnon Comp|ex
- ro[ect 7381 at narb|n: Urban Defense for Nuc|ear War
- Modern Shangha|'s Underground
- M|||tary ka|| & koad 1unne||ng
- ke|ated Issues
%V@$@'b'($!.:.87.
PRC Defense Policy and Armed Forces, (National Intelligence Estimate 13-76; Washington, DC: CIA, 1970): pp. 71-72.
1be cbloese bove tokeo some loluol steps to ptovlJe ptotecuoo oqolost tbe
lmmeJlote e[ects of o lotqe-scole oocleot ouock. 1bey oppoteotly feel tbot tbelt clvll
Jefeose bos eobooceJ clvllloo motole os well os tbelt oblllty to sotvlve oo olt ot
mlsslle ouock.
lo coottost to tbe wests, cbloos clvll Jefeose meosotes bove tokeo oo o oew ooJ
lotqet sttoteqlc Jlmeosloo. 1be exteoslve coosttocuoo of sbeltets ooJ ooJetqtoooJ
toooelloq setves two potposes. 1bey ote seeo os o[etloq some ptotecuoo of
petsoooel Jotloq bombloq ooJ os ptovlJloq locouoos ftom wblcb to fqbt oo lovoJet
lo tbe qtoooJ Jefeose of o clty.
cbloos sbeltet ooJ toooel ptoqtom ls ooe of tbe most exteoslve lo tbe wotlJ, tbooqb
lts e[ecuveoess temolos ootesteJ. 5loce 1969, tbe mosslve e[ott to bollJ mote ooJ
beuet ptotecuoo bos tesolteJ lo tbe coosttocuoo of o moze of sbeltets ooJ toooels
ooJet most, lf oot oll, lotqe ooJ meJlom-slzeJ clues.. j1]be ootote ooJ poollty of
tbese ooJetqtoooJ lostollouoos vety ftom clty to clty..
P<&'"FXC'8.$!.:.87.T$
ke|ocanon & narden|ng of Industry: 1964-1979
Map from: Lorenz Luthi, The Vietnam War and Chinas Third-Line Defense Planning before the Cultural Revolution, 1964-1966, Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 10,
no. 1, (Winter 2008): pp. 26-51; and 8arry !. naughLon, 1he 1hlrd lronL: uefense lndusLrlallzauon ln Lhe Chlnese lnLerlor," Chlna CuarLerly, no.113
(SepLember 1988), pp. 331-386.
e
"F
$C'8.$@;872"G92';8$'8$2&.$5N047$
,[1964-9j9; [Mao Zedong ln 1964, A Ma[or declslon: 1hlrd lronL ConsLrucuon]," [{3j|, (2010.12.23), aL <
hup://www.alllol.com/news/80112.shLml > [accessed 22 Mar. 2011].
M||||ons of easant Man-hours of Labor
Mass|ve Impact of "1LD" ke|ocanon of Industry: 1964-1979
- lrom 1963 Lo 1979, 123 large-scale enLerprlses (produclng cars, llghL and heavy machlnery, mechanlcal
equlpmenL, rolllng mllls, eLc.) were compleLed,
- lrom 1969 lL lncluded underground locauon of nuclear 8eacLors, Warhead SLorage, Command CenLer,
urban populauon clvll defense (norLhern clues) and bunkers for ul-1 and ul-2 mlsslle sLorage buL cosL of
Lhe lauer nC1 lncluded ln 1Lu budgeL,
- 8,000 km of rallroad Lracks and 230,000 km of roads were consLrucLed Lo supporL 1Lu pro[ecLs.
- 1Lu seen as source of enormous economlc draln and was cancelled ln Lhe posL-Mao developmenL pollcy.
Video screen shots from: "j," (Beijing, PRC: Civil Defense Film, 2000), [accessed 1 Mar. 2010].
3
rd
L|ne Defense roducnon Underground
e
"F
$C'8.$@;872"G92';8$'8$2&.$5N047$
;E@@j: |j@gqj [1hlrd lronL ConsLrucuon: Super Crand lar-reachlng SLraLeglc ro[ecL]," 5loo, (2008.08.24), aL < hup://
blog.slna.com.cn/s/blog_3a33af330100ara[.hLml > [accessed 24 Mar. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
Most ro[ects |nvo|ved extens|ve 1unne||ng
D|str|bunon of D|spersed and 1unne|ed Iac|||nes
011 8ase: Anshun. llghLer and Lralner alrcra producuon base.
012 8ase: Panzhong. lnLo a ghLer producuon base ls expecLed
ln 1973, Lhe cenLral declslon developed by xl'an Alrcra
ueslgn shlpped elghL alrcra from Lhe 012 bases
conunue Lo develop Lhe base lnLo a LransporL alrcra
manufacLurlng base. 1ong Pul Machlnery lacLory ln
1979, !lnsong Machlnery lanL and Lhe 012 alrcra
deslgn by Lhe separauon of Lhe esLabllshmenL of a
separaLe Shaanxl Alrcra ManufacLurlng Company, 012
Avlauon parLs producuon base lnLo base. ln 1980, elghL
LransporL alrcra ln producuon.
013 bases (Punan avlauon): Zhang[la[le - Changsha. !urlsdlcuon
of several avlauon parLs planL (malnly xlang Llng
Machlnery lacLory lacLory 3028) and Zhang[la[le
vocauonal and 1echnlcal College avlauon lndusLry,
avlauon and Lhe Lhlrd and ueslgn lnsuLuLe.
014 8ase (Mlsslle lnsuLuLe of Chlna): Luoyang. 138 SouLh eak
planL moved Lo Lhe company from Panzhong, speclallzes
ln manufacLurlng alr Lo alr mlsslles.
@&;8S\'8S$V,'($C'8.
3
rd
Llne 1unnel ConsLrucuon
[|j121;)[j|| [xlangyu pasL: 121 Lhree-llne, sLudenLs and soldlers losL Lhelr llves ln Lhe bulldlng]," 1eoceot 2booopoo,
(2009.08.28), aL < hup://news.qq.com/a/20090828/002633.hLm > [accessed 20 Mar. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
Impact of C|v|||an 1unne||ng:
- 8ullL beLween 1970-1978,
- Llne lengLh of 897 km,
- 1oLal of 716 brldges,
- 403 Lunnels,
- SlxLy sLudenL" consLrucuon companles wlLh 18,300
hlgh school and 23,800 [unlor hlgh school sLudenLs
Lo paruclpaung
- WlLhln a Lhree year perlod 141 sLudenLs kllled ln
consLrucuon accldenLs.
8rldge and Lunnel lengLh equaled 43 of LoLal llne lengLh
over Lhe Chengdu-kunmlng llne.
e
"F
$C'8.$@;872"G92';8$'8$2&.$5N047$
D|str|bunon of D|spersed and 1unne|ed Iac|||nes (cont.)
061 8ase (SouLh space) Zunyl. Anu-alrcra mlsslle base, sub-Lwo homes
bullL alrcra.
062 8ase (Aerospace vll PosplLal) mllllon Source - Chengdu. 8ockeL / mlsslle
producuon base.ConsLrucuon of a hosplLal sub-navlgauon.
063 8ase (Aerospace four homes): xl'an.
064 bases (lnLo 062 base): llorlda.
066 8ase (San[lang Space): ?uan'an - xlaogan. Crulse Mlsslle base (red
blrd). ConsLrucuon of PosplLals mlnuLes lghL.
067 8ase (Aerospace slx homes): lengxlan - xl'an. Llquld rockeL englne
producuon base.ConsLrucuon of a hosplLal sub-navlgauon.
068 bases (Punan Aerospace): Shaoyang ClLy 4 CounLy 1 - Changsha. Sub
navlgauon bullL Lwo homes.lounded ln 1970, 1978, sLop Lhe consLrucuon ln
1994, moved Lo Changsha.
081 8ase (kawaklLa L): Cuangyuan. 1he orlglnal 0821 headquarLers, bullL ln
1963, Lhe producuon base for Lhe re conLrol radar.
082 8ase: easLern suburbs of Chengdu, Lhe elecLronlcs lndusLry base.
083 8ase (Zhenhua LlecLronlcs): uuyun.
341 lacLory: 1ank manufacLurlng base, auLhorlues Wenxl 1ownshlp, Lhe
planL locaLed ln xln[lang CounLy, ?lcheng and ?uanqu.
;E@@j: |j@gqj," op clL.
e
"F
$C'8.$@;872"G92';8$'8$2&.$5N047$
;E@@j: |j@gqj," op clL., and phoLos from: ||9; [Cur 1hlrd Llne]," wllJetoess wolf, (2010.04.30), aL < hup://
ckkkkk-007.blog.163.com/blog/sLauc/32649606201033033020813/ > [LranslaLed by l-1011, accessed 21 Mar. 2011].
1h|rd Iront Construcnon of Ma[or Ach|evements
Chlna sLeam (Shlyan ClLy, Pubel rovlnce)
Chlna's second-largesL auLomouve group
Clleld (Clan[lang ClLy, Pubel rovlnce)
Changqlng Clleld (Shaanxl rovlnce) Chlna's
Lhlrd-largesL oll eld
!luquan lron and SLeel Croup (Cansu !luquan)
norLhwesL alumlnum planLs (Lanzhou)
anzhlhua lron and SLeel Croup (Slchuan
anzhlhua)
Chlna's h largesL SLeel Croup
Coal base ln Lhe Pelan MounLalns (Shlzulshan ClLy)
!luquan Space Launch CenLer (Cansu
!luquan) Chlna's largesL space launch slLe
xlchang Space Launch CenLer (Slchuan xlchang)
!lnchuan nonferrous MeLals Company (!lnchang)
!lallng MoLorcycle Croup (Chongqlng) Lhe world's
largesL moLorcycle maker
Llupanshul coal lndusLry base (Llupanshul)
e
"F
$C'8.$@;872"G92';8$'8$2&.$5N047$
1h|rd Iront Construcnon of Ma[or Ach|evements (cont.)
ueyang Second Peavy Machlnery lanL (Slchuan ueyang) Large machlnery
manufacLurer
Luoyang Class lacLory (Luoyang, Penan rovlnce)
uongfang SLeam 1urblne Works,
uongfang LlecLrlcal Machlnery lacLory
uongfang 8oller Works
Chengdu-kunmlng 8allway (Chengdu - kunmlng) 1oLal lengLh of 1091 km
Punan-Culzhou rallway 772 km (Zhuzhou - you may be) 1oLal lengLh of 903
km
xlangyu 8allway (xlangfan - Chongqlng) 1oLal lengLh of 1,411 km
Clnghal-1lbeL 8allway a (xlnlng - nanshan mouLh) full 814 kllomeLers
Llu[laxla Pydropower SLauon 1he LoLal lnsLalled capaclLy of 1,223,000
kllowaus, generaung capaclLy of 3.7 bllllon degrees of uan[langkou
Pydropower
Asla's largesL aruclal freshwaLer lake PydroelecLrlc (Pubel ?lchang
clLy) 1he LoLal lnsLalled capaclLy of 2,713,000 kllowaus, generaung
capaclLy of 16.1 bllllon degrees ln SouLhwesL Chlna
8esearch lnsuLuLe of Chlna
nuclear ower lnsuLuLe of hyslcs
e
"F
$C'8.$@;872"G92';8$'8$2&.$5N047$
1 8el[lng underground ClLy 1he SecreL 1unnels of Lhe CaplLal," cbloo
kepott, (11 SepLember 2009), at < http://www.drben.net/ChinaReport/Beijing/
Landmarks-Hotspots/ChongWen/Underground_City-Beijing_Air_Raid_Shelters/
Beijing_DixiaCheng-Beijing_Underground_City.html> [accessed 7 Mar. 2010].
I8"+(4+5,+1(8/$$+3'(.<(1"+(!%:#1%3"
!"#$%&'"(#)*"+,$"-)%."/0#"1#0"02."+,$"34567"
+$27&)27"8$+9$$2"-,&20"02."+,$":);&$+"<2&)2=">2'$"0"
7$'#$+"0&#?#0&."7,$%+$#"2$+9)#@"$AB$'+$."+)"B#)+$'+"
C6D")("+,$"E$&F&2G"HI8%&'"&27&.$"I2.$#G#)I2."
JI22$%7"(#)*"0".$;07+0+&2G"2I'%$0#"0++0'@K"&+"($%%"
&2+)".&7I7$"0(+$#"+,$"%0+$"34L67=""
C/,#$-(1"+(C%E'(.<(1"+(!/31/,%3(J+B.3/1#.$(
K@@>@@@(L+#M#$-(!"#$+'+(D+,+(N.O#3#P+*(1.(*#-(
1"+'+(/$*+,-,./$*(1/$$+3'(1"%1(,/$(<.,(N#3+'(
%$*(N#3+'(/$*+,(L+#M#$-Q"
!(+$#"+,$"-I%+I#0%"M$;)%I+&)2"02."9&+,"+,$"0.;$2+")("
*).$#2&+N"&2"-,&20K"&+"907"7))2"()#G)++$2"8N"*)7+"
E$&F&2G$#7"02."#$*0&2$."0"7&+$";&#+I0%%N"I2@2)92"+)"
+,$"-&+NO7"-&+&P$27"I2+&%"0+"%$07+"+,$"N$0#"Q666!R="
:&2'$"&+",07"8$')*$"0"*).$7+"+)I#&7+"0++#0'+&)2S="
E$&F&2G"<2.$#G#)I2."'&+N"'02"8$"()I2."&2"+,$"
-,)2G9$2"R&7+#&'+=
1
"
Cne of 90 orlglnal enLrances. SLalrcase descendlng 8-18 meLers.
lnLernal orescenL slLe map.
DLILNSL kLLA1LD LkAMLL 1: 8e|[|ng Underground C|ty
Mao 1se 1ung (1969)
=.'^'8Sc7$R8F."S";G8F$@'2E$
30 km |n |ength
8eoeotb tbe oocleot clty of 8eljloq, oo ooJetqtoooJ clty of Jefolte ptopotuoos bos olteoJy beqoo to emetqe. 1bete
ote foctotles, stotes, qoestbooses, testootoots, bospltols, scbools, tbeotets, teoJloq-tooms, o tollet skouoq tlok, o
qtolo ooJ oll woteboose, ooJ o mosbtoom coluvouoo fotm. 1bese ooJetqtoooJ ptoJocuoo ooJ setvlce foclllues
covet o totol oteo of LMI7III'6N92)"'3"0")6'2%&'32J"6'96"'$.'3$)"'0?2%'H7III'2%*O2-)')2-&'60)9#09)"6.
1

Current Acnv|ty:
- LnLerLalnmenL: 4 maln publlc resLauranLs, 2 underground LheaLers, and a roller skaung rlnk.
- PoLels. lo tbe lost few yeots, tbe oombet of ooJetqtoooJ botels bos cllmbeJ to 100, wltb o totol of mote tboo
10,000 beJs. 1bls oombet ls tooqbly epolvoleot to tbe bolf of tbe totol o[eteJ ot qoest booses lo tbe 8eljloq
Moolclpollty.
- 8eLall and leased sLorage: 1be stotes ooJetoeotb tbe \lJoo sbopploq oteo oottb of cbooq' oo notel toke op oo
oteo of ovet 5,000 spoote metets. Of tbls, some 4,000 spoote metets ote oseJ fot stotoqe, tbe test fot bosloess.
P"%*+2*$%'"N9-43"%0'32-%02-%6'2'#$%602%0'/Q'''"%G-)$%3"%07'R-0?')"+2*G"'?93-&-0,'%"G")'2A$G"'QL'
4")#"%0E
ub||c Access:
- ubllc Lours operaLed beLween 2000-2009:
1bete ote tooqbly 90 eottooces to tbe complex, oll of wblcb ote blJJeo lo sbops olooq Oloomeo's molo stteets. A
footesceot woll mop teveols tbe toouoq of tbe eoute toooel system. oo coo vlslt o secuoo of tbe toooels ooJ . yoo'll
poss cbombets lobeleJ tbelt otlqlool foocuoo (cloemo, bospltol, otseool etc) os well os fooJ-ptoof qotes. oo coo olso
moke oot slqoposts to mojot looJmotks occesseJ by tbe toooels (1loooomeo 5p, tbe lotblJJeo clty), bot tbese tootes
ote looccesslble.
- Slnce !une 2009, however, oLher Lhan commerclal locauons llsLed above, all Lour enLrances currenLly closed.
2

Dark S|de:

- Much of Lhe complex noL malnLalned - ooded, lled wlLh Lrash, and boarded up.
1 The Underground City, Beijing: A Guide to Chinas Capital City, (2009?) at < http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/beijing/30836.htm > [accessed 15 Jan. 2010].
2 Beijing Underground City, Lonely Planet Review, (20 April 2010) at < http://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/beijing/sights/368621 > [accessed 5 May 2010]: Stephan Curran,
(posted: 11 June 2009) Current Access to Underground City -- l Lrled Lo access Lhe underground ClLy on !une 10 2009 and could nd no way ln.. 1he clLy ls sull
Lhere, hldlng.." Andy Degraeve, (posted: 20 April 2010) l have been Lo Lhe underground clLy enLrance aL 62 WesL uamochang SLreeL ln Clanmen. 1haL
enLrance ls adverused Lo be closed permanenLly."
"1he Secret 1unne|s of the Cap|ta|" under construcnon
Mao personally revlewlng plans for underground ClLy 400,000 clvlllans paruclpaLed ln consLrucuon
400,000 clvlllans paruclpaLed ln consLrucuon arL of lnLerlor llned wlLh Lhe old clLy walls of 8el[lng
underground ClLy," cbloo lotetoet lofotmouoo ceotet -- 1tovel, (13 Aprll 2003), at < http://www.drben.net/ChinaReport/Beijing/Landmarks-Hotspots/
ChongWen/Underground_City-Beijing_Air_Raid_Shelters/Beijing_DixiaCheng-Beijing_Underground_City.html> [accessed 7 Mar. 2010].
"1he Secret 1unne|s of the Cap|ta|" as a cu|tura| ach|evement
laque from underground ClLy SLamp Commemoraung LorL
lamous alnung
"1he Secret 1unne|s of the Cap|ta|" upon comp|enon
Acuve hosplLal ln underground clLy SLorage comparLmenLs & narrow-gauge rall LransporL
Peavy blasL/anu-radlauon doors on underground hosplLal vl drlve-Lhru gallerles
=.'^'8S$R8F."S";G8F$@'2E$
!.9('8.$2&"G$C,9Q$;:$R7.$
8el[lng underground ClLy 1he SecreL 1unnels of Lhe
CaplLal.," cbloo kepott, (11 SepLember 2009), at < http://
www.drben.net/ChinaReport/Beijing/Landmarks-Hotspots/
ChongWen/Underground_City-Beijing_Air_Raid_Shelters/
Beijing_DixiaCheng-Beijing_Underground_City.html> [accessed 7
Mar. 2010].
=.'^'8S$R8F."S";G8F$@'2E$
8el[lng underground ClLy
1he uark Slde
8el[lng underground ClLy 1he SecreL 1unnels of Lhe CaplLal.," cbloo kepott, (11 SepLember 2009), at < http://www.drben.net/ChinaReport/Beijing/Landmarks-
Hotspots/ChongWen/Underground_City-Beijing_Air_Raid_Shelters/Beijing_DixiaCheng-Beijing_Underground_City.html> [accessed 7 Mar. 2010].
Chlna's underground Clues , rep for nuke War," uefense lorum lndla, (2010.01.16), aL < hup://defenceforumlndla.com/chlna-paklsLan-
defence/8013-chlnas-underground-clues-prep-nuke-war.hLml > [accessed 6 !an. 2011].
Chalrman Mao's underground ClLy," vlcelooJ, (2009.11.17), aL < hup://www.vlceland.com/blogs/en/Lag/hldden-clues/ > [accessed 6 !an. 2011].
%";^.92$5e5$
CCn1Lx1: A deLerloraung relauonshlp wlLh Lhe uSS8 aer Lhe Zhenbao lsland mlllLary clash back ln Lhe
60s aer Lhe war when Lhe SovleL unlon deployed on Lhe border 1 mllllon Lroops eyelng Chlna.
Anuclpaung a War of Aggresslon agalnsL Chlna, lLs Lop auLhorlues recognlzed an urgenL need Lo prepare
for an lL and declded Lo bulld an anu-nuclear war underground headquarLers ln Lhe cenLral hlnLerland."
Leadershlp orders Lhe consLrucuon of a nuclear war command cenLer consLrucLed as a serles of
underground bunkers for Lhe senlor pollucal ellLe and Lhe LA command and conLrol organs,
under Lhe dlrecL command of Ceneral Puang ?ongsheng, CenLral ollucal 8ureau member and LA Chlef
of SLa, who plcked Lhe locauon for leadershlp hldeouL near hls home Lown of Caoqlao 1own, xlannlng
ClLy, Pubel rovlnce,
1op SecreL program sLarLed 1969 !anuary 31
1-31, Lhus named 131, consLrucuon: 1969-1971
SLopped before compleLed, lnvesLmenL = 1.3 bllllon.
lor a very useful hlsLory, see: MysLery 131 Works: 60 ?ears Lo 8ulld Lhe Anu-nuclear underground PeadquarLers," [131:60-|][|]j|
]"], cbloo News, (1 CcLober 2007), aL < hup://bbs.chlnanews.com.cn/Lhread-13076-1-1.hLml > [accessed 31 !an. 2010, LranslaLed by Ak], and !le[unyun, "131
1op-SecreL ro[ecL - xlannlng Cheng 1unnel underground PeadquarLers," [131g --{(jq]j|]"], cbloo 5opet ltoject [Qg
j] blog, (7 !uly 2009), aL < > [accessed 6 Mar. 2010].
DLILNSL kLLA1LD LkAMLL 2: Centra| Comm|uee Command Comp|ex
%";^.92$5e5$$
B,;c7$*-;b.$D";G8F$f'((,$
! Leadershlp orders Lhe consLrucuon of a nuclear war command cenLer consLrucLed as a serles of
underground bunkers for Lhe senlor pollucal ellLe and Lhe LA command and conLrol organs,
! 5ottoooJeJ by vetJoot moootolos ooJ fotests, tbe locouoo ls botJ to see, eveo ftom low-olutoJe
tecoooolssooce oltctof, ls loJeeJ o qooJ ploce fot tbe coosttocuoo of botJ to foJ mllltoty foclllues.
lor a very useful hlsLory, see: MysLery 131 Works: 60 ?ears Lo 8ulld Lhe Anu-nuclear underground PeadquarLers," [|1313j:60
"], cbloo News, (1 CcLober 2007), aL < hup://bbs.chlnanews.com.cn/Lhread-13076-1-1.hLml > [accessed 31 !an. 2010, LranslaLed by l-1011].
LLl1: LnLrance Lo Lunnel comples
8lCP1: Mao's bedroom
%";^.92$5e5$B,;c7$@;33,8F$@.82."$
! lo oJJluoo to tbe exteoslve toooelloq, tbe ploos locloJeJ oo oltpott, tollwoy, blqbwoy, ooJ
otbet oocllloty wotks.
! wltb tbe foll of llo lloo, tbe 1J1 ooJetqtoooJ coosttocuoo wos oot yet folly completeJ ooJ
come to o tosb eoJ. vlsluoq tbe complex wblcb ls oow opeo to cbloese tootlsts (bot oot
fotelqoets) o tepottet ooteJ tbe lotqe scole of tbe opetouoool beoJpoottets ooJ exteoslve
foclllues JeslqoeJ speclfcolly fot cboltmoo Moo, wbete ooce tbe wot btoke oot, be wlll be
bete, sttoteqlzloq cblef of tbe tbtee otmeJ fotces, commooJloq tbe wot oqolost oqqtessloo.
S2$T'=U9))$R'&""47'60$)"'5)2-%7'%"G")'6""J'?"5"3$%,EF'
V-%'U-2$T'W<.'0?"'X$)0?'-6'+$607'R"'3960'A9-+&'2%'-34)"5%2A+"'4$6-*$%'
-%'0?"'6$90?'R-0?'2%'9%&")5)$9%&'?"2&N92)0")6EW''
%";^.92$5e5$
R8F."S";G8F$=G8Q."$
"131",|[|.| [CuesL Pubel "131" pro[ecL: WhaL klnd of Mao Zedong and !lang Clng bedroom]," []]{,
(2011.08.03), aL < hup://zhanghul332.blog.163.com/blog/sLauc/807132162011730172283/ > [accessed 1 SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
%";^.92$5e5$
R8F."S";G8F$=G8Q."$
lbld.
%";^.92$5e5$
"][_3724][_][ [Llnxlang Map _3724 _ Llnxlang Map Llnxlang Map]," WCuS, (2011.07.03), aL < hup://www.groupons7.com/
llnxlangdlLu/20110703/773.hLml > [accessed 1 SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
%";^.92$5e5$
R8F."S";G8F$=G8Q."$
lbld.
%";^.92$[50H$$V.7."b.$?.,);87$%";FG92';8$@;3)(.Z
koowo os "tbe wotlJ's lotqest otufclol cove," tbe cbooqploq lolloq 816 mllltoty cove fot tbe ftst ume to opeo
os tootlst outocuoos. 1be ptoject stotteJ lo 1967, to cooJoct pte-JtllleJ boles by tbe cotps of oqloeets, 1be
los ooJ Oots of bomoo 60 000 people sbote tbe 1984 lockoot, lo Aptll 2002 to Jectypt.
816 mllltoty cove ls locoteJ lo tbe stteets of lolloq ulsttlct, 8ol 1oo. lo 1966, 2boo olol, cbloo opptoveJ tbe
coosttocuoo of o secooJ oocleot motetlol loJosttlol bose fot 1bltJ-lloe coosttocuoo -- otomlc teoctots ooJ
cbemlcol post-tteotmeot wotks, tbot ls, to ptovlJe oocleot bomb ooJetqtoooJ oocleot ploot motetlols, ote
closslfeJ os top sectet level mllltoty sectets.
816 mllltoty toooel fot boJy totol coosttocuoo oteo of 104,000 spoote metets, ploot bole Jeptb of 400
metets. cove ot tbe top of tbe best covet 200 metets tblck, tbe cote potts of ploot covet loyet tblckoess of 150
metets.
ottooces = 19, cottlJots = 21 km lo totol leoqtb.
Aptll 24, tbe tootlsts vlslteJ tbe teoctot boll. Nocleot teoctots, olso koowo os otomlc teoctots ot teoctot, ls
epolppeJ to ocbleve lotqe-scole oocleot foel fssloo cbolo teocuoo coo be coottolleJ Jevlce. 1be boll ooJ Jowo
o totol of oloe loyets, op to 79.6 metets, tbe epolvoleot of 20 molu-stotey bollJloq belqbt, slze of o stooJotJ
footboll felJ ls olmost tbe some.
Nocleot teoctots, "bouom" well ptesetveJ. AccotJloq to tepotts, bouom Jlometet of 78 cm of tbe 2001 boles,
fot oocleot motetlols, oocleot eoetqy excbooqe. As tbe ptoJocuoo bete bos oot stoppeJ, tbete ls oo toJlouoo.
9 foots lo tbe molo coottol toom, ote ploceJ ot tbe most oJvooceJ compotet boJy, tbe compotet coosole ls
oo tbe foot Jtops of o Jlometet of oboot 2m lo tbe coottol pooel, tbe boles wete flleJ wltb booJteJs of
oocleot motetlol toJ ls losetteJ loto tbe tbese boles, bot oevet teolly oseJ lo tbe ptoJocuoo.
816(|) [816 Project Photo Tour], topic: [Second Artillery Corps and the New Concept of Space Weapons] at
9]j) [Higher Headquarters Forum], (2010.04.26) at < http://bbs.cjdby.net/thread-917792-1-3.html > [accessed 20 May. 2010, translated IP-1011].
DLILNSL kLLA1LD LkAMLL 3: Nuc|ear keactor
ueclassled Chlnese underground nuclear laclllLy Cpen Lo ubllc," ootobe, (2010.04.22) aL CSC.
ro[ect 816 Mounta|n
ro[ect 816 Lntrance
ro[ect 816 Underground Nuc|ear keactor
816(|), op cit.
816(|) ibid; and "36 [||j [MounLalns "laLenL" 36 SecreL nuclear Lnglneerlng Chongqlng conLalned,"
8el[lng news, (2010.03.19), aL < hup://cq.gmw.cn/lLem/40880.aspx > [accessed 21 Mar. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
Larly consLrucuon
ConLrol 8oom under repalr ress Lour of faclllLy
816(|) ibid.
816(|), op cit.
ro[ect 816 Underground keactor Core
816|!,[;||.? [816 nuclear lanLs
Cpen Lo Lhe ubllc WhaL Pole?]," cbooqploq 1lmes (\loo),
(2010.04.23) aL < hup://news.163.com/
10/0423/11/6344M9Cu00014ALL.hLml > [accessed 20 May.
2010, LranslaLed l-1011].
Memorlal plaque (upper rlghL) from: "
" [Lurope shocked: Chlna's "underground
CreaL Wall" of nuclear power far beyond lmaglnauon],"
Lel1lng001, (2011.08.23), < hup://www.lelung001.com/news/
201108/23044.hLml > [accessed 13 SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by
l-1011] > [accessed 13 SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
ro[ect 816 Underground keactor Contro| ane|s
816(|) ibid.
ro[ect 816 Underground
keactor Core
816(|) ibid.
ro[ect 816 Underground
keactor Core
ro[ect 816 Schemanc
(enLrances = 19, corrldors = 21 km)
Me[5$%";^.92$,2$a,"-'8$
CCn1Lx1: Aer Lhe Zhenbao lsland lncldenL, under Lhe guldance of Lhe people Lhe enure
arLy concluded LhaL Parbln alr defense sysLem, an lmporLanL posluon 'musL be prepared Lo
ghL' placed Lhe clLy's."
lrom 1970 Lo 1980, Parbln clvll alr defense consLrucuon moblllzed Lhe masses and
concenLraLed on bulldlng a permanenL masked forucauons, moblle evacuauon roads and
groups forucauons. 1hls lncluded Len new roads of 376,631 square meLers . and proLecuon
for Lhousands of famllles ln Lhe underground Lunnel neLwork."
ln 1973, Laklng lnLo accounL Parbln as an lmporLanL sLraLeglc posluon lL was recognlzed LhaL
Lhe orlglnal consLrucuon of Lhe small Lrunk slze Lunnellng was small, poor quallLy, and can noL
meeL Lhe evacuauon of sLa and operauonal moblllLy needs of Lhe slLuauon.."
.declded Lo bulld underground evacuauon Lunnels Lhrough Lhe clLy, connecung mounLalns
and Lhe '3 can be' large moLorlzed roads pro[ecL."
.on AugusL 1, 1973 (73-8-1) by Lhe provlnclal approval, Lhe name '7381' pro[ecL."
Aer slx years of conunuous consLrucuon of Lhe bulldlng Lo compleLe Lhe pro[ecL - depLh of
21 meLers by 6 meLers wlde and 7.3 m of relnforced concreLe sLrucLures -- Lrunk englneerlng
111.8 Lhousand square meLers, Lrunk lengLh of 9.3 kllomeLers."
'7381' pro[ecL Lo paruclpaLe ln Lhe consLrucuon of 68 unlLs, Lhe average dally number of
people lnvolved ln Lhe consLrucuon of Lhe 1.3 mllllon people, wlLh a LoLal lnvesLmenL volume
of more Lhan 720 mllllon worklng man-days Lo bulld area of 11 Lhousand square meLers."
1 ro[ecL 7381 ls exLenslvely dlscussed ln: Parbln, '7381', A ClanL underground Works -- underground CreaL Wall, Super-Alr-8ald
ShelLer," love cbloo bloq, (24 AugusL 2008) aL < hup://blog.slna.com.cn/s/blog_3a33af330100ar7w.hLml > [accessed 1 Mar. 2010].
2 1he 3 can be" pro[ecLs were deslgnaLed Lo be able Lo: [1] prevenL [war],[2] ghL, [3] be moblle, [4] able Lo llve, and [3] can produce."
DLILNSL kLLA1LD LkAMLL 4: Urban Defense for Nuc|ear War
7381 ro[ect at narb|n (cont.)
! Aer slx years of conunuous consLrucuon of Lhe
bulldlng Lo compleLe Lhe pro[ecL - depLh of 21 meLers
by 6 meLers wlde and 7.3 m of relnforced concreLe
sLrucLures -- Lrunk englneerlng 111.8 Lhousand square
meLers, Lrunk lengLh of 9.3 kllomeLers."
! "7381" pro[ecL enurely of relnforced concreLe
sLrucLure, Lhe enure pro[ecL consumed 12,301 Lons
sLeel, 20,349 cublc meLers of wood, 100,000 Lons of
cemenL, sand and 247,000 cublc meLers, all klnds of
sLone 400 Lhousand cublc meLers, a LoLal lnvesLmenL
of 33.08 mllllon yuan (noL lncludlng labor cosLs and
sporadlc Lool cosLs), Lhe average cosL of 404 yuan per
square meLer.
lbld.
7381 ro[ect at narb|n (cont.)
<&.$P].6T$Me[5$%";^.92$
Subway keconstrucnon us|ng 10km of or|g|na| tunne|s
Screen capture video from: [[j Harbin subway line No.1 under construction], (2008.08.30) at < http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=CDhi1EcvviM&feature=related > [accessed 7 June 2010].
B;F."8$1&,8S&,'c7$R8F."S";G8F
1 When l was a kld ln Shanghal, l used Lo play ln Lhose underground bunkers....
1hey are called lang kong uong, or anu-alr holes.Also, ln my elemenLary
school, we converLed parL of Lhe underground bunker lnLo a sporLs complex
where my school's rle Leam used Lo pracuce." Luropean 8unkers blog, op clL.
2 Shanghai Constructs Underground Bunker Capable Of Sheltering 200,000 People,
Associated Press, (2006.07.31) at < http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1675268/
posts > [accessed 15 April 2010].
5booqbol bos coosttocteJ o
mosslve ooJetqtoooJ booket
complex copoble of sbeltetloq
200,000 people ftom o oocleot
ouock, o locol oewspopet
tepotteJ.
1be mlllloo-spoote-foot complex
coooects to sbopploq ceotets,
o[ce bollJloqs, opottmeot
bollJloqs ooJ tbe sobwoy system
vlo mlles of toooels, tbe 5booqbol
Motoloq lost solJ lo oo excloslve
tepott.
1be oewspopet solJ tbe complex
bos wotet, electtlclty, llqbuoq,
veoulouoo ooJ ptotecuve Joots,
ooJ coo soppott llfe fot os looq
os two weeks.
2

Shanghal's Clvll uefense Cmce
announced compleuon of Lhe
clLy's largesL subLerranean bunker:
-- 90,000 square meLers,
-- AccommodaLe 200,000 cluzens,
-- roLecuon from nuclear
radlauon, polsonous gas
releases, or LerrorlsL blasLs.
-- 13 Lunnels, each 4,000 meLers,
llnk more Lhan 10 Lradlng
cenLers, omce bulldlngs, and
resldenual bulldlngs LhroughouL
clLy.
-- Complex equlpped wlLh lLs own
power supply, venulauon, and
power sLorage capablllLy, whlch
ls able Lo ensure a dally
underground supply for 1-2
weeks.
-- ShelLer ls connecLed Lo rallway
and world's largesL subway.
3
3 [jj|}{20](), Shanghai
Morning Post, (2006.08.08) at < http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/
2006-07/29/content_4890885.htm > [accessed 30 April 2010, translated
by IP-2010.
!?2%5?2-'!94")'Y%&")5)$9%&'U9%J")'U9-+0'0$'(##$33$&20"'/II7III'-%':3")5"%#,'
(lang kong uong)
1

DLILNSL kLLA1LD LkAMLL S: Modern|z|ng C|v|| Defense
kepa|r|ng & keconstrucnng
C|v|| Defense 1unne|s
"],[j[|[ [WaLerproof plugglng underground clvll alr
defense faclllues]," j;[||;), (2011), aL < hup://
[sxlfs.com/AbouL-33.hLml > [accessed 4 SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
%V@$1G-6,E$!.b.(;)3.82
12 Cperanng Subways
-- Anshan
-- 8el[lng
-- Changchun
-- ualln
-- Cuangzhou
-- Pong kong
-- nan[lng
-- Shanghal
-- Shenyang
-- Shenzhen
-- 1lan[ln
-- Wuhan
1S Under Construcnon
-- Chengdu
-- Parbln
-- Pangzhou
-- Pefel
-- kunmlng
-- Lanzhou
-- Macao
-- nanchang
-- Clngdao
-- Suzhou
-- uruuqul
-- Welhal
-- xl'an
-- Zhengzhou
-- Zlbo
13 |anned Subways
-- Changzhou MeLro
-- uaLong MeLro
-- uongguan MeLro
-- luzhou MeLro
-- Culyang MeLro
-- !laxlng MeLro
-- Lanzhou MeLro
-- nannlng MeLro
-- Cuanzhou MeLro
-- Shl[lazhuang MeLro
-- 1alyuan MeLro
-- xlamen MeLro
-- xuzhou MeLro
Workers of the Revolution: Its Time to ride the Peoples Subway, China.net, (2010) at < http://www.subways.net/china/index.htm >; ; 8ulldlng A Subway ls 96 ercenL
Cheaper ln Chlna," lnfrasLrucLurelsL, (2009.03.27) aL < hup://www.lnfrasLrucLurlsL.com/2009/03/27/bulldlng-a-subway-ls-96-percenL-cheaper-ln-chlna/ >
see also: Subway ]|," cbloo.loqe, (2009) aL < hup://www.chlnapage.com/road/subway/subway.hLml > [all accessed 8 June 2010].
Ch|na's cost of subways = 5100 m||||on per m||e versus 52.4 b||||on per m||e |n New ork
D";62&$;:$%V@$V,'($I$V;,F7$
and assoc|ated 1unne|s
Chlna's 8oad, 8all and Alr lnfrasLrucLure 8ushes Cn," cooomlst, (2008.02.14).
Length of Ch|na's 1ransport koutes
(|n 000s km)
]G9(.,"$12;",S.$I$V,'($<G88.('8S$
CuoLe from: SLokes, cbloos Nocleot wotbeoJ 5totoqe ooJ nooJlloq 5ystem, op clL: pp. 3,
8, 14-13, map from Lhe lnLernauonal 1unnelllng and underground Space Assoclauon
(l1A).
SlLuaLed deep ln Lhe Clnllng [] mounLaln range abouL 140
kllomeLers wesL of Lhe hlsLorlcal clLy of xlan, an lndependenL
organlzauon known as Lhe 22 8ase ls responslble for sLorlng and
managlng mosL of Lhe Second Arullery's nuclear warhead sLockplle..
1albal MounLaln ls Lhe hlghesL peak ln Chlna, easL of lLs Lhree
wesLern-mosL provlnces of 1lbeL, Clnghal, and xln[lang. 1albal
MounLaln reaches 3767 meLers (12,338 feeL) ln helghL and ls formed
of large granlLe rock. erhaps Lo faclllLaLe loglsucs, the LA ka|| Corps
|n|nated construcnon of a ra|| ||ne connecnng 8ao[| and Chengdu
annuc|ear producnon fac|||nes near M|anyang |n the 1960s. 1he
8ao[l-Chengdu llne was consldered a ma[or feaL, noL only because lL
was Chlna's rsL elecLrlc rall, buL due Lo Lunnels LhaL sllced Lhrough
mounLalns souLh of 8ao[l. Cf mosL slgnlcance was a 2.3 kllomeLer
Lunnel passlng Lhrough Clnllng MounLaln and a ser|es of sp|ra|
tunne|s [ust southwest of 8ao[|.
AlLhough Lhe 1albal nuclear warhead faclllLy has exlsLed for 40 years,
Second Arullery englneerlng unlLs have been engaged ln a nauonal
englneerlng pro[ecL ln Lhe Clnllng MounLaln reglon beLween 1albal
and wesLern fooLhllls ad[acenL Lo 1lanshul clLy (Cansu rovlnce) over
Lhe lasL 10 Lo 13 years..
Chlna's Lunnellng Lechnology slnce Lhen has advanced slgnlcanLly,
wlLh compleuon of an 18.S k||ometer tunne| cut Lhrough Lhe easLern
edge of Lhe Clnllng MounLalns souLh of xlan.
8all Llne 1unnel
@&'8,$V,'($<G88.('8S$
1here are more Lhan S,300 rallway Lunnels wlLh a LoLal lengLh of 2,S00 km.
1unnellng ln Chlna," lnLernauonal 1unnellng and underground Space Assoclauon, (1999) aL < hup://www.lLa-alLes.org/cms/lLa-alLes-home/members-and-
llnks/member-nauons/relaLed-member/daLum////focus-on-chlna.hLml > [accessed 29 May 2010], updaLes from: !lan hao, !. nlcholas Shlrlaw, 8a[an
krlshnan, 1unnels and underground SLrucLures: roceedlngs of Lhe lnLernauonal, (Cxford, uk: 1aylor & lrancls, 2000).
ka||way tunne|s, each |onger than S km, as of 1999
1999
2000
_'8S('8S$<G88.($
=,;^'X@&.8SFG$V,'($C'8.$
18M 8|ast & 8ore
1unnellng ln Chlna," op clL, and !.W. Wang, 1unnellng and 1echnologlcal rogress ln 1unnellng ln Chlna," ln !lan hao, nlcholas Shlrlaw,
and 8a[an krlshnan (eds), 1oooels ooJ uoJetqtoooJ 5ttoctotes, (kouetJom. 8olkemo lobllsbloq, 2000), p. 97.
Wang J.Y., Tunneling and Technological Progress in Tunneling in China, in Tunnels and Underground Structures, op cit: pp. 96-106.
12,S.7$;:$%V@$<G88.('8S$<.9&8;(;SE$
ka|| 1unne||ng Lxamp|es: 19SS-2000
18M = 1unnel 8orlng Machlne
nA1M = new AusLrlan 1unnel MeLhod
P],2';8,($[0e$%";^.92T
--j}T[ [1unnel shares - advanced equlpmenL and rsL-class lnLeracuve pro[ecLs]], cblooepolp, (2008.06.16), aL <
hup://chlnaneasL.xlnhuaneL.com/zhuanu/2008-06/16/conLenL_13330687.hLm > [accessed 24 Apr. 2010], and [|][)|--|[
]([)|;jj [Chlna 8allway made lLs own shleld - Chlna's rsL self-developed composlLe shleld o Lhe assembly llne SldellghLs],"
[| [Chlna 8allway], (2008.03.19), aL < hup://www.cLg.ha.cn/cLg_dwgzw/readnews.asp?newsld=6901 > [accessed 24 Apr. 2010],
Chlnese CovernmenL lnvesLmenL 863" program acqulres world class Lunnellng
Lechnology and supporLs domesuc enLerprlse developmenL of domesuc underground experuse.
Shanghal ?angLze 8lver 1unnel Shleld 8orlng Machlne
wltb o oew toooJ of sobwoy coosttocuoo lo cbloese clues, ooJ otbet toooel coosttocuoo
boom tbe vlqotoos Jevelopmeot of sblelJ toooelloq mocbloes ploy o mojot tosk of tbe
speclol mocbloety to become tbe focos of Jomesuc coosttocuoo epolpmeot.
@&'8,$V,'($<G88.('8S$*Fb,89.7$
1unnellng ln Chlna," op clL, Clnghal-1lbeL 8allway ually uralnage volume PlLs new 8ecord," 1lbetOolloe, (2009.12.30) aL < hup://
chlnaubeL.people.com.cn/6836041.hLml > [accessed 12 !une 2010], and Wang J.Y., Tunneling and Technological Progress in Tunneling in China, op cit.
Clnghal-1lbeL 8allway 1unnel = LoLal lengLh of 63.3 kllomeLers
Slnce Lhe 1960s, nA1M, a new Lunnellng concepL or
phllosophy from Lurope, has been accepLed by Chlnese
Lunnellng englneers boLh ln lLs splrlL and for Lhe Lerm lLself.
nA1M has become a popular Loplc ln some symposlums or
colloqulums on Lunnellng and underground works held ln
Chlna. CulLe a loL of Lunnels under dlmculL geologlcal
condluons and ln weak rock have been successfully
consLrucLed by nA1M.
uayaoshan 8all 1unnel Complex lnLroduclng Lhe new AusLrlan 1unnellng MeLhod (nA1M)
B;F."8$%C*$<G88.($@;872"G92';8$
Ga|ong La tunne|
Medog h|ghway, 1|bet$
"'' ["'Calong La Lunnel' enLrance]," Llberauon Army ually, (2009.12.13), aL < hup://ubeL.cn/[laoLong_pd/xzlsn[uz/
ymbczhh/201104/L20110422_1007332.hLml > [accessed 4 SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
@|[ Ga|ong La tunne|, Medog h|ghway, 1|bet$
lbld, and " [1lbeLan conLrol pro[ecLs Calong La 1lbeL Medog hlghway Lunnel Lhrough], Puanqul,
(2011), aL < hup://bbs.puduw.org/Lhread-3764-1-1.hLml > [accessed 3 SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
P@G22'8S$YFS.T$<G88.('8S$
xlamen xlang'an 1unnel, 1sL undersea Lunnel ln Chlnese malnland nlshed," \lomeo News, (2009.11.06) aL < >, and Chongmlng 1unnel, Shanghal, Chlna," ALCCM,
(2010) aL < hup://www.aecom.com.au/WhereWeAre/Asla/_carousel/Chongmlng1unnel,Shanghal,Chlna > boLh [accessed 12 !une 2010].
1he Chongmlng 8lver Crosslng comprlses Lwo 13.3
meLers dlameLer 18M Lunnels, maklng lL Lhe |argest
tunne| |n the wor|d, connecLed by elghL cross
passages. Lach Lunnel ls approxlmaLely 7.3 kllomeLers
long and llnked Lo a 1.3 kllomeLers approach road. 1he
Lunnel wlll be a double-deckered. 1he upper parL wlll
be a Lhree lane road, whlle Lhe lower parL wlll house
Lhe uullues and a llghL rallway. An lnnovauve ground
freezlng Lechnlque wlll be used for cross passage
consLrucuon. CasL lron llnlng segmenLs wlll replace Lhe
630 mllllmeLers Lhlck concreLe aL Lhe [uncuon beLween
Lhe bored Lunnel and cross passage.
Aer more Lhan four years' consLrucuon, xlamen
xlang'an undersea 1unnel, Lhe hrst undersea
tunne| |n Ch|nese ma|n|and, was dug Lhrough on
CcL. 3, 2009, marklng a mllesLone ln Chlna's
Lunnel consLrucuon Lechnology beLween xlamen
lsland and xlamen ln souLheasL Chlna's lu[lan
provlnce. 1he pro[ecL, whlch adopLed Lhe
undersea blasung and undermlnlng meLhods
Lraverslng Lhe easLern sea of xlamen, has a LoLal
lengLh of 8.693 km wlLh Lhe Lunnel lengLh
amounung Lo 3.93 km and 70 meLers below Lhe
sea level aL lLs deepesL secuon.
Chongmlng 8lver 1unnel xlamen undersea 1unnel
2uu7 Ning Xia Bafeng Coal Nine Skt Blast
20 December 2007: "N|ng k|a Dafeng Coa| M|ne 8|asnng Chamber." 1oLal lnvesLmenL: 30 mllllon yuan, ro[ecL
perlod: 2006 - 2007. 3,300 Lons of exploslves equal small nuclear weapons, exploslve power equlvalenL Lo 1 / 4 Lhe
Plroshlma aLomlc bomb, 1he world's largesL blasung ln 17 years = 14 mllllon Lons of coal broughL Lo llghL Lhe
world's rare, for the hrst nme for the c|v|| a|r defense eng|neer|ng se|sm|c data to prov|de b|ast res|stant."
l(7@3j [The World's Largest Blasting], Zhenghun Network, (2009.04.24) at < http://www.lnlt.cn/viewthread.php?tid=26484 > [accessed 7 March 2008,
translated by IP-1011.
V.(,2.F$<G88.('8S$Y::;"27
@,"(E(.$D";G)c7$:,'(.F$,22.3)2$2;$,9\G'".$$
gG,;8,$a.,bE$Y\G')3.82$B,8G:,92G"."$
lo 2008, wosbloqtoo-boseJ ptlvote-epolty ftm cotlyle Ctoop l.l. obooJooeJ o ploo to
ocpolte o coottollloq stoke lo \oqooq Ctoop becoose lt folleJ to tecelve opptovol ftom
tbe cbloese qovetomeot. cotlyle boJ ploooeJ to boy o . 85X stoke lo tbe ftm.
WhaL ever Lhe real reason for Lhe falled deal, lL ls noL lrrelevanL LhaL Lhe xuaona Corporauon
produces mosL of Lhe excavaLors used ln Lhe underground CreaL Wall ro[ecL.
C|v|||an Underground Infrastructure & 1echno|ogy$
%,"2$;:$],2';8,($%;('9E$,8F$B,^;"$B'('2,"E$*77.2$
1here ls more clvlllan Lunnellng golng on ln Chlna Lhan everywhere else
ln Lhe world comblned.
Chlna ls becomlng Lhe leadlng buyer and appller of Lunnellng Lechnology.
A new CenLury" SLraLegy:
Irom Lmergency kesponse to Long kange: Construcnon of a New Underground
"Great Wa||,"
Irom "S|ng|e" to "Mu|n-Iuncnon": Integranon of rotecnve Lng|neer|ng,
Irom "Scauered" to "Networked": "Network|ng" of Command Systems,
Irom C|osed to Cpen: Increased 8enehts of Integranng eacenme and Warnme
Iuncnons,
Irom "ku|e of Man" to "ku|e of Law": kegu|anon 8ecom|ng More Sc|ennhc,
Irom Underground to the Surface: Marr|age of "1wo Defenses" 8u||ds a
rotecnve 8arr|er,
Look|ng to 1omorrow from 1oday: "D|gg|ng Deep 1unne|s" Never Cut of Date.
Crossover beLween Clvll uefense Lunnellng and MlllLary underground
Lechnology developmenL and force deploymenL.
"Civil Air Defense Striding Into the New Century, Jiefangjun Bao Online [Beijing, in Mandarin], (2000.01.08): p.9, at [OSC translation CPP20001108000041:
Jiefangjun Bao Article on China's Achievements in Civil Air Defense; accessed 8 June 2010].
Study #4!
R#3#1%,E()$*+,-,./$*(C+:3.EN+$1(
S (]G9(.,"$O,9'('2'.7$
h $*"3E$i%C*j$<G88.('8S$
h $],b,($i%C*]j$<G88.('8S$
h $*'"$O;"9.$i%C**Oj$<G88.('8S$
C;)$]G"$]G9(.,"$<.72$1'2.$$
and 1unne| Warhead Storage (c|rca 1962-current)
1be ftst stotoqe toooel tepotteJly wos completeJ lo 1964, tbe some yeot os cbloos ftst oocleot test,
ooJ sobotJlooteJ to tbe Nouoool uefeose 5cleoce commlssloo lo 1965. ueclosslfeJ u.5. lotelllqeoce
commoolty tepotuoq ftom 1971 loJlcotes tbot o ceottol stotoqe foclllty fot wotbeoJs wos locoteJ lo o
tlJqe oboot 12om ftom tbe koko Not weopoos fobtlcouoo complex.
Quote from: Mark Stokes, Chinas Nuclear Warhead Storage and Handling System, (monograph; Washington, DC: Project 2029 Institute, 12 March 2010): pp. 4, 14, cites
source as: Communist China's Weapons Program for Strategic Attack, NIE 13-8-71 (declassified), October 28, 1971. It added that some of this space is probably used for
nuclear weapons inspection and retrofit. Photo from: Pans M. krlsLensen, 8oberL S. norrls, and Mauhew C. Mcklnzle, cbloese Nocleot lotces ooJ u.5. Nocleot
wot lloooloq, (WashlngLon, uC: lAS & n8uC, november 2006): pp. 123-123.
Current Lop Nur Nuc|ear 1esnng & Warhead Storage
Kristensen,Norris, and McKinzie, Chinese Nuclear Forces and U.S. Nuclear
War Planning, op cit.
8lghL: close-ops of eottooces to fve botlzootol
toooels ot tbe lop Not test slte lo tbe \lojlooq
ptovloce. ceoteteJ ot 414201N, 882158,
tbe sotelllte lmoqe teveols votloos levels of
ocuvlues ot oll fve eottooces. 1tocks ote vlslble ot
foot of tbe fve toooel eottooces, potucolotly tbe
eosteto . ooJ ooe eottooce ls coveteJ wltb o
toof.
Le: 1hls saLelllLe lmage Laken ln 2003 shows
whaL appears Lo be Lhe mosL acuve horlzonLal
Lunnel aL Lhe Lop nur LesL slLe. Several 20-fooL (6-
meLer) Lrucks are vlslble amongsL Lhe bulldlngs.
WhaL appears Lo be Lhe dumplng area for rock
excavaLed from Lhe Lunnel ls vlslble ln Lhe le
slde of Lhe lmage.
1unne| Comp|ex at Nuc|ear 1est S|te
[1he former nuclear LesL slLe ln Chlna: xln[lang Malan]," Slna, (2007.10.17), aL < hup://blog.slna.com.cn/s/
blog_4cf6c3b601000b37.hLml > [accessed 13 !an. 2011, LranslaLed by Coogle Chrome].
C'8$%',;c7$%";^.92$0L45$
'=F(
=>Y%&")5)$9%&'8)"20'Z2++'$.'1?-%2>'-%0")%2+'+2,$90'$.'1?-%2[6'
Y%&")5)$9%&'X9#+"2)'!"#$%&'!0)-J"'1242A-+-0,'<%69)2%#"F'
" [8eal plcLures of "underground CreaL Wall of Chlna" lnLernal layouL of Chlna's underground nuclear Second SLrlke
CapablllLy lnsurance]," cl8, (2011.08.23), aL < hup://lc.cf8.com.cn/news/20110823/7739,2.shLml > [accessed 18 SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
LkAMLL 4: Lar|y M|ss||e Iac|||ty?
C'8$%',;c7$%";^.92$0L45$
LA's |argest known man-made tunne|
[\9,,[6301 [MlllLary of Chlna's largesL man-made cave: Lln 6301 lssue of secreL pro[ecL]," ), (2011.09.07),
< hup://www.m937.com/hLml/phoLo/laozhaoplan/2011/09/8394909033038.hLm > [accessed 17 SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
- sLarLed by Lln lao ln 1963
- underground rallroad llnk
wlLh four Lracks
- 7 years under consLrucuon
- 17 kllomeLers of Lunnels
- 3 layers
- maln gallery = 12 x 12
meLers
- 23 large rooms
- 18 large clrcular Lanks (for
llquld fuel sLorage?)
- 17 venulauon shas
- abandoned ln 1973
TN7+$#&)I7"U<2.$#G#)I2."V#$0+"/0%%")("-,&20W"
[|\9,, 6301 [1he largesL man-made cave Lln 8lao's 6301 mlllLary consLrucuon]," ,, (2011.09.07), aL < hup://
www.qlanyan001.com/llshl/c/20110907/1313366779_11686300.hLml > [accessed 17 SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
C'8$%',;c7$%";^.92$0L45$
/},[]|"
Palled as Lhe 'underground CreaL Wall of Chlna'.
[|\9,, 6301," op clL.
lrom Lhe lnformauon currenLly avallable, 6301 ro[ecL name comes from Lhe CenLral MlllLary Commlsslon le
no. 1963, ls currenLly Lhe largesL known man-made mlllLary use of Lhe cave . Cave complex. 1here are 23 rooms,
wlLh, 17 venulauon sha, lengLh of over 17,000 meLers, a large hole deslgned Lo pass Lralns, hole for Lruck Lramc.
1here are 18 clrcular cemenL oor, puL Lhe orlglnal 18 large Lanks. 6301 pro[ecL . halled as Lhe "underground
CreaL Wall of Chlna."
?ou can walk Lhrough Lhe Lraln from four Lrucks Lo enLer Lhe parallel, Lhe wldLh of 12 meLers, 12 meLers hlgh ln
Lhe cave, buL anu-Zhong Punan Llnxlang Lown "6301" maln hole.
Slnce 1963 lL has a very subLle sLaLe ln Lhe consLrucuon of 8 years. Larly 1973, suddenly abandoned, sull no one
undersLood lLs funcuon, role and reason are abandoned. now, Lhe local governmenL has here and 3 km away 1aolln
Lead-Zlnc "aruclal deserL" developmenL as LourlsL spoL.
Llnxlang Lhe norLhern gaLe of Punan, ls under Lhe [urlsdlcuon of ?ueyang, from Wuhan, Changsha, respecuvely
134 km and 161 km, 107 SLaLe 8oad slde shop ln Llnxlang ClLy, 8el[lng-Zhuhal Lxpressway Llnxlang mouLh down, 3
mlnuLes up urban area, one called "Chang" crossed Lhe rlver ln Lhe clLy. 6301 Lnglneerlng Llnxlang clLy abouL 13
kllomeLers away from.
8lack hole gauze cover nearly half a hole, as Lhe pro[ecL has so far noL fully decrypLed. lrom Lhe lnformauon
currenLly avallable, 6301 works from Lhe CenLral MlllLary Commlsslon ln 1963 named Lhe rsL documenL, ls currenLly
Lhe largesL known mlllLary use of man-made caves. lL ls Lhe upper, mlddle and lower layers. 1he enure mounLaln has
been hollowed ouL, connecLed up and down, hole connecLed Lo Lhose early hole, such as break maze, large scale
rarely seen ln Lhe ouLslde world.
Puge granlLe sLrucLure was hollowed ouL mounLaln, made of relnforced concreLe up and down Lhree, cold and
humld, Lhe LemperaLure abouL 18 degrees Celslus year round. Surprlslngly, Lhe 6301 pro[ecL ln addluon Lo 17
kllomeLers of aruclal caves, buL also Lhe dlsLrlbuuon of Lhe 23 rooms of varlous slzes hall, large room Lo hundreds of
square meLers, and 17 large hlgh-wlde mlsslle-shaped cave.
%";^.92$0L45
[\9,,[6301," op clL.
A8CvL: Secure enLrance Lo Lhe valley,
8lCP1: 1unnel guard Lower, 8LLCW: Maln road.
8LLCW: Auxlllary exlL.
%";^.92$0L45
1ota| = 10 Lntrances for ka|| and 1rucks.
[\9,,[6301 [MlllLary of Chlna's largesL man-made cave: Lln lao's 6301 lssue of secreL pro[ecL]," Net ose (bloq),
(2011.09.06), aL < hup://xqy88.blog.163.com/blog/sLauc/6326399620118683333342/ > [accessed 17 SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011], and "6301
[\9]] [MysLerlous 6301 ro[ecL: Chlna's blggesL unnlshed pro[ecLs of mlllLary hlsLory!]," =)j), (2008.06.18), aL < hup://
bbs.voc.com.cn/archlver/ud-1336007.hLml > [accessed 1 SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
8lCP1: Maln enLrance,
LLl1: CLher exlLs.
%";^.92$0L45
1ota| = 10 Lntrances for ka|| and 1rucks.
[\9,,[6301," op clL., and for deLalls on rall llnks, see: "'6301'" [Code '6301]," 8edneL, (2006.07.18), aL < hup://
hn.redneL.cn/c/2006/08/03/1013820.hLm > [accessed 1 SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
LLl1: 8all llne from Llnxlang ClLy, 8lCP1: 8allroad LnLrance (Lracks removed).
L|n |ao's Secret ro[ect 6S01
[\9,,[6301," op clL.
6301|3j," op clL. upper le phoLo from: "[]6301( [ueservlng Lo be looked aer,
Llnxlang 1aolln 6301 SecreL Cave]," 1lexoe.oet, (2009.07.17), aL < hup://bbs.uexue.neL/posL2_3713387_1.hLml > [accessed 18 SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
L|n |ao's Secret ro[ect 6S01
ro[ect 6S01
[\9,,[6301," op clL.
Descr|bed as M|ss||e 8ay Cne of e|ghteen 80 meter h|gh "S||os"
S||o for tank storage
of L|qu|d Iue|?
ro[ect 6S01
[\9,,[6301," op clL.
Uncomp|eted parts of ro[ect 6S01
[\9,,[6301," op clL, and 6301-[\9]] [MysLerlous
6301 pro[ecL - Chlna's largesL mlllLary unnlshed pro[ecLs ]," 8aldu, (2008.01.31), aL < hup://hl.baldu.com/e3239/blog/lLem/
a99341f3691f1ecf0b46e012.hLml > [accessed 1 SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
Uncomp|eted parts of ro[ect 6S01
'' [8eal plcLures of "underground CreaL Wall of Chlna" lnLernal landscape of Chlna's
underground nuclear Second SLrlke CapablllLy lnsurance]," cl8, (2011.08.23), aL < hup://lc.cf8.com.cn/news/20110823/7739,2.shLml > [accessed 18 SepL. 2011,
LranslaLed by l-1011].
Army 1unnellng
%C*$F.)(;E3.82$;:$*"3E$G8'27$'8$G8F."S";G8F$9;3)(.Z$
Late 1960s]ear|y 1970s
unlL equlpmenL seLs ready for rapld deploymenL 1unnel based moLor pool
underground Lroops movemenL Lhru Lunnel complex roLecLed ammunluon and supply depoLs
LaLe 1960s LA CreaLed Serles of Large
%C*$IT.-#'1#5('1.,%-+(1/$$+3'U((
]j|(
8ullL ln reacuon Lo LhreaL of SovleL nuclear preempuon
%C*$@;,72,($!.:.87.$V.S'3.82$
"Cperauon 8apld 8esponse" SLaged on ?ellow Sea lslands," cc1v-7 [8el[lng ln Mandarln], (2009.12.07), aL [CSC lLA20100216001319: uvu/Web roducL:
8C MlllLary Acuvlues ln uec 09," accessed 27 nov. 2010].
Modern retractab|e arn||ery bunker |n |s|and tunne| comp|ex
<G88.('8S$:;"$@;,72,($!.:.87.$i9'"9,$5NLLX5NMLj
examp|e of Z?-0"'<6+2%&'
lorucauon of CoasLal posluons began
ln Lhe 1930s,
uec. 1967 hou Lnlal personally gave
order for nuclear hardenlng,"
10 years of consLrucuon, 3,000
workers,
Plgh rlsk - almosL every meLer
excavauon, Lhe sacrlce of a soldler
or clvlllan. 30 kllled and hundreds
ln[ured."
300 meLer enLrance hall, Lhen opens up
lnLo underground naval base 27
meLers hlgh by 70 meLers wlde, exlL
Lunnel,
10 laLeral Lunnels 300 meLers long,
30,000 square meLers lnslde,
lncluded mlsslle reserve bank" and
mlsslle handllng sLorage,"
Can hold and repalr more Lhan 20 boaLs
up Lo 2,140 Lons,
Sealed and self-conLalned sLorage for
1000 Lons oll, 300 Lons fresh waLer,
and 140 blocks of barracks.
() [hukal Whle Lek lsland]," 51766.com, 2006.06.23) aL < hup://www.31766.com/zhlnan/11001/1100189782.hLml > [accessed 7
!une 2010, LranslaLed by l-1011].
Z?-0"'<6+2%&'@;,72,($!.:.87.
(," op clL.
@;,72,($O;"2'k'9,2';87$
9[,] [1he CreaL Wonder naval 8ase]," nooqJoo.qxoews, (2006.04.12) aL < hup://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/vlewLhread-4322403-1.hLml > [accessed 3
!uly 2010, LranslaLed by l-1011], 7666130mm [Model 76 Lwln 130mm CoasLal uefense Cuns]," , (2008.06.24)
at < hup:]]w|k|.||vedoor.[p]namacha2]d]84CI8ADCC8A4A1CAC3L689I1A1C8 > [accessed 3 Iu|y 2010].
http://www.15630.com/haidao/zhhaidao/bl/200704/1741.html
@;,72,($O;"2'k'9,2';87$
@;,72,($O;"2'k'9,2';87$
[1he CreaL Wonder naval 8ase]," nooqJoo.qxoews, (2006.04.12) aL < hup://hongdou.gxnews.com.cn/vlewLhread-4322403-1.hLml >
[accessed 3 !uly 2010, LranslaLed by l-1011], 7650[7665130mm= [Model 76 Lwln 130mm CoasLal uefense Cuns]," E7[0
5|, (2008.06.24) aL < hup://wlkl.llvedoor.[p/namacha2/d/84Cl8AuCC8A4A1CAC3L689l1A1C8 > [accessed 3 !uly 2010].
Z?-0"'<6+2%&'Coasta| Defense
: [huhal WhlLe Lek lsland 1our: MlllLary laclllues]," 5oqoo, (2007.11.28) aL < hup://bbs.sogou.com/
109366/nSq3ls3upxol8AAAA.hLml > [accessed 7 !une 2010, LranslaLed by l-1011].
V#%$--+P"/%$-(1G-$=,7.$
1lm 8rown, Cverhead & underground," lecLure, 1echnology & SecurlLy, CeorgeLown unlverslLy, (30 nov. 2003, updaLed 20 May 2010).
V#%$--+P"/%$-(1G-$=,7.$
5NM47$2;$%".7.82$
1alllngs used as ll
Coer dam
1unnel dlg uock and base
1unnel enLrance
8esldual drlll, exlL
1lm 8rown, Cverhead & underground," lecLure, 1echnology & SecurlLy, CeorgeLown unlverslLy, (30 nov. 2003, updaLed 20 May 2010).
R8F."S";G8F$1G-$=,7.
(probably Ilooqqezboooq - home of all Pan-class 1ype-091)
Kristensen,Norris, and McKinzie, Chinese Nuclear Forces and U.S. Nuclear War Planning, op cit.
1G-3,"'8.$C,G89&.F$=,(('72'9$B'77'(.7$$
stored and ma|nta|ned underground w|th re|oads for Subs
IL-1
IL-2
hoLo from: !L-2 (CSS-nx-4 SL8M !ln Class SS8n nuclear ueLerrenL
Mlsslle SysLem," Ceoetol 8oomo bloq, (20
MIkV?
A/3#$(R8F."S";G8F$1G-$=,7.
Palnan lsland
Crlglnally dlscovered by 1lm 8rown, see: Coogle LarLh lmagery reveals enLrance Lo Chlna sub Lunnel," wotlJ 1tlbote, (2006.08.07), aL < hup://
www.worldLrlbune.com/worldLrlbune/06/fronL2433933.079861111.hLml > [accessed 7 nov. 2009].
1be toooel ls ooe of 10 socb sobmotloe toooels cbloo bos bollt to ovolJ Jetecuoo ooJ
ouock fot lts sobmotloe fotces.
=<6'0?")"'2'X9#+"2)'Z"24$%6'!0$)25"'!-0"'$%'\2-%2%'<6+2%&BF'
CuoLes and lmages from: Pans krlsLensen, LsumaLed nuclear Weapons Locauons: 2009," lA5 5ttoteqlc 5ecotlty 8loq,
(2009.11.27), aL < hup://www.fas.org/blog/ssp/2009/11/locauons.php > [accessed 4 !une 2011].
wbete Joes cbloo stote oocleot wotbeoJs fot lts bolllsuc mlsslle sobmotloes? 1be oovol bose oeot Iollo oo
nolooo lslooJ bos exteoslve ooJetqtoooJ foclllues. Ao oltetoouve to tbe bose ltself coolJ poteouolly be o
foclllty elsewbete oo tbe lslooJ, socb os loloo Alt 8ose wbete coosttocuoo of oo ooJetqtoooJ foclllty beqoo
fve yeots befote tbe ftst 558N ottlveJ ot nolooo. Ot ote tbe weopoos stoteJ oo tbe mololooJ?
%C**O$R8F."S";G8F$a,8S."$@;872"G92';8$
(clrca 1960s)
%C**O$B;G82,'8$a,8S."$
Iormer Shahe A|rbase
now a museum, easL porLal of mounLaln hanger for former Shahe Alrbase ghLers ouLslde of 8el[lng. Chlna Avlauon Museum - Pangar LnLrance,"
loootomlo, (2009.01 21), aL hup://sLauc.panoramlo.com/phoLos/orlglnal/18068037.[pg > [accessed 31 uec. 2010]. 8lasL proLecuon doors replaced.
%C**O$B;G82,'8$a,8S."
Chlna Avlauon Museum - Pangar LnLrance," op clL.
West Lntrance
Curved Inter|or
Dr|ve-thru
1unne|
S
k
m

b
e
t
w
e
e
n

8
a
s
e

a
n
d

U
n
d
e
r
g
r
o
u
n
d

n
a
n
g
e
r

%C**O$IR.*+3(.<(;#,(W.,5+('1%1#.$U(
(
Lxample of 1unnel 8ased Alrcra ShelLer
!"#<+$-(*'"$=,7.$$
Innei Nongolia
China's fiist nucleai haiueneu
unueigiounu aiiciaft hangei
(1969)
cited as PLAAFs first excavated underground hanger at 51E [New airport Asia's largest military airport,
China's "area 51], Overview of China's Super Projects, (2008.10.,24) at < http://www.ourairports.com/airports/CN-0187/ > [accessed 15 Jan. 2010, translated by P-1011).
1unnel 1km from runway,
1wo hardened enLrances
faclng opposlLe dlrecuons,
Llnked by underground
pass-Lhru and hangers,
LengLh = 700 meLers,
8eporLed alrcra sLorage
= 80 !-7s ghLers.
norLh enLrance
SouLh enLrance
Dua| roads
1unne|
TM1%.(*'"$=,7.$
(uansu Piovince) $
"|@" Ljtao Aii Base cited with underground hanger at 51E [New airport Asia's largest military airport,
China's "area 51], op cit; map from: C^2,;$Air Base, Our Airports, (2010) at < http://www.ourairports.com/airports/CN-0125/ > [accessed 15 June 2010].
SLandard alrbase pauern
buL wlLh hardened shelLer
or Lunnel enLrance backed
lnLo earLh (enLry way Lo
underground complex?) aL
end of a tree ||ned country
road 1.2km from base.
Pard Lo nd excepL for
ghLer parked ouLslde.
Pardened shelLer/ Lunnel enLrance
bullL lnLo mounLaln
X"%$-E+(1;G2&.,72$*'"$=,7.$
(uansu Piovince) $
"" Zhangye Aii Base cited with underground hanger at 51E [New airport Asia's largest military airport,
China's "area 51], op cit; map from: Zhangye Southeast Air Base, Our Airports, (2010) at < http://www.ourairports.com/airports/CN-0143/ > [accessed 15 June 2010].
underground
alrcra sLorage
ln slde of
mounLaln wlLh
hardened face
and heavy blasL
doors, buL no
apparenL back
door
uual o-seL runways
Cverlapplng cenLer aprons
]-%56?9-'*'"$=,7.$
(uansu Piovince) $
8ecenL alr base
consLrucuon wlLh
nearly ldenucal dual
ass-Lhru shelLers aL
WesL and LasL ends of
Clngshul Alr 8ase.
Lach shelLer complex
has nearby hardsLand
and loop access. Note
re|anve s|ze of hghter.
"A" Qingshui Air Base, Our Airports, (2010) at < http://
www.ourairports.com/airports/CN-0143/ > [accessed 15 June
2010]; and "39.334722,98.884167" uoogle Naps,
(2u1u) at <http:maps.google.commaps.
ll=S9.SS4722,98.884167&spn=u.uS,u.uS&t=h&q=
S9.SS4722,98.884167 > |accesseu 11 Nay 2u1u].
WesL 8unker Complex
LasL 8unker Complex
]-%56?9-'*'"$=,7.$(cont.) $
8ecenLly consLrucLed Lwo ldenucal 600 ass-Lhru shelLers aL
Clngshul Alr 8ase wlLh blasL doors and overhead cover. noLe
bu||dozer tracks add|ng earth cover and re|anve s|ze of hghter.
WesL 8unker Complex
LasL 8unker Complex
"_" 0iumqi South Air Base, Our Airports, (2010) at < http://www.ourairports.com/airports/CN-0132// > [accessed 15 June 2010]; and "" Zhangye Aii
Base cited with caves built into hills at 51E [New airport Asia's largest military airport, China's "area 51], op cit;
map from: Zhangye Southeast Air Base, Our Airports, (2010) at < http://www.ourairports.com/airports/CN-0143/ > [accessed 15 June 2010].
Y)93N-'South *'"$=,7.$(Xinjiang AR) $
Maln operaung base
3km long publlc access
paved road for alrcra
movemenL
1own & lndusLrlal
cenLer
WesL-end Lunnel
complex wlLh
hardened doors
for alrcra access
aved road Lo
nowhere:" comlng
ouL of LasL-end
Lunnel.
Y)93N-'South *'"$=,7.$(cont.) $
unlque comblnauon of WesL enLrance
for alrcra and LasL enLrance for LesL
and malnLenance faclllues wlLh paved
road Lo nowhere." resumably Lhe Lwo
faclllues are llnked by one of Lhe
longesL alrbase Lunnels ln Lhe LAAl aL
over 8,000 ln lengLh.
LasL-end Complex
WesL-end Complex
1unnel
Lalllngs
LasL
Servlce
Access
WesL
Alrcra
LnLrance
Secondary
8unker
8#%$'"/#(*'"$=,7.$
(uansu Piovince) $
"9A" Tianshui Aii Base cited with underground hanger at 51E [New airport Asia's largest military airport, China's
"area 51], op cit; map from: Tianshui Air Base, Our Airports, (2010) at http://www.ourairports.com/airports/CN-0130/ > [accessed 15 June 2010].
ass-Lhru covered
hardened shelLer
300 long, wlLh blasL
doors, locaLed ln an
lndusLrlal area,
across ma[or
hlghway aL end of a
tree ||ned street
1,000h from
runaway.
norLh enLrance
SouLh enLrance
2/D+#(*'"$=,7.$:;((;67$X"%$-E+(B;F.($
(unuei constiuction, uate unknown) $
"j" Wuwei Aii Base cited with underground hanger at
51E [New airport Asia's largest
military airport, China's "area 51], op cit; overhead imagery from: Wuwei
Air Base, Our Airports, (2010) at < http://www.ourairports.com/airports/
CN-0136/ > [accessed 15 June 2010].
Alrcra ramp
Peavy blasL doors
underground alrcra or warhead sLorage?
uual C-seL 8unways !-curve" 8amp & LnLry ueslgn
A#$5"/%$(*'"$=,7.$$
N|ngx|a Ak
(bu||t c|rca 1980s)
Var|ety of 1unne|s &
Underground Comp|exes
?lnchuan WesL Alr 8ase Super-hardened underground 8unkers," vlttool Clobettomoq, (2011), aL < hup://vlrLualglobeLrong.com/
map/ylnchuan-wesL-alr-base-super-hardened-underground-bunkers/vlew/?servlce=0 > [accessed 10 SepL. 2011].
Ma|n 8ase
Underground
A|rcrah nanger
Comp|ex
Iac|||nes w|th n|||s|de 1unne|s
Warhead Storage 8unkers
A#$5"/%$(*'"$=,7.
1lm 8rown, Cverhead & underground," lecLure, 1echnology & SecurlLy, CeorgeLown unlverslLy, (30 nov. 2003, updaLed 20 May 2010), ?lnchuan
WesL Alr 8ase super-hardened underground bunkers," vlttool Clobttomoq, (2008.01.23) a < hup://vlrLualglobeLrong.com/map/ylnchuan-wesL-alr-
base-super-hardened-underground-bunkers/ > [accessed 13 !une 2010].
Dr|ve-thru
ne||copters
n b|d.
ersonne|
tunne|
North 1unne|s
South 1unne|s
^-%#?92%'A|r 8ase (conL.)
Photo of J-8Is entering tunnel from: Carlo Kopp, PLAAF and PLAN Legacy Fighters, (Technical Report APA-TR-2007-0104; Canberra, AUS: Air Power Australia,
Jan. 2007) at < http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-PLA-Fighters.html > [accessed 10 Jan. 2010].
North 1unne|s
19&.3,2'9$;:$@&'8.7.$!.7'S8.F$R8F."S";G8F$*'"-,7.$
s|m||ar to ^-%#?92%'A|r 8ase $
underground 8unways and Pangar laclllLy," loklstoo uefeoce lorum, (2011.08.23), aL < hup://lmageshack.us/f/832/bunkern3sLor.[pg/ >
[accessed 13 SepL. 2011].
Al 8ase near Lhe aklsLan navy 8ase Cwadar: consLrucuon of Lhls complex has begun ln 1980
wlLh Lhe help of Chlna and lL ls reporLed LhaL lL cannoL be damaged durlng an earLhquake.
A#D/(*'"$=,7.$
I|nan Mk
1unne| Comp|ex Des|gn
s|m||ar to A#$5"/%$(mode|
underground Access," vlttool Clobettomoq, (2011), aL < hup://vlrLualglobeLrong.com/map/underground-access-1/> [accessed 10 SepL. 2011]. Corooa
lmagery from: ?lwl Alrbase 2920'n 12002'L," Clobol 5ecotlty, (2011.07.11), < hup://www.globalsecurlLy.org/mlllLary/world/chlna/lkonos_ylwl_2000329
underground.hLm > [accessed 6 SepL. 2011].
South Lntrances
North Lntrances
A|rcrah
Dr|ve-thru
ersonne|
1unne|
1972 Corona |magery
W+#*.$-(*'"$=,7.
(Abhul rovlnce)
1 ml
2 km
AlLernaLe 8unway
and 1axlway
SouLh-WesL
1unnel
norLh-LasL
1unnel
1unnel
Lalllngs
Feidong Air Base, Our Airports, (2010) at < http://www.ourairports.com/airports/CN-0147/ > [accessed 15 June 2010]; and Kristensen, Norris, and
McKinzie, Chinese Nuclear Forces and U.S. Nuclear War Planning, op cit.
W+#*.$-(*'"$=,7.
(Abhul rovlnce)
Ibid.
SouLh-WesL
1unnel
norLh-LasL
1unnel
;$6#$-(*'"$=,7.
(Anhul rovlnce)
Ma|n 8ase for n-6 8ombers
P-6 8omber llnes
Large alrcra hanger
Loadlng areas
1unnel enLrance
Anqing Air Base, Our Airports, (2010) at < http://www.ourairports.com/airports/ZSAQ/ > [accessed 15 June 2010]; and Kristensen, Norris,
and McKinzie, Chinese Nuclear Forces and U.S. Nuclear War Planning, op cit.
;$6#$-(*'"$=,7.$(cont.)
North 1unne|
South 1unne|
Ibid.
Cther 1unne||ng coverage for Anq|ng A|r 8ase -- n-6 8ombers
30.33 n 117.02 L
PC1C: 8are lllusLrauon of Lunnel deployed P-6 8omber, from: LCWL8 LLl1: krlsLensen, norrls, and Mcklnzle, cbloese Nocleot lotces ooJ u.5. Nocleot
wot lloooloq, op clL, 8lCP1: LAAl 2006," 5loouefeoscelotom, (2006.09.06), aL < hup://www.slnodefenceforum.com/alr-force/google-earLh-plaaf-2006-
a-1934.hLml > [accessed 17 !uly 2010]. 1he lauer also provldes a llsung of mosL Chlnese Alr 8ases wlLh LaL-Long coordlnaLes.
PO'S&2."T$7'd.F$<G88.(7$
Sean C'Connor and Carlo kopp, Assesslng LA underground Alr 8aslng CapablllLy," (reporL 2011-01, Canberra, AuS: Alr ower AusLralla Analysls, 16
lebruary 2011), aL < hup://www.ausalrpower.neL/supporL.hLml > [accessed 28 Aug. 2011.
=(,72$!;;"$!.7'S8$
lbld.
YZ,3)(.7$;:$C,"S.$R8F."S";G8F$a,8S."7$
lbld.
Underground A|r 8ase nanger Inter|or Des|gn
Kristensen, Norris, and McKinzie, Chinese Nuclear Forces and U.S. Nuclear War Planning, op cit.; and C'Connor and kopp, Assesslng LA
underground Alr 8aslng CapablllLy," op clL.
!lang emln CMC lnspecuon Coooqzboo underground hanger
nuclear capable lL-28 ln large hanger aL Coooqzboo
Underground A|r 8ase nanger Inter|or Des|gn
C'Connor and kopp, Assesslng LA underground Alr 8aslng CapablllLy," op clL.
compotouve eottooce slzes fot llA ooJetqtoooJ booqots, scoleJ ftom lmoqety. 5ome fqbtet bose eottooces ote os oottow os
12 mettes, wblle some 8oJqet-slzeJ bose eottooces moy be os wlJe os 40 mettes. 1bete ote elqbt koowo J5 - 40 mette
wlJe 8oJqet-slzeJ booqots, ooe of wblcb ls JecommlsslooeJ, footteeo koowo 22 mette wlJe 8eoqle-slzeJ booqots, ooJ
seveoteeo koowo 12 to 14 mette wlJe MlC-slzeJ booqots.
5lqolfcoot locteoses lo lotetool stotoqe copoclty ooJ soppotuoq copoblllues socb os motetlel stotoqe ooJ petsoooel
occommoJouoo coo be ocbleveJ by osloq complex totbet tboo slmple lotetool topoloqles.
New Lmphas|s on nardened Ind|v|dua| She|ters?
(c|rca 2010)
[14 [Super klll Lhe LA devlce! Chlna cuL Lhe perfecL proLoLype P-14 exposure]" lolels, (2010.11.03), < hup://www.fulels.com/xw/2010/11/03/26.hLm > [accessed 7
leb. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
roLoLype model of P-14 shown wlLh laLesL alrcra shelLer wlLh blasL doors.
Study #5!
=
$*
(;,1#33+,E()$*+,-,./$*(Y0,+%1(2%33U$
uooq leoq -- ostwotJ wloJ -- ls Lhe orlglnal nomenclaLure for LA balllsuc mlsslles = ul." Hu Inspects the Second Artillery Force, Xomjia, (13
Dec. 2009), at < http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-06/29/content_628562.htm > [accessed 20 Feb. 2010]. Photos accompanied the website posting.
%".7'F.82$aG$'87).927$2&.$1.9;8F$*"2'((."E$O;"9.$
).":;"3,89.$;:$P1;8S$;:$!;8S$O.8ST$l$Z%'1D%,*(2#$*$
keceotly, spoosoteJ by tbe leoples llbetouoo Atmy, cbloo Nouoool uefeose
News, teveoleJ tbe 5ecooJ Atullety mlsslle fotces to bollJ oo ooJetqtoooJ coveto
sltoouoo.. Aoolysts solJ tbot tbe cbloese meJlo JoteJ to pobllsb tbese ote colleJ
uoJetqtoooJ Cteot woll of tbe sttoteqlc foclllues sboweJ tbot tbe cbloese system
of lts oocleot opetouoos wltb oopteceJeoteJ coofJeoce ooJ cootoqe.
13 uec. 2009
cbloese lteslJeot no Ilotoo lospecteJ tbe
beoJpoottets of tbe 5ecooJ Atullety lotce
of tbe cbloese leople's llbetouoo Atmy
(llA) oo weJoesJoy to motk tbe 40tb
ooolvetsoty of tbe foooJloq of tbe coootty's
sttoteqlc ttoops.
lo bls speecb, no pleJqeJ to step op mllltoty
tefotms, -%0"%6-.,' 4)"42)2*$%6' .$)' 0?"'
3-+-02),' 60)955+"7' 2%&' 60)"%50?"%' 0?"'
$G")2++' A9-+&-%5' $.' 0?"' !"#$%&' ()*++"),'
;$)#"..
Nouoq tbot tbe 5ecooJ Atullety lotce
sboolJets o qlotloos mlssloo ooJ lmpottoot
Joues lo tbe oew ceototy ooJ tbe oew
petloJ, no solJ tbe lotty ceottol commluee
ooJ tbe cMc bove ouocbeJ qteot
lmpottooce to ooJ plooeJ blqb bopes oo tbe
Jevelopmeot of tbe 5ecooJ Atullety
lotce...
no ooJ otbet mllltoty leoJets wotcbeJ oo
ott petfotmooce eoutleJ "5ooq of uooq
leoq _:260R2)&' Z-%&), wblcb tells oboot
tbe 40-yeot expetleoce of tbe 5ecooJ
Atullety lotce lo oo otusuc woy.
uurlng hls sLay, Lhe presldenL, who ls also general secreLary of Lhe CommunlsL arLy of Chlna
(CC) CenLral Commluee and chalrman of Lhe CenLral MlllLary Commlsslon (CMC), had a
meeung wlLh senlor omcers of Lhe Second Arullery lorce, wlLh Lhe company of lLs commander
!lng hlyuan and commlssar eng xlaofeng.
1.9;8F$*"2'((."E$R8F."S";G8F$
5N0KX/454
lrom earllesL deploymenL, use of caves and Lunnels was a common Lheme,
1he name Second Arullery" was a form of concealmenL and dlslnformauon,
LA SLraLeglc nuclear focus from laLe 60s Lo early 90s was on Lhe uSS8,
SurvlvablllLy of S18A1LClC mlsslles - drlven by naLure of llquld fuel - deployed:
lew number of xed hardened slLes - noL acuve" wlLh fuel/warhead loaded,
Pldden cave or Lunnel nesLs" for assembly and roll-ouL Lo pre-surveyed launch slLes.
SurvlvablllLy of 1AC1lCAL mlsslles by dlspersal and redundancy:
use of moblllLy and emphasls on muluple reload Lrallers per re unlL.
1
sL
underground CreaL Wall" bullL ln nL and on coasL beLween 1983-1993,
lnLroducuon of solld fuel has led Lo ma[or bulld-up ln acuve launch unlLs as well as
muluple re-res for dual capablllLy" wlLh ul-11, ul-13 and ul-21,
lnLroduce employmenL concepL of Lhe surge" for deLerrence and warghung,
2
nd
underground CreaL Wall" supposed Lo be beLween 1993-2003 buL delayed,
lnLense consLrucuon ln nW, SL, 1lbeL for compleuon of 2
nd
uCW by 2009 for ul-21/ul-31,
PypoLhesls: sLarung of new 3
rd
phase underground CreaL Wall" - 2010 Lo 2020 - for
cover and concealmenL of new generauon of moblle lC8M ul-31+ and ul-3 replacemenL.
<G88.($!'SS'8S$,7$],2';8,($12",2.S'9$@G(2G".$
| \"2G"%>6'`$2)'
! 2008 !olnL Second Arullery uepL. of 1elevlslon ArLs
CenLre prlme-ume eplc" serles
8tlllloot teptoJocuoo of 40-yeot blstoty of tbe 5ecooJ Atullety to
motk tbe 87 ooolvetsoty of tbe foooJloq of tbe clc. 5ecooJ
Atullety cotps, tbe foll oome "1be llA 5ecooJ Atullety lotce,"
opptoveJ by cboltmoo Moo, ltemlet 2boo oomeJ. Mooy people
tblok lt ls jost oo otJlooty fotce, lo foct lt ls o sectet fotm of
cbloo's sttoteqlc mlsslle fotces.
! Shown nauon wlde on CC1v-3 wlLh hlgh raungs
! 24 programs 43mln = 17.2 hours
! LxLremely accuraLe dramauzauon of Lhe non-
cuonal early hlsLory of Lhe 2
nd
Arullery: 1lo \lo
! 1
sL
acuve ul-2 Surface-Lo-Surface Mlsslle 8eglmenL
! ueploymenL Lo Cobl ueserL
! SLorage locauon ln deep ravlnes
! Lnglneer 8auallon dlgglng prlmluve horlzonLal
Lunnel consLrucuon wlLh deadly cave-lns
lew yeots, tbey bove oo powetfol moJeto coosttocuoo
mocbloety, bot wltb blooJ ooJ sweot - loss of llfe
pottlousm, sttooq mllltoty Jteoms, betolsm, soctlfce, --
tbey bolloweJ oot, ooJ qet tbtooqb tbe teos of kllometets
of tbe cove, os tbe well bollt mlsslle oests.
! lallure of lnlual mlsslle LesLs
! 8ellves successful mlsslle dellvered nuclear
deLonauon = 18kL
! Llve Lesung lncorporaLed lnLo CMC Cx agalnsL Lhe
SovleLs
[Heavens Roar], directed by missile brigade commander Gu Jin Yun, screen play by Chen, (Mandarin; Beijing, PRC: CCTV, 2008) at < http://dianshiju.cntv.cn/
revolution/tianxiao/videopage/index.shtml > [accessed 11 Apr. 2010]; see also: TV series "Tian Xiao," Development of the Second Artillery Reproduction, Liberation Army
Daily, (2006.05.01) at < http://military.people.com.cn/GB/42968/57661/4346160.html > [accessed 21 May 2010].
Y,"(E$<",'(."$!.)(;E3.82$
<",'8'8S$:;"$<G88.($V;((X;G2$
LA Mlsslle 1hread," 5loo uefeose lotom, (2006.02.03), aL < hup://www.slnodefenceforum.com/world-mlllLary-plcLures/pla-mlsslle-Lhread-plcLures
-6-832.hLml > [accessed 31 Sep. 2011]
Y,"(E$.Z,3)(.7$;:$2;6.F$PV;((;G2T$
Screen shoL from lfeng 1v [Pong kong]: LA Mlsslles Almed aL lndla," cbloese Mllltoty [blog], (2010.11.13), aL < hup://www.chlnese-army.com/?p=7 >
[accessed 30 nov. 2010].
Y,"(E$1'(;$!.)(;E3.82$
[CCTV Exposure of the PLA Second Artillery Corps Ground Strategic Nuclear Missile Silo Underground],
Army Forum, at [Blood & Iron International Forum], (2010.04.10) at < http://bbs.tiexue.net/post_4196029_1.html > [accessed 2 June 2010].
5N[47$1'(;$!.)(;E3.82
[A Silo], topic: [Second Artillery Corps and the New Concept of Space Weapons] at 9]j) [Higher Headquarters Forum],
(2010.04.14) at < http://bbs.cjdby.net/thread-907903-1-5.html > [accessed 20 May. 2010, translated IP-1011]; and ul3)|]|) [DF5 silos within the photo], China
Picture, (2010.04.29), at < http://www.picturechina.com.cn/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=55644&extra=page%3D1 > [accessed 20 Sept. 2011, translated IP-1011].
a,8F('8S$I$!',S8;72'9$'8$O,9'('2'.7$
lrench Medla: Chlna's number of nuclear Weapons.." ]:]|, (30 november 2009), aL <hup://mll.cnwesL.com/conLenL/
2009-11/30/conLenL_2610123.hLm > [accessed 10 Mar. 2010].
!',S8;72'97$I$B,2'8S$V.X.82"E$f.&'9(.$;8$!OXe5$W@=B
[Report by Peng Wei, Jiang Wu, Chen Shuangwei, and Li Jing]: New Initiatives in Passing on Experience: 'Snowballing' Talent Cultivation -- Documentary Report of Certain
Base of Secondary Artillery Promoting Contract-type' Mentoring, Jiefangjun Huabao, [Beijing, in Mandarin], (2009.02.09) at [translated by OSC CPP20090428682002:
Second Artillery Base Promotes Personnel Mentoring To Foster Talent; accessed 1 June 2010].
C,2.$5N[47$=G8Q."7$
B;F."8'd,2';8$;:$=G8Q."$@;33,8F$I$@;82";($
9}{.]j]{|j;), op cit.
W87'F.$C;,F'8S$V,'(7$
B,8G,($
<G88.($
V;(($UG2$
B'77'(.7$'8$R8F."S";G8F$12;",S.$
.}[j]))]]j{-] [Second Arullery Corps has equlpmenL made of new and lnLelllgenL warhead exploslon
delay]," noooplo, (2008.04.08), ot < bup.//mll.boooplo.com/cbloo/2008-04/86451.btml > joccesseJ J0 uec. 2010].
orange
<G88.(7$
5N[LX5NNL$
P1G"S.T$:";3$R8F."S";G8F$,7$],2';8,($12",2.S'9$@G(2G".$
'S-66-+"'U)-52&"'
! 2002 !olnL Second Arullery uepL. of 1elevlslon
ArLs CenLre prlme-ume eplc" serles
! Shown nauon wlde on CC1v wlLh hlgh raungs
! 18 programs 43mln = 13.3 hours
! AccuraLe dramauzauon of 2
nd
Arullery: 1lo \lo
! Shows mlxed 8rlgades wlLh ul-2, ul-3, ul-4 and
ul-3
! ueploymenL ln 1he LasL" (ad[acenL Lo ?angLze
8lver)
! SLorage locauon ln sldes of mounLalns wlLh
many wlndlng narrow access roads
! lollows Mlsslle 8rlgade Commander Lhrough
sysLem modernlzauon
! Shows MlllLary ulsLrlcL underground command
cenLer as bullL up on a naLural cave
! Shows 2
nd
and 3
rd
generauon Lunnels
! 8ellves 1993-1996 naval crlsls over Lhe 1alwan
SLralLs
! Llve Lesung lncorporaLed lnLo CMC Cx agalnsL
uS lleeL wlLh ul-21s Lracklng Amerlcan carrlers.
[Heavens Roar], directed by missile brigade commander Gu Jin Yun, screen play by Zhang Rui, (Mandarin; Beijing, PRC: CCTV, 2002) at < http://v.youku.com/
v_show/id_XMzIwMzIwMzY=.html> [accessed 11 Apr. 2010]; see also: TV series "Tian Xiao," Development of the Second Artillery Reproduction, Liberation Army Daily,
(2006.05.01) at < http://military.people.com.cn/GB/42968/57661/4346160.html > [accessed 21 May 2010].
@;33,8F$@,b.$
5NN47$<G88.(7$
O,2&."7$;:$2&.$R8F."S";G8F$
M.Gen. |ucheng Long Lt.Gen. 2hang k|ang
[8eporL by ulng Palmlng, Wel Cunren, and Pe hong]:
[Mlles-day xln[lang draw on Chlna's Lra[ecLory - ln Memory of Lhe Army's SLraLeglc Mlsslle experLs ln Lhe use of equlpmenL, Lhe Second Arullery
lnsuLuLe of Lhe orlglnal researcher Clucheng Long]," Ilefooqjoo 8oo Oolloe [8el[lng, ln Mandarln], (2010.03.17): p. 1, aL [CSC summary
C20100323088001: !l!8 on LaLe LA Mlsslle LxperL Clu Chenglong (arL 1)," full Lranslauon by l-1011].
[Communlcauon: Lhe use of Lhe LA SLraLeglc Mlsslle LxperLs Clucheng Long]," Loplc: 9/j#j [Second Arullery Corps and Lhe new ConcepL
of Space Weapons] aL [Plgher PeadquarLers lorum], (2010.03.16) aL < hup://bbs.c[dby.neL/Lhread-932746-1-2.hLml > [accessed 19 May.
2010, LranslaLed l-1011].
}:[=+[@g7#|7^ [Zhang Xiang: the two sides should jointly plan the future of the Chinese nation], Ghongguo Pinglun Tongxun She, [Hong Kong-
based Internet news agency (China Review News Agency, in Mandarin], (2010.06.03) at < http://www. Chinareviewnews. Com > [OSC summary CPP20100603707002:
Former PLA Commander Urges Cross-Strait Talks on Future of Chinese Nation; translated in full by IP-1011].
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8S$
/44L$
04 uec 2004 Lmergency reporL -- Lunnellng work ran lnLo a group of 'dragon [sLalaclLe] caves'.'
03 leb 2003 Large scale landsllde aL underground 2
nd
ArLy consLrucuon slLe,
09 leb Lngr. 8egL. Lunnellng ln mlnus 30 degree Cenugrade,
13 leb unlL works near LongLan ower lanL,
13 Mar 2
nd
ArLy represenLauve complalns Lo 8el[lng LhaL Lroops ln lsolaLed fronLllne
consLrucuon.. descrlbed culLural and recreauonal acuvlues ln Lhe unlL as monoLonous.
17 Mar lollowlng a cave-ln aL a consLrucuon slLe of 2
nd
ArLy englneerlng reglmenL under Lhe
Commander lmmedlaLely rushed Lo Lhe slLe Lo organlze conungency measures: '1be
ftst step ls to temove bozotJs. 1beo sptoy cooctete, set op ptops, secuoo by secuoo, ooJ
poot cooctete. 1beo we stteoqtbeo steel soppott. 1beo we wlll poss mostet.
18 Mar lour news" - meLhodology, Lechnology, xxxxx, ?????? -- Lralnlng course for 2
nd
ArLy
Lngr unlL, vlslL Lhe xlaolangdl and 1hree Corges dams Lo learn consLrucuon Lechnlques
28 Mar 2
nd
ArLy Lngr. unlL has lnvesLed several Lens of mllllons of yuan Lo seL up ve new
mechanlzed operauon llnes" and new-model rock-drllllng machlne . can compleLe a
Lhree-meLer-deep roof bolL ln ve mlnuLes, compared Lo more Lhan one hour ln Lhe
pasL.
Compllauon uvu of 8C's Second Arullery Corps Acuvlues ln 2003," (C20060324017001, WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 29
Mar. 2006), and 8C Second Arullery Corps Acuvlues ln 2003," (CSC 8eporL ln Chlnese 03 leb 06 - 04 uec 06: lLA20060324021211,
WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 24 Mar. 2006).
18 sepaiate national Tv piogiams; 1S minutes of euiteu coveiage.
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/44L$i9;82#j$
06 Apr 8ock surface fragmenLed and collapsed aL 2
nd
ArLy underground consLrucuon slLe,
18 Apr Soldler afrald of Lunnels buL now unfazed as he leads hazardous consLrucuon work,"
02 !ul Lxpenslve drllllng Lrolley spare parLs produced by 8egL. locally Lo save money,
03 !ul Award for lron man" ln Lunnellng pro[ecLs Lo soldler worklng slnce 1981,
08 !ul Lngr. 8egL. has accldenL free" nauonal defense consLrucuon mlsslon for pasL 17 years,
21 Aug Lngr. 8egL. asslgned new defense consLrucuon mlsslon ln early Aprll,
23 Aug Lxhlbluon of Lechnologlcal accompllshmenLs of 2
nd
ArLy Corp Lngr. unlLs - all Lunnel relaLed,
13 Sep Moblle S&1 servlce Leam comes Lo ald unlL wlLh cave-ln due Lo waLer percolauon ln rocks,
18 Sep 2
nd
ArLy Lngr. 8egL. - narrow, sLuy work slLes wlLh Lemp exceedlng 30 degrees Celslus.."
2 CcL 2
nd
ArLy Lngr. 8egL. - cadres" fronL llne Lroops for hollday resL.
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8S$
/440$
02 leb 2
nd
ArLy Lnglneer 8eg. worklng on Lunnellng Lhru holldays,
11 leb lnnovauon ln developmenL of sLeel membrane Lunnel coaung machlne,
21 Mar new approach Lo prevenung cave-lns" over Lwo year perlod,
Second Arullery Corps 1unnellng Acuvlues ln 2006," (l8S20070203829368, WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 3 leb. 2007), uvu
Compllauon of 8C's Second Arullery Corps 1unnellng Acuvlues ln 2006," (C20070203033001, WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 3
leb. 2007), 8C's Second Arullery Corps 1unnellng ln 2006," (CSC 8eporL ln Chlnese 03 leb 06 - 04 uec 06: lLA20070203087986,
WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 3 leb. 2007), and Compllauon of LA's Second Arullery Corps 1unnellng Acuvlues:
2006," (lnLeracuve Web roducL, WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 2007).
16 sepaiate national Tv piogiams; 19 minutes of euiteu coveiage.
2 leb, CC1v-7 11 leb, CC1v-7 21 Mar, CC1v-7
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/440$i9;82#j$
07 Apr CMC award Lo 2
nd
ArLy Cmd Academy rofessor - llnklng program of tra|n|ng + tunne||ng
for 10 yrs,
08 Apr CMC clLed 2
nd
ArLy Cmd Academy rofessor who made ma[or Lechnlcal lnnovauons --
vlslLs Lunnel slLe, lnspecLs venulauon alr condluonlng,
20 Apr Award for 2
nd
ArLy Lngr 8eg Cmdr for 100 consLrucuon accepLance aL compleuon of
Lunnel pro[ecL,
26 Apr Lxploslves ln Lunnellng - concern over enllsLed Lroop morale -- psychologlcal program
lnluaLed Lo address Lroop fears,
7 Apr, CC1v-7 20 Apr, CC1v-7 26 Apr, CC1v-7
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/440$i9;82#j$
07 May, CC1v-7 29 !un, CC1v-7
07 May 2
nd
ArLy Lngr 8eg. develops opumum drllllng Lechnlques for llnear curvlllnear Lunnellng
- 10 fold lncrease ln emclency,
29 !un 2
nd
ArLy Lngr unlL known as nest bu||ders' for mlsslles," makes lnnovauons ln vldeo
monlLored safeLy earLh movlng,
02 !ul CommunlsL arLy Commluee oaLh Laklng for Lroops of the Mag|c Swords of the Cr|ent"
unlL ln hlgh mounLaln locauon on 3,600m plaLeau,
12 !ul 2
nd
ArLy Lngr unlL speclallsLs ln alr ducL work necessary for humldlLy conLrol and alr
condluonlng aL locauons sLorlng mlsslles,"
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/440$i9;82#j$
12 !ul, CC1v-7 07 May, CC1v-7
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/440$i9;82#j$
11 Sep 1S advance geologlcal forecasung Lechnology" surveys maLerlal 100m ahead of drllllng
Lo prevenL cave-lns."
06 CcL no fall hollday for 2
nd
ArLy Lngr consLrucuon pro[ecL enter|ng a cruc|a| stage,"
31 CcL use of Lhe phrase - ascendlng/descendlng Lranslauonal proLecuve conLalnmenL for
underground ra||way,"
27 nov LxperL response Leam creaLed Lo respond Lo Lunnellng problems aL a dozen un|ts |n
remote areas,"
04 uec 2
nd
Lngr 8n worklng ln sma|| cave depot," also uullzauon of advanced New Austr|an
1unne||ng system."
06 CcL, CC1v-7 27 nov, CC1v-7
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/44M$
01 leb 3
rd
8n, 2
nd
ArLy Lnglneer 8eg. garrlsoned ln a cold norLhwesLern reglon, recenLly
recelved a . company-dellvery' [wu xla llan] conungenL.. 1o help Lhem solve pracucal
problems, so as Lo elevaLe Lhelr self-bulldlng capablllLy,"
: May 200vldeo of 8C MlllLary Acuvlues of Second Arullery Corps7," (C20070626033008, WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 31
May. 2007), Second Arullery Corps 1unnellng Acuvlues ln 2006," (l8S2008020127313, WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 1 leb.
2008), uvu Compllauon of 8C's Second Arullery Corps 1unnellng Acuvlues ln 2007," (CSC Summary ln Chlnese, Mandarln 01 leb 07 - 03
nov 07: C20080130017002, WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 30 !an. 2008), 8C's Second Arullery Corps 1unnellng ln 2007,"
Cpen Source CenLer (CSC Summary 01 leb 07 - 03 nov 07: lLA20080203324228, WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 3 leb. 2008), and
Compllauon of LA's Second Arullery Corps 1unnellng Acuvlues: 2006," (lnLeracuve Web roducL, WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer,
2008).
1 leb, CC1v-7 3 leb, CC1v-7 4 leb, CC1v-7
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/44M$i9;82#j$
03 leb An l1-based command cenLer esLabllshed wlLhln a Second Arullery unlL, LhaL cosL
mllllons of yuan Lo bulld,, was puL lnLo operauon ln laLe !anuary -- cenLer wlll be used to
d|rect the construcnon work of nanona| defense-re|ated pro[ects.
04 leb 2
nd
ArLy Lng. 8egL. worklng on a plaLeau" conunues underground consLrucuon Lhru
wlnLer, coplng wlLh problems of plng, waLer seepage, and cracklng" ln Lhe h|gh-
a|ntude fr|g|d zone,"
07 leb 8oLauon of 2
nd
ArLy Lng. 8egL. Lechnlcal personnel (relleved by arLy cadres),
08 leb 8
Lh
Co., 2
nd
ArLy Lng. 8egL. compleLes a 3 year pro[ect ln Lhe harsh" Cobl ueserL,
09 leb ro[ecuon movles shown Lo Lroops dlgglng underground ln Cobl ueserL,"
21 leb underground 2
nd
ArLy unlL ln order Lo race aga|nst the nme . worklng overume,"
7 leb, CC1v-7 8 leb, CC1v-7 9 leb, CC1v-7
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/44M$i9;82#j$
06 Mar L. 1: laLeau-based poor rock quallLy ln Lhe Lunnel ls creaung problems for blasung,"
8egL. Cmdr. on a plaLeau ln Lhe norLhwesL" slnce 2004, 8egL. over Lhe pasL few years..
responslble for 17 nauonal defense pro[ecLs,"
07 Mar L. 2: Cmdr ls a speclallsL ln dlgglng Lhrough dlmculL Lerraln and has publlshed 16 papers
on SmooLh-Surface 8lasung for 1unnellng,"
13 Mar 1he Lunnel ln whlch Lhe 3d 8auallon of Lhe reglmenL works ls a very Lough envlronmenL."
27 Mar arLy commluee moblle omce (comprlslng commluee members and Lechnlcal experLs)
formed Lo help solve problems encounLered by Lhe grassrooLs servlcemen and prevenL Lhe
occurrence of consLrucuon-relaLed accldenLs.
6 Mar, CC1v-7 7 Mar, CC1v-7 13 Mar, CC1v-7
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/44M$i9;82#j$
01 May 2 consLrucuon records seL ln hlsLory of 2
nd
ArLy Corps:
-- Da||y tunne||ng footage of 17.S meters by a slngle Lunneler ln a cave depoL,
-- Month|y ferroconcrete usage of over 10,000 cub|c meters.
09 May 8eporL on Lhe safeLy assurance measures adopLed by a Second Arullery reglmenL aL lLs
consLrucuon slLe," concern wlLh check|ng and redress|ng any |urk|ng per||s,"
13 May 1o acuvely change Lhe work sLyle of lLs command and sLa cadres, Lhe auLhorlues of a
Second Arullery reglmenL have, slnce Lhe beglnnlng of May, requlred Lhe reglmenL's
command and sLa cadres Lo go Lo Lhe consLrucuon slLes of Lhe key nauonal defense
pro[ecLs lL has underLaken.. Cne such pro[ecL was enLerlng Lhe crlucal sLage of
concreung."
1 May, CC1v-7 9 May, CC1v-7 13 May, CC1v-7
07 May, CC1v-7 29 !un, CC1v-7 29 !un, CC1v-7
12 !ul, CC1v-7 06 CcL, CC1v-7 27 nov, CC1v-7
* Niu Xiaoqi, Liu Baolong, and staff reporter Wang Hongxu: Advancing With the Times; Satisfying the Need for Development -- Experiences of
Unidentified Engineering Regiment Using Scientific Development Concept To Guide Comprehensive Future Development of the Regiment, Part 1,
Puo[lanblng 8ao, [arLy !ournal of Lhe 2
nd
Arullery], (23 !un. 2007), Cpen Source CenLer Lranslauon: C20070802436007.
2007: =:%5-%"")-%5'`"5-3"%0'Y4&20"6'!"#$%&'()*++"),'a)$b"#0'S"0?$&6*
Afet tbe peok of tbe lotest toooJ of oouoool Jefeose coosttocuoo, oo oolJeoufeJ eoqloeetloq teqlmeot fomoos fot btovely
qoloq oll oot olso ooJetweot cbolleoqe. lo mlssloo ofet mlssloo, wltb ume llmlts tepeoteJly moveJ op ooJ poollty stooJotJs
coostootly tolseJ, tbe teqlmeotol potty commluee oJjosteJ tbooqbts ooJ lJeos to oJvooce wltb tbe umes, oJjosteJ teom bollJloq to
sousfy tbe oeeJ fot Jevelopmeot, ooJ sooqbt tbe best oveooe fot lmptovloq tbe ovetoll combot stteoqtb of tbe otmeJ fotces. Afet
sevetol yeots of explotouoo, tbe teqlmeot bos qoueo loto tbe fost looe of comptebeoslve Jevelopmeot ooJet tbe qolJooce of tbe
scleoufc Jevelopmeot coocept.
<%602++-%5'W1+$#J'\2%&6W'-%'0?"'U)2-%'
As tbe poueto of bouolloos fqbuoq oo tbelt owo, compooles fqbuoq oo tbelt owo, ooJ eveo spooJs fqbuoq oo tbelt owo bos
emetqeJ, ptojects lovolvloq toooels, tevetmeots, ooJ lostollouoo ooJ tepolt bove become blqqet lo scole. At tbe some ume,
locooslsteocles, socb os o lock of molo boule epolpmeot ooJ ptessloq JeoJlloes fot booJloq ovet completeJ ptojects, wete pteveouoq
ptojects ftom folly "bloomloq." 8ot lo Jeployloq tbe wotk fotce otqoolcolly, bovloq mote people wos lo foct leoJloq to bolJops lo
wotk..
1be teqlmeot tecelveJ losttocuoos to otqeotly Jlq oot o sbeltet sevetol booJteJ metets looq. "lotwotJ commooJ" ttoosfetteJ
expetts lo mocbloety opetouoo, moloteoooce, ooJ Jemolluoo to fotm o smoll Jlqqloq feoJol jspooJ to bouolloo-slze oolt], ooJ lt
cooceottoteJ sopetlot fotces to toll oot opetouoos. lot 76 Joys, 56 "moootolo movloq wottlots" fooqbt btovely to sousfoctotlly
complete tbe mlssloo, semoq o 5ecooJ Atullety speeJ tecotJ fot oo ooJetqtoooJ foclllty.
1be "qteeo llqbt" wos qlveo oll tbe woy to btloq tbe followloq to tbe ttoops. Moopowet soppott comes ftom tbe coosttocuoo
compooy, tespooslblllty fot epolpmeot soppott ls booJeJ ovet to tbe mecboolzeJ compooy, tecbolcol soppott ls ptovlJeJ by tbe
mopploq plotooo ooJ tbe tecbolcol qtoops, loqlsucs soppott ollows fot tbe moooqemeot of tbe sopply of motetlols ot bouolloo
beoJpoottets.
c?"'a2)0,'<6'X$0'U"?-%&'0?"'c-3"6'
lteseotly, 0?"':^U'290$320"&'#$332%&'#"%0"), wblcb tbe teqlmeot lovesteJ lo ooJ JeslqoeJ ooJ bollt oo lts owo,
ls ooJetqoloq exteoslve ttlols fot tbe ftst ume lo tbe eoqloeetloq cotps' lofotmouzouoo bollJloq. Afet tbe ootomoteJ
commooJ ceotet ls completeJ, tbe sltoouoos ot tbe locouoos of tbe toooelloq opetouoos, tbe mecboolzeJ epolpmeot slte,
ooJ tbe Jetoootot ooJ exploslves stotebooses wlll cooveoleotly oppeot oo tbe scteeo..
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/44M$i9;82#j$
8 !ul, CC1v-7 24 Aug, CC1v-7 17 Sep, CC1v-7
08 !ul Cperauonal underground L8 Automated Command Center" -- appllcauon of l1 has
greaLly enhanced Lhe quallLy and emclency of Lhelr consLrucuon work,"
10 Aug Concern of smoke and dusL ln Lunnels, lnnovauve roller shuuer" auLomaLed self-seallng
Gate of nea|th" developmenL by 2
nd
ArLy Lng. 8egL.
24 Aug new englneerlng vehlcle deslgned by" Lng. 8egL, holders of dozens of Second Arullery
records, lncludlng month|y tunne||ng footage and da||y revetment,"
12 Sep unlL based cosL savlngs lnluauves for recycllng of expenslve drlll blLs,
17 Sep role of Cmdr, 3
rd
Co., 2
nd
ArLy, paruclpaLed ln S "key nanona| defense construcnon
pro[ects" over lasL Lhree years, awarded Lhe uLle of "vanguard Company ln nauonal
uefense ro[ecL ConsLrucuon" aer mosL serlous cave-ln recenLly."
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/44M$i9;82#j$
3 nov, CC1v-7 03 nov, CC1v-7
03 nov 2
nd
ArLy Lngr. 8egL. seng a new record of tunne||ng footage |n soh, weak, and precar|ous
rock area." lnLervlew wlLh ollucal Commlssar, LL. Col. Puang !lnpo: We musL, under Lhe
guldance of Lhe 17
Lh
CC nauonal Congress splrlL, adhere Lo Lhe sclenuc developmenL
concepL and accompllsh our defense consLrucuon Lasks Lo hlgh sLandards, wlLh a sense of
urgency that nme and nde wa|ts for no man."
12 !ul, CC1v-7 06 CcL, CC1v-7 27 nov, CC1v-7
* Llu 8aolong, nlu xlaoql, and reporLer Ce Song: Achlevlng rogress 1hrough Sclenuc lannlng, Lnhanclng CuallLy 1hrough Sclenuc and
1echnologlcal lnnovauons, Lnsurlng SafeLy 1hrough Sclenuc recauuons -- Lhe Second Arullery Corps Pas Agaln Achleved 8emarkable
8esulLs ln lLs SlLe Lnglneerlng ConsLrucuon, Second Arullery Corps uepuLy Commander Zhang ?uung Auends and Addresses Conference
on Second Arullery SlLe Lnglneerlng ConsLrucuon Work, Puo[lanblng 8ao, [arLy !ournal of Lhe 2
nd
Arullery], (13 !an. 2008), Cpen
Source CenLer Lranslauon: C20080314478007.
2008: =!"#$%&'()*++"),'(#?-"G"6'`"32)J2A+"'`"69+06'-%'!-0"'1$%60)9#*$%*
lrom Lhe Conference on Second Arullery SlLe [zbeo Jl] oqloeetloq coosttocuoo wotk tbot coocloJeJ yestetJoy, tbe tepottets
leotoeJ tbe followloq.
.lLs achlevemenLs were spoken hlghly of by Lhe [CenLral] MlllLary Commlsslon and [Lhe LA] PeadquarLers. Second Arullery uepuLy
Commander Zhang ?uung auended and addressed Lhe conference and uepuLy Chlef of SLa Wang Zhlmln summed up lasL year's
work and ouLllned plans for Lhls year. Llu Puanmln, depuLy dlrecLor of Lhe Loglsucs ueparLmenL of Lhe Second Arullery Corps,
preslded over Lhe conference.
1he Lasks lnvolved ln lasL year's slLe [zbeo Jl] eoqloeetloq coosttocuoo wete 9%4)"#"&"%0"&+,' R"-5?0,, tbe ptoject &"2&+-%"6' R")"'
9%4)"#"&"%0"&+,' *5?0, ooJ tbe tepolteJ stooJotJs wete blqbet tboo evet.. At tbe ptoject coosttocuoo ftoot, 0?"' G260' %93A")6' $.'
d!"#$%&'()*++"),e'$D#")6'2%&'3"%'tockleJ key ptoblems, ovetcome Jl[colues.. wblle tbe R2)*3"'4)$b"#0'6944$)0'copoblllty of lts
ttoops bos beeo fotmeJ lo oo oll-toooJ woy.
1be ocblevemeot of soccess telles oo tbe ftm coovlcuoo of oot G260'%93A")6'$.'$D#")6'2%&'3"%'wbo took pott lo tbe slte jzbeo Jl]
eoqloeetloq coosttocuoo, tbelt collecuve wlsJom, ooJ oolteJ e[otts.
.tbey boJ eosoteJ tbe sousfoctoty ptoqtess of tbelt ptojects ooJ btokeo mooy of tbe 5ecooJ Atullety's tecotJs fot ooJetqtoooJ
coosttocuoo.. 1bey boJ soccesslvely lottoJoceJ mooy pleces of copltol coosttocuoo epolpmeot of tbe wotlJ's most oJvooceJ level
ooJ vlqotoosly lmptoveJ ooJ looovoteJ tbelt coosttocuoo tecbooloqles. lo so Joloq, tbey boJ tesolveJ sevetol Jozeo cbolleoqloq
ptoblems teloteJ to +$%5O&-602%#"' G"%*+2*$%' 2%&' 63$J"' &-6#?2)5"7' #2G"O&"4$0' #$%60)9#*$%' -%' 2)"26' R-0?' 9%.2G$)2A+"' 5"$+$5-#2+'
#$%&-*$%67'2%&')$95?"%-%5'$.'#$%#)"0"'69).2#". As o tesolt, tbe poollty of o oombet of slte jzbeo Jl] coosttocuoo ptocesses, locloJloq
09%%"+-%57' #$G")-%57' 2%&' -%602++2*$%7' ?2&' )"2#?"&' 0?"' ?-5?"60' 602%&2)&' -%' 0?"' d!"#$%&' ()*++"),[6e' ?-60$),' $.' 6-0"' df?"%' &-e'
#$%60)9#*$%.
uepoty commooJet 2booq poloteJ oot lo bls oJJtess. uolts ot oll levels most.. jw]ltb o combot-teoJy postote ooJ Jetetmloouoo to
meet tbe tepoltemeot to wlo wots, oll oolts most qet o qooJ qtosp of tbe JemooJs of tbe sltoouoo, tesolotely 94?$+&' 0?"-)' 2#092+O
#$3A20'602%&2)&6, ooJ posb fotwotJ, lo o Jowo-to-eottb moooet, tbelt slte jzbeo Jl] eoqloeetloq coosttocuoo ooJ 4)"42)2*$%6'.$)'
R2)*3"' 4)$b"#0' 6944$)0.. 1bey most focos tbelt oueouoo oo tbe qeoetol ptospect of oot $G")2++' %2*$%2+' A9-+&-%5' 2%&' 0?"' +$%5O
0")3'&"G"+$43"%0'$.'$9)'!"#$%&'()*++"),'1$)46, ooJ vlqotoosly cteote o fovotoble otmospbete cbotqeJ wltb tbe Jeslte to wotk botJ,
to ecooomlze, ooJ to teollze beoefts, so tbot mooey coo be pot to tbe best ose.
21 Mar 1unnel consLrucuon slLe wlLh LemperaLure below mlnus 10 Celslus referred Lo by
experLs as Lhe mosL dangerous and mosL unnervlng' pro[ecL ln Lhe hlsLory of Lhe Second
Arullery Corps' underground works."
23 Mar ln LemperaLures below mlnus 20 degrees Celslus, Lhe omcers and men are uslng a self-
developed lnsulaLed mlxlng sLauon Lo perform concreLe coaung." CLher lnvenuons by
Lhls Lunnellng unlL lnclude moblle power swlLchboard and composlLe venulauon sysLem.
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/44[$
Second Arullery Corps Conunues 1unnellng Work," (vldeo 8eporL: CM20081128017002, WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 8 CcL.
2008), Second Arullery Corps 1unnellng Acuvlues ln 2008," (l8S20090206296383, WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 6 leb. 2009),
uvu Compllauon of 8C's Second Arullery Corps 1unnellng Acuvlues ln 08," (CSC Summary ln Chlnese, Mandarln, 21 Mar 08 - 07 uec
08: C20090203017001, WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 3 !an. 2009), 8C's Second Arullery Corps 1unnellng ln 2007," Cpen
Source CenLer (CSC Summary 1130 CM1 21 Mar 08 - 07 uec 08: lLA20090206814337, WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 7 uec.
2008), and Compllauon of LA's Second Arullery Corps 1unnellng Acuvlues: 2008," (lnLeracuve Web roducL, WashlngLon, uC: Cpen
Source CenLer, 2009).
21 Mar, CC1v-7 23 Mar, CC1v-7 23 Mar, CC1v-7
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/44[$i9;82#j$
23 Mar 'lron 8
Lh
Company, 2
nd
ArLy, ln underground area where landslldes were very common,"
used new Lechnology and new processes Lo overcome Lhe dlmculues ln Lhe Lunnellng
operauon caused by poor geologlcal condluons and Lhe pro[ecL was compleLed on ume."
4 CcL 8aclng agalnsL ume Lo ensure LhaL Lhelr pro[ecLs can be compleLed before wlnLer seLs ln,
Lhe soldlers are worklng over 11 hours a day ln Lhe Lunnels where LemperaLure runs up Lo
over 40 degrees Celslus."
11 CcL 1he Lunnel ln whlch Lhe 3d 8auallon of Lhe reglmenL works ls a very Lough envlronmenL."
7 uec arLy commluee moblle omce (comprlslng commluee members and Lechnlcal experLs)
formed Lo help solve problems encounLered by Lhe grassrooLs servlcemen and prevenL Lhe
occurrence of consLrucuon-relaLed accldenLs.
4 CcL, CC1v-7 11 CcL, CC1v-7 7 uec, CC1v-7
_'8S&,'X<'-.2$V,'(6,E$<G88.($$
1unnellng ln Chlna," op clL, Clnghal-1lbeL 8allway ually uralnage volume PlLs new 8ecord," 1lbetOolloe, (2009.12.30) aL < hup://
chlnaubeL.people.com.cn/6836041.hLml > [accessed 12 !une 2010], and Wang J.Y., Tunneling and Technological Progress in Tunneling in China, op cit.
= LoLal lengLh of 63.3 kllomeLers
B'('2,"E$a'S&6,E$@;872"G92';8$'8$<'-.2$
Plghway Lunnel Lo 1lbeL's MeLok compleLed," 5loo oqllsb, (2010.12.13), aL <hup://engllsh.slna.com/chlna/p/2010/1213/332187.hLml > [accessed 18 !an.
2011].
M|||tary n|ghway Construcnon |n 1|bet
[g|[( ))}[ Calong La Calrn 1unnel smooLhly Lhrough exLremely exclLed soldlers]," Chlnamll, (2010.12.13), aL < hup://
Lp.chlnamll.com.cn/zL/2010/2010-12/13/conLenL_4333913.hLm > [accessed 18 !an. 2011].
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/44[$i9;82#j$
lo 2007, colooel 2beoq's teqlmeot wos toskeJ to bollJ tbe ftst sttoteqlc mlsslle slte lo 1lbet. wltboot
ptovlJloq mocb lofotmouoo oboot tbe oew sttoteqlc mlsslle slte, tbe Jocomeototy meouoos tbot tbe mlsslle slte ls
locoteJ lo o moootolooos oteo ot oo olutoJe of ovet 4,000 metets.
1lbet's botsb eovltoomeot ooJ scotclty of oxyqeo ot o blqb olutoJe poseJ o mojot cbolleoqe to tbe mlsslle
slte ptoject. lo llqbt of tbe sltoouoo, colooel 2beoq ftst bollt o well-epolppeJ wotk comp, oo oxyqeo qeoetouoo
stouoo ooJ o wotet potlfcouoo stouoo. Oxyqeo wos plpeJ Jowo to tbe ptoject's wotk sltes Jeep loto o moootolo.
ln Aprll 2007, Lhe mlsslle
slLe pro[ecL sLarLed and had
conunued for 200 days ull lL was
compleLed. 1he planned mlsslle
slLe was carved ouL of a hlll
Lhrough layers of perennlal frozen
solls. 1he pro[ecL uullzed an array
of modern Lunnel borlng
machlnes. 1he smooLhlng blasung
Lechnlques were successfully
applled, whlch evenLually sped up
Lhe enure pro[ecL.
1he documenLary lndlcaLes
LhaL upon Lhe compleuon of Lhe
pro[ecL, Lhe englneerlng reglmenL
qulckly pulled ouL, Lhus allowlng
lmmedlaLe mlsslle deploymenL
operauons.
23 Mar 2008, CC1v-7
"8u||d|ng the I|rst M|ss||e S|te |n 1|bet"
Played on PRC national CCTV, (25 Mar. 2008);
from OSC (3 Feb. 2009): CPP20090203017001.
%V@$<.(.b'7';8$V.);"27$;:$B'77'(.$=G'(FG)$U));7'2.$W8F',$
Screen shoLs from lfeng 1v [Pong kong]: LA Mlsslles Almed aL lndla," cbloese Mllltoty [blog], (2010.11.13),
aL < hup://www.chlnese-army.com/?p=7 > [accessed 30 nov. 2010].
8all movemenL of Mlsslle unlLs
Mlsslle ueploymenL ln 1lbeL
uual-capable ul-21 l88M
uual-capable ul-11 l88M
/
8F
$*"2E$O<g$b7#$W8F',$
:! [lndla Lo be Crazy: Chlna's Second Arullery Corps ln lndla for Lxerclse Sxposure]," Atmy
lotom, (2009.07.02) aL < hup://bbs.uexue.neL/posL2_3680288_1.hLml > [accessed 11 May 2010, LranslaLed by l-1011].
see
next
s||de
!.)(;E3.82$;:$/
8F
$*"2'((."E$B'77'(.7$2;$<'-.2
%&;2;7$;:$<G88.($@;872"G92';8$'8$<'-.2$
"l,(' [lndlan Pead Sword! Chlna lnLo a Ma[or uefense ro[ecL[]," 1oko-Mllltoty, (2010.11.16), aL < hup://
Luku.mlllLary.chlna.com/mlllLary/hLml/2010-11-16/137822_1339899.hLm > [accessed 31 uec. 2010, LranslaLed by l-1011].
Novembet 15, 2010, tbe cbloese o[clol meJlo bove tepotteJ mojot loozboo Mllltoty keqloo cotps of oqloeets ls tbe
toof of tbe wotlJ steel solJlets, tbe oews soqqesteJ to cbloo ftom tbe yeot 2004 o totol of seveo yeots lo tbe westeto
Oloqbol-1lbet lloteoo olutoJe of 4,500 metets obove tbe ploteoo loto obsolote Il Jefeose ptojects.
kC Map Shown w|th News keport
"l,(' [lndlan Pead Sword! Chlna lnLo a Ma[or uefense ro[ecL[]," 1oko-Mllltoty, (2010.11.16), aL < hup://
Construcnon 1roops |n Iront of what appears to be DI-31
type s|anted 1unne| orta| as at kunm|ng
" 7@j7[3j [lndlan Pead Sword! Chlna lnLo a Ma[or uefense ro[ecL[]," 1oko-Mllltoty, (2010.11.16), aL < hup://
?
24 !an nauonal defense pro[ecL ls ln crlucal sLage" wlLh 2
nd
ArLy Lngr. 8egL. deallng wlLh
dangerous cave-lns.
uep.8eg.Cmdr: 1hls worklng face ls a clay lnLercalauon. lf lL ls noL prompLly buuressed, lL
may cave ln aL any momenL. 1haL ls why we cannoL aord Lo sLop."
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/44N$
24 !an, CC1v-7 24 !an, CC1v-7 24 !an, CC1v-7
vldeo of 8C MlllLary Acuvlues of Second Arullery Corps: May 2007," (C20070626033008, WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 31
May. 2007), 8C's Second Arullery Corps 1unnellng Acuvlues ln 2009," (lLA20100209001273, WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 9
leb. 2010), uvu Compllauon of 8C's Second Arullery Corps 1unnellng Acuvlues ln 2009," (C20100209033001, CSC Summary ln
Chlnese, Mandarln 01 leb 07 - 03 nov 07, WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 9 leb. 2010),
8C's Second Arullery Corps 1unnellng ln 2007," Cpen Source CenLer (CSC Summary 01 leb 07 - 03 nov 07: lLA20080203324228,
WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 3 leb. 2008), and Compllauon of LA's Second Arullery Corps 1unnellng Acuvlues:
2009," (lnLeracuve Web roducL, WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 2010).
ConsLanL danger of cave-lns underground waLer leakage problem LxLernal - ouLslde ground level -- core sampler underground waLer leakage problem Peavy emphasls on Command lnspecuon
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/44N$i9;82#j$
26 !an Wlves brlng [laozl" [dumpllngs] Lo Lunnel for Lroops Lo celebraLe new ?ears whlle worklng,
26 !an, CC1v-7 26 !an, CC1v-7
Pappy Polldays! Wlves prepare new ?ears [laozl" underground
26 !an, CC1v-7
1roops eaL new ?ears meal ln Lunnels
24 !an, CC1v-7 24 !an, CC1v-7 24 !an, CC1v-7
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/44N$i9;82#j$
30 !an Lngr. 8egL. 2
nd
ArLy - some of Lhe consLrucuon slLes requlre LhaL work be done ln one sLreLch..
omcers and men are sLaylng ln Lhelr respecuve posLs durlng Lhe fesuve season."
ollucal Commlssar of 2
nd
ArLy Lngr. 8egL., Wang 8aoguo (lower le, red haL), has been worklng
ln Lunnels for over Lhree decades."
22 Mar 1unnel Lroops uslng a new Lype of porLable oxygen resplraLor Lallor-made for Lhls unlL's drlll
carrlage operaLors, for Lhe rsL ume, Lo eecuvely proLecL Lhemselves from dusL polluuon."
23 Apr underground Lnglneerlng lnsLallauon 8eglmenL" solves bouleneck problems." 8ecenLly, a
core sampler [lower rlghL] LhaL had been lmproved by Lhe soldlers of Lhls reglmenL was applled
aL Lhe surveylng polnLs for muluple mlsslle slLes. 1hls was Lhe 28Lh lnnovauon ouLcome of Lhe
reglmenL slnce Lhe lnLroducuon of Lhe "Colden ldea" award.
22 Mar, CC1v-7 23 Apr, CC1v-7 30 !an, CC1v-7
ollucal Commlssar Wang 8aoguo, 30 yrs ln Lunnels new Lunnel resplraLor LxLernal - ouLslde ground level -- core sampler
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/44N$
22 May role of Commander of 2
nd
ArLy Lnglneerlng lnsLallauon 8eglmenL" aL compleuon of
defense pro[ecL -- wlLh dlscusslon of crlucal lmporLance of quallLy" consLrucuon and help
of clvlllan rebulldlng (ln addluon Lo mlllLary duues) ln posL-earLhquake areas:
RI#&2G"+,$"366?.0N"$0#+,XI0@$"#$%&$(")B$#0+&)27")("%07+"N$0#K"Y,02G"%$.",&7"$2+&#$"#$G&*$2+"+)"
#$8I&%."&2(#07+#I'+I#$"02.",$%B"7)%;$"+,$"B#)8%$*7"(0'&2G");$#"Q66K666";&'+&*7"&2"+,$&#".0&%N"%&($"0+"
3Z"+$*B)#0#N"7$++%$*$2+7="
"10#%N"+,&7"N$0#K"9,$2"0"20+&)20%".$($27$"B#)F$'+"907"')*B%$+$.K"+,$"0*)I2+")("7+$$%"I7$."907");$#"
()I#"*$+#&'"+)27"%$77"+,02")#&G&20%%N"B%022$.="
":,)#+%N"0(+$#"+,$":B#&2G"[$7+&;0%"+,&7"N$0#K"+,$"$2G&2$$#&2G"#$G&*$2+"#$'$&;$."02"I#G$2+"
077&G2*$2+S="RI#&2G"0"7B)+"',$'@K"\+,$"12G#="M$G&*$2+0%"-)**02.$#]"S"2)+&'$."0"'#0'@")2"02"
$AB027&)2"7'#$9="^$"&**$.&0+$%N"&27+#I'+$."+,$")B$#0+)#7"+)".)I8%$?',$'@"0%%"+,$"7'#$97"&2"+,$"
70*$"80+',")2$"8N")2$=">;$#"_6"7&*&%0#"B#)8%$*7"9$#$"$AB)7$.K"9,$#$IB)2"S"\+,$"12G#="
M$G&*$2+0%"-)**02.$#]")#.$#$."')*B#$,$27&;$"#$9)#@&2G=
7 nov ln Lhe sLraLeglc mlsslle force, Lhere ls anoLher unlL LhaL has never Laken parL ln Lhe launch
of any mlsslle or even seen a mlsslle. 1hls ls Lhe englneerlng unlL of Lhe Second Arullery
Corps, made up of an englneerlng headquarLers and an englneerlng Lechnology general
unlL. 1hey are also known as nesL bullders for mlsslles. 1helr hard work and quleL dedlcauon
have creaLed Lhese modern "underground CreaL Walls" runnlng Lhrough Lhe bowels of Lall
mounLalns."
Second Arullery Corps 1unnellng Acuvlues ln 2007," (12 leb. 2008), l8S2008021273136
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/44N$i9;82#j$
24 !an nauonal defense pro[ecL ls ln crlucal sLage." 2
nd
ArLy Lngr. 8egL. ueallng wlLh dangerous cave-
lns, Wang 8aoguo, pollucal commlssar of 2
nd
ArLy Lngr. 8egL. (lower rlghL, red haL), has been
worklng ln Lunnels for over Lhree decades."
22 May role of Commander of 2
nd
ArLy Lnglneerlng lnsLallauon 8eglmenL" aL compleuon of defense
pro[ecL -- wlLh dlscusslon of crlucal lmporLance of quallLy" consLrucuon and help of clvlllan
rebulldlng (ln addluon Lo mlllLary duues) ln posL-earLhquake areas:
7 nov ln Lhe sLraLeglc mlsslle force, Lhere ls anoLher unlL LhaL has never Laken parL ln Lhe launch of
any mlsslle or even seen a mlsslle. 1hls ls Lhe englneerlng unlL of Lhe Second Arullery Corps,
made up of an englneerlng headquarLers and an englneerlng Lechnology general unlL. 1hey are
also known as nesL bullders for mlsslles. 1helr hard work and quleL dedlcauon have creaLed
Lhese modern "underground CreaL Walls" runnlng Lhrough Lhe bowels of Lall mounLalns."
22 May, CC1v-7 3 May, CC1v-7
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/44N$i9;82#j$
All phoLos from LA's Second Arullery Corps Lo CreaLe a MysLerlous underground CreaL Wall," of 13 uec. 2009, op clL.
07 nov, CC1v
Above phoLo: Maln Mlsslle 8ay
wlLh double Lrack ralls looklng
souLh from norLh enLrance oor.
8lghL phoLo: Same Maln Mlsslle
8ay looklng norLh from scafold
above souLh enLrance. lllm
shown on 7 nov. 2009, nauonal
CC1v-7. Screen shoLs from: LA's
Second Arullery Corps Lo CreaLe a
MysLerlous underground CreaL
Wall," of 13 uec. 2009, op clL.
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$
/44N$i9;82#j$
07 nov, CC1v
LA's Second Arullery Corps CreaLes a MysLerlous underground CreaL Wall," of 13 uec. 2009, op clL.
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/44N$i9;82#j$
07 nov,
CC1v
07 nov,
CC1v
07 nov, CC1v
Above: nlshed underground
launcher sLorage bay wlLh
double Lrack rall, le: bay doors
openlng, rlghL: bay doors
closlng.
1989
&
2009
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/454$
21 CcL [Wang Pallong, bauallon commander of an englneerlng unlL, SAC] ln Lhe pasL, Lo supporL such
a secuon, lL used Lo Lake 13 people worklng Lhree days. now, wlLh our lndependenLly
developed buuress vehlcle, Lhe [ob can be done by elghL people ln one day.
11 Mar [Wang Llplng, pollucal commlssar, Lnglneerlng ueslgn Academy, Second Arullery Corps] uurlng
Lhe perlod of Lhe 11Lh llve-?ear rogram, we Look parL ln Lhe underground rallway alr defense
shelLer pro[ecLs ln 8el[lng, nan[lng, Shenyang, uallan, and Changchun. A large number of
advanced Lechnologles and ouLsLandlng deslgns were applled
27 CcL 1oday, Cong xlaobln and Lhe Leam led by hlm performed a repeaL survey of a nauonal defense
pro[ecL of Lhe Second Arullery Corps and tendered a report conta|n|ng the data of more than
100 |ocanons. 1he englneerlng Leam checked Lhe daLa and found Lhem error-free.
21 CcLober,
CC1v-7
27 CcL,
CC1v-7
uvu/Web roducL of 8C MlllLary AcuvlLes ln CcL 10," (lLA20110124013666, WashlngLon, uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 4-30 CcL.), and
vldeo: 8C LA, Al 1ake arL ln key ro[ecLs uurlng 11Lh llve-?ear rogram," (C20110303048001, WashlngLon uC: Cpen Source CenLer, 1 March 11)
11 Mar,
CC1v-7
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/454$i9;82#j$
13 May 1he reporL says LhaL Lhe remoLe-conLrolled Lunnellng machlne has a robouc arm LhaL can Lurn 360 degrees
and can be remoLely conLrolled from wlLhln a 200-meLer radlus. 1he machlne can bore a 23-meLer-deep hole
aL one ume, Lhe reporL says. Workers can use Lhls machlne on hazardous Lerraln, Lhe reporL says.
13 May, CC1v-
xlnwen
13 May, CC1v-
xlnwen
13 May, CC1v-
xlnwen
13 May, CC1v-
xlnwen
13 May, CC1v-
xlnwen
new 1unnellng Machlne ln LA Second Arullery Corps Lnglneerlng unlL," (C20110316072001, WashlngLon, uC: 13 May 11)
13 May, CC1v-
Slnwen
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<G88.('8SH$/455$$
uvu/Web roducL of 8C MlllLary Acuvlues ln leb 11," (lLA20110420017024, Cpen Source CenLer, WashlngLon uC: 02-27 leb 11)
May,
CC1v-13
May,
CC1v-13
May,
CC1v-13
May,
CC1v-13
May,
CC1v-13
May,
CC1v-13
@;82",92$@;872"G92';8$;:$R8F."S";G8F$!.:.87.7$(
noL all 1unnels are bullL by Lhe LA
lllusLrauons from: " [uefense ro[ecLs]," Ceoloqlcol 1eom of 2bejlooq, 2bejlooq 1oooel oqloeetloq compooy, (2009.03.16), aL < hup://
www.dzqldul.com/newsShow.asp?ld=403 > [accessed 10 uec. 2010, LranslaLed by l-1011].
@;82",92$@;872"G92';8$;:$R8F."S";G8F$!.:.87.7$(
lllusLrauons from: " [uefense ro[ecLs]," Ceoloqlcol 1eom of 2bejlooq, 2bejlooq 1oooel oqloeetloq compooy, (2009.03.16), aL < hup://
www.dzqldul.com/newsShow.asp?ld=403 > [accessed 10 uec. 2010, LranslaLed by l-1011].
noL all 1unnels are bullL Lhe LA
P!"#$%(L/#3*'()$*+,-,./$*([0,+%1(2%33&(;-%#$'1(\/7+(;11%57W"(
1be cbloese Atmy ls belleveJ to bove A9-+0'2%'9%&")5)$9%&'W8)"20'Z2++W'0?20'60)"0#?"6'.$)'3$)"'0?2%'M7III'J3'lo
tbe nebel teqloo of oottbeto cbloo. cluoq tbe leople's llbetouoo Atmy's o[clol oewsleuet, tbe 1o kooq loo Jolly
of nooq kooq oo 5ototJoy solJ cbloo's sttoteqlc mlsslle spooJtoo, tbe 5ecooJ Atullety ulvlsloo, bollt o mosslve
ooJetqtoooJ toooel to cooceol oocleot weopoos, locloJloq tbe uooqfeoq 5 lotetcoouoeotol bolllsuc mlsslle wltb o
tooqe of 1J,000 km.
!-%#"'HggM7'0?"'!"#$%&'()*++"),'C-G-6-$%'?26'3$A-+-f"&'0"%6'$.'0?$962%&6'$.'6$+&-")6'0$'A9-+&'2'%"0R$)J'$.'09%%"+6'
60)"0#?-%5' .$)' 3$)"' 0?2%' M7III' J3' A"+$R' 0?"' 3$9%02-%' )"5-$%6' $.' \"A"-7' cbloo's stote-too cc1v tepotteJ. "A
mlsslle bose bos beeo bollt booJteJs of metets ooJetqtoooJ ooJ coo wltbstooJ sevetol oocleot ouocks," cc1v solJ.
"leople tefet to tbe oetwotk of toooels coooecuoq to tbe mlsslle bose os tbe 'uoJetqtoooJ Cteot woll.'
"1be eotly vetsloo of cbloo's mlJ- to looq-tooqe mlsslles boJ oll beeo JeployeJ obove qtoooJ ooJ wete voloetoble
to Jetecuoo by spy sotellltes ooJ ouocks by lotetceptot mlsslles. 1bot ptompteJ tbe cbloese mllltoty to move oll of
tbelt mlsslles booJteJs of metets ooJetqtoooJ." As o tesolt7' 0?"' 6N92&)$%6' $.' 0?"' aV(' &"4+$,"&' 0?")"' 2)"'
#$34+"0"+,'9%&"0"#02A+"'A"#296"'0?",'2)"'A26"&'-%'69A0"))2%"2%'A9%J")6'2%&'3$G"'2)$9%&'A"%"20?'0?"'69).2#"E''
1be potpose of tbe sectetly coosttocteJ ooJetqtoooJ Cteot woll ls to qlve cbloo o secooJ cbooce ofet o oocleot
ouock, mllltoty expetts solJ. 1be molo objecuve of tbe 5ecooJ Atullety ulvlsloo ls to be oble to looocb o
coootetouock oqolost eoemy totqets ofet escoploq tbe ftst volley of ouocks.
1be 1o kooq loo Jolly tepotteJ tbot -0' R26' 9%4)"#"&"%0"&' .$)' 0?"' aV([6' %"R6+"h")' 0$' )"G"2+' #+266-i"&'
-%.$)32*$%'2A$90'0?"'09%%"+6'2%&'0?20'0?-6'&"3$%60)20"6'U"-b-%5[6'#$%i&"%#"'-%'-06'3-+-02),'4$R")E ''
China Builds Underground 'Great Wall' Against Nuke Attack, Chosun Ilbo, [Seoul, ROK Daily], (14 December 2009), translated by OSC KPP20091214971047.
South korean Newspaper
S|m||ar coverage |n Iapan, 1a|wan, kuss|a and ak|stan, but not the U.S..
OG2G".$W77G.7$
! Supporung an Cperauonal underground
! Loglsucs
! MalnLenance
! 1ralnlng
! Moblllzauon/lleld SusLalnablllLy
! Surglng Larger, Longer-8ange Mlsslles
! Can underground lC8Ms be Survlvable & Credlble?
! SLraLeglc ConcepL for ollucal lmpacL
! lnLra-war ueLerrence and Lscalauon uomlnance
! 8eglonal ulssuaslon
! Arms ConLrol wlLhouL verlcauon
B;82&(E$*(."27$I$<",'8'8S$
Second Arullery Corps ls only once a monLh llve-acuon slmulauon of bomb Lurned ouL Lo [:...], Mllltoty
cbloo, (23 March 2010) aL < hup://mlllLary.chlna.com/zh_cn/lmporLanL/11032771/20100323/13869763.hLml > [accessed 29 Mar. 10].
Centializeu Naintenance
PLA Second Artillery Brigade Conducts Year-End Assessment Exercise, Military Report, CCTV-7 [Beijing, WMV in Mandarin 32 sec], (2009.11.29) at [translated by OSC
CPM20100129017079, accessed 3 June 2010].
Automateu Logistics
Second Artillery Corps Logistics Department Improves Fast-Track Comprehensive Support Capability, CCTV-7 [Beijing, WMV: 1 min 15 sec in Mandarin],
(2009.11.27) at [OSC CPM20100129017042: PLA Second Artillery Unit Conducts Comprehensive Logistics Support Exercise; accessed 1 June 2010].
Nissile Beployment
Areas of 8eporLed 1unnellng SLages
Map from: Mark A. Stokes and Ian Easton, Evolving Aerospace Trends in the Asia-Pacific Region, (monograph; Washington, DC: The Project 2049 Institute, 27 May
2010), pp. 8, 39. Tunnel stages estimated on the basis of PRC reference and reporting.
Underground Stages:
1967-1984
Infrastructure
1984-199S
IC8M S||os, Sk]Mk8M 1unne|s
199S-2009
DI-21 Ik8M 1unne|s
200S-2009
DI-31 IC8M 1unne|s
2010-2020
ka||]koad DI-41 IC8M
?
?
Nooyooq
Lunnel complex
koomloq
Lunnel complex
I|r|ng os|non
3314'23.61"N
11217'S0.94"
I|r|ng os|nons
3312'4S.78"N
11218'S6.88"L
!OXe5*$W@=B$@;3)(.Z$]?$;:$],8E,8S$$
I|r|ng os|nons
I|r|ng os|non
3316'33.00"N
11220'06.49"
1unne| Comp|exes
3311'47.42"N
11218'37.23"L
Support Iac|||nes
k
I|r|ng os|non
3309'43.7S"N
1121S'46.49"L
1unne| Comp|ex NW of ],8E,8S$
1a|| Ang|ed orta|s
Secondary Lntrance
Concrete Garage (+ orta|?)
keported DI-31A IC8M Dep|oyment
|n Va||ey NW of Nanyang
3311'47.42"N
11218'37.23"L
1LL 1urnaround
!OXe5*$W@=B$$
],8E,8S$<G88.($@;3)(.Z$
DI-31A fac|||ty
813
th
8r|gade
at Nanyang
ka|| |oad|ng area
typ|ca| for |oad|ng
Interconnnenta|
M|ss||e 1ra|n
1unne| Comp|ex &
6 I|r|ng os|nons
1S-20 km to NW
[Chlna's Second Arullery Mlsslle Legendary 1raln?] (2008.11.26),
aL < hup://Luku.mlllLary.chlna.com/mlllLary/hLml/2008-11-26/113803_1017746.hLm > .
PLAs Second Artillery Corps to Create a Mysterious Underground Great Wall Anti-Earth-Penetrating Nuclear Bombs, China Military Report, (13 Dec. 2009), at
<http://wuxinghongqi.blogspot.com/2009/12/plas-second-artillery-corps-to-create.html> [accessed 19 Feb. 2010]. Photos accompanied the website posting.
3 leb, CC1v-7
4 leb, CC1v-7
I]T;^'(4+5.$*(;,1#33+,E(!.,:'(1.(!,+%1+(%(RE'1+,#./'([)$*+,-,./$*(0,+%1(2%33&U"
keceotly, spoosoteJ by tbe leoples llbetouoo Atmy, cbloo Nouoool uefeose
News, teveoleJ tbe 5ecooJ Atullety mlsslle fotces to bollJ oo ooJetqtoooJ coveto
sltoouoo.. Aoolysts solJ tbot tbe cbloese meJlo JoteJ to pobllsb tbese . colleJ
uoJetqtoooJ Cteot woll of tbe sttoteqlc foclllues . sboweJ tbot tbe cbloese
system of lts oocleot opetouoos wltb oopteceJeoteJ coofJeoce ooJ cootoqe.
13 uec. 2009
Chlnese phoLo of ul-31 underground ueploymenL"
+G83'8S$W@=B$<G88.($@;3)(.Z$
2433'01.73"n 10233'10.34"L$
lmage as shown aL: 31 [uongfeng-31 mlsslle army posluons so easy Lo llghL lL!], 5loo Mllltoty
lotom, (2010.11.13), < hup://club.mll.news.slna.com.cn/vlewLhread.php?ud=243876 > [accessed 13 nov. 2010, LranslaLed by l-1011].
Access CaLe
Lo valley
Command
CenLer?
PC and
MalnLenance
f,((.E$<G88.($@;3)(.Z$7;G2&$;:$+G83'8S
Access CaLe
Lo valley
Command
CenLer?
PC and
MalnLenance
Lower Valley!
Upper Valley!
ConsLrucuon
Camp
hoLos from Coogle LarLh 3u
1unnel orLals
1unnel orLals
8all
Llne
SecurlLy 8oad
%V@$V.(.,7.$;:$!OXe5$<G88.($@;3)(.Z$WF.82'k'9,2';8$
valley of Tunnels
24SS'u1.7S"N 1u2SS'1u.S4"E
2 uoor 1unnel orLals = 32
3 uoor 1unnel orLals = 4
lmage as shown aL: 31
[uongfeng-31 mlsslle army posluons so easy Lo llghL lL!], 5loo Mllltoty
lotom, (2010.11.13), < hup://club.mll.news.slna.com.cn/vlewLhread.php?
ud=243876 > [accessed 13 nov. 2010, LranslaLed by l-1011].
<6;$!;;"$<G88.($%;"2,(7$i2;2,($m$e/$);7'2';87j$
e$!;;"$<G88.($%;"2,(7$i2;2,($mK$);7'2';87j$
!Oe5*$W@=B$*8'3,2';8$
Dep|oyment from Underground & Sa|vo Launch
Screen shoLs from : 7)@nMuul31," 1lexoe, (2010.11.01), aL < hup://bbs.uexue.neL/posL_4382886_1.hLml > [accessed 9
SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011], wlLh only four screen shoLs, and full seL of lllusLrauons from: 7)@nMu ul31 [Chlna
hlnLed ul31 wlLh anu-nMu orblLal space capablllues]," cnN,'2010,11,02), aL < hup://www.chnqlang.com/arucle/2010/1102/
mll_31233.shLml > [accessed 1 SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011]. vldeo my acLually be a Chlnese copy of uS produced anlmauon.
orta|
1
st
1LL
Launch
2
nd
1LL
keady
orta|
orta|
DI-31A
2008
W|nter
1unne|
Construcnon
2009
Summer
Inter|or
Cu|ng
kunmlng underground Complex
LaL: 2432'19.36"n
Lon: 10234'47.49"L
LaL: 2432'19.36"n
Lon: 10234'47.49"L
AssoclaLed laclllues
1unne| 1
1unne| 2
=\$)6"6?$"'
19)G"BF'
1unne| 4
1a|||ng
I|||?
Construcnon
Iac|||ty
Cement
|ant?
Secur|ty
koad
l8LLWA?
AvLu 8CAu
SecurlLy 8oad
8AlL
1unnel
orLal
SecurlLy erlmeLer
1unne| S
1unne| S
1unne| 1a|||ngs?
Command
CenLer?
Upper Valley!
ConsLrucuon
Camp
SecurlLy 8oad
Lnough h|| to come from a
8x10 meter tunne|,
10 km |ong
ulsgulsed
LxlL?
<&.$B'77'8S$R8F."S";G8F$V,'(";,F$
V;,F$Map (not |nc|ud|ng b|ue) vs Sate|||te (not |nc|ud|ng red) d$
1unne| 2
1unne| 4
1unne| 3
1unne| S
?
1unne| 2
1unne| 4
1unne| 3
1unne| S
?
uesLablllzlng PypoLhesls?
tota| tunne|s = 10km?
1unne| 1
1unne| 2
1a|||ng
I|||?
D|sgu|sed
Lx|t?
Cement
|ant?
l8LLWA?
AvLu 8CAu
SecurlLy 8oad
8AlL
1unnel
orLal
SecurlLy erlmeLer
L|nked?
Longer 1unne|?
1unne| S
1unne| 3
Study #6!
IZ$"%$5+*(R.O#3#1EU(_(!,#'#'(41%O#3#1E$
=c?"'!9)5"F'
Dep|oyment from Underground'
P<&.$1G"S.T$,7$U).",2';8,($!.)(;E3.82$
Coerc|ve otenna| but ne|ghtened Vu|nerab|||ty and uesnonab|e Susta|nab|||ty$
1G"S.$!.)(;E3.82$
ne||copter Secur|ty
assoc|ated w|th
Nuc|ear Dep|oyment
DI-21 use of n|ghway 1unne|s dur|ng "pu|se"
Lnhanced Mob|||ty dur|ng Cr|s|s Dep|oyment
%",92'9.$;:$1,(b;$C,G89&.7$
Chinas 2
nd
Artillery
! SLarLed ln laLe 1930s wlLh Mao's need for 2 bombs & a saLelllLe"
! 1933, 1933 & 1938 uS nuclear 1hreaLs
! 8reak wlLh SovleLs over eaceful CoexlsLence"
! 1939 - khrushchev wlLhdrawal -- lasL nauonal arade for 23 years
! 1
sL
ALomlc 8omb 1esL ln 1964
! 2
nd
Arullery founded ln 1966 - named for decepuon"
! 1
sL
Pydrogen 8omb 1esL ln 1967
! SovleL LhreaL of preempuon ln 1969
! ulsrupuon of 3
rd
llne consLrucuon and CulLural 8evoluuon"
! roponenL of no llrsL use" docLrlne
! 1
sL
lC8M shown ln 1984 nauonal arade
! Slow mlsslle developmenL and low key deploymenL
! ulgluzed Chlnese language - lnLroduced lnLerneL
! 8C lead ln experlmenLauon wlLh Cyber & Space Warfare
! LaLe 1990s dual capable" nuclear/Convenuonal l88M emphasls
! Announce 3,000 mlles of 1unnel for Mlsslles and Warheads
%V@$R8F."S";G8F$!.b.(;)3.82
19S0-2010
C|v|| Defense:
-- eople's Alr uefense works '30
-- 1
sL
Clvll uefense Conf. '33
-- CoasLal forucauons & Lunnellng
-- Mao calls for urban Alr uefense '36
-- Lln 8ao - fear auack on coasL '62
-- 1hlrd Llne uefense" dlspersal '64
-- ulsrupuon of CulLural 8ev. ''67
-- lear of SovleL preempuon '69
-- 2
nd
-- 3
rd
-- abandon expenslve pro[ecLs
-- focus on mlllLary hardenlng
-- eople's Alr uefense Law '96
-- Clvll-MlllLary lnLegrauon
-- 4
Lh
-- menuon of lndesLrucuble
'underground CreaL Wall'"
-- urban renew/subway defense
-- Sumulus" lnvesLmenL ln subway/rall
19S0
19SS
1960
196S
1970
197S
1980
198S
1990
199S
2000
200S
2010
2
nd
Arn||ery
-- eople's Alr uefense works '30
-- 1
sL
-- CoasLal forucauons &
Lunnellng
-- Mao calls for urban Alr
uefense '36
-- Lln 8ao - fear auack on coasL
'62
-- 1hlrd Llne uefense" dlspersal
'64
-- ulsrupuon of CulLural 8ev. ''67
-- lear of SovleL preempuon '69
-- 2
nd
-- 3
rd
-- abandon expenslve pro[ecLs
-- focus on mlllLary hardenlng
Nuc|ear Weapons
-- SlLe selecuon for LesL & sLorage
'38
-- 1
sL
ALomlc LesL + Lunnel '64
-- nuSC conLrols sLorage ' 63
-- 1
sL
1hermonuclear LesL
-- Warheads moved 1albal ''69
-- Warhead conLrol 2
nd
ArLy '79
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0
23000
30000
73000
100000
123000
130000
173000
200000
223000
230000
273000
300000
1
9
6
0

1
9
6
2

1
9
6
4

1
9
6
6

1
9
6
8

1
9
7
0

1
9
7
2

1
9
7
4

1
9
7
6

1
9
7
8

1
9
8
0

1
9
8
2

1
9
8
4

1
9
8
6

1
9
8
8

1
9
9
0

1
9
9
2

1
9
9
4

1
9
9
6

1
9
9
8

2
0
0
0

2
0
0
2

2
0
0
4

2
0
0
6

2
0
0
8

2
0
1
0

Manpower
ercentage of LA
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$B,8);6."$
1966-2010
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$12",2.S'9$!'".92';87$
0
30
100
130
200
230
300
330
400
430
300
1
9
6
0

1
9
6
2

1
9
6
4

1
9
6
6

1
9
6
8

1
9
7
0

1
9
7
2

1
9
7
4

1
9
7
6

1
9
7
8

1
9
8
0

1
9
8
2

1
9
8
4

1
9
8
6

1
9
8
8

1
9
9
0

1
9
9
2

1
9
9
4

1
9
9
6

1
9
9
8

2
0
0
0

2
0
0
2

2
0
0
4

2
0
0
6

2
0
0
8

Interconnnenta|
Connnenta|
1heater
1acnca|
/
8F
$*"2'((."E$B'77'(.7$-E$V,8S.$
CuanuLy of Launchers: 1966-2009
n
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

L
a
u
n
c
h
e
r
s

uaLa derlved from Lhe annual MlllLary 8alance reporLs (London, uk: lnLernauonal lnsuLuLe for SLraLeglc SLudles, 1960-2010).
<,"S.2'8S$V,8S.$
DI-S
DI-31A
DI-4
DI-31
W
a
s
h
|
n
g
t
o
n

M
o
s
c
o
w

<,92'9,($=,(('72'9$B'77'(.$1E72.37$
0
30
100
130
200
230
1
9
6
0

1
9
6
2

1
9
6
4

1
9
6
6

1
9
6
8

1
9
7
0

1
9
7
2

1
9
7
4

1
9
7
6

1
9
7
8

1
9
8
0

1
9
8
2

1
9
8
4

1
9
8
6

1
9
8
8

1
9
9
0

1
9
9
2

1
9
9
4

1
9
9
6

1
9
9
8

2
0
0
0

2
0
0
2

2
0
0
4

2
0
0
6

2
0
0
8

DI-11 DI-1S
n
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

L
a
u
n
c
h
e
r
s

<,92'9,($!G,(X@,),-(.H$!OX55$I$!OX5L$
uanntanve and ua||tanve Lmphas|s of Last Decade
DI-11
DI-1S
<,92'9,($1V=B$.Z'2'8S$<G88.(7$
1acnca| 1LLs
|n New 1unne|s
" [MlllLary Cbservauon 8oom," lfeoq 1v, (17
uecember 2009), aL < hup://v.lfeng.com/mll/
200912/2d0731ef-b476-4e80-ae6e-c497b3f33076.shLml >
[accessed 28 uec. 2009].
1acnca| 1LLs
|n New 1unne|s
2
nd
Arn||ery 1acnca| 1ra|n|ng Lxerc|se |n 1unne|
,]T:[kkk]," 1?-%2E#$3, (2007-11-1S), at < > [accessed 19 Sept. 2001, trans|ated by I-1011, |mage subsequent|y
redacted.
Dongfeng-1S 1acnca| M|ss||e re|oad |n Storage
.}[j]))]]j{-] [Second Arullery Corps has equlpmenL made of new and lnLelllgenL warhead exploslon
delay]," noooplo, (2008.04.08), ot < bup.//mll.boooplo.com/cbloo/2008-04/86451.btml > joccesseJ J0 uec. 2010].
%C*$IR.*+3(.<(1"+(4+5.$*(;,1#33+,E(G#,#$-(:.'#1#.$'U(
(
(2009.03.06), aL < hup://LranslaLe.google.com/LranslaLe?hl=en&sl=zh-Cn&u=hup://www.showchlna.org/zg[bqkxl/zlwhy[szc/200903/
L274663.hLm&el=Mzsp1e1xL?-u8Ab97s22AC&sa=x&ol=LranslaLe&cL=resulL&resnum=1&ved=0C80C7gLwAA&prev=/search3lq3uhup://
www.showchlna.org/zg[bqkxl/zlwhy[szc/200903/L274663.hLm26hl3uen26cllenL3usafarl26rls3uen26prmd3ulvns > [accessed 10 uec.
Lxample of 1unnel 8ased 8all ueployed 1acucal Mlsslle
- SLauoned ln underground faclllLy
- unlL deployed on speclal Lraln
- WlLh supporung equlpmenL
- ul-11/ul-13/ul-21 1LLs on aL
car or speclal LransporL car"
- normally red from ground
posluons buL also dlscusslon of
launch from speclal LransporL
car" from pre-surveyed sldlng
<&.,2."$B'77'(.7$
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
1
9
6
0

1
9
6
2

1
9
6
4

1
9
6
6

1
9
6
8

1
9
7
0

1
9
7
2

1
9
7
4

1
9
7
6

1
9
7
8

1
9
8
0

1
9
8
2

1
9
8
4

1
9
8
6

1
9
8
8

1
9
9
0

1
9
9
2

1
9
9
4

1
9
9
6

1
9
9
8

2
0
0
0

2
0
0
2

2
0
0
4

2
0
0
6

2
0
0
8

Dn-10
DI-21C
DI-21
DI-3A
DI-2
DI-3
n
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

L
a
u
n
c
h
e
r
s

Y,"(E$/
8F
$*"2'((."E$<'3.('8.
M|ss||e Deve|opment, Crgan|zanon & 1unne||ng
Marun 1rolle, 1lmellne: Chlna's 1
sL
Cenerauon of nuclear Mlsslles," cbloese Mlsslles, (2011), < hup://www.lckr.com/phoLos/marunLrolle/3643043428/
slzes/o/ln/seL-72137627693491874/ > [accessed 23 Aug. 2011].
In|na| 1unne||ng
Creanon of 2
nd
Arn||ery
1
st
M|ss||e 8n
<&.,2."$]G9(.,"$B'77'(.7$
DI-2
DI-3
DI-21* DI-21C]D*
Dn-10*
* = Dua| Capab|e
Unclassified Google Earth imagery courtesy of Tim
Brown, (1 April 2009).
DI-3 1unne|s |n Da||an enn|su|a
Inter|or Manng of DI-2 Components on ka||s
DI-3 1unne| Inter|ors shown on Ch|nese 1V
B;F."8$!OX/5$!.)(;E3.82$'8$<G88.(7$
ul-21C [uragon's llre: 1he LA's 2nd Arullery Corps]," [ClobalMll], (2009.12.29), aL hup://
www.globalmll.com/MlllLary/news/Chlna/2010/1114/271.hLml > [accessed 14 Aug. 2011].
1he loglcal assumpuon ls LhaL Lhe vasL neLwork of uCls locaLed near Lhe mlsslle garrlsons and launch slLes
are used Lo proLecL, sLore, and Lransfer Lhese lLems. SLorlng warheads and mlsslles ln uCls allows 1LLs Lo be
loaded and armed under proLecLed cover, and away from Lhe prylng eyes of lnLelllgence saLelllLes..
<&.,2."$B'77'(.$<G88.(7$'8$2&.$?.72$
nuclear Lles and Chlna's 1errorlsm," 1lbet1totb, (2010.04.12), aL < hup://ubeuruLh.com/2010/04/12/nuclear-lles-and-chlnas-Lerrorlsm/ >
<6;$b,"',827$;:$2&.$!OX/5@$i!OX/Lnj$BV=B$
1he fuzzy phoLo above was
released ln nov. 2006 on
Lhe Chlnese lnLerneL
clalmlng Lo show Lhe
ul-23. 1he 2007 phoLo on
Lhe rlghL shows Lhe same
ul-21C 1LL and mlsslle
boosLer wlLh dlerenL
warheads - belleved Lo be
nuclear (rear) and
convenuonal (fore).
!OX/5$<YC$-.'8S$V.(;,F.F$'8$U).",2';8,($O,9'('2E$
fG(8.",-'('2E$;:$/
8F
$*"2E$<",87);"2$
|7|@@|jj(j)#@ [8epuLauon of Chlna's nuclear SLorage SlLes Safe 1ransporL Llnk ls Weak]," aL Chlna's MlllLary,"
cNk.cN, (2010.03.19) aL < hup://211.89.223.4:82/gaLe/blg3/mll.cnr.cn/zg[d/201003/L20100319_306176384.hLml ml > [accessed 12 May 2010,
LranslaLed by l-1011].
!OX/L$BV=Bn
Large quannty of DI-21s moved by ra||
MlllLary news: 1o lrlghLen Lhe WesL: Chlna's Pldlng Appearance of a Large number of lnLerconunenLal Mlsslles" [:
] cbloo 5ool j] blog (29 !une 2009), aL < hup://qun.31.com/llhuaqlng999/Loplc.php?pld=32241 > [accessed 13 Mar. 2010].
8.(W,#-"1+$(1"+(2+'1U(
[/| (
!OX/5$;8$2&.$B;b.$
1unne| Concea|ment comb|ned w|th Lmphas|s on Mob|||ty
@;82'8.82,($B'77'(.7$
0
3
10
13
20
23
30
1
9
6
0

1
9
6
2

1
9
6
4

1
9
6
6

1
9
6
8

1
9
7
0

1
9
7
2

1
9
7
4

1
9
7
6

1
9
7
8

1
9
8
0

1
9
8
2

1
9
8
4

1
9
8
6

1
9
8
8

1
9
9
0

1
9
9
2

1
9
9
4

1
9
9
6

1
9
9
8

2
0
0
0

2
0
0
2

2
0
0
4

2
0
0
6

2
0
0
8

2
0
1
0

DI-31 DI-4
n
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

L
a
u
n
c
h
e
r
s

@;82'8.82,($]G9(.,"$B'77'(.7$
DI-4
Concrete Sheds |n 8erms
& Sha||ow 1unne|s
-!kange =
-!L|qu|d Iue|
- S|ow reparanon
- Accuracy Degraded by Movement
ul-31
!OXe5$@;82'8.82,($=,(('72'9$B'77'(.$
too short for US, too |ong for kuss|a
MlllLary sLraLegy Loward a mulupolar world pauern]," AtmeJ lotces uepottmeots 5ootce, ( 2008.08.14) < hup://
www.chlna001.com/show_hdr .php?xname=uuMv0&dname=131 6u41&xpos=67 > [accessed 12 leb. 2010].
<"');(,"'d,2';8$m$<,"S.2'8S$YG";).$
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Arnc|es |n eop|e's Da||y
referenc|ng "mu|npo|ar|zanon"
W82."9;82'8.82,($B'77'(.7$
0
3
10
13
20
23
30
33
40
43
30
1
9
6
0

1
9
6
2

1
9
6
4

1
9
6
6

1
9
6
8

1
9
7
0

1
9
7
2

1
9
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4

1
9
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6

1
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8

1
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1
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1
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1
9
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1
9
8
8

1
9
9
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1
9
9
2

1
9
9
4

1
9
9
6

1
9
9
8

2
0
0
0

2
0
0
2

2
0
0
4

2
0
0
6

2
0
0
8

DI-31A
DI-SA
DI-S
n
u
m
b
e
r

o
f

L
a
u
n
c
h
e
r
s

!OXL$W@=B$7&;68$'8$1'(;$(,G89&$,8F$2G88.($72;",S.$
hoLo from: uongleng 3 (CSS-4) lnLerconunenLal 8alllsuc Mlsslle," 5loouefeose, (2009.02.13), aL < hup://www.slnodefence.com/sLraLeglc/
mlsslle/df31.asp > [accessed 7 !ul. 2010].
ul-3 Warhead wlLh 2
nd
& 3
rd
SLages shown ln 1984 arade
ul-3 2
nd
& 3
rd
SLages ln underground horlzonLal sLorage
noLe: Lracks and rall mounLed carrlages
Sllo launch of ul-3
DI-S Underground S||o
Sean C'Connor, Pldden CSS-4 Sllo," lMlN1 & Aoolysls, (2008.12.19) aL < hup://gelmlnL.blogspoL.com/ > [accessed 17 CcL. 2010].
303
1be lmoqe obove Jeplcts o ul-5 (c55-4) lc8M sllo locoteJ lo sootbeto cbloo oeot noltooq. cbloese lc8M
sllos ote vety Jl[colt to lJeoufy. As seeo lo tbe lmoqe obove, tbey ote olloweJ to become ovetqtowo wltb
veqetouoo ooJ moy octoolly be comoofoqeJ. 1bls ls pott of o Jeolol ooJ Jecepuoo e[ott loteoJeJ to
mosk tbelt locouoos ftom ovetbeoJ lmoqloq seosots. usloq e[ecuve cooceolmeot e[otts coo moke
totqeuoq tbese sttoteqlc ossets vety Jl[colt lf tbe sltes ote e[ecuvely blJJeo. As sbowo bete, bowevet,
tbese cooceoleJ mlsslle sltes coo sull be locoteJ lf oo obsetvet ls owote of tbelt loyoot ooJ coqolzoot of
tbe televoot feototes tbot oeeJ to be lJeoufeJ.
!OXe5*$W@=B$
W@=B$?,"&.,F$,8F$e
"F
$12,S.$XX$B,2'8S$6'2&$5
72
o/
8F
$12,S.7$
hoLo shows 2
nd
Arullery dlagnosuc LesL faclllLy and procedure for coupllng sLages.
noLe use of Lrack and rall mounLed carrlages Lyplcal of Lunnel deploymenL.
hoLo from: uongleng 31A (CSS-9) lnLerconunenLal 8alllsuc Mlsslle," 5loouefeose, (2009.02.13), aL < hup://www.slnodefence.com/
sLraLeglc/mlsslle/df31.asp > [accessed 7 !ul. 2010].
P!.9(,",2';8$;:$?,"$7'S8,(7T$
CC1v exposure of ul-31A lnLerconunenLal balllsuc mlsslles
:DI-31A. ... [ueclarauon of war slgnals: CC1v exposure Shaoyang, Punan
ul-31A lnLerconunenLal balllsuc mlsslles]," CC1V-7, (2011.09.16), at < hup://www.google.com/lmgres?q=ul-41-
&sLarLg > [accessed 19 SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
Anlmauon of ul-31A lC8M
ueploymenL from 1unnel Lo
pre-surveyed rlng posluon
1exL clalms ul-31A lC8M deploymenL
ln Shaoyang and Punan provlnces
!OXe5oK5$W@=B$<",'8
CC1v lnLerconunenLal nuclear mlsslle Lraln appeared!"
j|j;={|9 [CC1v lnLerconunenLal nuclear mlsslle Lraln appeared!], |J|, (2007.02.28), aL < hup://bbs.uexue.neL/
posL2_1843648_1.hLml > [accessed 19 SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011].
1exL suggesLs LhaL rall-mounung of lC8Ms ls
relaLed Lo Lhls new llne and Lunnel consLrucuon.
W7$2&.".$,$V;,F$B;-'(.$!OXK5n$
SS-23 wlLh Chlnese CharacLerlsucs
Peavy road-moblle Ml8v lC8M?
hoLos Laken ln Chlna: 2007
If |t ex|sts - where |s |t?
2006 1e|ev|s|on Shot$
W7$2&.".$,$V,'($B;-'(.$W@=Bn
"kocket arr|ves at |aunch fac|||ty"
LA Mlsslle 1hread," 5loo uefeose lotom, (2006.02.02), aL < hup://www.slnodefenceforum.com/world-mlllLary-plcLures/pla-mlsslle-Lhread-
plcLures-4-832.hLml > [accessed 31 Aug. 2011].
I`/,(!./$1,E(;,N'(W%51.,E(D#1"(%(J%#3D%E(!.$1%#$+,(8,%#$(.<(!%,'(1"%1(
;51/%33E(H#*+(1"+(4+5.$*(;,1#33+,E(aN:.,1%$1(4+5,+1bU$
A Ch|nese SS-24?
1bls ttolo cot ls oo looqet oppllcoble lo peoceume, bot bow Jo l
foJ bls cot toof to be JemollsbeJ, tbeo lt ls speclollzeJ epolpmeot
llke otms, bot totbet o JlsqolseJ 5ecooJ Atullety cotps ttolo Oot
oolts oseJ to ttoospott otms seem otJlooty ttolos
[Cur CounLry Arms lacLory wlLh a 8allway ConLalner 1raln of Cars LhaL AcLually Plde Lhe Second Arullery
lmporLanL SecreL!]," 2beoboo Mllltoty Netwotk, (2010.03.09) aL < hup://www.zh[unshl.com/mll/2010-03-09/conLenL6_13432.shLml > [accessed 11 May 2010, LranslaLed
by l-1011].
@&'8,p7$!;8S$O.8S$B'77'(.$<",'8$
ul-31/41 31.41 [Second Arullery Corps ul-31/41 lnLerconunenLal nuclear mlsslle Lraln
appeared CC1v! 31/41 Chlna's uong leng Mlsslle 1ralns]," aL Alr lorce lorum," 1exoe.Net, (2007.02.13) aL < hup://bbs.uexue.neL/
posL_1829716_1.hLml > [accessed 11 May 2010, LranslaLed by l-1011].
[]\@{=|5|
Inteicontinental Nucleai Nissile Tiain appeaieu CCTv$
ul-31/41j|j;={|9' [)3141j;= [Second Arullery Corps ul-31/41 lnLerconunenLal nuclear mlsslle Lraln
appeared CC1v! 31/41 Chlna's uong leng Mlsslle 1ralns]," aL Alr lorce lorum," 1exoe.Net, (2007.02.13) aL < hup://bbs.uexue.neL/
posL_1829716_1.hLml > [accessed 11 May 2010, LranslaLed by l-1011].
IC8M ka|| 1ransport]Launcher
ul-41 8all 1ransporL
|[|=|!9|=j].j' [Cur CounLry Arms lacLory wlLh a 8allway ConLalner 1raln of Cars LhaL AcLually Plde Lhe Second Arullery
lmporLanL SecreL!]," 2beoboo Mllltoty Netwotk, (2010.03.09) aL < hup://www.zh[unshl.com/mll/2010-03-09/conLenL6_13432.shLml > [accessed 11 May 2010, LranslaLed
by l-1011].
8C 2
nd
1raln SLorage
! xxx
U:$')2."!#+&%%$#N"8)*8"+#0&2"0BB$0#$.")2"--J`K""
-,&20a7"T&%&+0#N"8$G02"0":,)9.)92W""
uL8 8lCP1: [Chlna's Second Arullery Mlsslle Legendary 1raln?] (2008.11.26), aL < hup://Luku.mlllLary.chlna.com/mlllLary/hLml/
2008-11-26/113803_1017746.hLm > . C1PL8S: [Second Arullery bomb Lraln appeared CC1v, Chlna's mlllLary began
a showdown]," l1 20011.06.03), aL < hup://news.lLxlnwen.com/l1_llfe/2011/0628/310832.hLml > [accessed 7 SepL. 2011, LranslaLed by l 1011].
Study #7!
)$*+,-,./$*(I0,+%1(2%33U(aN:3#5%1#.$'(<.,((
C+1+,,+$5+(_(;,N'(!.$1,.3$
nuclear Warheads are noL Amenable Lo nauonal Means of verlcauon
uS and uSS8 nuclear sLockplles," wlklmeJlo commoos, (2010.03.18), aL < hup://commons.wlklmedla.org/wlkl/llle:uS_and_uSS8_nuclear_sLockplles.
png > wlLh uaLa from < hup://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/nudb/daLab19.asp naLural 8esources uefense Councll > [accessed 19 uec. 2010].
!G"'8S$2&.$@;(F$?,"$2&.$R#1#$B'77.F$
/4>444$1;b'.2$]G9(.,"$?.,);87$$
US Stockp||e
USSk Stockp||e
US Assumed
USSk Stockp||e
M
|
s
s
e
d

2
0
,
0
0
0

N
u
c
|
e
a
r

W
e
a
p
o
n
s

a;6$13,(($'7$@&'8,c7$]G9(.,"$*"7.8,(n
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
1000
2000
3000
Mlolmom uetetteot" argumenL
1ota|
Warheads
ACCM laLe 1960s
(pro[ecuon for 73)
ulA 1984
(pro[ecuons for 89 & 94)
n8uC 94
(conunued)
AAA&S '07
100
300 - 400
818
392
433
R. Norris, A. Burrows, and R. Fieldhouse, British, French, and Chinese Nuclear Weapons, (NRDC: 1994): p. 359; and Jeffrey Lewis, The Minimal Means of Reprisal:
Chinas Search for Security in the Nuclear Age, (AAA&S: 2007): p. 54.
uoued llnes represenL exLrapolauon
based on consLanL Lrend.
<G88.($YZ),87';8
Stages of Underground Deve|opment
2300
3000
Cumu|anve
k||ometers
LA ubllcly
8eleased
llgures
hase I
hase II
hase III
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
8eLween 1993-2010
Lhe announced lengLh
of 2
nd
ArLy Lunnels
doubled from 2,300km
Lo 3,000km.
V.);"2.F$]G9(.,"$@,),-(.$B'77'(.$W89".,7.7$
|nc|ud|ng "Dua|" 1acnca| Systems
and dep|oyment of new IC8M
300
1,000
M
|
s
s
|
|
e
s

ul 2A
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
ul 3
ul 4
ul 3
ul 13
ul 21
Chlna MlllLary ower, (varlous edluons: 2003-2011).
ul 3A
ul 3A
ul 31
MIkVs?
Addluon of 1,000
ul-11/ul-13 S88Ms aL
raLe: 100 per year slnce '99
and assumes approxlmaLely
3 reloads per Lacucal launcher
buL nC reloads for new moblle
solld fuel ul-21 l88M or ul-31 lC8M
DI 31A
DI 41?
1,300
ul 11
IL 2?
ul 21A
uP 10
@&'8.7.$12,2.3.827$;:$]G9(.,"$?,"&.,F$
(Average Annua| roducnon for a g|ven decade)
[CreaL Wall englneerlng ghL an old name for !apan earLhquake beauLy: no nuclear submarlnes, 8ush
wenL Lo move!!!]" 8olJo, (2003.08.23), aL < hup://ueba.baldu.com/f?kz=34902741 > [accessed 13 !an. 2009, LranslaLed by l-1011], 2,330
! [Chlna currenLly has 2,330 nuclear warhead!]," 5loo, (2007.12.29), aL < hup://blog.slna.com.cn/s/blog_49439760010083gd.hLml > [accessed 4 May 2011,
LranslaLed by l-1011], 2,330 [Chlna currenLly has 2,330 nuclear warheads? !]" 8olJo bloq, (2010.06.22), aL < hup://ueba.baldu.com/f?
cL=333673392&Ln=balduosL8rowser&sc=9311399299&z=733743887 > [accessed 4 May 2011, LranslaLed by l-1011], and
[LA Second Arullery mlsslle brlgade sLauoned dlagram]," (2009.03.02) aL < hup://blnsys.cn/mlllLary/sLraLeglc/organlsauon/safob.php > and < hup://
blnsys.cn/mlllLary/sLraLeglc/organlsauon/safob.php > [accessed 22 May. 2010, LranslaLed l-1011].
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
100
200
110-120 per year
W
a
r
h
e
a
d
s

200 per year
140-1S0 per year
W7$P];$]G9(.,"$D";62&T$%(,G7'-(.n$
Lhere be as many as 3,000 nuclear warheads
Abseoce of vlJeoce ls oot
vlJeoce of Abseoce
2300
3000
1unne|
k||ometers
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
1000
2000
3000
Warheads
nuclear Warhead
no CrowLh?
300
1000
M|ss||es
Carl Sagan
SAC Development!
aE);2&.7'd.F$@&'8.7.$!.2."".82$@"'2."',!
based on rare comments
Hold opponents values hostage;!
Target 300 American cities;!
Believable capacity to kill 200,000,000 Americans;!
Reduce Vulnerability -- they cant target what they cant see --
hide and move;!
Reduce cost of high ready systems with mobilization;!
Discussion of 2nd and 3rd Strategic Strikes, with implied:!
Stored reserve;!
Reloads;!
Multiple launch positions.!
Demonstrate enhanced capability during a crisis.!
What would it take?"
Distribution of US Population
opulauon uenslLy 2000: eople per square mlle by CounLy," (8edlsLrlcung uaLa, L
94-171, WashlngLon, uC: uS Census 8ureau, 2000).
Impact
Megaton warheads
= 20 urban areas
n|gh a|ntude fa||out
west to east
PRC Counter-Value Strike Against US Cities: 2000
Impact
k||oton warheads
= 326 c|nes
Megaton warheads
= 34 urban areas
west to east
Counter-Value Strike Against US Cities with MIRV
Distribution of US Electrical Grid
Collateral Destruction of US Electrical Grid with City Attack
MarkeL value of AgrlculLural roducLs Sold by CounLy," Aqtlcoltotol Atlos of tbe uolteJ 5totes, (WashlngLon, uC: Census of AgrlculLure, 1992), aL < hup://
www.nass.usda.gov/census/census92/aLlas92/hLml/m029.hLm > [accessed 13 uec. 2007].
Value Distribution of US Agriculture
Assumpnons: Counter-Va|ue C|ty Auack
average klloLon yleld = 200k1 alrbursL
average megaLon yleld = 2M1 alrbursL
k||oton warheads
= 326 weapons
Megaton warheads
= 34 weapons
west to east
Impact
Residual Radiation Coverage of US Agriculture
POL Pumping Stations and Pipelines
Major Breaks in Distribution
nauonal Plghway SysLem
National Highway System
nauonal Plghway SysLem
Major Breaks in Highway System
nauonal 8all neL
National Rail Net
nauonal 8all neL
National Rail Net Trafc
Major Breaks in Railway System
lmpacL on opulauon
30,000,000 are llkely Lo be dlrecL casualues (lmmedlaLe deaLhs and severely ln[ured requlrlng medlcal
auenuon Lo survlve),
A slmllar number (+/-30) wlll suer radlauon slckness ranglng from deblllLaung Lo llfe-shorLenlng,
AL leasL 2/3 of Lhe nauons 7,369 hosplLals wlll be desLroyed or lnoperable and half Lhe physlclans/surgeons
and oLher healLhcare professlonals Lhemselves casualues.
lmpacL on LlecLrlcal Cenerauon
1he nauonal elecLrlcal grld wlll be broken ln over 200 ma[or areas and aL leasL 1/3 of Lhe generauon capaclLy
desLroyed,
1he lack of elecLrlclLy for food susLenLauon, waLer pumplng, LransporLauon and fossll fuel producuon and
dlsLrlbuuon wlll mean LhaL vlrLually all survlvlng populauon ln urban areas and Lowns wlll begln sLarvlng wlLhln
a week of Lhe auack,
lor aL leasL 2 years followlng Lhe auack, lack of elecLrlclLy wlll lmpacL 80 of Amerlcan households.
lmpacL on AgrlculLural roducuon
AL leasL 40 of Lhe nauonal food produclng agrlculLural land wlll be exposed Lo slgnlcanL resldual radlauon,
larmlng producuvlLy wlll drop Lo less Lhan 23 due Lo lack of waLer pumplng, equlpmenL fuel, feed, seed,
ferullzer and manpower, slaughLer of feed sLock ln Lhe rsL slx monLhs of nauonal famlne wlll Lake decade Lo
replace,
SLarvauon wlll be a reallLy for aL leasL 100,000,000 Amerlcans survlvlng Lhe lnlual auack.
8C11CM LINL: 200 m||||on |ost, and surv|v|ng Amer|cans w||| be ||v|ng |n the dark, on a
subs|stence d|et, w|th a ||fe sty|e and ||fe expectancy equ|va|ent to the dark ages.
Impact of Chinese Countei-value Attack
12",2.S'9$*"37$@;82";($W3)('9,2';87$$
;:$,$C,"S.$@&'8.7.$]G9(.,"$O;"9.$
ost S1Ak1 II
A larger Lhan esumaLed Chlnese sLraLeglc nuclear force ralses grave quesuons abouL uS
nauonal securlLy:
uS nuclear force levels needed?
uS nuclear force rellablllLy/capablllues/eecuveness?
uS exLended deLerrenL for Aslan Allles and as non-prollferauon lncenuve?
Self-deLerred by LhreaL of unaccepLable damage" Lo Amerlcan populauon?
ConsLralnLs on uS rompL Clobal SLrlke capablllues
Chlna ls developlng a sLrong convenuonal balllsuc mlsslle force
ConsLralnLs on uS mlsslle defenses
Chlna ls developlng lLs own nauonal mlsslle defense
otenna| future US-Ch|na strateg|c nuc|ear arms contro| |ssues
PlsLory of hlghly successful Chlnese secrecy and decepuon
uual capable Lacucal/LheaLer balllsuc mlsslle sysLems - uS consLralned by lnl 1reaLy
4
Lh
generauon nuclear weapons noL covered by currenL Lreaues
uS capablllues Lo verlfy, ln llghL of Chlnese underground CreaL Wall eorL Lo reduce
eecuveness of uS nauonal Lechnlcal means
]} =$A-+"':@42%6-$%F'
Dep|oyment from Underground |n a Cr|s|s'
. Jotloq peoceume ooly smoll pooouues of oolts wlll be ollocoteJ lo pte-JetetmloeJ opetouoool oteos fot
emetqeocy ose, ooJ tbe molo opetouoool oolts wlll be ollocoteJ lo oteos ootslJe tbe opetouoool oteos tbot
ote ttoospottouoo occesslble.'ltlot to wot, ooly mlsslle oolts tbot beot tbe mlssloo of cooJocuoq fte
ossoolt ooJ smoll pooouues of soppott oolts (ot elemeots) R-++'A"'2++$#20"&'-%'0?"'#$%#"2+"&'09%%"+6'
R-0?-%'0?"'$4")2*$%2+'2)"26, wblle tbe temololoq oolts wlll be posluooeJ lo cooceoleJ oteos tbot ote fot
ftom tbe tbeotet, tbeteby teJocloq tbe ovetoll exposeJ fotces.'uotloq tbe wot ls wbeo fotwotJ 3$A-+"'
"@42%6-$%'ls cooJocteJ ot tbe opptoptlote ume.
[{.) [1he Sclence of Second Arullery Campalgns], edlLed by ?u !lxun [j|], (8el[lng, 8C: LA ress, 2004): p. 182.
x
1op Cover ne||copter Secur|ty = Nuc|ear Warhead Dep|oyment?'
Chinese Deterrence Terminology!
uomlnaLe wel mlghL, presuge
Afrald j she cower, scared, fearful
Shake zhen quake, symbol of Lhunder
lorce bl make someone do someLhlng
ower ll sLrengLh, lnuence
CapablllLy llang capaclLy, quanuLy, amounL
nuclear he aLom
ueLerrence j welshe domlnaLe Lhru fear, cower by force
lnumldaLe j zhenshe Lo be ln awe, shake/Lremor,
Compellence welbl LhreaLen, coerce
ueLerrenL j welshellllang domlnaung power capablllLy
nuclear ueLerrence j hewelshe nuclear domlnauon Lhru fear
nuclear ueLerrenL j hewelshellllang nuclear domlnaung power
capablllLy
kL WCkDS
kL CCNS1kUC1S
PRC View of Deterrence is neither Minimal nor Passive"
!Warghting and deterrence are two major basic functions of the armed forces. What is termed deterrence is the military
conduct of a state or a political group in displaying force or showing determination to use force to compel the enemy to
submit to ones volition and to refrain from taking hostile actions or escalating the hostility.!
!Strategic deterrence and strategic operations are dialectically unied. Strategic operations secure the strategic objective
through direct engagement with the enemy on the battleeld, with a view to winning the war or to curbing the war by war,
which the objective of strategic deterrence is to contain the outbreak of war or to limit the scope and the escalation of
war, with a view to curbing the war, and its strategic objective is attained by non-ghting means or ghting a small war.
Strategic deterrence and strategic operations are interacted, and their objectives are for attaining ones strategic objectives by
frustrating the enemys attempts. Peng Guangquian and Yao Youzhi, Science of Strategy, (Beijing: 2005): pp. 213-214.
!With regard to the Second Artillery conventional missile strike campaign, it will be carried out under nuclear
deterrence conditions. Despite the fact that future wars primarily will be conventional local wars, in the global [community,]
those that have nuclear weapons are primarily nations with strong militaries, and have not promised no rst use of nuclear
weapons; moreover local wars that erupt in the near future will implement nuclear deterrence many times. !
!The Second Artillery must successfully handle preparations for nuclear strike and nuclear deterrence, and must be rooted in
nuclear conditions or operations under nuclear deterrence conditions. Missile deterrence operations are the operational
activities to contain enemy strategic intentions or major military risky operations through the specic use of forces and
repower from the Second Artillery conventional missile campaign large formation in order to demonstrate rm will and
formidable actual strength against the enemy sides implementation of containment.!
!Missile deterrent operations are permeated with stratagem qualities and artistry. Their essence lies in the ingenious
selection of targets, ingenious choice of timing opportunities, ingenious use of forces and repower, and the
ingenious application of operational methods. The campaign commander and the command organ must fully anticipate all
the situations that might emerge during the campaign, while formulating multiple deterrence operational methods and advance
plans. When implementing the missile deterrence operation, one should exibly employ deterrence operational methods based
on the strategic intentions of the higher-level authorities and the dynamic state of the enemy side and make every effort to
achieve the goals of deterrence. Science of Campaigns, edited by Zhang ?ullang, (Beijing: 2006): pp. 709-710, 727.
@&'8.7.$]G9(.,"$@,),-(.$$
<,92'9,($I$<&.,2."$B'77'(.$1E72.37$
Chlnese Mlsslles news & ulscusslons," loklstoo uefeose lotom,
(2011.01.-7), aL < hup://www.defence.pk/forums/chlna-defence/84213-
chlnese-mlsslles-news-dlscusslons.hLml > [accessed 21 !an. 2011]
j%#"'"G"),0?-%5'-6'60$)"&'9%&")5)$9%&7'2%&'5-G"%'0?20'1?-%2'0"%&6'0$'&"#$94+"'R2)?"2&6'.)$3'0?"'3-66-+"67'-0'R-++'
A"'%"@0'0$'-34$66-A+"'0$'N92%*.,'1?-%2[6'"%*)"'%9#+"2)'2)6"%2+. Not ooly woolJ 5,000km of stotoqe ollow fot o
qteotly expooJeJ otseool, A90'0)2%64$)0'#242A-+-*"6'R-0?-%'0?"'09%%"+'#$9+&'2++$R'.$)'0?"'+29%#?'$.'%9#+"2)'
R"24$%6'.)$3'2'%93A")'$.'+$#2*$%6'2+$%5'0?"'09%%"+.. Any subsLanual lncrease ln lLs arsenal would mean LhaL
8el[lng's llmlLed deLerrenL ls (or could become) far greaLer Lhan whaL we have come Lo expecL. lf tbls wete to
motetlollze, tbe eoute sttoteqlc bolooce lo Aslo woolJ be sbokeo ooJ woolJ loevltobly .$)#"'0?"'Y!7'0?"'6$+"'6"#9)-0,'
592)2%0$)'-%'0?"')"5-$%7'0$')"266"66'?$R'-0'#2+#9+20"6'0?"')-6J6'2%&'#$606'$.'-%0")G"%*$%7'69#?'26'&9)-%5'2'#)-6-6..
Cole, !. Mlchael. "WhaL ls Lhe LA Pldlng underneaLh Pebel?" 1alpel 1lmes. 30 Aug. 2011. Web. 13 SepL. 2011. <hup://www.Lalpelumes.com/
news/edlLorlals/archlves/2011/08/30/2003311997>. MA from: Ceng 8eyond Lhe 1ransparency' ulscusslon," ulscusslon blog, uS naval
lnsuLuLe, (2011.01.26), aL < hup://blog.usnl.org/2011/01/26/geng-beyond-Lhe-Lransparency'-dlscusslon/ > [accessed 19 !uly 2011].
12",2.S'9$%,"'2E$I$<&.,2."$Y79,(,2';8$!;3'8,89.$
*Ma[.Cen. heng Shenxla, quoLed ln: cbloese vlews of lotote wotfote, M. lllsbury, (WashlngLon, uC: nauonal uefense unlverslLy ress, 1007): p. xll.
lor varlous oLher vlews, see: eng Cuangqlan and ?ao ?ouzhl, 1be 5cleoce of Mllltoty 5ttoteqy, (8el[lng, 8C: MlllLary Sclence ubllshlshlng Pouse,
2003), and Clao Llang and Wang xlangsul, uotesttlcteJ wotfote, (8el[lng, 8C: LlLeraLure and ArLs ubllshlng Pouse, 1999).
I
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G|oba| Loca| 1heater
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Ch|na
US & A|||es
MILI1Ak S1kLNG1n
k

- It |s rea| - actua| s|ze unknown but strong ev|dence that |t |s the |argest
nuc|ear underground comp|ex ever constructed by anyone,
- At |east ha|f (1,S00 m||es) constructed |n the |ast 1S years to
accommodate so||d-fue| m|ss||es,
- It |nvo|ves h|d|ng IC8Ms as we|| as 1acnca| and 1heater 1LLS,
- We do NC1 know what they are h|d|ng |n the 1unne|s but ev|dence
suggests much |arger nuc|ear warhead & m|ss||e re|oad |nventory,
- Underground Great Wa|| appears to be assoc|ated w|th |ntroducnon of
MIkV IC8M and Strateg|c 1ra|ns,
- Connnued 1heater Sk8M]Ik8M expans|on des|gned to "Deter the
Deterrer," |f not reversed -- w||| threaten US-kuss|an INI 1reaty,
- Ia||ure to get Ch|na's forces constra|ned v|a negonanon w||| produce
ma[or cha||enge to US counter-pro||feranon Nuc|ear Umbre||a |n As|a.
@&'8,c7$$PR8F."S";G8F$$D".,2$$?,((T$
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